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transcript quantification by rna-seq reveals differentially expressed genes in the red and yellow fruits of fragaria vesca.fragaria vesca (2n = 2x = 14), the woodland strawberry, is a perennial herbaceous plant with a small sequenced genome (240 mb). it is commonly used as a genetic model plant for the fragaria genus and the rosaceae family. fruit skin color is one of the most important traits for both the commercial and esthetic value of strawberry. anthocyanins are the most prominent pigments in strawberry that bring red, pink, white, and yellow hues to the fruits in which they accumulate. in this study, we conduc ...201526636322
computational identification of micrornas in the strawberry (fragaria x ananassa) genome sequence and validation of their precise sequences by mir-race.in plants, micrornas (mirnas) play significant roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation and have been found to control many genes involved in different biological and metabolic processes. extensive studies were carried out to discover mirnas and analyze their functions in model plant species, such as in arabidopsis and rice that have been reported. in this research, we used bioinformatics to predict micrornas in an important strawberry rootstock cultivar to discover and validate precise seq ...201424333854
profiling polyphenols of two diploid strawberry (fragaria vesca) inbred lines using uhplc-hrms(n.).phenolic compounds in the fruits of two diploid strawberries (fragaria vesca f. semperflorens) inbred lines-ruegen f7-4 (a red-fruited genotype) and yw5af7 (a yellow-fruited genotype) were characterised using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (uhplc-hrms(n)). the changes of anthocyanin composition during fruit development and between ruegen f7-4 and yw5af7 were studied. about 67 phenolic compounds, including taxifolin 3-o-arabinosi ...201424176345
engineering the anthocyanin regulatory complex of strawberry (fragaria vesca).the woodland strawberry, fragaria vesca is a model fruit for a number of rosaceous crops. we have engineered altered concentrations of anthocyanin in f. vesca, to determine the impact on plant growth and fruit quality. anthocyanin concentrations were significantly increased by over-expression or decreased by knock-down of the r2r3 myb activator, myb10. in contrast, a potential bhlh partner for myb10 (bhlh33) did not affect the anthocyanin pathway when knocked down using rnai constructs. metaboli ...201425477896
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes encode enzymes with contrasting substrate specificity and show divergent gene expression profiles in fragaria species.during fruit ripening, strawberries show distinct changes in the flavonoid classes that accumulate, switching from the formation of flavan 3-ols and flavonols in unripe fruits to the accumulation of anthocyanins in the ripe fruits. in the common garden strawberry (fragaria×ananassa) this is accompanied by a distinct switch in the pattern of hydroxylation demonstrated by the almost exclusive accumulation of pelargonidin based pigments. in fragaria vesca the proportion of anthocyanins showing one ...201425393679
bioactivity of fragaria vesca leaves through inflammation, proteasome and autophagy modulation.fragaria vesca leaves have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, namely gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urinary disorders, which could be related with the potential anti-inflammatory properties of the extract. this work aims to disclose the bioactivity and the underlying action mechanism of an extract from fragaria vesca leaves in order to support its traditional uses.201425305515
efficient screening of long terminal repeat retrotransposons that show high insertion polymorphism via high-throughput sequencing of the primer binding site.retrotransposons have been used frequently for the development of molecular markers by using their insertion polymorphisms among cultivars, because multiple copies of these elements are dispersed throughout the genome and inserted copies are inherited genetically. although a large number of long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposon families exist in the higher eukaryotic genomes, the identification of families that show high insertion polymorphism has been challenging. here, we performed an eff ...201425072847
expression of a functional jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase is negatively correlated with strawberry fruit development.the volatile metabolite methyl jasmonate (meja) plays an important role in intra- and interplant communication and is involved in diverse biological processes. in this study, we report the cloning and functional characterization of a s-adenosyl-l-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (jmt) from fragaria vesca and fragaria×ananassa. biochemical assays and comprehensive transcript analyses showed that jmt has been erroneously annotated as gene fusion with a carboxyl methyltransferase ...201425046752
effect of calcium on strawberry fruit flavonoid pathway gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation.two diploid woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca) inbred lines, ruegen f7-4 (red fruit-bearing) and yw5af7 (yellow fruit-bearing) were used to study the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit. ruegen f7-4 fruit had similar total phenolics and anthocyanin contents to commercial octoploid (f. × ananassa) cultivar seascape, while yw5af7 exhibited relatively low total phenolics content and no anthocyanin accumulation. foliar spray of cacl2 boosted fruit total phenolics content, especially an ...201425036468
light quality regulates flowering in fvft1/fvtfl1 dependent manner in the woodland strawberry fragaria vesca.control of flowering in the perennial model, the woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca l.), involves distinct molecular mechanisms that result in contrasting photoperiodic flowering responses and growth cycles in different accessions. the f. vesca homolog of terminal flower1 (fvtfl1) functions as a key floral repressor that causes short-day (sd) requirement of flowering and seasonal flowering habit in the sd strawberry. in contrast, perpetual flowering f. vesca accessions lacking functional fvtfl1 ...201424966865
comparative analysis of secondary metabolites contents in fragaria vesca l. fruits.fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) belongs to the rosaceae family. besides the leaves (fragariae folium) and roots (fragariae radix), the aromatic fruits (fragariae fructus) of wild strawberry are also herbal materials used in medicine. the aim of this study was to compare the value of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of wild strawberry fruits (fragaria vesca l.). the fruits were analyzed regarding their secondary metabolites contents (flavonoids, sum of phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins ...201424959786
characterization of the lipoxygenase (lox) gene family in the chinese white pear (pyrus bretschneideri) and comparison with other members of the rosaceae.lipoxygenases (loxs), a type of non-haem iron-containing dioxygenase, are ubiquitous enzymes in plants and participate in the formation of fruit aroma which is a very important aspect of fruit quality. amongst the various aroma volatiles, saturated and unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes provide the characteristic aroma of the fruit. these compounds are formed from unsaturated fatty acids through oxidation, pyrolysis and reduction steps. this biosynthetic pathway involves at least four enzymes, i ...201424906560
floral transcriptomes in woodland strawberry uncover developing receptacle and anther gene networks.flowers are reproductive organs and precursors to fruits and seeds. while the basic tenets of the abce model of flower development are conserved in angiosperms, different flowering plants exhibit different and sometimes unique characteristics. a distinct feature of strawberry (fragaria spp.) flowers is the development of several hundreds of individual apocarpous (unfused) carpels. these individual carpels are arranged in a spiral pattern on the subtending stem tip, the receptacle. therefore, the ...201424828307
physiological integration modifies δ15n in the clonal plant fragaria vesca, suggesting preferential transport of nitrogen to water-stressed offspring.one of the most striking attributes of clonal plants is their capacity for physiological integration, which enables movement of essential resources between connected ramets. this study investigated the capacity of physiological integration to buffer differences in resource availability experienced by ramets of the clonal wild strawberry plant, fragaria vesca. specifically, a study was made of the responses of connected and severed offspring ramets growing in environments with different water ava ...201424769538
transposon based activation tagging in diploid strawberry and monoploid derivatives of potato.diploid strawberry and potato transformed with a transposon tagging construct exhibited either global (strawberry) or local transposition (potato). an activation tagged, compact-sized strawberry mutant overexpressed the gene adjacent to ds. as major fruit and vegetable crops, respectively, strawberry and potato are among the first horticultural crops with draft genome sequences. to study gene function, we examined transposon-tagged mutant strategies in model populations for both species, fragari ...201424728112
somatic embryogenesis, tetraploidy, and variant leaf morphology in transgenic diploid strawberry (fragaria vesca subspecies vesca 'hawaii 4').the diploid (2n = 2x = 14) strawberry model plant fragaria vesca ssp. vesca 'hawaii 4' was employed for functional analysis of expressed dna sequences initially identified as being unique to fragaria and of unknown or poorly understood function. 'hawaii 4' is prominent in strawberry research due to its ease of agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regenerability, and its status as the source of the first complete strawberry genomic sequence. our studies of a set of transformants have documen ...201424418064
auxin biosynthesis by the yucca6 flavin monooxygenase gene in woodland strawberry.auxin has been regarded as the main signal molecule coordinating the growth and ripening of fruits in strawberry, the reference genomic system for rosaceae. the mechanisms regulating auxin biosynthesis in strawberry are largely elusive. recently, we demonstrated that two yucca genes are involved in flower and fruit development in cultivated strawberry. here, we show that the woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca l.) genome harbors nine loci for yucca genes and eight of them encode functional prote ...201424373096
molecular genetics and genomics of the rosoideae: state of the art and future perspectives.the rosoideae is a subfamily of the rosaceae that contains a number of species of economic importance, including the soft fruit species strawberry (fragaria ×ananassa), red (rubus idaeus) and black (rubus occidentalis) raspberries, blackberries (rubus spp.) and one of the most economically important cut flower genera, the roses (rosa spp.). molecular genetics and genomics resources for the rosoideae have developed rapidly over the past two decades, beginning with the development and application ...201426504527
evolutionary origins and dynamics of octoploid strawberry subgenomes revealed by dense targeted capture linkage maps.whole-genome duplications are radical evolutionary events that have driven speciation and adaptation in many taxa. higher-order polyploids have complex histories often including interspecific hybridization and dynamic genomic changes. this chromosomal reshuffling is poorly understood for most polyploid species, despite their evolutionary and agricultural importance, due to the challenge of distinguishing homologous sequences from each other. here, we use dense linkage maps generated with targete ...201425477420
comparative analysis of predicted plastid-targeted proteomes of sequenced higher plant genomes.plastids are actively involved in numerous plant processes critical to growth, development and adaptation. they play a primary role in photosynthesis, pigment and monoterpene synthesis, gravity sensing, starch and fatty acid synthesis, as well as oil, and protein storage. we applied two complementary methods to analyze the recently published apple genome (malus × domestica) to identify putative plastid-targeted proteins, the first using targetp and the second using a custom workflow utilizing a ...201425393533
in vitro antiviral activity of a series of wild berry fruit extracts against representatives of picorna-, orthomyxo- and paramyxoviridae.wild berry species are known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. they have long been traditionally applied for their antiseptic, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and antioxidant properties. the aim of the present study is to reveal the potential for selective antiviral activity of total methanol extracts, as well as that of the anthocyanins and the non-anthocyanins from the following wild berries picked in bulgaria: strawberry (fragaria vesca l.) and raspberry (rubus idaeus l.) ...201424660461
use of wild genotypes in breeding program increases strawberry fruit sensorial and nutritional quality.this study evaluated 20 advanced selections, derived from a strawberry interspecific backcross program, and their parents for fruit weight, commercial yield, acidity, sugar content, antioxidant capacity, and phenol and anthocyanin contents. phytochemical profiling analysis was performed to determine the compositional characteristics of the improved selections in comparison with their parents and an important commercial variety ('elsanta'). advanced selections showed substantial improvement for a ...201424730477
dehydrin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and central metabolite levels are associated with cold tolerance in diploid strawberry (fragaria spp.).the use of artificial freezing tests, identification of biomarkers linked to or directly involved in the low-temperature tolerance processes, could prove useful in applied strawberry breeding. this study was conducted to identify genotypes of diploid strawberry that differ in their tolerance to low-temperature stress and to investigate whether a set of candidate proteins and metabolites correlate with the level of tolerance. 17 fragaria vesca, 2 f. nilgerrensis, 2 f. nubicola, and 1 f. pentaphyl ...201323014928
chlorogenic acid, rutin and hyperoside content in fragaria vesca, f. viridis and f. moschata in lithuania.in lithuania, two species of the genus fragaria l. (rosaceae), f. vesca l. and f. viridis weston, occur naturally in the wild and two others, f. moschata weston and f. × ananassa duchesne ex rozier are found escaped from cultivation. the main objective of this study was to establish the variation pattern in the content of chlorogenic acid, rutin and hyperoside in leaves and fruits of the native lithuanian species. in this work, the chemical polymorphisms of different fragaria species were studie ...201322324400
genome-wide identification and comparative expression analysis of nbs-lrr-encoding genes upon colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection in two ecotypes of fragaria vesca.anthracnose caused by colletotrichum spp. is one of the most destructive diseases of cultivated strawberry (fragaria×ananassa duchesne) worldwide. the correlation between nbs-lrr genes, the largest class of known resistance genes, and strawberry anthracnose resistance has been elusive. blast search in ncbi identified 94 fvnbss in the diploid genome of strawberry fragaria vesca, with 67 of the tir-nbs-lrr type. at least 36 fvnbss were expressed, with 25% being non-coding genes. two f. vesca ecoty ...201323806759
development of an efficient transformation method by agrobacterium tumefaciens and high throughput spray assay to identify transgenic plants for woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca) using nptii selection.key message : we developed an efficient agrobacterium -mediated transformation method using an ac/ds transposon tagging construct for f. vesca and high throughput paromomycin spray assay to identify its transformants for strawberry functional genomics. genomic resources for rosaceae species are now readily available, including the fragaria vesca genome, est sequences, markers, linkage maps, and physical maps. the rosaceae genomic executive committee has promoted strawberry as a translational gen ...201323160638
the fragaria vesca homolog of suppressor of overexpression of constans1 represses flowering and promotes vegetative growth.in the annual long-day plant arabidopsis thaliana, suppressor of overexpression of constans1 (soc1) integrates endogenous and environmental signals to promote flowering. we analyzed the function and regulation of the soc1 homolog (fragaria vesca [fv] soc1) in the perennial short-day plant woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca). we found that fv soc1 overexpression represses flower initiation under inductive short days, whereas its silencing causes continuous flowering in both short days and nonind ...201324038650
evaluation of genome sequencing quality in selected plant species using expressed sequence tags.with the completion of genome sequencing projects for more than 30 plant species, large volumes of genome sequences have been produced and stored in online databases. advancements in sequencing technologies have reduced the cost and time of whole genome sequencing enabling more and more plants to be subjected to genome sequencing. despite this, genome sequence qualities of multiple plants have not been evaluated.201323922843
genetic variation in plant cyp51s confers resistance against voriconazole, a novel inhibitor of brassinosteroid-dependent sterol biosynthesis.brassinosteroids (brs) are plant steroid hormones with structural similarity to mammalian sex steroids and ecdysteroids from insects. the brs are synthesized from sterols and are essential regulators of cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation. in this work we show that voriconazole, an antifungal therapeutic drug used in human and veterinary medicine, severely impairs plant growth by inhibiting sterol-14α-demethylation and thereby interfering with br production. the plant growth ...201323335967
sgr: an online genomic resource for the woodland strawberry.fragaria vesca, a diploid strawberry species commonly known as the alpine or woodland strawberry, is a versatile experimental plant system and an emerging model for the rosaceae family. an ancestral f. vesca genome contributed to the genome of the octoploid dessert strawberry (f. ×ananassa), and the extant genome exhibits synteny with other commercially important members of the rosaceae family such as apple and peach. to provide a molecular description of floral organ and fruit development at th ...201324364888
ethylene is involved in strawberry fruit ripening in an organ-specific manner.the fruit of the strawberry fragaria×ananassa has traditionally been classified as non-climacteric because its ripening process is not governed by ethylene. however, previous studies have reported the timely endogenous production of minor amounts of ethylene by the fruit as well as the differential expression of genes of the ethylene synthesis, reception, and signalling pathways during fruit development. mining of the fragaria vesca genome allowed for the identification of the two main ethylene ...201324098047
expression of fragaria vesca pip aquaporins in response to drought stress: pip down-regulation correlates with the decline in substrate moisture content.pip aquaporin responses to drought stress can vary considerably depending on the isoform, tissue, species or level of stress; however, a general down-regulation of these genes is thought to help reduce water loss and prevent backflow of water to the drying soil. it has been suggested therefore, that it may be necessary for the plant to limit aquaporin production during drought stress, but it is unknown whether aquaporin down-regulation is gradual or triggered by a particular intensity of the str ...201324086403
evolution of ellagitannin content and profile during fruit ripening in fragaria spp.ellagitannins and ellagic acid conjugates are polyphenols present in the human diet, in particular strawberries (fragaria spp.). the first aim of this study was isolation and structural characterization of casuarictin and 3-o-methyl ellagic acid 3'-o-α-rhamnopyranoside, which were found to be abundant in fragaria spp., along with agrimoniin. the second aim was accurate profiling and quantification of 26 ellagitannins and ellagic acid conjugates in six fragaria x ananassa cultivars and two fragar ...201323992396
eugenol production in achenes and receptacles of strawberry fruits is catalyzed by synthases exhibiting distinct kinetics.eugenol is a volatile that serves as an attractant for pollinators of flowers, acts as a defense compound in various plant tissues, and contributes to the aroma of fruits. its production in a cultivated species such as strawberry (fragaria × ananassa), therefore, is important for the viability and quality of the fruit. we have identified and functionally characterized three strawberry complementary dnas (cdnas) that encode proteins with high identity to eugenol synthases from several plant speci ...201323983228
survey of simple sequence repeats in woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca).the use of simple sequence repeats (ssrs), or microsatellites, as genetic markers has become popular due to their abundance and variation in length among individuals. in this study, we investigated linkage groups (lgs) in the woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca) and demonstrated variation in the abundances, densities, and relative densities of mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide repeats. mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide repeats were more common than longer repeats in a ...201323979890
genome-scale transcriptomic insights into early-stage fruit development in woodland strawberry fragaria vesca.fragaria vesca, a diploid woodland strawberry with a small and sequenced genome, is an excellent model for studying fruit development. the strawberry fruit is unique in that the edible flesh is actually enlarged receptacle tissue. the true fruit are the numerous dry achenes dotting the receptacle's surface. auxin produced from the achene is essential for the receptacle fruit set, a paradigm for studying crosstalk between hormone signaling and development. to investigate the molecular mechanism u ...201323898027
deep sequencing discovery of novel and conserved micrornas in wild type and a white-flesh mutant strawberry.micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mrna target sequences, and play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. the knowledge on post-transcriptional regulation by mirnas in strawberry is rather limited so far. in order to understand the role of mirna in the molecular control during strawberry fruit development, small rna libraries were constructed from fruits at the turning stage of strawberry cultivar 'sachinoka' and its wh ...201323807373
targeted sequence capture provides insight into genome structure and genetics of male sterility in a gynodioecious diploid strawberry, fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (rosaceae).gynodioecy is a sexual system wherein females coexist with hermaphrodites. it is of interest not only because male-sterile plants are advantageous in plant breeding but also because it can be a crucial step in the evolutionary transition to entirely separate sexes (dioecy) from a hermaphroditic ancestor. the gynodioecious diploid wild strawberry, fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (rosaceae), is a member of a clade with both dioecious and cultivated species, making it an ideal model in which to study ...201323749450
maternal sex effects and inbreeding depression under varied environmental conditions in gynodioecious fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata.gynodioecy (coexistence of females and hermaphrodites) is a sexual system that occurs in numerous flowering plant lineages. thus, understanding the features that affect its maintenance has wide importance. models predict that females must have a seed fitness advantage over hermaphrodites, and this may be achieved via seed quality or quantity. females in a population of fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata, a long-lived gynodioecious perennial, do not demonstrate a seed quantity advantage, so this stu ...201323723257
differential expression of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase during fruit development establishes the different b-ring hydroxylation patterns of flavonoids in fragaria × ananassa and fragaria vesca.flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (f3'h) was studied for the first time in different fragaria species. the cdna clones isolated from unripe and ripe fruits of fragaria x ananassa (garden strawberry) and fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) showed high similarity (99% at the amino acid level) to the publically available f. vesca genome sequence and no significant differences could be identified between species and developmental stages of the fruits. in contrast, the genomic f3'h clones showed differences in t ...201323623754
genome-wide characterization and linkage mapping of simple sequence repeats in mei (prunus mume sieb. et zucc.).because of its popularity as an ornamental plant in east asia, mei (prunus mume sieb. et zucc.) has received increasing attention in genetic and genomic research with the recent shotgun sequencing of its genome. here, we performed the genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) in the mei genome and detected a total of 188,149 ssrs occurring at a frequency of 794 ssr/mb. mononucleotide repeats were the most common type of ssr in genomic regions, followed by di- and tetranucleo ...201323555708
pfru, a single dominant locus regulates the balance between sexual and asexual plant reproduction in cultivated strawberry.strawberry (fragaria sp.) stands as an interesting model for studying flowering behaviour and its relationship with asexual plant reproduction in polycarpic perennial plants. strawberry produces both inflorescences and stolons (also called runners), which are lateral stems growing at the soil surface and producing new clone plants. in this study, the flowering and runnering behaviour of two cultivated octoploid strawberry (fragaria × ananassa duch., 2n = 8× = 56) genotypes, a seasonal flowering ...201323554259
construction of an integrated high density simple sequence repeat linkage map in cultivated strawberry (fragaria × ananassa) and its applicability.the cultivated strawberry (fragaria × ananassa) is an octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) of the rosaceae family whose genomic architecture is still controversial. several recent studies support the aaa'a'bbb'b' model, but its complexity has hindered genetic and genomic analysis of this important crop. to overcome this difficulty and to assist genome-wide analysis of f. × ananassa, we constructed an integrated linkage map by organizing a total of 4474 of simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers collected from ...201323248204
effects of extraction condition on structural features and anticoagulant activity of f. vesca l. conjugates.from the air-dried wild strawberry (fragaria vesca l., family rosaceae) leaves five water-soluble glycoconjugates fv i-v by different extraction conditions have been isolated. effects of extraction steps/agents on chemical composition and anticoagulant activity of fv i-v were examined. dark brown f. vesca conjugates fv i-v were recovered in 4.5-8.4% yields, based on dry herb. isolates were composed of carbohydrate, phenolic and protein components. fv i-v displayed on hplc broad molecule-mass dis ...201323218362
transcriptome database resource and gene expression atlas for the rose.for centuries roses have been selected based on a number of traits. little information exists on the genetic and molecular basis that contributes to these traits, mainly because information on expressed genes for this economically important ornamental plant is scarce.201223164410
mutation in terminal flower1 reverses the photoperiodic requirement for flowering in the wild strawberry fragaria vesca.photoperiodic flowering has been extensively studied in the annual short-day and long-day plants rice (oryza sativa) and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), whereas less is known about the control of flowering in perennials. in the perennial wild strawberry, fragaria vesca (rosaceae), short-day and perpetual flowering long-day accessions occur. genetic analyses showed that differences in their flowering responses are caused by a single gene, seasonal flowering locus, which may encode the f. vesc ...201222566495
vegetation geography of western part of elmacik mountain, turkey.the study examines the western part of elmacik mountain from the perspective of vegetation geography. research area is within the phytogeographical region of euro-siberian that is among the flora and phytogeographical region of turkey. according to turkey's grid square system, the research area is located in the a3 square. the main elements of forest formation consist of fagus orientalis, abies nordmanniana subspp. bommuelleriana, pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, pinus sylvestris, quercus spp., pl ...201223424832
hplc-msn identification and quantification of flavonol glycosides in 28 wild and cultivated berry species.berries and red fruits are rich dietary sources of polyphenols with reported health benefits. more than 50 different flavonols (glycosides of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, syringetin and laricitrin) have been detected and quantified with hplc-ms(n) in fruits of blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, lingonberry, eastern shadbush, japanese wineberry, black mulberry, chokeberry, red, black and white currants, jostaberry, red and white gooseberry, hardy kiwifruit, goji berry, rowan, dog ...201222980782
composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species.sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic content in fruit of 25 wild and cultivated berry species were identified and quantified with high-performance liquid chromatograph. the composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic compounds in various species of vaccinium, rubus, ribes, and fragaria genus was evaluated. additonally, total phenolics of less known berry species of the morus, amelanchier, sorbus, sambucus, rosa, lycium, actinidia, and aronia genus were determined in wild growin ...201222924969
strategies for transcriptome analysis in nonmodel plants.even with recent reductions in sequencing costs, most plants lack the genomic resources required for successful short-read transcriptome analyses as performed routinely in model species. several approaches for the analysis of short-read transcriptome data are reviewed for nonmodel species for which the genome of a close relative is used as the reference genome. two approaches using a data set from phytophthora-challenged rubus idaeus (red raspberry) are compared. over 70000000 86-nt illumina rea ...201222301897
computational identification of micrornas in strawberry expressed sequence tags and validation of their precise sequences by mir-race.micrornas (mirnas) are small, endogenously expressed, nonprotein-coding rnas that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in both animals and plants through repressing translation or inducing mrna degradation. a comprehensive strategy to identify new mirna homologs by mining the repository of available strawberry expressed sequence tags (ests) was developed. by adopting a range of filtering criteria, we identified 11 potential mirnas belonging to 5 mirna families from 47 890 f ...201222287696
flower and early fruit development in a diploid strawberry, fragaria vesca.the diploid woodland strawberry, fragaria vesca, is being recognized as a model for the more complex octoploid commercial strawberry, fragaria × ananassa. f. vesca exhibits a short seed to seed cycle, can be easily transformed by agrobacteria, and a draft genome sequence has been published. these features, together with its similar flower structure, potentially make f. vesca a good model for studying the flower development of other members of the rosaceae family, which contains many economically ...201222198460
functional characterization of gynodioecy in fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (rosaceae).gynodioecy is a phylogenetically widespread and important sexual system where females coexist with hermaphrodites. because dioecy can arise from gynodioecy, characterization of gynodioecy in close relatives of dioecious and sub-dioecious species can provide insight into this transition. thus, we sought to determine whether fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata, a close relative to f. chiloensis and f. virginiana, exhibits the functional and population genetic hallmarks of a gynodioecious species.201222052984
the tfl1 homologue ksn is a regulator of continuous flowering in rose and strawberry.flowering is a key event in plant life, and is finely tuned by environmental and endogenous signals to adapt to different environments. in horticulture, continuous flowering (cf) is a popular trait introduced in a wide range of cultivated varieties. it played an essential role in the tremendous success of modern roses and woodland strawberries in gardens. cf genotypes flower during all favourable seasons, whereas once-flowering (of) genotypes only flower in spring. here we show that in rose and ...201221895811
liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of polyphenolic composition of four cultivars of fragaria vesca l. berries and their comparative evaluation.high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion spray mass spectrometry in the tandem mode with both negative and positive ionization was used for investigating a variety of polyphenolic compounds in four genotypes of fragaria vesca berries. about 60 phenolic compounds belonging to the compound classes of phenolic acids, ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivatives, flavonols, monomeric and oligomeric flavanols, dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins were reported, providing for the first time a q ...201222972789
evolution of the rdr1 tnl-cluster in roses and other rosaceous species.the resistance of plants to pathogens relies on two lines of defense: a basal defense response and a pathogen-specific system, in which resistance (r) genes induce defense reactions after detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). in the specific system, a so-called arms race has developed in which the emergence of new races of a pathogen leads to the diversification of plant resistance genes to counteract the pathogens' effect. the mechanism of resistance gene diversification ...201222905676
transposon tagging in diploid strawberry.fragaria vesca was transformed with a transposon tagging construct harbouring amino terminally deleted maize transposase and egfp (ac element), nptii, camv 35s promoter (p35s) driving transposase and mannopine synthase promoter (pmas) driving egfp (ds element). of 180 primary transgenics, 48 were potential launch pads, 72 were multiple insertions or chimaeras, and 60 exhibited somatic transposition. t₁ progeny of 32 putative launch pads were screened by multiplex pcr for transposition. evidence ...201222845757
increasing catechin and procyanindin accumulation in high-co2-treated fragaria vesca strawberries.this paper deals with the impact of low temperature and high co2 levels on flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins, synthesized via branched pathways from common precursors, in strawberries (fragaria vesca l.). flavonoids were identified with q-tof equipment and quantified by hplc-quadrupole. proanthocyanins b1 and b3 accumulated in co2-treated strawberries, whereas in untreated (air) fruit, flavonoid production was redirected toward anthocyanin accumulation with a sharp decrease in catec ...201222783976
molecular regulation of seed and fruit set.seed and fruit set are established during and soon after fertilization and determine seed and fruit number, their final size and, hence, yield potential. these processes are highly sensitive to biotic and abiotic stresses, which often lead to seed and fruit abortion. here, we review the regulation of assimilate partitioning, including the potential roles of recently identified sucrose efflux transporters in seed and fruit set and examine the similarities of sucrose import and hydrolysis for both ...201222776090
physical mapping of a pollen modifier locus controlling self-incompatibility in apricot and synteny analysis within the rosaceae.s-locus products (s-rnase and f-box proteins) are essential for the gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi) specific recognition in prunus. however, accumulated genetic evidence suggests that other s-locus unlinked factors are also required for gsi. for instance, gsi breakdown was associated with a pollen-part mutation unlinked to the s-locus in the apricot (prunus armeniaca l.) cv. 'canino'. fine-mapping of this mutated modifier gene (m-locus) and the synteny analysis of the m-locus within the ...201222481163
construction of black (rubus occidentalis) and red (r. idaeus) raspberry linkage maps and their comparison to the genomes of strawberry, apple, and peach.the genus rubus belongs to the rosaceae and is comprised of 600-800 species distributed world-wide. to date, genetic maps of the genus consist largely of non-transferable markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms. an f(1) population developed from a cross between an advanced breeding selection of rubus occidentalis (96395s1) and r. idaeus 'latham' was used to construct a new genetic map consisting of dna sequence-based markers. the genetic linkage maps presented here are constructe ...201222398438
metabolite profiling reveals novel multi-level cold responses in the diploid model fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry).winter freezing damage is a crucial factor in overwintering crops such as the octoploid strawberry (fragaria × ananassa duch.) when grown in a perennial cultivation system. our study aimed at assessing metabolic processes and regulatory mechanisms in the close-related diploid model woodland strawberry (fragaria vescal.) during a 10-days cold acclimation experiment. based on gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (gc/tof-ms) metabolite profiling of three f. vesca genotypes, clear dis ...201222370221
clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, fragaria vesca and fragaria ananassa duch.although the composition of strawberry fruit has been extensively studied, especially for the most abundant phenolic compounds, agrimoniin has never been univocally identified as one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in the fruit. in this study agrimoniin was isolated in the fruit of fragaria vesca and its structure characterized. furthermore, its presence was definitively established to be the main ellagitannin in both f. vesca and fragaria ananassa d. fruit. the presence of sanguiin h-6 ...201222339338
metabolic engineering in strawberry fruit uncovers a dormant biosynthetic pathway.wild strawberry (fragaria vesca) fruit contains several important phenylpropene aroma compounds such as eugenol, but cultivated varieties are mostly devoid of them. we have redirected the carbon flux in cultivated strawberry (fragaria×ananassa) fruit from anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis to the production of acetates of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, which serve as the precursors of the phenylpropenes, by downregulating the strawberry chalcone synthase (chs) via rnai-mediated gene silencing and, alte ...201121689779
an autotetraploid linkage map of rose (rosa hybrida) validated using the strawberry (fragaria vesca) genome sequence.polyploidy is a pivotal process in plant evolution as it increase gene redundancy and morphological intricacy but due to the complexity of polysomic inheritance we have only few genetic maps of autopolyploid organisms. a robust mapping framework is particularly important in polyploid crop species, rose included (2n = 4x = 28), where the objective is to study multiallelic interactions that control traits of value for plant breeding. from a cross between the garden, peach red and fragrant cultivar ...201121647382
searching for gene flow from cultivated to wild strawberries in central europe.experimental crosses between the diploid woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca l.) and the octoploid garden strawberry (f. × ananassa duch.) can lead to the formation of viable hybrids. however, the extent of such hybrid formation under natural conditions is unknown, but is of fundamental interest and importance in the light of the potential future cultivation of transgenic strawberries. a hybrid survey was therefore conducted in the surroundings of ten farms in switzerland and southern germany, w ...201121307039
the genome of woodland strawberry (fragaria vesca).the woodland strawberry, fragaria vesca (2n = 2x = 14), is a versatile experimental plant system. this diminutive herbaceous perennial has a small genome (240 mb), is amenable to genetic transformation and shares substantial sequence identity with the cultivated strawberry (fragaria × ananassa) and other economically important rosaceous plants. here we report the draft f. vesca genome, which was sequenced to ×39 coverage using second-generation technology, assembled de novo and then anchored to ...201121186353
white-fruited duchesnea indica (rosaceae) is impaired in ans gene expression.duchesnea indica is a wild strawberry-like species that has red fruits. in a recent survey in the highlands of tucumán (argentina), a plant of d. indica with white fruits was discovered. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the white-fruited character was due to a phenotypic or genotypic change. the stability and heritability of the character and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis were studied and compared with red-fruited genotypes. this study contributes to ...201122130272
demethylation of oligogalacturonides by fape1 in the fruits of the wild strawberry fragaria vesca triggers metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with defence and development of the fruit.ectopic expression of the strawberry (fragaria×ananassa) gene fape1 encoding pectin methyl esterase produced in the wild species fragaria vesca partially demethylated oligogalacturonides (ogas), which conferred partial resistance of ripe fruits to the fungus botrytis cinerea. analyses of metabolic and transcriptional changes in the receptacle of the transgenic fruits revealed channelling of metabolites to aspartate and aromatic amino acids as well as phenolics, flavanones, and sesquiterpenoids, ...201121273336
effect of fruit extract of fragaria vesca l. on experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in albino rats.ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) of unknown origin. oxidative stress is believed to be a key factor in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of the mucosal damage in ibd.201121455415
pseudomonas fluorescens f113 mutant with enhanced competitive colonization ability and improved biocontrol activity against fungal root pathogens.motility is one of the most important traits for efficient rhizosphere colonization by pseudomonas fluorescens f113rif (f113). in this bacterium, motility is a polygenic trait that is repressed by at least three independent pathways, including the gac posttranscriptional system, the wsp chemotaxis-like pathway, and the sadb pathway. here we show that the kinb gene, which encodes a signal transduction protein that together with algb has been implicated in alginate production, participates in swim ...201121685161
hepatoprotective activity of a phytotherapeutic formula on thioacetamide--induced liver fibrosis model.hepatic fibrosis is a widespread alteration in the liver that primarily consists of increased collagen deposition in the tissue. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of poly-phytocompound eh-1501 containing small amounts of silymarin but also other potentially effective substances on thioacetamide (tta)-induced liver fibrosis and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these protective effects in rats. forty rats were randomly divided into four groups. liver fibrosi ...201122069962
implementing reverse genetics in rosaceae: analysis of t-dna flanking sequences of insertional mutant lines in the diploid strawberry, fragaria vesca.reverse genetics is used for functional genomics research in model plants. to establish a model system for the systematic reverse genetics research in the rosaceae family, we analyzed genomic dna flanking the t-dna insertions in 191 transgenic plants of the diploid strawberry, fragaria vesca. one hundred and seventy-six t-dna flanking sequences were amplified from the right border (rb) and 37 from the left border (lb) by thermal asymmetric interlaced pcr. analysis of the t-dna nick positions rev ...201020444194
comparative genetic mapping points to different sex chromosomes in sibling species of wild strawberry (fragaria).separate sexes have evolved repeatedly from hermaphroditic ancestors in flowering plants, and thus select taxa can provide unparalleled insight into the evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes that are thought to be shared by plants and animals alike. here we ask whether two octoploid sibling species of wild strawberry--one almost exclusively dioecious (males and females), fragaria chiloensis, and one subdioecious (males, females, and hermaphrodites), f. virginiana--share the same sex-determini ...201020923978
genome-wide snp identification by high-throughput sequencing and selective mapping allows sequence assembly positioning using a framework genetic linkage map.determining the position and order of contigs and scaffolds from a genome assembly within an organism's genome remains a technical challenge in a majority of sequencing projects. in order to exploit contemporary technologies for dna sequencing, we developed a strategy for whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism sequencing allowing the positioning of sequence contigs onto a linkage map using the bin mapping method.201021192788
determination of lead, cadmium, and persistent organic pollutants in wild and orchard-farm-grown fruit in northeastern poland.the concentrations of the heavy metals lead (pb) and cadmium (cd) were determined in berries (blackberry, raspberry, bilberry, wild strawberry), and hazelnuts picked from plants in the wild as well as in fruit (blackberry, raspberry, blueberry) and hazelnuts picked from orchard-farmed plants in northeastern poland. the levels of seven congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb(7)), gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-hch), and sum of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites ...201020706949
generation and analysis of ests from strawberry (fragaria xananassa) fruits and evaluation of their utility in genetic and molecular studies.cultivated strawberry is a hybrid octoploid species (fragaria xananassa duchesne ex. rozier) whose fruit is highly appreciated due to its organoleptic properties and health benefits. despite recent studies on the control of its growth and ripening processes, information about the role played by different hormones on these processes remains elusive. further advancement of this knowledge is hampered by the limited sequence information on genes from this species, despite the abundant information av ...201020849591
snp discovery and genetic mapping of t-dna insertional mutants in fragaria vesca l.as part of a program to develop forward and reverse genetics platforms in the diploid strawberry [fragaria vesca l.; (2n = 2x = 14)] we have generated insertional mutant lines by t-dna mutagenesis using pcambia vectors. to characterize the t-dna insertion sites of a population of 108 unique single copy mutants, we utilized thermal asymmetric interlaced pcr (hitail-pcr) to amplify the flanking region surrounding either the left or right border of the t-dna. bioinformatics analysis of flanking seq ...201020349033
identification of flowering genes in strawberry, a perennial sd plant.we are studying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants by using diploid wild strawberry (fragaria vesca l.) as a model. wild strawberry is a facultative short-day plant with an obligatory short-day requirement at temperatures above 15 degrees c. at lower temperatures, however, flowering induction occurs irrespective of photoperiod. in addition to short-day genotypes, everbearing forms of wild strawberry are known. in 'baron solemacher' recessive alleles of an unknown repressor, seasonal ...200919785732
the development and characterisation of a bacterial artificial chromosome library for fragaria vesca.the cultivated strawberry fragaria xananassa is one of the most economically-important soft-fruit species. few structural genomic resources have been reported for fragaria and there exists an urgent need for the development of physical mapping resources for the genus. the first stage in the development of a physical map for fragaria is the construction and characterisation of a high molecular weight bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library.200919772672
search for a plant for phytoremediation--what can we learn from field and hydroponic studies?the main aim of the study was to evaluate the strategies for coping with arsenic toxicity developed by the mine species (calamagrostis arundinacea, fragaria vesca, stachys sylvatica, and epilobium parviflorum), and to compare results obtained from plants exposed to arsenic present in contaminated soil (2000-3500 mg/kg dw) and in hydroponic solution (2 microm and 12 microm arsenate). here we report basic differences in plant responses to arsenic depending on growth conditions (hydroponic/soil) wi ...200919733893
[agamospermy in outbred crosses of fragaria vesca l. (rosaceae)].the seed progeny obtained in european wood strawberry fragaria vesca l. (2n = 2x = 14) via outbred crosses proved to include matromorphic diploid plants, whose proportion varied from 10.0 to 21.0%. to allow their identification, the crosses were performed using recessive dihomozygotes (variety alexandria) as a maternal form and dominant dihomozygotes as a paternal form. generation of parthenogenetic plants in ourbred crosses with known genetic markers suggested pseudogamous agamospermy. the ques ...200919382689
allopolyploidy in fragariinae (rosaceae): comparing four dna sequence regions, with comments on classification.potential events of allopolyploidy may be indicated by incongruences between separate phylogenies based on plastid and nuclear gene sequences. we sequenced two plastid regions and two nuclear ribosomal regions for 34 ingroup taxa in fragariinae (rosaceae), and six outgroup taxa. we found five well supported incongruences that might indicate allopolyploidy events. the incongruences involved aphanes arvensis, potentilla miyabei, potentilla cuneata, fragaria vesca/moschata, and the drymocallis clad ...200919268709
high variation in clonal vs. sexual reproduction in populations of the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana (rosaceae).many plants reproduce both clonally and sexually, and the balance between the two modes of reproduction will vary among populations. clonal reproduction was characterized in three populations of the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana, to determine the extent that reproductive mode varied locally between sites. the study sites were fragmented woodlands in cook county, illinois, usa.200919797422
florivory increases selfing: an experimental study in the wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana.florivores are antagonists that damage flowers, and have direct negative effects on flowering and pollination of the attacked plants. while florivory has mainly been studied for its consequences on seed production or siring success, little is known about its impact on mating systems. damage to flowers can alter pollinator attraction to the plant and may therefore modify patterns of pollen transfer. however, the consequences of damage for mating systems can take two forms: a decrease in flower nu ...200919121112
decaploidy in fragaria iturupensis (rosaceae).the strawberry genus, fragaria (rosaceae), has a base chromosome number of x = 7. cultivated strawberries (f. ×ananassa nothosubsp. ananassa) are octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and first hybridized from f. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis × f. virginiana subsp. virginiana. europe has no known native octoploid species, and only one asian octoploid species has been reported: f. iturupensis, from iturup island. our objective was to examine the chromosomes of f. iturupensis. ploidy levels of ...200921628226
cardiovascular effects in vitro of aqueous extract of wild strawberry (fragaria vesca, l.) leaves.in contrast to the strawberry fruits, strawberry leaves as a source of bioactive compounds with potentially beneficial biological effects have been largely overlooked. in this study we examined direct, dose-dependent effects of wild strawberry (fragaria vesca, l.) leaves aqueous extract, in two experimental models and animal species, the isolated guinea pig hearts and rat aortic rings. vasodilatory potential of the wild strawberry leaves extract was compared with vasodilatory activity of aqueous ...200919131227
assessment of anti-oxidant activity of plant extracts using microbial test systems.to evaluate the anti-oxidant properties of extracts from 20 medicinal herbs growing in western siberia using microbial test systems and different in vitro methods.200919187149
an inbred line of the diploid strawberry fragaria vesca f. semperflorens for genomic and molecular genetic studies in the rosaceae.abstract:200919878589
[evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from siberian plants].experimental investigations have shown that water-alcohol extracts from plants containing alkaloids (aconitum baikalense, aconitum septentrionale, delphinium elatum l., conium maculatum) and salicylic acid (filipendula ulmaria, salix viminalis, fragaria vesca, rubus idaeus) inhibited the development of main symptoms of inflammation, viz. exudation, pain, fever, to the same extent as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. the substances studied in this work may be used to develop new efficient p ...200920017405
larval survival of fuller's rose weevil, naupactus cervinus, on common groundcover species in orchards of new zealand kiwifruit.fuller's rose weevil, naupactus cervinus (boheman) (curculionidae: entiminae), is an important quarantine pest of new zealand kiwifruit exported to asian markets. both adults and larvae are considered to be polyphagous. in this study, the survival of larval n. cervinus was estimated on common groundcover species of kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) in the bay of plenty, the main region in new zealand where kiwifruit is grown. the botanical composition of groundcover in commercial kiwifruit orchards, ch ...200820298112
partial demethylation of oligogalacturonides by pectin methyl esterase 1 is required for eliciting defence responses in wild strawberry (fragaria vesca).in addition to the role of the cell wall as a physical barrier against pathogens, some of its constituents, such as pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (oga), are essential components for elicitation of defence responses. to investigate how modifications of pectin alter defence responses, we expressed the fruit-specific fragaria x ananassa pectin methyl esterase fape1 in the wild strawberry fragaria vesca. pectin from transgenic ripe fruits differed from the wild-type with regard to the degree an ...200818088306
genetic diversity of pto-like serine/threonine kinase disease resistance genes in cultivated and wild strawberries.degenerate oligonucleotide primers, designed based on conserved regions of several serine-threonine kinases (stk) previously cloned in tomato and arabidopsis, were used to isolate stk candidates in wild and cultivated strawberries. seven distinct classes of stks were identified from three related wild species, i.e., fragaria vesca, fragaria chiloensis, and potentilla tucumanensis, and seven different fragaria x ananassa cultivars. alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences and the pto r prote ...200818618068
[content of selected metals in forest fruits depending on the harvest site].contents of selected metals (pb, cd, cu, zn, fe, mn) were determined in samples of forest fruits: blueberry, raspberry and wild strawberry harvested in lublin region from areas considered as potentially not exposed to pollution (skierbieszów landscape park) and potentially polluted areas (cement factory rejowiec s.a.). analyzed fruits originating from stands more exposed to pollution were characterized by higher lead (except from raspberry) as well as other metals contents than those from krasic ...200818807913
[contents of tannins and oxalic acid in the selected forest fruits depending on the harvest site].contents of anti-nutritional components (tannins and oxalic acid) were determined in samples of forest fruits: blueberry, raspberry and wild strawberry harvested in lublin region from areas considered as potentially not exposed to pollution (skierbieszów landscape park) and potentially polluted areas (cement factory rejowiec s.a.). study revealed that blueberry and raspberry fruits collected on potentially polluted area were characterized by higher tannins contents than those harvested on potent ...200818666621
genetic mapping of sex determination in a wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana, reveals earliest form of sex chromosome.the evolution of separate sexes (dioecy) from hermaphroditism is one of the major evolutionary transitions in plants, and this transition can be accompanied by the development of sex chromosomes. studies in species with intermediate sexual systems are providing unprecedented insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evolution. here, we describe the genetic mechanism of sex determination in the octoploid, subdioecious wild strawberry, fragaria virginiana mill., based on a whole-genome sim ...200818797475
high diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest.* here, the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi was determined in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest in relation to environmental variables. * root samples of five plant species (fragaria vesca, galeobdolon luteum, hepatica nobilis, oxalis acetosella and trifolium pratense) were analysed from stands differing in age and forest management intensity. * thirty-four glomeromycota taxa (small-subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu rdna) sequence groups) were detected from 90 root samples (911 c ...200818537886
effects of physical connection and genetic identity of neighbouring ramets on root-placement patterns in two clonal species.root-placement patterns were examined in the clonal species glechoma hederacea and fragaria vesca when grown with different types of neighbours. three different patterns were predicted as consequences of different types of interactions between roots: the avoidance pattern if root growth decreases in the presence of neighbouring roots; the intrusive pattern if root growth increases towards neighbouring roots; and the unresponsive pattern if root growth is unaffected by neighbouring roots. experim ...200717850258
first comprehensive contribution to medical ethnobotany of western pyrenees.an ethnobotanical and medical study was carried out in the navarre pyrenees, an area known both for its high biological diversity and its cultural significance. as well as the compilation of an ethnopharmacological catalogue, a quantitative ethnobotanical comparison has been carried out in relation to the outcomes from other studies about the pyrenees. a review of all drugs used in the area has also been carried out, through a study of the monographs published by the institutions and organizatio ...200717553138
characterization of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and influence on browning of cold stored strawberry fruit.polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were extracted from two different varieties of strawberry fruit (fragaria x ananassa d, cv. 'elsanta' and fragaria vesca l, cv. 'madame moutot') and characterized using reliable spectrophotometric methods. in all cases, the enzymes followed michaelis-menten kinetics, showing different values of peroxidase kinetics parameters between the two cultivars: km = 50.68 +/- 2.42 mm ('elsanta') and 18.18 +/- 8.79 mm ('madame moutot') mm and vmax = 0.14 +/- 0.03 u/g ('els ...200717407312
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