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occurrence of reovirus infection in muscovy ducks (cairina moschata) in south western poland.during the summer 2012 an incidence of high mortality, above 44 percent, in two flocks of muscovy ducklings in poland was noted. the clinical signs included considerable weight loss and inability to walk. during the post-mortem evaluations dehydration and enteritis, gouty kidneys as well as hemorrhagic liver and spleen lesions were found. the laboratory diagnosis included agar gel precipitation assay (agp) as well as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or reverse transcription pcr for the presence o ...201424988856
use of igy antibody to recombinant avian reovirus σc protein in the virus diagnostics.avian reovirus (arv) is an important agent of several diseases causing considerable losses in poultry farming. an outer capsid protein (σc) of arv, is known as a virus-cell attachment protein essential for virus infectivity. in this study, the σc gene of arv was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the expressed recombinant protein was used as immunogen for raising a specific igy antibody in laying hens. at 14 weeks post immunization, the antibody titers in serum and egg yolk reached 302,00 ...201424957714
the role of avian reoviruses in turkey tenosynovitis/arthritis.turkey arthritis reovirus (tarv) has been isolated from the gastrocnemius tendons and tibiotarsal joint fluid of lame male turkeys >12 weeks old in the midwest. two experiments were conducted to compare the pathogenicity in turkeys of three tarvs (tarv-mn2, tarv-mn4 and tarv-o'neil), one turkey enteric reovirus (terv strain mn1) and one chicken arthritis reovirus (carv strain mn1). two hundred microlitres of virus were inoculated by the oral, intratracheal, or footpad route into 6-day-old poults ...201424980420
genomic characteristics of a novel reovirus from muscovy duckling in china.a new reovirus was isolated from a sick muscovy duckling with hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions in the liver in zhejiang, china in 2000 and was tentatively denoted a new type of muscovy duck reovirus (n-mdrv zj00m). this reovirus was propagated in a chicken fibroblast cell line (df-1) with obvious cytopathic effects. the reovirus's genome was 23,419 bp in length with an approximately 50% g+c content and 10 dsrna segments encoding 12 proteins. the length of the genomic segments was similar to those of ...201424355531
molecular characterization of turkey enteric reovirus s3 gene.the molecular diversity in s3 gene sequences of turkey reovirus (trv) was determined in poult enteritis syndrome (pes)-affected and apparently healthy turkey poults. twenty-nine trv-positive samples (15 from pes-affected flocks and 14 from apparently healthy flocks) were tested using self-designed primers for the s3 gene. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the trv s3 sequences of this study clustered in clade iii and formed two different groups in this clade. the avian reoviruses from duck and ...201424666328
retraction. avian reovirus nonstructural protein p17-induced g2/m cell cycle arrest and host cellular protein translation shutoff involve activation of p53-dependent pathways. 201424425695
complete genome analysis identifies tvärminne avian virus as a candidate new species within the genus orthoreovirus.orthoreoviruses have been associated with a variety of diseases in domesticated poultry and wild-living birds. in 2002, a reovirus strain named tvärminne avian virus (tvav), was identified in finland in a crow showing neurological disorders. the objective of this study was the molecular characterization of this novel reovirus strain. genome sequencing was performed by combining semiconductor sequencing and traditional capillary sequencing. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that tvav shar ...201424421111
[orthoreoviruses].members of the genus orthoreovirus in the family reoviridae are nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses. their genomes contain 10 segments of double-stranded rna (dsrna). the orthoreoviruses are divided into two subgroups, the fusogenic and nonfusogenic reoviruses, based on the ability of the virus to induce cell-to-cell fusion. the fusogenic subgroup consists of the avian reovirus, baboon reovirus, pteropine reovirus, and reptilian reovirus, whereas the nonfusogenic subgroup consists of the prototypi ...201426437841
sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of an avian reovirus genome.avian reovirus infection causes considerable economic loss to the commercial poultry industry. live-attenuated vaccine strain s1133 (v-s1133, derived from parent strain s1133) is considered the safest and most effective vaccine and is currently used worldwide. to identify the genes responsible for its attenuation, dna sequences of open reading frames (orf) of s1133 and its parent strains s1133, 1733, 526, and c78 along with three field isolates (guangxir1, guangxir2, and gx110058) and one isolat ...201424368760
postvaccinal reovirus infection with high mortality in breeder chicks.a broiler breeder flock was subcutaneously vaccinated at the hatchery with a live avian orthoreovirus (arv) vaccine against viral arthritis. chicks began to die at 3 days of age and postmortem examination revealed massive subcutaneous hemorrhages and edema on the dorsal aspect of the neck at the site of vaccination, a severe necrotic hepatitis, and pulmonary edema. microscopically, the main lesion was a multifocal vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of randomly distributed small groups of hepatoc ...201425619015
proteomics analysis of the df-1 chicken fibroblasts infected with avian reovirus strain s1133.avian reovirus (arv) is a member of the orthoreovirus genus in the reoviridae family. it is the etiological agent of several diseases, among which viral arthritis and malabsorption syndrome are the most commercially important, causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. although a small but increasing number of reports have characterized some aspects of arv infection, global changes in protein expression in arv-infected host cells have not been examined. the current study used ...201424667214
antigenic analysis of monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of σb protein of avian reovirus.avian reovirus (arv) causes arthritis, tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome (rss), malabsorption syndrome (mas) and immunosuppression in chickens. σb is one of the major structural proteins of arv, which is able to induce group-specific antibodies against the virus.201324312314
isolation and genomic characterization of a classical muscovy duck reovirus isolated in zhejiang, china.a classical muscovy reovirus was isolated from a sick muscovy duck with white necrotic foci in its liver in zhejiang, china, in 2000. this classical reovirus was propagated in a chicken fibroblast cell line (df-1) with obvious cytopathic effects. its genome was 22,967 bp in length, with approximately 51.41% g+c content and 10 dsrna segments encoding 11 proteins, which formed a 3/3/4 electrophoretic page profile pattern. the length of the genomic segments was similar to those of avian orthoreovir ...201324140560
molecular survey of enteric viruses in commercial chicken farms in korea with a history of enteritis.several enteric viruses have increasingly received attention as potential causative agents of runting-stunting syndrome (rss) in chickens. a molecular survey was performed to determine the presence of a broad range of enteric viruses, namely chicken astrovirus (castv), avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken parvovirus (chpv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian rotavirus (avrv), avian reovirus (arv), and fowl adenovirus (fadv), in intestinal samples derived from 34 commercial chicken flocks t ...201324135590
identification of a linear b-cell epitope on avian reovirus protein sigmac.sigmac (σc) protein, which mediates virus attachment to target cells, is the most variable proteins of avian reovirus (arv). it is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. to understand the antigenic determinants of σc protein, a set of partially overlapping and consecutive peptides spanning σc were expressed and then screened with the monoclonal antibody (mab) 2b5 directed against σc. the mab 2b5 recognized peptides with the σc motif (45)ellhrsisdisttv(58). furt ...201324076298
complete genome sequences of an avian orthoreovirus isolated from guangxi, china.we report the complete genomic sequences of an avian orthoreovirus, strain guangxir1, isolated from a chicken flock in guangxi province, southern china, in 2000. phylogenetic analyses suggest that the strain is closely related to the s1133 strain, which is associated with tenosynovitis, but is far different from strain avs-b, which is associated with runting-stunting syndrome in broilers.201323846280
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
suppression of apoptosis by pseudorabies virus us3 protein kinase through the activation of pi3-k/akt and nf-κb pathways.the pseudorabies virus (prv) is a major viral disease that causes huge economic loss in the pig industry globally. most viruses have been found to generate anti-apoptotic factors that facilitate cell survival in the early stages of infection. this study aimed to investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of prv and study the underlying mechanisms in the early stage of infection. we investigated and compared whether the two prv us3 isoforms, us3a and us3b, could block apoptosis induced by virus infec ...201323835241
complete sequence of a reovirus associated with necrotic focus formation in the liver and spleen of muscovy ducklings.the complete sequence of a reovirus, strain 815-12 associated with necrotic focus formation in the liver and spleen of muscovy ducklings in china, was determined and compared with sequences of other duck-, goose-, and chicken-origin reoviruses. the 815-12 genome comprised 22,969 bp with 10 dsrna segments ranging from 1125 bp (s4) to 3958 bp (l1), all of which (except s4) were almost identical in length to the cognate segments of other waterfowl and chicken isolates. detailed analyses revealed th ...201323820048
serosurvey for selected infectious agents in two sympatric species of cormorants (phalacrocorax atriceps and phalacrocorax magellanicus) from coastal patagonia, argentina.we conducted a serologic survey for selected infectious agents on two sympatric cormorants, the imperial cormorant (phalacrocorax atriceps) and the rock shag (phalacrocorax magellanicus). blood was collected from 267 imperial cormorants and 106 rock shags at 17 colonies along the patagonia atlantic shore during nine breeding seasons (1994, 1999-2001-2005-2008-2010). antibodies to four pathogens were common to both species and frequently observed: avian paramyxovirus type 1 (56% of imperial cormo ...201323778597
detection and characterization of a divergent avian reovirus strain from a broiler chicken with central nervous system disease.avian orthoreoviruses have been associated with a variety of diseases in chickens, including tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome, hepatitis, myocarditis, osteoporosis, respiratory diseases, and central nervous system disease. the primary objective of our study was the molecular characterization of an avian reovirus strain, t1781, which was isolated from a broiler chicken with a central nervous system disorder in hungary during 2012. the complete genome sequence was determined using a tradit ...201323771766
[gene sequence analysis and prokaryotic expression of sigmab protein of muscovy duck reovirus yb strain].muscovy ducks reovirus (drv) is an important pathogen with a high mortality rate in muscovy ducks, the researches in the test and the immunity were useful for the prevention and control of drv infection. in this study, the s3 genes of the three fujian drvs were cloned by rt-pcr and sequencing technology. it was found that drv-yh and yjl were close to avian reovirus (arv) in the genetic distance, with high identities ranged from 94. 6% to 98. 9%, however, the identities of drv-yb strain and refer ...201323757851
identification of a new reovirus causing substantial losses in broiler production in france, despite routine vaccination of breeders.numerous cases of tenosynovitis appeared in france causing high morbidity in free-range and standard broilers. the main clinical findings were lameness, stunting and non-uniform bodyweights. although the natural mortality was low, the economic losses due to birds that had to be removed from the flock prematurely, downgrading of carcases and lower average weights at slaughter were substantial. postmortem examinations, bacteriological, virological and serological examination confirmed the aetiolog ...201323636701
anti-neoplastic effect of avian reovirus σ c protein on rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors in chicken.this study investigated the anti-neoplastic potential of avian reovirus σc (sigma c) protein on rous sarcoma virus-induced fibrosarcoma in chicken. the recombinant vector expressing σc protein was injected intra-tumorally into specific pathogen free chicken with fibro-sarcoma at the dose 100µg per bird, while control birds were mock-treated with 100µg of empty vector per bird. recombinant σc protein induced apoptosis in tumors of treated birds resulting in progressive tumor regression, while sim ...201323530826
molecular characterization of avian reovirus isolates in tunisia.genotype analyses of avian reoviruses isolated from organ samples collected from chickens with suspicious clinical symptoms, between 1997-2008, was based on sequences for both σc and σb genes and aligned with those published in the genbank, making it possible to carry out studies of molecular classification and relationships.201323289825
the p17 nonstructural protein of avian reovirus triggers autophagy enhancing virus replication via activation of phosphatase and tensin deleted on chromosome 10 (pten) and amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), as well as dsrna-dependent protein kinase (pkr)/eif2α signaling pathways.autophagy has been shown to facilitate replication or production of avian reovirus (arv); nevertheless, how arv induces autophagy remains largely unknown. here, we demonstrate that the nonstructural protein p17 of arv functions as an activator of autophagy. arv-infected or p17-transfected cells present a fast and strong induction of autophagy, resulting in an increased level of autophagic proteins beclin 1 and lc3-ii. although autophagy was suppressed by 3-methyladenine or shrnas targeting autop ...201323233667
rapid detection of mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus in clinical samples of poultry using multiplex pcr.mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus (arv) are associated with several disease syndromes in poultry and cause notable global economic losses in the poultry industry. rapid and efficient diagnostics for these avian pathogens are important not only for disease control but also for prevention of clinical disease progression. however, current diagnostic methods used for surveillance of these diseases in poultry flocks are laborious and time-consuming, and they have low sensitivity. the multiplex p ...201324689177
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
a multiplex rt-pcr for the detection of astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus in turkeys.this study was undertaken to develop and validate a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) for simultaneous detection of avian rotavirus, turkey astrovirus-2 (tastv-2), and avian reovirus. primers targeting the conserved regions of nsp4 gene of avian rotavirus, polymerase gene of tastv-2, and s4 gene of avian reovirus were used. the position of bands at 630, 802, and 1120 base pairs on agarose gel confirmed the presence of rotavirus, tastv-2, and reovirus, respective ...201223050480
avian reovirus triggers autophagy in primary chicken fibroblast cells and vero cells to promote virus production.avian reovirus (arv) is an important cause of disease in poultry. although arv is known to induce apoptosis in infected cells, the interaction between arv and its target cells requires further elucidation. in this report, we show that the arv isolate strain gx/2010/1 induces autophagy in both vero and primary chicken embryonic fibroblast (cef) cells based on the appearance of an increased number of double-membrane vesicles, the presence of gfp-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (gfp- ...201222241622
complete genomic sequence of a reovirus isolate from pekin ducklings in china.the complete genomic sequence of a pekin duck origin reovirus (drv) from china was determined. the genome comprises 23,419 bp, with segments ranging from 1,191 bp (s4) to 3,959 bp (l1). pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the pekin duck origin reovirus is more closely related to the new type of muscovy duck origin reovirus (n-mdrv) identified recently than to the chicken origin avian orthoreovirus (arv) and the originally described muscovy duck origin reovirus (arv-md).201223118462
complete genomic sequence of a new muscovy duck-origin reovirus from china.the complete genomic sequence of a new muscovy duck-origin reovirus (n-mdrv), strain j18 from china, was determined. the virus has a tricistronic s1 genome segment that is distinct from the originally described mdrv, which possesses a bicistronic s4 genome segment. pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that n-mdrv j18 is a new isolate within the species avian orthoreovirus.201223087110
the infectious bursal disease virus rna-binding vp3 polypeptide inhibits pkr-mediated apoptosis.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an avian pathogen responsible for an acute immunosuppressive disease that causes major losses to the poultry industry. despite having a bipartite dsrna genome, ibdv, as well as other members of the birnaviridae family, possesses a single capsid layer formed by trimers of the vp2 capsid protein. the capsid encloses a ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the genome associated to the rna-dependent rna polymerase and the rna-binding polypeptide vp3. a previou ...201223056444
complete genomic sequence of goose-origin reovirus from china.we report the full-genome sequence of a goose-origin reovirus (grv) strain 03g from zhejiang province, china. this is the first report of the complete genomic sequence (segments 1 to 10) of grv. phylogenetic analyses of the sequence suggest that grv 03g represents a new species distinct from other established species within the avian reovirus (arv) group of orthoreoviruses.201222923811
detection and differentiation of avian reoviruses using sybr-green i-based two-step real-time reverse transcription pcr with melting curve analysis.a two-step sybr-green i-based real-time pcr with melting curve analysis was developed to detect and differentiate the avian reovirus (arv) sigmac gene in field and vaccine arvs. three primer sets were used to amplify the sigmac gene from its 5', center, and 3' regions and analyze the melting point temperatures of nine arvs. by combining the melting curves of the three arv sigmac gene regions, melting curve analysis could accurately distinguish the arvs of different subtypes, and the results were ...201222856196
astroviruses associated with stunting and pre-hatching mortality in duck and goose embryos.the first detection of avian nephritis virus (anv) in goose embryos and of turkey astrovirus-1 (tastv-1) in duck embryos is described. intestinal samples from duck and goose embryos from five duck and four goose flocks in croatia were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of anv, tastv-1, turkey astrovirus-2, chicken astrovirus, duck astrovirus and also for the presence of avian reovirus, derzsy's disease virus and duck enteritis virus. the kidneys from duck and goose embryos were ...201222845326
different intracellular distribution of avian reovirus core protein sigmaa in cells of avian and mammalian origin.a comparative analysis of the intracellular distribution of avian reovirus (arv) core protein sigmaa in cells of avian and mammalian origin revealed that, whereas the viral protein accumulates in the cytoplasm and nucleolus of avian cells, most sigmaa concentrates in the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells in tight association with the insoluble nuclear matrix fraction. our results further showed that sigmaa becomes arrested in the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells via association with mammalian cell-sp ...201222832119
[the isolation and identification of novel duck reovirus].the virus strains were isolated from the liver and spleen of the dead young ducks characterized with symptoms of hemorrhagic-necrotic hepatitis. these isolates could cause the death of muscovy duck-embryo and chick-embryo. 1-day-old birds infected with these isolates had the same character with clinically dead birds and the virus could be isolated from artificially infected birds. these isolates could proliferate in mdef and result in cpe. the virus could proliferate in the cytoplasm in order of ...201222764524
development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for visual detection of avian reovirus.avian reovirus (arv) is an important pathogen of poultry and causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the surveillance of arv, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was established using a set of six primers specific to the s1 gene segment of arv. the established assay was performed at 62°c for 60 min in a thermal block, and the result was visualized directly under daylight or ultraviolet ligh ...201222702459
immunogenic analysis of two dna vaccines of avian reovirus mediated by attenuated salmonella typhimurium in chickens.avian reovirus (arv) is an important pathogen in poultry industry and causes great economic losses. as attenuated salmonella typhimurium is already being used as an effective vehicle for the transfer of dna vaccines, so in this study we evaluated two dna vaccines mediated by s. typhimurium on their ability of eliciting antibody production. spf chickens were respectively immunized with sl7207 (pvax-σb), sl7207 (pvax-σc) and sl7027 (pvax-σb-σc) three times. the results showed that the antibody pro ...201222575372
avian reovirus sigma c enhances the mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by antigen-conjugated lactic acid bacteria.mucosal surfaces are common sites of pathogen colonization/entry. effective mucosal immunity by vaccination should provide protection at this primary infection site. our aim was to develop a new vaccination strategy that elicits a mucosal immune response. a new strain of enterococcus faecium, a non pathogenic lactic acid bacteria (lab) with strong cell adhesion ability, was identified and used as a vaccine vector to deliver two model antigens. specifically, sigma (σ) c protein of avian reovirus ...201222531554
expression of avian reovirus minor capsid protein in plants.the minor coat protein of the avian reovirus (arv), sc, encoded by the s1 genome segment, is one of the major candidates for the development of a subunit vaccine against arv infection. to develop a plant-based vaccine to immunize poultry against arv infection, we constructed 4 plant nuclear expression vectors with or without codon modification of the s1 gene, and their expression was driven by a camv 35s promoter or rice actin1 promoter. in addition, the expressed sc proteins were targeted subce ...201121354211
functional investigation of grass carp reovirus nonstructural protein ns80.abstract:201121489306
ic-tagged proteins are able to interact with each other and perform complex reactions when integrated into muns-derived inclusions.we have recently developed a versatile tagging system (ic-tagging) that causes relocation of the tagged proteins to arv muns-derived intracellular globular inclusions. in the present study we demonstrate (i) that the ic-tag can be successfully fused either to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the protein to be tagged and (ii) that ic-tagged proteins are able to interact between them and perform complex reactions that require such interactions while integrated into muns inclusions, increasing the ...201121802457
avian and mammalian reoviruses use different molecular mechanisms to synthesize their muns isoforms.previous reports revealed that the m3 gene of both avian and mammalian reoviruses express two muns isoforms in infected cells. the larger isoforms initiate translation at the 5'-closest aug of their respective m3 mrnas, and were therefore designated muns. in this study we have performed experiments to identify the molecular mechanisms by which the smaller muns isoforms are generated. the results of this study confirmed previous findings indicating that the smaller mammalian reovirus muns isoform ...201121795469
avian reovirus s1133-induced dna damage signaling and subsequent apoptosis in cultured cells and in chickens.in this study, intracellular signaling in arv s1133-mediated apoptosis was investigated. a microarray was used to examine the gene expression profiles of cells upon arv s1133 infection and arv-encoded pro-apoptotic protein sc overexpression. the analysis indicated that in the set of dna-damage-responsive genes, ddit-3 and gadd45a were both upregulated by viral infection and sc overexpression. further investigation demonstrated that both treatments caused dna breaks, which increased the expressio ...201121779911
development of taqman real-time rt-pcr for detection of avian reoviruses.avian reoviruses (arvs) are an important cause of economic losses in commercial poultry. a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for detecting of arvs was developed. the primer-probe set was from the conserved region of arv s4 genome segment. real-time rt-pcr detected arv strains including co8 and ss412 strains, which belonged to different serological subgroups, and the test had no cross-reaction with other avian viruses. the detection limit of this assay was 5 arv genome copies per 5µl and was 150 time ...201121762732
differentiating infected from vaccinated animals, and among virulent prototypes of reovirus.birds are most susceptible to infection by avian reovirus, genus orthoreovirus family reoviridae, at a young age. although chicks are protected by antibodies transferred from vaccinated maternal flocks, due to the many variants in the field, the efficiency of the vaccines is limited. the level of antibodies against viruses is generally determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using the whole virus as the antigen. this has some disadvantages: first, the test measures antibodies ag ...201121762731
cell entry of avian reovirus follows a caveolin-1-mediated and dynamin-2-dependent endocytic pathway that requires activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and src signaling pathways as well as microtubules and small gtpase rab5 protein.very little is known about the mechanism of cell entry of avian reovirus (arv). the aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of arv entry and subsequent infection. cholesterol mainly affected the early steps of the arv life cycle, because the presence of cholesterol before and during viral adsorption greatly blocked arv infectivity. although we have demonstrated that arv facilitating p38 mapk is beneficial for virus replication, its mechanism remains unknown. here, we show that arv-induced ...201121705803
[expression and identification of sigmac gene of avian reovirus by baculovirus expression system].recombinant baculovirus containing sigmac gene of avian reovirus was constructed using bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system, and recombinant sigmac protein was expressed by infecting the sf9 cell with recombinant baculovirus. firstly, sigmac gene of avian reovirus was cloned and inserted into donor plasmid pfastbachta to obtain recombinant donor plasmid pfsigmac. plasmid pfsigmac was transformed into e. coli dh10bac for integration into bacmid vector and the recombinant bacmid plasmid bacmid ...201121874905
Antigenic analysis monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of sB protein of Muscovy duck reovirus.sB is one of the major structural proteins of Muscovy duck reovirus (DRV), which is able to induce protective immune response in target birds. Four anti-DRV sB MAbs were identified belong to two distinct epitopes, designated A (1E5, 4E3, and 5D8) and B (2F7) (Liu et al., 2010). To understand antigenic determinants of the sB protein, a set of 20 (P1-P20), partially overlapping and consecutive peptides spanning sB were expressed and then screened by MAbs. With Western blot and enzyme-linked immuno ...201122197425
Wide-range protection against avian reovirus conferred by vaccination with representatives of four defined genotypes.Many isolates of the contagious avian reovirus have been characterized, mainly based on the sequence of their sigma C protein. These isolates have been classified into four genotypes. Currently available vaccines are of limited effectiveness, likely due to the existence of many variants. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of a mixture of prototypes (representatives) of the four defined genotypic groups of avian reovirus. The prototypes were selected based on t ...201121911023
recombinant protein-based elisa for detection and differentiation of antibodies against avian reovirus in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens.two nonstructural genes, sigmans and p17, of avian reovirus (arv) were cloned into the expression plasmid vector pgex4t-1. expressed proteins for sigmans and p17 of avian reovirus were purified and used as antigens. three indirect sigmans enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), sigmans-elisa, p17-elisa and sigmans-p17-elisa were optimized and used as specific tests. serum samples from reovirus-infected and vaccinated spf chickens were tested with the three elisas and an agar gel precipitin ...201020026121
intracellular cleavage of sigmaa protein of avian reovirus.by western blot analyzes of expression of avian reovirus proteins, one unknown fragment was detected by an anti-sigmaa monoclonal antibody in virus-infected cells lysate. it was interesting to note that rna interference against sigmaa resulted in the suppression of the unknown fragment. using various lengths of sigmaa constructs conjugated with different tags, we present evidences to demonstrate that the fragment comes from the cleavage of sigmaa and is the larger carboxyl-terminus, termed sigma ...201020079780
activation of pi 3-kinase/akt/nf-kappab and stat3 signaling by avian reovirus s1133 in the early stages of infection results in an inflammatory response and delayed apoptosis.avian reovirus (arv) strain s1133 causes apoptosis in host cells in the middle to late stages of infection. this study investigated the early-stage biological response and intracellular signaling in arv s1133-infected vero and chicken cells. treatment with conditioned medium from arv s1133-infected cells increased the chemotactic activity of u937 cells. neutralizing antibodies against il-1beta and il-6 showed that both cytokines contribute to viral-induced inflammation but neither affect cell su ...201020170934
avian reovirus microns protein forms homo-oligomeric inclusions in a microtubule-independent fashion, which involves specific regions of its c-terminal domain.members of the genus orthoreovirus replicate in cytoplasmic inclusions termed viral factories. compelling evidence suggests that the nonstructural protein microns forms the matrix of the factories and recruits specific viral proteins to these structures. in the first part of this study, we analyzed the properties of avian reovirus factories and microns-derived inclusions and found that they are nonaggresome cytoplasmic globular structures not associated with the cytoskeleton which do not require ...201020181708
evaluation of the sensitivity of pcr methods for the detection of extraneous agents and comparison with in vivo testing.in this study the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for the detection of newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian reovirus (arv), avian influenza virus (aiv) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was compared to the sensitivity of the corresponding serological tests described in the european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.). for this purpose, serial 10-fold dilutions of the respective inactivated vaccines were prepared and groups of spf chickens were vaccinated with a double dose ...201020338784
development, standardization and assessment of pcr systems for purity testing of avian viral vaccines.the european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.) requires avian viral vaccines to be free of adventitious agents. purity testing is an essential quality requirement of immunological veterinary medicinal products (ivmps) and testing for extraneous agents includes monitoring for many different viruses. conventional virus detection methods include serology or virus culture, however, molecular tests have become a valid alternative testing method. nucleic acid testing (nat) is fast, highly sensitive and has a h ...201020338785
a preliminary study on viral decontamination of chicken serum using gamma-irradiation.a preliminary experiment was carried out to determine whether a decontamination procedure using gamma irradiation, similar to that adopted in the european guideline for bovine serum contaminated by pestivirus, could be applied to chicken serum. chicken sera spiked with known amounts of enveloped and non-enveloped chicken viruses were gamma irradiated. the remaining live viruses were then measured by titration and the virus reduction capacity of the irradiation process was established for both en ...201020347330
detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in breeder turkeys.the present study was undertaken to detect and characterize enteric viruses (rotavirus, astrovirus, reovirus, and coronavirus) in breeder poults. five turkey breeder flocks were selected. faecal samples were collected from all flocks at 1 week of age and then every other week until the poults reached 9 weeks of age. the faecal samples were pooled in groups of five. of the 193 pools ("samples") tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 47.2%, 30.6%, and 10.4% samples were positiv ...201020390537
astrovirus, reovirus, and rotavirus concomitant infection causes decreased weight gain in broad-breasted white poults.turkey astrovirus type-2 (tastv-2), turkey rotavirus (trotv), and turkey reovirus (treov) have been implicated as possible causes of enteric diseases and poor production in turkeys; however, numerous studies with each individual virus have failed to reproduce the disease as observed in the field. therefore, in this study we evaluated the pathogenesis of all possible combinations of one, two, or three viruses in comparison to sham inoculates in 3-day-old turkey poults. body weights were recorded ...201020408393
avian reovirus nonstructural protein p17-induced g(2)/m cell cycle arrest and host cellular protein translation shutoff involve activation of p53-dependent pathways.the effects of avian reovirus (arv) p17 protein on cell cycle progression and host cellular protein translation were studied. arv infection and arv p17 transfection resulted in the accumulation of infected and/or transfected cells in the g(2)/m phase of the cell cycle. the accumulation of cells in the g(2)/m phase was accompanied by upregulation and phosphorylation of the g(2)/m-phase proteins atm, p53, p21(cip1/waf1), cdc2, cyclin b1, chk1, chk2, and cdc25c, suggesting that p17 induces a g(2)/m ...201020484520
genetic and antigenic characterization of sigma c protein from avian reovirus.avian reovirus (arv) causes viral arthritis, tenosynovitis, liver infection and immunosuppression in birds. live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines for arv are available, but do not efficiently protect against recent variants. sigma c, which mediates virus attachment to target cells, is the most variable protein in arv. antibodies to this protein neutralize viral infection. the purpose of the present study was to characterize sigma c in isolates of arv from infected birds, as compared with the ...201020544425
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against muscovy duck reovirus sigmab protein.the sigmab protein of muscovy duck reovirus (drv), one of the major structural proteins, is able to induce neutralizing antibody in ducks, but the monoclonal antibody (mab) against sigmab protein has never been characterized.201020569474
facilitated leaky scanning and atypical ribosome shunting direct downstream translation initiation on the tricistronic s1 mrna of avian reovirus.the s1 mrna of avian reovirus is functionally tricistronic, encoding three unrelated proteins, p10, p17 and σc, from three sequential, partially overlapping open reading frames (orfs). the mechanism of translation initiation at the 3'-proximal σc orf is currently unknown. transient rna transfections using renilla luciferase reporter constructs revealed only a modest reduction in reporter expression upon optimization of either the p10 or p17 start sites. insertion of multiple upstream aug (uaug) ...201020610435
retrospective study of myocarditis associated with reovirus in turkeys.the myocarditis associated with reovirus in commercial turkeys was studied retrospectively. fifty-two cases were identified between 1991 and 2009. the lesions occurred in four different poultry companies in california and affected male and female turkeys with an average age of 19 days. increased mortality in the turkey flocks ranged from 0.35% to 3% per week in 47 cases. reovirus was isolated from the heart in 14 out of 19 cases. twenty-four out of 28 birds from nine cases had low vitamin e leve ...201020945784
immunogenicity of a dna vaccine of avian reovirus orally delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium.this study aimed to assess the ability of a salmonella typhimurium-mediated avain reovirus dna vaccine in eliciting antibody production. six-day-old spf chickens were orally immunized with sl7207 (pvax-σc) twice at 2-week interval, detectable antibody was generated 2weeks after immunization and was significantly higher than the control groups (p<0.01) and ten chickens (66.7%) were considered safe in the subsequent challenge. these results show that sl7207 (pvax-σc) can induce protective antibody ...201020947110
ic-tagging and protein relocation to arv muns inclusions: a method to study protein-protein interactions in the cytoplasm or nucleus of living cells.characterization of protein-protein interactions is essential for understanding cellular functions. although there are many published methods to analyze protein-protein interactions, most of them present serious limitations. in a different study we have characterized a novel avian reovirus muns-based protein tagging and inclusion targeting method, and demonstrated its validity to purify free an immobilized protein.201021072177
a versatile molecular tagging method for targeting proteins to avian reovirus muns inclusions. use in protein immobilization and purification.avian reoviruses replicate in viral factories, which are dense cytoplasmic compartments established by protein-protein interactions. the non-structural protein muns forms the factory scaffold that attracts other viral components in a controlled fashion. to create such a three-dimensional network, muns uses several different self-interacting domains.201021103063
the genomic constellation of a novel avian orthoreovirus strain associated with runting-stunting syndrome in broilers.avian orthoreoviruses (arvs) are responsible for considerable economic losses in broiler chickens; yet, the genetic characterization of most arv strains is limited to a few genes, and the full coding region has been determined for only s1133 and 138, two arv strains associated with tenosynovitis. recently, in parts of the united states, arvs with novel neutralization antigen type were isolated from chickens afflicted with runting-stunting syndrome. one such strain, avs-b, was selected for full g ...201021116842
mixed infection with reovirus and chlamydophila in a flock of budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus).eleven budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) from a zoological collection presented at necropsy with emaciation and splenomegaly or hepatomegaly or both. polymerase chain reaction assays performed on liver and spleen samples were positive for chlamydophila psittaci in 2 of 3 birds tested, and histologic findings in 2 additional birds were compatible with chlamydiosis. the aviary was subsequently closed to the public, and a 45-day treatment regimen with doxycycline in the seeds was initiated. no ...201021302762
development of elisa kits for antibodies against avian reovirus using the sigmac and sigmab proteins expressed in the methyltropic yeast pichia pastoris.both the sigmac and sigmab proteins of avian reovirus (arv) can induce type- and group-specific neutralizing antibodies, respectively. in this study, the full-length of s1133 sigmac, 1071-1 sigmac, s1133 sigmab, and s1133 sigmac-sigmab fusion genes of arv were cloned into a secreted vector ppiczalphaa and then integrated into the chromosome of pichia pastoris for induced expression. western blot assay showed that arv sigmac, sigmab, and sigmac-sigmab fusion proteins were expressed and secreted i ...201019643143
reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid detection of infectious bronchitis virus in infected chicken tissues.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay targeting the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was developed. the detection limits for the ibv rt-lamp assay were 10(1) 50% egg infection dose (eid(50)) per 50 microl of titrated viruses and no cross-reaction of ibv rt-lamp was found when tested with other viruses including newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian reovirus (arv), and infectious laryngotrachietis virus (iltv) due to the ...201019835950
toward the development of a plant-based vaccine against reovirus.transgenic lines of arabidopsis thaliana producing recombinant tc protein were developed. the s1 gene encoding sigmac protein of an avian reovirus (arv) was amplified by reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr). the amplified product was cloned into a plant-expression vector, pe1857, with a strong promoter for expression. the resulting construct with the bar gene cassette for bialaphos selection was designated rpe-sigmac and was introduced into agrobacterium tumefaciens by electroporation. agrobacteri ...200919848075
apoptosis induced by duck reovirus p10.8 protein in primary duck embryonated fibroblast and vero e6 cells.muscovy duck reovirus (mdrv) is an important poultry pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality in ducklings. the mechanisms by which viruses kill susceptible cells, and ultimately produce diseases, in muscovy duck remain poorly understood. in this study, we focused on the biologic functions of the mdrv p10.8 protein in vitro. the p10.8 protein is a small protein of mdrv that is encoded by the first open reading frame of the s4 segment. in our study, the p10.8-encoding gene was individual ...200919848085
infection with a pathogenic turkey coronavirus isolate negatively affects growth performance and intestinal morphology of young turkey poults in canada.turkey coronavirus (tcov) is an important viral pathogen causing diarrhoea of young turkey poults that is associated with sizeable economic losses for the turkey industry. using a field isolate that was found to be free from turkey astrovirus and avian reovirus we were able to reproduce the clinical disease associated with tcov. clinical signs and weight gain of poults during experimental infections were compared with age-matched, uninfected controls. poults infected at 2 days of age had 100% mo ...200919937512
growth and maintenance of quail fibrosarcoma qm5 cells.this appendix describes techniques for culturing quail fibrosarcoma qm5 cell lines, one of the preferred cell lines in which many avian reovirus studies take place.200919653212
avian reoviruses: propagation, quantification, and storage.avian reoviruses (arvs) are pathogens that cause significant morbidity among commercial poultry. arvs are prototypic representatives of non-enveloped viruses that can cause cell-cell fusion. they belong to the reoviridae family, which contains many highly pathogenic viruses. arvs are ubiquitous in commercial poultry and are frequently isolated from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of chickens with acute infections. the virus causes a range of disease states in chicken, including viral ...200919653215
amp-activated protein kinase facilitates avian reovirus to induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p38 and mapk kinase 3/6 signalling that is beneficial for virus replication.stimulated by energetic stress, amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) controls several cellular functions. it was discovered here that infection of vero cells with avian reovirus (arv) upregulated ampk and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p38 phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. being an energy status sensor, ampk is potentially an upstream regulator of mapk p38. treatment with 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribose (aicar), a well-known activator of ampk, induced phosphoryl ...200919656961
conserved structure/function of the orthoreovirus major core proteins.orthoreoviruses are infectious agents with genomes of 10 segments of double-stranded rna. detailed molecular information is available for all 10 segments of several mammalian orthoreoviruses, and for most segments of several avian orthoreoviruses (arv). we, and others, have reported sequences of the l2, all s-class, and all m-class genome segments of two different avian reoviruses, strains arv138 and arv176. we here determined l1 and l3 genome segment nucleotide sequences for both strains to com ...200919720241
multifaceted sequence-dependent and -independent roles for reovirus fast protein cytoplasmic tails in fusion pore formation and syncytiogenesis.fusogenic reoviruses utilize the fast proteins, a novel family of nonstructural viral membrane fusion proteins, to induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. unlike the paradigmatic enveloped virus fusion proteins, the fast proteins position the majority of their mass within and internal to the membrane in which they reside, resulting in extended c-terminal cytoplasmic tails (cts). using tail truncations, we demonstrate that the last 8 residues of the 36-residue ct of the avian reovirus p1 ...200919759162
novel reovirus isolation from an ostrich (struthio camelus) in japan.an orthoreovirus was isolated from an ostrich (struthio camelus) and rapidly identified as orthoreovirus by the rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv) system and electron microscopy. phylogenetic analysis of the sigma a protein indicated that the isolate belonged to avian species and was closely related to chicken orthoreovirus strain 138. the results of the present study indicated that an ostrich orthoreovirus is slight different from other chicken orthoreoviruses and provided evidenc ...200918838232
crystallographic structure of the alpha-helical triple coiled-coil domain of avian reovirus s1133 fibre.avian reovirus fibre, a homo-trimer of the sigmac protein, is a minor component of the avian reovirus outer capsid. it is anchored via a short n-terminal sequence to the inner capsid lambdac pentamer, and its protruding globular c-terminal domain is responsible for primary host cell attachment. we have previously solved the structure of a receptor-binding fragment in which residues 160-191 form a triple beta-spiral and 196-326 a beta-barrel head domain. here we have expressed, purified and cryst ...200919218213
avian reovirus influences phosphorylation of several factors involved in host protein translation including eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eef2) in vero cells.viral infection usually influences cellular protein synthesis either actively or passively via modification of various translation initiation factors. here we demonstrated that infection with avian reovirus (arv) interfered with cellular protein synthesis. this study demonstrated for the first time that arv influenced the phosphorylation of translation initiation factors including eif4e and eif-4g. interestingly, arv also induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor (eef2) ...200919406104
in vitro antiviral activity of chestnut and quebracho woods extracts against avian reovirus and metapneumovirus.field evidences have suggested that a natural extract, containing tannins, could be effective against poultry enteric viral infections. moreover previous studies have shown that vegetable tannins can have antiviral activity against human viruses. based on this knowledge three different chestnut (castanea spp.) wood extracts and one quebracho (schinopsis spp.) wood extract, all containing tannins and currently used in the animal feed industry, were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against a ...200919435637
avian reovirus sigmaa localizes to the nucleolus and enters the nucleus by a nonclassical energy- and carrier-independent pathway.avian reovirus sigmaa is a double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding protein that has been shown to stabilize viral core particles and to protect the virus against the antiviral action of interferon. to continue with the characterization of this viral protein, we have investigated its intracellular distribution in avian cells. most sigmaa accumulates into cytoplasmic viral factories of infected cells, and yet a significant fraction was detected in the nucleolus. the protein also localizes in the nucle ...200919640987
modulation of p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and protein kinase c delta during avian reovirus s1133-induced apoptosis.arv s1133 infection caused apoptosis in vivo and in vitro; however, the intracellular signaling pathways have not been fully delineated. we have previously demonstrated that arv s1133 activates proapoptotic signaling from src to p53, and further investigated how arv s1133 modulates p53. we found that arv s1133 forms syncytia and induces apoptosis in cef, df1 and vero cells with different kinetics. enhancement of p53 phosphorylation and dna-binding capacity to bax and bad promoters was found in t ...200919168198
consensus nested pcr amplification and sequencing of diverse reptilian, avian, and mammalian orthoreoviruses.the orthoreoviruses are segmented rna viruses that infect diverse vertebrate host species. while the most common human orthoreovirus, mammalian reovirus, is not typically associated with significant disease, the majority of orthoreovirus species have been shown to cause significant and often fatal disease in reptiles, birds, and primates. there is significant potential for jumping species. a consensus nested-pcr method was designed for investigation of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of or ...200918656318
electron microscopic identification of viruses associated with poult enteritis in turkeys grown in california 1993-2003.poult enteritis (pe) is one of the most common diseases seen in young turkey flocks. since 1993, more than 1800 cases of suspected pe have been submitted for examination by negative stain electron microscopy; this has involved more than 2400 individual results, because in many cases more than one virus was identified; at least 1500 individual results were positive for viruses. viruses have been identified in poults as young as 3 days and up to 9 wk of age. the most commonly found viruses are rot ...200818646448
enteric viruses detected by molecular methods in commercial chicken and turkey flocks in the united states between 2005 and 2006.intestinal samples collected from 43 commercial broiler and 33 commercial turkey flocks from all regions of the united states during 2005 and 2006 were examined for the presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus, and coronavirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and for the presence of groups 1 and 2 adenovirus by pcr. phylogenetic analysis was performed to further characterize the viruses and to evaluate species association and geographic patterns. astroviruses were ide ...200818646452
suppression of protein expression of three avian reovirus s-class genome segments by rna interference.rna interference was used to suppress protein expression of three s-class genome segments of avian reovirus (arv). viral progeny titer was successfully down-regulated by rna interference. suppression of s1 genome segment, which has three open reading frames, not only decreased the expression level of the structural protein sigmac but also reduced cell fusion and the level of ser(15)-phosphorylated p53 protein caused by the nonstructural proteins p10 and p17, respectively. suppression of s2 or s4 ...200818191923
activation of small gtpases rhoa and rac1 is required for avian reovirus p10-induced syncytium formation.the first orf of the arv s1133 s1 segment encodes the nonstructural protein p10, which is responsible for the induction of cell syncytium formation. however, p10-dependent signaling during syncytium formation is fully unknown. here, we show that dominant negative rhoa, rho inhibitor c3 exoenzyme, rock/rho-kinase inhibitor y-27632 and rac1 inhibitor nsc23766 inhibit p10-mediated cell fusion. p10 over-expression is concomitant with activation and membrane translocation of rhoa and rac1, but not cd ...200818612239
partial genome sequence analysis of parvoviruses associated with enteric disease in poultry.poult enteritis mortality syndrome (pems) of turkeys and runting-stunting syndrome (rss) of chickens are significant viral enteric diseases of poultry. although a number of different viruses, including avian reoviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses and coronaviruses, have been isolated from the intestinal contents of birds in affected poultry flocks, their role in pems and rss is not yet understood. here, we report the application of a molecular screening method to detection of novel viruses in int ...200818622862
development of a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap) for detection of newcastle disease virus.due to appearance of new genotypes of newcastle disease virus (ndv) with no cross-protection and with vaccine strains, some outbreaks have been reported in taiwan that caused significant damage to the poultry industry. a reliable assay protocol, (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap), for detection of ndv that uses a nested pcr and magnetic bead-based probe to increase sensitivity and specificity, was developed. primers and probes were designed based on the conserved region of the f ...200818261864
maternal antibodies reduce costs of an immune response during development.young vertebrates are dependent primarily on innate immunity and maternally derived antibodies for immune defense. this reliance on innate immunity and the associated inflammatory response often leads to reduced growth rates after antigenic challenge. however, if offspring have maternal antibodies that recognize an antigen, these antibodies should block stimulation of the inflammatory response and reduce growth suppression. to determine whether maternal and/or offspring antigen exposure affect a ...200818281327
development of a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing for detection of avian reovirus.avian reovirus (arv) causes several disease syndromes in poultry including arthritis, malabsorption syndrome and chronic respiratory disease that result in major economic losses. early detection is very important for the control of the arv-induced infections. this study was therefore aimed at developing a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (rapid)-bioactive amplification with probing (bap) assay for detection of arv. this assay combines nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...200818313146
characterization of interleukin-1beta mrna expression in chicken macrophages in response to avian reovirus.inhibitors of viral disassembly or rna and protein synthesis, viral disassembly intermediates (infectious subviral particles, isvp), binary ethylenimine-inactivated virions, and viral particles lacking genomic double-stranded (ds) rna (empty particles) were used to assess the expression of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) mrna in chicken (chil-1beta) macrophages in response to avian reovirus. the results demonstrate that two distinct expression patterns of chil-1beta mrna mediated by different steps ...200818343850
assignment of avian reovirus temperature-sensitive mutant recombination groups e, f, and g to genome segments.avian reoviruses (arv) are less well understood than their mammalian counterparts. arv are ubiquitous in commercial poultry and frequently isolated from acutely infected chickens. we previously described isolation of arv temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of wild-type arv138, their assignment to 7 recombination groups (a-g), and genetic mapping of mutants in groups a-d to specific gene segments. for this study, wild-type serotype arv176 was crossed with ts muta ...200818353422
proteasome inhibition reduces avian reovirus replication and apoptosis induction in cultured cells.the interplay between avian reovirus (arv) replication and apoptosis and proteasome pathway was studied in cultured cells. it is shown that inhibition of the proteasome did not affect viral entry and host cell translation but had influence on arv replication and arv-induced apoptosis. evidence is provided to demonstrate that ubiquitin-proteasome blocked arv replication at an early step in viral life cycle. however, viral transcription and protein translation were also reduced markedly after addi ...200818455810
health evaluation of free-ranging humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in peru.as part of ongoing ecological studies of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) at punta san juan, ica department, peru, health surveys were conducted in november 1992, 1993, and 1994. in the three surveys, 98 birds in total were handled for examination, and blood was collected for laboratory analysis from 90 of these birds. all birds seemed to be in good condition. body weights of females were significantly lower in 1994 than in the other years. fleas (parapsyllus humboldti) and ticks (ornith ...200818459309
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