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insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance.vector-borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well-known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. the toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species.201020872825
geographic distribution of stomoxyine flies (diptera: muscidae) and diurnal activity of stomoxys calcitrans in thailand.stomoxyine flies (stomoxys spp.) were collected in 10 localities of thailand using the vavoua traps. these localities represented four major ecological settings, as follows: small local dairy farms, large industrial dairy farms, a national park, and one elephant conservation area. three species of stable flies were identified in the following proportions: stomoxys calcitrans (91.5%), stomoxys indicus (7.9%), and stomoxys sitiens (0.6%). the number of flies collected differed significantly among ...201020939373
repellency of a wax-based catnip-oil formulation against stable flies.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), are one of the most serious livestock pests, which cause significant economic loss in the cattle industry. current practices for managing stable flies are limited to costly sanitation techniques and unsustainable insecticide applications. the present study reports the initial efforts using catnip essential oil as a spatial repellent and the results of field trials using a wax-based formulation to repel stable flies in the cattle feedlot. electroantennogram ...201021058736
global population structure of the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans) inferred by mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data.stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae: stomoxyini), a synanthropic fly with a worldwide distribution, is recognized to have an important medical and veterinary impact. we conducted a phylogeographic analysis based on several populations from five major zoogeographic regions of the world in order to analyse population genetic structure of s. calcitrans and to trace its global dispersion. results from mitochondrial (coi, cyt-b and nd1-16s) and nuclear (its2) dna show a substantial differentiation ...201021093612
detection of west nile virus in stable flies (diptera: muscidae) parasitizing juvenile american white pelicans.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), an economically important pest of livestock and humans, were observed parasitizing prefledged american white pelicans, pelecanus erythrorhynchos (pelecaniformes: pelecanidae), in a pelican breeding colony in northeastern montana where die-offs attributed to west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) have occurred since 2002. engorged and unengorged flies were collected off nine moribund chicks. of 29 blood-engorged fli ...201021175073
a longitudinal study of besnoitia besnoiti infections and seasonal abundance of stomoxys calcitrans in a dairy cattle farm of southwest france.bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan besnoitia besnoiti, is commonly reported in some restricted regions of south-western europe, and in larger regions of africa and asia. this infection is thought to be transmitted by blood feeding insects and is responsible for major economic losses in cattle production. a recent emergence in europe, notified in the centre of france, spain and germany, has attracted more attention to this disease. clinical signs could appear in some ani ...201021185653
potential for stable flies and house flies (diptera: muscidae) to transmit rift valley fever virus.rift valley fever (rvf), a disease of ruminants and humans, has been responsible for large outbreaks in africa that have resulted in hundreds of thousands of human infections and major economic disruption due to loss of livestock and to trade restrictions. as indicated by the rapid spread of west nile viral activity across north america since its discovery in 1999 and the rapid and widespread movement of chikungunya virus from africa throughout the indian ocean islands to asia and europe, an int ...201021290943
assessing permethrin resistance in the stable fly (diptera: muscidae) in florida by using laboratory selections and field evaluations.insecticide resistance in the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae),has been demonstrated previously, but mostly with insecticides that are no longer used, such as the organochlorines. resistance to commonly used pyrethroids has been evaluated twice, but only in the midwestern united states. stable fly susceptibility to a commonly used pyrethroid, permethrin, was determined in florida to assess the possibility of resistance development. diagnostic concentration evaluations of ...201021309252
tachykinin-related peptides and their receptors in invertebrates: a current view.members of the tachykinin peptide family have been well conserved during evolution and are mainly expressed in the central nervous system and in the intestine of both vertebrates and invertebrates. in these animals, they act as multifunctional messengers that exert their biological effects by specifically interacting with a subfamily of structurally related g protein-coupled receptors. despite the identification of multiple tachykinin-related peptides (tkrps) in species belonging to the insects, ...201019781585
epidemiologic aspects of an outbreak of trypanosoma vivax in a dairy cattle herd in minas gerais state, brazil.the aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological situation of bovine trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma vivax in a dairy cattle herd from igarapé, minas gerais state, brazil. the herd was monitored from september 2007 to february 2009 by sampling blood for determination of packed cell volume (pcv), microhaematocrit centrifugation test of parasitaemia (mhct), serology (ifa), morphological identification of t. vivax and molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). during all t ...201020138431
assessing pest control using changes in instantaneous rate of population increase: treated targets and stable fly populations case study.the instantaneous rate of population increase was used to assess the ability of attractive targets coated with permethrin to control stable fly populations on 3 dairy farms in south central ontario, canada. two attractive targets were deployed over 10 wk in 2001 at each of 6 dairy farms. three farms were outfitted with 2 untreated targets and 3 were outfitted with 2 targets treated with permethrin [ectiban-impregnated coroplast (ectiban: schering-plough canada inc., pointe-claire, québec, canada ...201020494159
enterobacterial microbiota on stomoxys calcitrans external surface.the current study evaluated the prevalence of enterobacterial agents on the external surface of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans. in addition, this study investigated the presence of virulence genes of enterobacteria. twenty different species were isolated and identified, escherichia coli was the most frequent species isolated. the genes stx1, stx2 and/or eae for production of shiga toxin were present in 13.04% of the e. coli samples.201020537096
population structure of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) from nine regions of thailand.starch gel electrophoresis of isozymes was used to estimate gene flow among nine populations of stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) from thailand. of the 13 putative loci, nine polymorphic loci were detected. limited genetic differentiation among populations was observed (f(st) = 0.060). the highest level of polymorphism was observed in flies from eastern trat and northern chiang mai provinces (69.2%), whereas the lowest level of polymorphism was seen in flies from central saraburi prov ...201020568650
activity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (diptera: muscidae).we screened 85 isolates of bacillus thuringiensis (berliner), making up 57 different subspecies, and two isolates of bacillus sphaericus (meyer and neide) for activity against immature horn flies, haematobia irritans (l.), and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). the majority of b. thuringiensis and the b. sphaericus isolates had little or no activity against horn fly and stable fly. approximately 87% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality of horn fly larvae and 64% caused < 25% mortality. fo ...201020568651
analysis of expressed sequence tags from a significant livestock pest, the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans), identifies transcripts with a putative role in chemosensation and sex determination.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), is one of the most significant pests of livestock in the united states. the identification of targets for the development of novel control for this pest species, focusing on those molecules that play a role in successful feeding and reproduction, is critical to mitigating its impact on confined and rangeland livestock. a database was developed representing genes expressed at the immature and adult life stages of the stable fly, comprisi ...201020572127
evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (diptera: muscidae).the housefly, musca domestica l., and stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) are cosmopolitan pests of both farm and home environments. houseflies have been shown to be resistant to a variety of insecticides, and new chemistries are slow to emerge on the market. toxicities of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity were determined against adults from an insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain of houseflies. the three most active semiochemicals were a ...201020603878
enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate or zanthoxylum armatum seed oil constituents and calophyllum inophyllum nut oil and their aerosols to stomoxys calcitrans.the repellency to stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), of zanthoxylum piperitum (l.) dc pericarp steam distillate (zp-sd), zanthoxylum armatum dc seed oil (za-so) and their constituents alone or in combination with calophyllum inophyllum l. nut oil (ci-no), as well as six aerosol formulations containing zp-sd or zp-so and ci-no, was compared with that of a synthetic repellent, deet, using an exposed human hand bioassay.201020628994
distribution and abundance of natural parasitoid (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) populations of house flies and stable flies (diptera: muscidae) at the university of florida dairy research unit.from september 2001 through september 2002, house fly and stable fly pupae were collected weekly from three fly habitats at the university of florida research dairy in northcentral florida and evaluated for parasitism. varying parasitism percentages were observed throughout the study but they were not affected by temperature, precipitation or fly abundance. of the 6,222 house fly pupae and 1,660 stable fly pupae that produced either a host fly or a parasitoid, 26.9% and 26.7% were parasitized, r ...201020676517
the population ecology of muscina stabulans (fallén) (diptera: muscidae), along an urban-rural gradient of buenos aires, argentina.the false stable fly, muscina stabulans (fallén), was surveyed along an urban-rural gradient at almirante brown, buenos aires province, argentina. samples were taken at monthly intervals from may 2005 to april 2007. hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am-04:00 pm) were taken at each sampling date with a hand net. the baits used were 250 g of rotten cow liver and 250 g of fresh dog faeces exposed in shaded and sunny areas. the entire sample accumulated 358 specimens. the number of specimens cap ...201020676520
repellency to stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) of plant essential oils alone or in combination with calophyllum inophyllum nut oil.the repellency to female stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) of 21 essential oils (eos) alone or in combination with calophyllum inophyllum l. (clusiaceae) nut oil (tamanu oil) was examined using an exposed human hand bioassay. results were compared with those of commonly used repellent n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet). in tests with six human male volunteers at a dose of 0.5 mg/cm2, patchouli (protection time [pt], 3.67 h) was the most effective eo but less active than deet (4.47 h ...201020695272
cutaneous and pulmonal habronemosis transmitted by musca domestica in a stable in the united arab emirates.nematode larvae found in histological cuts of lung tissue of a horse from a farm in al dhaid (uae) were determined to belong to the habronematidae family. the clinical examination of the other 18 horses present in the farm revealed summer sores (cutaneous habronemosis) in two stallions. nematode larvae were found in 147 (=26.2%) out of 561 male but only in 64 (=8.7%) out of 739 female musca domestica caught at the farm in november and december 2008. conversely, all 15 stomoxys calcitrans specime ...201020728277
characterization of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) larval developmental habitat at round hay bale feeding sites.in this study, we examined the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), larval developmental habitat within the round hay bale feeding sites on cattle pastures, and we identified three zones with distinct characteristics around two types of hay feeders (ring and cone). the parameters monitored in each zone included stable fly emergence, substrate temperature, moisture, ph, thickness of hay-manure layer, and concentration of fecal coliform bacteria (escherichia coli and klebsiell ...200919960675
twenty-three new microsatellite loci in the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae).the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), is a significant pest of cattle. twenty-three microsatellite markers were isolated from a repeat-enriched genomic library of s. calcitrans. we characterized variation at these markers and found that 17 loci were polymorphic in two fly populations from florida. two to nine alleles were observed among the variable microsatellite loci and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.03704 to 0.85115. these markers will be useful for characterizing population gen ...200921564624
landscape, population structure and genetic diversity of stomoxys calcitrans.to investigate whether different landscapes could affect genetic diversity and structure of the cosmopolitan diptera stomoxys calcitrans, populations from gabon and southern france were studied using dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers. gabon is characterized by a forested closed landscape, and southern france by an open mediterranean landscape. the genetic diversity between gabon and france populations did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). contrary to our expectati ...200919353950
first report of trypanosoma vivax infection in dairy cattle from costa rica.an outbreak of haemoparasitoses occurred from october 2007 to july 2008 in cattle from the district of rio cuarto, province of alajuela, costa rica. fifty animals of various ages out of 450 brown swiss were affected. the animals presented fever, severe anemia, jaundice, abortion or premature birth, loss of appetite, decrease milk production and accentuated weight loss in a short period of time. haemoparasites were observed in the blood smears: anaplasma marginale was present in 17 animals (60.7% ...200919414224
local infestation or long-distance migration? the seasonal recolonization of dairy farms by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) in south central ontario, canada.stable fly (diptera: muscidae) populations in south central ontario, canada, first occur on dairy farms in late spring, grow exponentially throughout the summer, and are frozen back each autumn. we examined the extent of overwinter persistence on 22 dairy farms in a 55- by 60-km region north of lake ontario that spans four climatic zones. our overwintering sampling of larval habitat identified three farms located in the southern section of the study region as potential overwintering refugia. usi ...200919449662
investigation of the factors affecting adult fly production in biosolid cake.the seasonal pattern of adult fly production in both fresh and aged biosolid cake was established by the exposure of biosolid cake to natural conditions in the central coastal region of perth, western australia, over the course of a year. relationships between fly emergence and six factors (weeks exposed, ph, nh(4), rainfall, temperature, and moisture) suspected of facilitating the attraction of adult flies to biosolid cake were measured. the aim was to study the production of adult flies with r ...200919508771
host ranges of gregarious muscoid fly parasitoids: muscidifurax raptorellus (hymenoptera: pteromalidae), tachinaephagus zealandicus (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), and trichopria nigra (hymenoptera: diapriidae).attack rates, progeny production, sex ratios, and host utilization efficiency of muscidifurax raptorellus (kogan and legner) (hymenoptera: pteromalidae), tachinaephagus zealandicus ashmead (hymenoptera: encyrtidae), and trichopria nigra (nees) (hymenoptera: diapriidae) were evaluated in laboratory bioassays with five dipteran hosts: house fly (musca domestica l.), stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans l.), horn fly (hematobia irritans l.), black dump fly [hydrotaea aenescens (weidemann)] (diptera: mus ...200919508778
an insight into the transcriptome and proteome of the salivary gland of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans.adult stable flies are blood feeders, a nuisance, and mechanical vectors of veterinary diseases. to enable efficient feeding, blood sucking insects have evolved a sophisticated array of salivary compounds to disarm their host's hemostasis and inflammatory reaction. while the sialomes of several blood sucking nematocera flies have been described, no thorough description has been made so far of any brachycera, except for a detailed proteome analysis of a tabanid (xu et al., 2008). in this work we ...200919576987
lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in egypt.the lousicidal and repellent effects of five essential oils were investigated for the first time against the buffalo louse, haematopinus tuberculatus, and flies infesting water buffaloes in qalyubia governorate, egypt. for the in vitro studies, filter paper contact bioassays were used to test the oils and their lethal activities were compared with that of d-phenothrin. four minutes post-treatment, the median lethal concentration, lc50, values were 2.74, 7.28, 12.35, 18.67 and 22.79% for camphor ...200919596520
dihydronepetalactones deter feeding activity by mosquitoes, stable flies, and deer ticks.the essential oil of catmint, nepeta cataria l., contains nepetalactones, that, on hydrogenation, yield the corresponding dihydronepetalactone (dhn) diastereomers. the dhn diastereomer (4r,4ar,7s,7as)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3h)-one, dhn 1) was evaluated as mosquito repellent, as was the mixture of diastereomers {mostly (4s,4ar,7s,7ar)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3h)-one, dhn 2} present after hydrogenation of catmint oil itself. the repellency of these materials t ...200919645285
efficacy and safety of catnip (nepeta cataria) as a novel filth fly repellent.catnip (nepeta cataria) is known for its pseudo-narcotic effects on cats. recently, it has been reported as an effective mosquito repellent against several aedes and culex species, both topically and spatially. our laboratory bioassays showed that catnip essential oil (at a dosage of 20 mg) resulted in average repellency rates of 96% against stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) and 79% against houseflies, musca domestica (l.), respectively. this finding suggested that the application of repell ...200919712151
comprehensive study on the occurrence and distribution of pathogenic microorganisms carried by synanthropic flies caught at different rural locations in germany.in the current study, samples of 50 synanthropic flies were collected from each of five rural locations used for domestic animal husbandry (specifically a cattle barn, a dog pound, a horse stable, and a pigpen). flies were examined using a variety of microbiological methods to determine the pathogenic agents that they carried. the most frequently sampled species were musca domestica (l.) (51%) followed by stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (24%). all fly species were found to carry an array of different p ...200919769050
potential impacts of climate change on stable flies, investigated along an altitudinal gradient.adult populations of stable flies were sampled along an altitudinal transect in reunion island to determine whether higher temperatures were associated with: (a) higher numbers of flies; (b) a longer season of infestation, and/or (c) different responses to warming in the cosmopolitan stomoxys calcitrans (l) and the tropical stomoxys niger niger macquart (diptera: muscidae). flies of both species were trapped at seven farms situated at four altitudes (100-1600 m a.s.l.) over a 90-week period. for ...200818380657
first outbreak of trypanosoma evansi in camels in metropolitan france.the first outbreak of trypanosomosis caused by trypanosoma evansi in camels in france was reported on a farm in the aveyron department. five camels were imported from the canary islands to the farm in early july 2006, and trypanosomes were observed on a stained blood smear from one of them, which died in october. on further investigations, trypanosomes were observed in the blood of five camels, three of them indigenous to the farm and two that had been imported. on the basis of microscopical exa ...200818540034
sugar feeding in adult stable flies.adult stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans l.) are known to feed readily on sugars in the laboratory. however, little is known concerning the extent of stable fly sugar feeding in wild populations. we examined the frequency of sugar feeding in stable flies collected on alsynite sticky traps in rural and urban environments. in addition, stable flies were visually examined to determine whether blood was present in the gut. in laboratory studies, sugars were detectable with the anthrone technique in s ...200818559167
influxed insects as vectors for campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in danish broiler houses.the vector potential of flies (diptera: brachycera) for spread of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on 5 danish broiler farms was evaluated in a longitudinal field study from april to november 2004. first, the prevalence of c. jejuni- and c. coli-positive flies was determined in 2,816 flies captured from farm surroundings. each individual fly was macerated, preenriched in bolton broth for 24 h at 42 degrees c, streaked onto modified campylobater blood-free selective agar and incubated ...200818577626
evaluation of different insecticides and fabric types for development of treated targets for stable fly (diptera: muscidae) control.stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), once only a pest of pastured cattle, has become a serious pest of range cattle in the united states. because of the difficulties associated with stable fly management under range conditions, a pesticide-impregnated cloth target is being developed as a management tool. we conducted studies to determine the influence of weather, time, fabric type, insecticide type, and insecticide concentration on the mortality of stable flies from a suscep ...200818613610
structure and evolution of the mitochondrial genomes of haematobia irritans and stomoxys calcitrans: the muscidae (diptera: calyptratae) perspective.we present the first two mitochondrial genomes of muscidae dipterans for the species haematobia irritans (the horn fly) and stomoxys calcitrans (the stable fly). typical insect mtdna features are described, such as a high a+t content (79.1% and 78.9%, respectively), the preference for a+t-rich codons, and the evidence of a non-optimal codon usage. the strong a+t enrichment partially masks another nucleotide content bias maintained by a+c mutation pressure in these muscidae mtdnas. the analysis o ...200818621550
stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans: diptera, muscidae) trap response to changes in effective trap height caused by growing vegetation.stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans l.) are blood-feeding pests of cattle, whose populations are often monitored using sticky traps. trap responses at different heights were compared with: 1) a choice and no-choice test, with sticky cards set at 30 and 121 cm heights (above ground), and 2) tall (120 cm) traps placed in short (3 cm) and tall (40 cm) grass to assess how vegetation height affects trap catches. in the first experiment, the percentage of upper to lower trap catches were similar at choi ...200818697305
identification of the intermediate hosts of habronema microstoma and habronema muscae under field conditions.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay was used for the specific detection of habronema microstoma and habronema muscae (nematoda, spirurida) in order to identify the intermediate hosts of both nematode species under field conditions. a total of 1087 netted and 165 laboratory-bred flies were tested. flies were identified as musca domestica linnaeus 1758, musca autumnalis de geer 1776, haematobia irritans (linnaeus 1758), haematobia titillans (de geer 1907) and stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeu ...200818816277
hyaluronidase of bloodsucking insects and its enhancing effect on leishmania infection in mice.salivary hyaluronidases have been described in a few bloodsucking arthropods. however, very little is known about the presence of this enzyme in various bloodsucking insects and no data are available on its effect on transmitted microorganisms. here, we studied hyaluronidase activity in thirteen bloodsucking insects belonging to four different orders. in addition, we assessed the effect of hyaluronidase coinoculation on the outcome of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice.200818820742
virulence of metarhizium anisopliae to eggs and immature stages of stomoxys calcitrans.stomoxys calcitrans control is primarily based on the use of chemical products; however, new methods for control have been investigated. biological control has been proposed as a promising alternative to traditional chemicals. the current study evaluated three methods in vitro to treat s. calcitrans eggs with the fungus metarhizium anisopliae and assessed the virulence of this fungus to immature stages of this fly. in the first method of egg exposure, eggs were immersed in conidial suspensions a ...200819120256
male stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans) response to co2 changes with age: evidence from wind tunnel experiments and field collections.male stable flies require at least one or more blood meals to reach sexual maturity and are often caught in co2-baited traps. we tested the hypothesis that young male stable flies (one to three days, one blood feeding session) would be more responsive to co2 bait than older male stable flies by monitoring the upwind movement of different-aged male stable flies exposed to co2 using a wind tunnel. the proportion of males moving upwind toward co2 decreased with age (days), from 49% for males < or = ...200819263843
an immunoglobulin binding protein (antigen 5) of the stable fly (diptera: muscidae) salivary gland stimulates bovine immune responses.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), is an economically important pest of livestock. previous studies demonstrated lymphocyte suppression by crude salivary gland extract (sge) of the stable fly. a dominant 27-kda protein identified in the sge was reported to stimulate immunodominant antibody responses in exposed cattle. the purpose of this study was to determine whether this protein, now identified as ahomolog of insect proteins named antigen 5 (ag5), was responsible for ...200818283948
relationships between chemical properties of larval media and development of two stomoxys species (diptera: muscidae) from reunion island.the development of two cattle pests, stomoxys calcitrans l. and stomoxys niger niger macquart (diptera: muscidae), was studied in the laboratory using seven potential larval media from a dairy farm on reunion island. the media were six types of cattle feed and an old manure medium. egg-to-adult survival, duration of development, and adult live weight at emergence were determined for both fly species on each medium. the media were analyzed for ph, nitrogen, organic matter, and structural compound ...200818348795
aerobic bacterial microbiota in stomoxys calcitrans: preliminary studies in brazil.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, has a great importance in medical and veterinary health due to its feeding and reproductive habits, which can disseminate some pathogenic agents among hosts even at long distances. this study aimed to describe, for the first time in brazil, the bacterial microbiota in segments of the stable fly. bacterial species were isolated from three different segments (cuticle, mouth parts and abdominal alimentary tract) of the stable fly. twenty dairy farms were visited ...200718373894
efficiency of traps for stomoxys calcitrans and stomoxys niger niger on reunion island.the main objective of this study was to compare the trapping efficiency of two alsynite sticky traps (modified williams and modified broce) and two phtalogen blue cloth traps (vavoua and nzi) to be used in an integrated control programme of stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae) on reunion island. mean daily catches of these flies on two dairy farms differed significantly between the four types of trap. the broce trap was the least efficient and had the lowest specificity for stomoxys spp. the vavoua ...200717373948
tsetse and other biting fly responses to nzi traps baited with octenol, phenols and acetone.octenol (1-octen-3-ol), acetone, 4-methylphenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and other potential attractants (human urine, stable fly faeces), as well as guiacol, creosol (potential repellents), were tested as baits for biting flies in north america using standard phthalogen blue if3gm cotton nzi traps, or similar commercial polyester traps. baits were tested during the summers of 2001-04 at a residence in canada and during january-august 2001 at a dairy in the u.s.a. behaviour in the presence of octenol ...200717373949
safety of elevated dosages of a 0.24% diflubenzuron pellet administered orally to horses.the safety of a feed-thru pellet formulation containing the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron (0.24%) for control of manure-breeding flies (musca domestica l. and stomoxys calcitrans l.) in horses was evaluated. pellets were administered orally at 0, 1, 3, and 5 times the clinical dosage (0.12 to 0.20 mg/kg) on a daily basis for 31 consecutive days. variables examined included daily clinical observations, hematology, coagulation, serum chemistry, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, body weights ...200717447226
the mitochondrial dna control region of muscidae flies: evolution and structural conservation in a dipteran context.the structure and evolution of the mtdna control region (cr) and its flanking genes in economically important dipterans from the family muscidae (brachycera: calyptratae), haematobia irritans, musca domestica, atherigona orientalis, and stomoxys calcitrans are presented in this paper, along with the description of short noncoding intergenic regions possibly related to cr flanking sequences in stomoxys calcitrans and ophyra aenescens mtdnas (scir and oair, respectively). s. calcitrans showed a la ...200717460806
performance of painted plywood and cloth nzi traps relative to manitoba and greenhead traps for tabanids and stable flies.experiments were conducted to adapt the cloth nzi trap to a format suitable for fixed applications in biting fly sampling or control. catches of tabanids [tabanus l., chrysops (meigen), and hybomitra enderlein], and stable flies [stomoxys calcitrans (l.)] in painted plywood traps were compared with those in standard phthalogen blue cloth traps, and in similarly painted cloth traps. the manitoba horse fly trap and the tabanus nigrovittatus macquart "greenhead" box trap were used as additional sta ...200717461091
first sem observations on adult habronema microstoma (spirurida: habronematidae), a parasite of the horse.habronema microstoma (spirurida: habronematidae) is found in the stomach of equines and uses the stable fly as its intermediate host. this nematode causes pathogenic effects in the stomach wall, skin and eye of the host. the present study reports the morphological features of adult worms, using scanning electron microscopy (sem). the worms had two bilobed lateral lips surrounding the mouth. the buccal vestibule was markedly thickened, and two tridentate teeth were observed. around the mouth, fou ...200717487511
genetic structure and gene flow along an altitudinal gradient among two stomoxyine species (diptera: muscidae) on la réunion island.seasonal variations of insect population sizes are often dramatic, particularly in temperate regions and at altitudes where the climatic conditions are unfavorable to insect development during the winter. decline of population size (or bottlenecks) and founder events may reduce the genetic variability and may create genetic differentiation between populations by drift and founder effects, but this reduction of genetic diversity is strongly influenced by gene flow between populations. in this stu ...200717547228
vector competence of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), for enterobacter sakazakii.enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen causing meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. it has been suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l., are a vector/reservoir of this pathogen. in this study, we assessed a) vector competence of adult stable flies (sf) for e. sakazakii, b) effect of e. sakazakii on sf development, and c) survival of e. sakazakii during sf development and colonization of the digestive tract of newly-eme ...200717633434
[edmond sergent's discoveries on the vectorial transmission of agents of human and animal infectious diseases].edmond sergent has been head of the institut pasteur in algeria from 1910 to 1963. during these years, he carried out an impressive scientific production and studied a lot of agents responsible for human, animal and plant diseases. in the field of vectorial transmission of infectious diseases, he made two essential discoveries: the transmission of cosmopolitan relapsing fever by human body louse in 1908, a year before charles nicolle discovered the transmission of the classical exanthematic typh ...200717727042
new bisphosphorothioates and bisphosphoroamidates: synthesis, molecular modeling and determination of insecticide and toxicological profile.a series of new compounds, n,n'-bis(dialkylphosphoryl)diamines and s,s'-bis(dialkylphosphoryl)-1,3-propanedithiols were prepared by a todd-atherton like reaction of dialkylphosphites with symmetrical diamines and 1,3-propanedithiols in a biphasic system [f.r. athertoon, h.t. howard, a.r. todd, j. chem. soc. (1948) 1106-1111; f.r. athertoon, h.t. openshaw, a.r. todd, j. chem. soc. (1945) 660-663]. the structures were characterized by ir, 1h nmr, 13c nmr and mass spectrometry. compounds with butox ...200717055030
chemostimuli implicated in selection of oviposition substrates by the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans.horse and cow dung were tested as substrates for oviposition by the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l) (diptera: muscidae) in laboratory cages. odour alone from either horse or cow dung was sufficient to attract flies for oviposition. this was confirmed in wind tunnel experiments, where both horse and cow dung were shown to attract gravid stable flies. however, when s. calcitrans was offered a choice between these two oviposition substrates, flies always chose horse dung over cow dung, both when ...200717897360
sensory and behavioural responses of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans to rumen volatiles.analysis of volatiles from rumen digesta by gas chromatography linked antennogram recordings from stomoxys calcitrans (l) (diptera: muscidae) antennal receptor cells revealed about 30 electrophysiologically active constituents, the most important of which is dimethyl trisulphide with a sensory threshold in the femtogram range. the behavioural responses of s. calcitrans to five chemostimulants (dimethyl trisulphide, butanoic acid, p-cresol, oct-1-en-3-ol and skatole) were tested in a wind tunnel ...200717897361
relationships between stable fly infestation with some physical facility characteristics and sanitation practices in several dairy farms in the state of aguascalientes, mexico.the possible relationships between stable fly infestation with dairy farm facilities and sanitation practices were studied using path analysis. twelve dairies located in four counties of aguascalientes dairy region were selected. the dairies were monitored from may to november 2003. in each occasion, fly infestation, individual physical facility characteristics, and sanitation practices were recorded. in all, 11 independent variables were involved in the study and related variables were grouped ...200717900810
stable fly population dynamics in eastern nebraska in relation to climatic variables.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), are among the most economically important arthropod pests of livestock in north america. in this study, we monitored the seasonal dynamics of a stable fly population in eastern nebraska for 5 yr. models based upon temperature and precipitation were developed to determine the affects of these variables on population levels as well as to project population trends. stable flies appear in eastern nebraska in late march to early april, and they build to a peak ...200717915506
phylogeography of stable fly (diptera: muscidae) estimated by diversity at ribosomal 16s and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes.the blood-feeding cosmopolitan stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), is thought to disperse rapidly and widely, and earlier studies of allozyme variation were consistent with high vagility in this species. the geographic origins of new world populations are unknown. diversity at mitochondrial loci r16s and cytochrome oxidase i was examined in 277 stable flies from 11 countries, including five zoogeographical regions. of 809 nucleotides, 174 were polymorphic and 133 were parsimo ...200718047198
a note on the effect of controlling stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) in the resting activity and pen distribution of dairy cows.this study investigated the effect of controlling stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) on the number of dairy cows lying down and their pen distribution. the study randomly assigned 80 holstein cows to 1 of 2 groups. the treated group (t) included cows individually sprayed with insecticide when found with an average of 10 stable flies per cow; in the control group (c), cows received no application of insecticide. the pen had 4 equal-size areas: (a) feeding, (b) drinking and sunny, (c) covered, and ...200617112335
development of treated targets for controlling stable flies (diptera: muscidae).electrocution techniques were used to determine if treated targets similar to those used for tsetse control could be developed for stable fly control. in a series of two experiments, a half blue and half black (uk) 1 m2 target constructed of trigger cotton poplin was determined to be acceptable for development studies. in the first experiment, an average of 350 stable flies per hour (maximum 794 flies in 1 h) was collected using the uk target. a time-delayed circuit trial using untreated uk targ ...200616495017
solution structures of stomoxyn and spinigerin, two insect antimicrobial peptides with an alpha-helical conformation.stomoxyn and spinigerin belong to the class of linear cysteine-free insect antimicrobial peptides that kill a range of microorganisms, parasites, and some viruses but without any lytic activity against mammalian erythrocytes. stomoxyn is localized in the gut epithelium of the nonvector stable fly that is sympatric with the trypanosome vector tsetse fly. spinigerin is stored and secreted by hemocytes from the fungus-growing termite. the structure of synthetic stomoxyn and spinigerin in aqueous so ...200616170803
identification of pvk/cap2b neuropeptides from single neurohemal organs of the stable fly and horn fly via maldi-tof/tof tandem mass spectrometry.maldi-tof/tof tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to determine the complete sequences of the pvk/cap2b neuropeptides in the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans and horn fly haematobia irritans, insect pests of livestock. this peptidomic analysis of single neurohemal organ preparations allows the unambiguous assignment of internal leu/ile positions not distinguishable by previous mass spectrometric techniques. the sequences are as follows: stoca-pvk/cap2b-1, aggasglyafprva; stoca-pvk/cap2b-2, na ...200616325965
isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae).enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. previously, it was suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. in our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16s rdna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in kansas and florida. two stable flies ( ...200616541702
role of bacteria in the oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), are the most important pests of cattle in the united states. however, adequate management strategies for stable flies, especially for pastured cattle, are lacking. microbial/symbiont-based approaches offer novel venues for management of insect pests and/or vector-borne human and animal pathogens. unfortunately, the fundamental knowledge of stable fly-microbial associations and their effect on stable fly biology is lacking. in this study, stable flies laid ...200616608496
behavioural responses of dairy cattle to the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, in an open field environment.individual cows (25 in each of four herds) were monitored 8-10 times weekly for 12 weeks (stable fly season) on a southern california dairy, with 100 observations per cow. the numbers of biting stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) on the front legs and the frequencies of four fly-repelling behaviours per 2-min observation period [head throws, front leg stamps, skin twitches (panniculus reflex) and tail flicks] were recorded. fly numbers varied, peaking at 3.0-3.5 flies per ...200616608497
studies on the effectiveness of coroplast sticky traps for sampling stable flies (diptera: muscidae), including a comparison to alsynite.stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae), are a blood-feeding pest of cattle worldwide. a new trapping material, coroplast, was compared with alsynite sticky traps based on the number, sex, and parity of stable flies caught. coroplast sticky traps caught more stable flies than alsynite (trap catches of 2384 versus 753 on 15 traps), with this increase attributed to catching more males (1531 versus 532) and nulliparous females (817 versus 175); parous catches were similar (36 ver ...200616813346
visual targets for capture and management of house flies, musca domestica l.house flies and stable flies were collected on a florida dairy farm using a commercial alsynite sticky cylinder trap that was either used alone or covered with white, blue, or black outdoor awning fabric. collections of both species of flies were highest on exposed alsynite (house flies, 506.2 flies/day; stable flies, 19.1) followed by blue fabric (house flies, 308.1 flies/day; stable flies 12.5). responses of both species to white and black fabric were 70% lower than to either of the former mat ...200616859104
biting flies and trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering lake tana, ethiopia.an epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle, small ruminants and equidae, and to identify biting flies; potential mechanical vectors of trypanosomes in the three districts of bahir dar zuria, dembia and fogera, bordering lake tana, ethiopia. about 1509 cattle, 798 small ruminants and 749 equidae were bled for the prevalence study using the buffy-coat method and the measurement of the hematocrit value. sixty-six ngu and 20 monoconical traps were ...200616890359
performance of the nzi and other traps for biting flies in north america.the performance of nzi traps for tabanids (tabanus similis macquart, t. quinquevittatus wiedemann, chrysops aberrans philip, c. univittatus macquart, c. cincticornis walker, hybomitra lasiophthalma (macquart)), stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans linnaeus) (diptera: muscidae) and mosquitoes (aedes) (diptera: culicidae) was investigated at various sites in canada (ontario, alberta) and usa (iowa, florida, louisiana). traps made from selected fabrics, insect nettings and hand-dyed blue cotton were c ...200616923207
comparative efficiency of six stable fly (diptera: muscidae) traps.five adhesive traps and the nzi cloth-target trap were compared to determine their trapping efficiency and biases for stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae). two configurations of the bitefree prototype trap, constructed of polyethylene terephthalate, were most efficient for trapping stable flies, whereas the ez trap was least efficient. the two alsynite traps, broce and olson, were intermediate to the bitefree prototype and ez traps. all adhesive traps collected a ratio of a ...200616937700
first survey of seasonal abundance and daily activity of stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae) in kamphaengsaen campus, nakornpathom province, thailand.the seasonal changes and the daily activity of stomoxyine species (diptera: muscidae) were examined, using vavoua traps, in a dairy and a beef cattle farm in nakhonpathom province, thailand during july 2004 to june 2005. over this period, stomoxys calcitrans was the most commonly trapped species, followed by s. sitiens and s. indica. for the later species, this is the first report of its presence in thailand. a total of 80 % of flies were captured during the rainy season from may to october and ...200617007217
effects of temperature on the rate of increase of stomoxys calcitrans and stomoxys niger niger (diptera: muscidae) from la réunion island.adult survival and reproduction were compared between two stomoxys species that co-occur in la reunion, the cosmopolitan stomoxys calcitrans (l.), and the tropical stomoxys niger niger macquart. in a first experiment, mean longevity and fecundity were determined at five constant temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees c, after development at the same temperatures. adult longevity was greatest at 20 degrees c in s. calcitrans and at 15 degrees c in s. niger. adult s. niger survived longer than adult s ...200516465735
pharmacology of stomoxytachykinin receptor depends on second messenger system.stkr is a neurokinin receptor derived from the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans. insect tachykinin-related peptides, also referred to as "insectatachykinins", produce dose-dependent calcium and cyclic amp responses in cultured drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells that were stably transfected with the cloned stkr cdna. pronounced differences in pharmacology were observed between agonist-induced calcium and cyclic amp responses. the results indicate that the pharmacological properties of ...200515626510
relative efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of cattle that also can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies. rickettsemia during the acute phase of infection may reach as high as 10(9) infected erythrocytes (ies) per milliliter of blood. animals that survive acute infection develop a life-long persistent infection that cycles between 10(2.5) and 10(7) ie/ ml of blood. we compared stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) -borne mechanical transmission during ...200516119558
relationship between rainfall and stable fly (diptera: muscidae) abundance on california dairies.populations of adult stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), were visually estimated by counting flies on the front legs of cattle on southern and central california confined dairy feedlots between late april and mid-june (encompassing the peak stable fly activity period). fly counts on 45-90 animals (three to six dairies) per weekly sample date were conducted in 1985, 1986, 1993, 2002, and 2003. average biting intensity (flies per front leg) for the peak fly season was not significantly related ...200516119564
evolutionary and structural analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene from haematobia irritans, stomoxys calcitrans and musca domestica (diptera: muscidae) mitochondrial dna.this work describes the molecular characterization of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene of the mitochondrial dna from three species of great medical and veterinary importance: the horn fly, haematobia irritans, the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans and the house fly, musca domestica (diptera: muscidae) (linnaeus). the nucleotide sequence in all species was 1536 bp in size and coded for a 512 amino acid peptide. the nucleotide bias for an a+t-rich sequence is linked to three features: a ...200516147869
[post-embrionic development of stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus,1758) (diptera: muscidae)feed in feces of treated bovines with different avermectins].stomoxys calcitrans is one of the most important ectoparasites of the livestock in brazil. this dipteran transmits many pathogenic agents to domestic animals, and in latin america the stable fly is a common vector of dermatobia hominis eggs. the insecticidal effect of feces from treated bovines with different avermectins was tested against larvae and pupae of s. calcitrans and was studied at the universidade federal rural do rio de janeiro. groups of bovines were, treated with eprinornectin, aba ...200516153344
large sticky traps for capturing house flies and stable flies in dairy calf greenhouse facilities.large sticky traps were evaluated for stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), and house fly, musca domestica l., (diptera: muscidae) capture under field conditions in 5 dairy calf greenhouse facilities in new york. the farm with the highest stable fly capture had the highest house fly capture, and the farm with the lowest stable fly capture had the lowest house fly capture, suggesting that fly management practices greatly influenced trap captures. in general, stable fly populations, as reflected b ...200515591381
comparison of in vitro and in vivo ectoparasiticide activity of experimental benzimidazole-carbamate with permethrin and amitraz.a series of in vitro and in vivo bioassays were conducted to assess the ectoparasiticide activity of isopropyl-4-nitro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzimidazole-carbamate, an experimental benzimidazole-carbamate class compound. this compound was less potent than permethrin against ectoparasiticide-susceptible larvae of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l.) (acari: ixodidae); larvae of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini); and adult stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l. ...200515799532
populational dynamics of stomoxys calcitrans (linneaus) (diptera: muscidae) in three biocenosis, minas gerais, brazil.populational flux of the adult phase of stomoxys calcitrans was observed in the municipal district of pedro leopoldo, minas gerais, brazil. three biocenoses were selected for the study: stable agrobiocenosis, pastural agrobiocenosis and eubiocenosis. the occurrence and the populational flux of the insects, using the magoon trap for their capture, were established. for each trap located in different biocenoses, a crossbred calf (bos taurusxbos indicus) approximately 6-month-old was used as "live ...200515908125
retention of escherichia coli by house fly and stable fly (diptera: muscidae) during pupal metamorphosis and eclosion.populations of escherichia coli obtained by feeding larval house flies, musca domestica l. and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), persisted through the pupal stage. the abundance of e. coli in house fly pupae increased initially then declined before adult emergence. abundance of e. coli in stable fly pupae increased through pupal development and remained high. infected stable fly pupal cases typically contained more e. coli than house fly pupal cases. a greater proportion of emerging adult ...200515962793
temperature effects on development and survival of two stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans and stomoxys niger niger (diptera: muscidae), in la réunion island.two stable fly species, stomoxys calcitrans (l., 1758) and stomoxys niger niger macquart, 1851, co-occur in la reunion, where they are important pests of cattle. the survival and developmental rate of the immature stages were compared at five constant temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees c. in both species, immature survival was highest at 20-25 degrees c and markedly decreased at 15 and 35 degrees c. at the lower temperatures, mortality was observed mainly for s. calcitrans larvae and s. niger eg ...200515966110
winter feeding sites of hay in round bales as major developmental sites of stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae) in pastures in spring and summer.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), historically has been a pest of livestock in confined operations but seldom of animals on pastures or rangelands. in the past two decades, however, s. calcitrans has become a major pest of cattle and horses on pastures in the midwestern united states. although there usually is an overabundance of diverse stable fly and house fly, musca domestica l., larval habitats in confined livestock operations, no larval habitat for stable flies has been clearly iden ...200516539164
stomoxys calcitrans parasitism associated with cattle diseases in espírito santo do pinhal, são paulo, brazil.the stable fly has been of great significance to livestock production in the county of espirito santo do pinhal; it has a painful bite, sucks blood, and carries many diseases. the aim of this study was to establish a relationship between the parasitism of stomoxys calcitrans, manure management, cattle diseases, and technical support. according to the farmers the stable fly reaches its highest level in the rainy season, the same period in which diseases were detected. most of the farmers said tha ...200415604496
persistence of escherichia coli in immature house fly and stable fly (diptera: muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival.the persistence of escherichia coli in artificially fed larvae was examined for up to 48 h after ingestion by house flies, musca domestica l., and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). the rate of change in the e. coli load was similar for both species for up to 5 h after ingestion. up to 48 h after ingestion, abundance of e. coli declined in immature house flies but remained constant in immature stable flies. when different e. coli concentrations were fed to larvae, the abundance of e. coli i ...200415605648
biological control of house flies musca domestica and stable flies stomoxys calcitrans(diptera: muscidae) by means of inundative releases of spalangia cameroni(hymenoptera: pteromalidae).the efficacy of the pupal parasitoid spalangia cameroni perkins as a biological control agent was tested against house flies musca domestica linnaeus and stable flies stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus) in one dairy cattle and two pig installations in denmark. weekly releases of s. cameroni from april through to september-october 1999 and 2000 resulted in significant suppressions of house fly populations to below nuisance level, whereas no effect on stable flies was found. parasitism was significantl ...200415541194
abundance of stable flies on heifers treated for control of horn flies with organophosphate impregnated ear tags.ear tags containing 40% organophosphate insecticides (diazinon or diazinon plus chlorpyrifos-ethyl) were applied to control haematobia irritans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) in treated (tg01 and tg02) and untreated (ug01 and ug02) groups of holstein heifers born in 2001 and 2002, respectively. control and treated groups were assessed for the abundance of stomoxys calcitrans (l.) (diptera: muscidae) from august 2001 to april 2002 and again from august 2002 to april 2003. the treatment had a high effic ...200415009440
use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay to evaluate insect vectors of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses.to develop and use a sensitive molecular assay for detecting the phospholipase d (pld) exotoxin gene of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in an attempt to identify insect vectors that may be important in transmission of clinical disease in horses.200415198224
substitution of conserved glycine residue by alanine in natural and synthetic neuropeptide ligands causes partial agonism at the stomoxytachykinin receptor.a few naturally occurring insect tachykinin-related peptides, such as stomoxytachykinin (stc-tk), contain an ala-residue instead of the highly conserved gly-residue that is present in most other members of this peptide family. stc-tk is a potent, partial agonist of the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans) tachykinin receptor, stkr. by means of synthetic analogues, the gly/ala exchange, representing the addition of a single methyl group in the active core region of these peptides, was shown to be ful ...200415228603
bartonella spp. dna associated with biting flies from california.bartonella dna was investigated in 104 horn flies (haematobia spp.), 60 stable flies (stomoxys spp.), 11 deer flies (chrysops spp.), and 11 horse flies (tabanus spp.) collected on cattle in california. partial sequencing indicated b. bovis dna in the horn fly pool and b. henselae type m dna in one stable fly.200415324557
detection of campylobacter and escherichia coli o157:h7 from filth flies by polymerase chain reaction.flies (diptera: muscidae) that breed in faeces and other organic refuse (filth flies) have been implicated as vectors of pathogenic bacteria including escherichia coli o157:h7, which cause haemorrhagic colitis in humans, and campylobacter, which is the principal causative agent of human enteritis. the potential role of filth flies in the epidemiology of these pathogens in the united states was investigated by examining the prevalence of campylobacter spp. and e. coli o157:h7 from two arkansas tu ...200415347391
[a new morphological character for the identification of stomoxys calcitrans and s. niger (diptera: muscidae). comparison of la réunion island populations].on la reunion island (france), two morphological closely related species of stable flies (diptera: muscidae), living in the same environment, stomoxys calcitrans and s. niger, are involved in the transmission of blood parasites to the livestock. to facilitate a rapid identification of both species in the field conditions, we highlighted a diagnostic morphological character not yet described: the length of the maxillary palpus. the study of three populations of s. calcitrans and two populations o ...200415490759
the role of volatile semiochemicals in mediating host location and selection by nuisance and disease-transmitting cattle flies.the role of volatile semiochemicals in mediating the location and selection within herds of holstein-friesian heifers by nuisance and disease-transmitting cattle flies was investigated using coupled gas chromatography-electrophysiology (gc-eag), coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), electrophysiology (eag), laboratory behaviour and field studies. using volatile extracts collected by air entrainment from heifers in the netherlands, a number of active peaks were located by coupled ...200415641996
isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from midgut of stomoxys calcitrans. 200314626227
sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid coii dna sequences.the complete dna sequence of the mtdna cytochrome oxidase ii gene from house fly, musca domestica, face fly, musca autumnalis, stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, horn fly, haematobia irritans, and black garbage fly, hydrotaea aenescens, are reported. the nucleotide sequence codes for a 229 amino acid peptide. the coii sequence is a + t rich (74.1%), with up to 12.3% nucleotide and 8.4% amino acid divergence among the five taxa. of the 688 nucleotides encoding for the gene, 135 nucleotide sites (19 ...200314631656
learning to fear and cope with a natural stressor: individually and socially acquired corticosterone and avoidance responses to biting flies.animals learn to recognize and respond to a variety of dangerous factors, with biting and blood-feeding flies being among the most prevalent of natural stressors. here we describe the behavioral avoidance and hormonal (corticosterone) stress responses to biting fly exposure and the roles of individual and social learning in the acquisition of these fear-associated responses. male mice exposed to a single 30-min session of attack by intact biting flies (stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans l.) exhibit ...200312614639
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