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tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in china.ticks, as obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. they are considered second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, and the most important vector of pathogens of domestic and wild animals. of the 117 described species in the chinese tick fauna, 60 are known to transmit one or more diseases: 36 species isolated within china and 24 species isolated outside china. moreover, 38 of these species ca ...201525586007
antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato among adults, germany, 2008-2011.to assess borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the cause of lyme borreliosis) seropositivity in germany, we tested serum samples from health survey (2008-2011) participants. seroprevalence was 5.8% among women and 13.0% among men; infection risk was highest among persons >60 years of age. public health interventions, including education about risk factors and preventive measures, are needed.201525531140
vaccination with cyclin-dependent kinase tick antigen confers protection against ixodes infestation.among arthropods, ticks lead as vectors of animal diseases and rank second to mosquitoes in transmitting human pathogens. cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) participate in cell cycle control in eukaryotes. cdks are serine/threonine protein kinases and these catalytic subunits are activated or inactivated at specific stages of the cell cycle. to determine the potential of using cdks as anti-tick vaccine antigens, hamsters were immunized with recombinant ixodes persulcatus cdk10, followed by a homolog ...201526073111
length of tick repellency depends on formulation of the repellent compound (icaridin = saltidin®): tests on ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus placed on hands and clothes.the present study had the aim to test the repellent potential of the compound icaridin = saltidin® against the tick species ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus using different formulations of the compound. tests were done on backs of impregnated human hands, on impregnated linen cloth and versus impregnated dog hair. it was found that 1. ixodes persulcatus-the common eastern european, russian ixodes species is significantly sensitive to icaridin = saltidin® as i. ricinus protecting for the tes ...201525952705
morphological differentiation of ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions.the objective of the study was detection of hybrid larvae in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus cohabitation sites. to this end, the following three tasks were solved: interspecies crossing of ticks, evaluation of typical morphological signs of the hybrid larvae, and analysis of collected specimens from sites of sympatry. under experimental conditions, hybrid larvae of i. persulcatus (female) and i. ricinus (male) were obtained that differed from the parental species by the size of setae on t ...201525468762
genetic diversity of ixodes pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) from the sympatric zone in the south of western siberia and kazakhstan.the most epidemiologically significant tick species in siberia involved in transmission of a large number of pathogens causing human infectious diseases is ixodes persulcatus. ixodes pavlovskyi, being more active, also poses epidemiological threats. these tick species share morphology, activity seasons and geographic distribution range. in this paper, we characterize the geographic and genetic structures of i. persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi populations inhabiting the southern part of western sibe ...201526201397
natural hybridization of the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in their sympatric populations in western siberia.hybridization of ticks of the genus ixodes has been described for several species under laboratory conditions although no molecular genetics evidence confirming interspecific hybridization in nature is available. we have designed a real time pcr targeted on nuclear (its2) and mitochondrial (cox1) markers to accurately identify tick species and to detect interspecific hybrids of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in their sympatric populations in western siberia. a survey of 783 individual ...201525858121
long-term monitoring and population dynamics of ixodid ticks in tomsk city (western siberia).monitoring of two tick species (ixodes persulcatus schulze 1930 and ixodes pavlovskyi pomerantsev) was performed in four city parks of tomsk, russia (camp garden, university park, southern cemetery, and polytechnic stadium) and in a control wild biotope in city environs (kolarovo) in 2002-2013. ticks were collected by flagging repeatedly after each 10 ± 1 days, starting from the disappearance of the snow cover till the end of tick activity (april-august). gradual penetration of both tick species ...201525633264
influence of altitude on tick-borne encephalitis infection risk in the natural foci of the altai republic, southern siberia.the altai republic is a highly endemic area as far as tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is concerned. the aim of the research was to study the effect of altitude on the risk of tick-borne encephalitis infection in the altai republic. the paper analyzes the following data: the study of ixodid ticks collected from the vegetation in 116 sites at the 200-2383m elevation above sea level in 2012-2014, tbe virus prevalence of these vectors, tick-bite incidence rate, and tbe incidence rate of the population ...201525748512
the role of particular tick developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens affecting humans in central europe. 1. the general pattern.tick-borne pathogens are common in the natural environment, but their occurrence has a focal character. they occur in the natural environment in the form of the enzootic sources of infection. the general components include the animal reservoir, amplifiers and the efficient vector. however, the particular role of components can differ depending on the pathogen, the host range and possible transmission routes. animal reservoir of pathogen are vertebrate animals, being the hosts of pathogens. in eu ...201526878618
ngs population genetics analyses reveal divergent evolution of a lyme borreliosis agent in europe and asia.borrelia bavariensis is a recently described agent of lyme disease within the b. burgdorferi sensu lato species complex and exhibits a strong capacity for human pathogenicity. b. bavariensis strains are widely distributed in eurasia spanning the distribution range of the tick vectors ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus. it has been suggested that b. bavariensis forms two populations, one of which arose through vector adaptation and geographic expansion. we have performed phylogenetic and populatio ...201525766392
rickettsial diseases and ectoparasites from military bases in japan.ectoparasitic arthropods are often vectors of rickettsiosis. we conducted a survey of ectoparasites on u.s. military facilities throughout japan with the use of specimens submitted by pest control, public health, and veterinary personnel. over 1,600 individual ectoparasites were collected. fifteen species were identified, including several significant vectors of human diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsial spotted fevers. these ectoparasites included ctenocephalides felis , haemaphysalis ...201525548900
an investigation of binding ability of ixodes persulcatus schulze salp15 with lyme disease spirochetes.salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, has several suppressive modes of activity against host immunity and plays a critical role in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, major vectors of lyme disease in north america and western europe. salp15 adheres to borrelia burgdorferi and specifically interacts with its outer surface protein c (ospc), protecting the spirochete from antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and facilitating infection in the mice. ...201525796479
genetic variability of rickettsia spp. in ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia: identification of a new candidatus rickettsia species.rickettsia spp. are the causative agents of a number of diseases in humans. these bacteria are transmitted by arthropods, including ixodid ticks. dna of several rickettsia spp. was identified in ixodes persulcatus ticks, however, the association of ixodes trianguliceps ticks with rickettsia spp. is unknown. in our study, blood samples of small mammals (n=108), unfed adult i. persulcatus ticks (n=136), and i. persulcatus (n=12) and i. trianguliceps (n=34) ticks feeding on voles were collected in ...201526190452
detection and identification of rickettsia species in ixodes tick populations from estonia.a total of 1640 ticks collected in different geographical parts of estonia were screened for the presence of rickettsia species dna by real-time pcr. dna of rickettsia was detected in 83 out of 1640 questing ticks with an overall prevalence of 5.1%. the majority of the ticks infected by rickettsiae were ixodes ricinus (74 of 83), while 9 of the 83 positive ticks were ixodes persulcatus. for rickettsial species identification, a part of the citrate synthase glta gene was sequenced. the majority o ...201526096853
louping ill virus (liv) in the far east.this study focused on finding, culturing, and identifying the biological and genetic characteristics of three louping ill virus (liv) strains in the south of the russian far east. the primorye-155-77 and primorye-20-79 virus strains were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks, and the primorye-185-91 strain was isolated from the blood of a person after a tick bite. according to the hemagglutination and neutralization tests, primorye-155-77, primorye-20-79 and primorye-185-91 had weak reactivity ...201525543207
isolation and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from ixodes persulcatus in mongolia in 2012.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a zoonotic virus belonging to the genus flavivirus, in the family flaviviridae. the virus, which is endemic in europe and northern parts of asia, causes severe encephalitis. tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) has been reported in mongolia since the 1980s, but details about the biological characteristics of the endemic virus are lacking. in this study, 680 ticks (ixodes persulcatus) were collected in selenge aimag, northern mongolia, in 2012. nine mongolian tbev ...201526025267
multilocus spacer analysis revealed highly homogeneous genetic background of asian type of borrelia miyamotoi.borrelia miyamotoi, a member of the relapsing fever group borreliae, was first isolated in japan and subsequently found in ixodes ticks in north america, europe and russia. currently, there are three types of b. miyamotoi: asian or siberian (transmitted mainly by ixodes persulcatus), european (ixodesricinus) and american (ixodesscapularis and ixodespacificus). despite the great genetic distances between b. miyamotoi types, isolates within a type are characterised by an extremely low genetic vari ...201525697887
the pcr detection and phylogenetic characterization of babesia microti in questing ticks in mongolia.babesia microti is a tick-transmitted zoonotic hemoprotozoan parasite. in the present study, we investigated b. microti infection in questing ticks in mongolia. a total of 219 questing ticks were collected from three different mongolian provinces (bayan-olgii, khovsgol, and selenge). of these, 63 from selenge were identified as ixodes persulcatus, while the remaining 156 (from all three provinces) were identified as dermacentor nuttalli. when the tick dna samples were screened using a b. microti ...201526225461
[parasitological factors impeding the transmission of the agent of babesiosis (babesia microti) to man from the tick ixodes persulcatus].based on the analysis of own and literature data, it is concluded that the following ma- in permanent system of ecologicalarasitological factors prevents the effective vector functions of the tick i. persulcatus in transmission of b. microti: lack of distinct nymphs' anthropophily; small spontaneous invasion of hungry adults; a duration of the parasitic phase in humans is insufficient to complete the sporogonic development, because victims interrupt the phase. therefore, not excluding the possib ...201526016332
[study on co-infection of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes persulcatus in charles hilary, xinjiang uygur autonomous region].to study the co-infection of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes persulcatus collected in charles hilary, xinjiang uygur autonomous region (xinjiang).201526837364
effects of parasites and antigenic challenge on metabolic rates and thermoregulation in northern red-backed voles (myodes rutilus).perturbations in host energetics are considered to be an essential pathway for parasite impact on host fitness. however, direct estimations of parasite-induced variations in basal metabolic rates of vertebrate hosts have so far provided contradictory results. the energy requirements of immunity and other vital functions may be compromised in energy-demanding conditions in comparison to comfortable conditions; therefore, in our study performed on the wild red-backed vole, myodes rutilus, we compa ...201526341798
complete genome sequence of borrelia afzelii k78 and comparative genome analysis.the main borrelia species causing lyme borreliosis in europe and asia are borrelia afzelii, b. garinii, b. burgdorferi and b. bavariensis. this is in contrast to the united states, where infections are exclusively caused by b. burgdorferi. until to date the genome sequences of four b. afzelii strains, of which only two include the numerous plasmids, are available. in order to further assess the genetic diversity of b. afzelii, the most common species in europe, responsible for the large variety ...201525798594
tissue distribution of the ehrlichia muris-like agent in a tick vector.human pathogens transmitted by ticks undergo complex life cycles alternating between the arthropod vector and a mammalian host. while the latter has been investigated to a greater extent, examination of the biological interactions between microbes and the ticks that carry them presents an equally important opportunity for disruption of the disease cycle. in this study, we used in situ hybridization to demonstrate infection by the ehrlichia muris-like organism, a newly recognized human pathogen, ...201525781930
diversity of haemaphysalis-associated piroplasms of ruminants in central-eastern europe, hungary.increasing numbers of genetic variants are being recognized among piroplasms, but the precise taxonomical status, the tick vector and the geographical range of several species or genotypes are still unknown. bovine piroplasmosis was reported to re-emerge in north-east hungary. because theileria-infection was newly diagnosed in one cattle herd in the same region of the country, the aim of this study was to molecularly identify the relevant agent, to find its local vector tick species, and to exam ...201526652614
molecular detection of vector-borne agents in dogs from ten provinces of china.although many vector-borne agents are potential zoonoses and cause substantial morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide, there are limited data on these organisms in dogs of china.201526428085
borrelia miyamotoi disease: neither lyme disease nor relapsing fever.borrelia miyamotoi disease (bmd) is a newly recognized borreliosis globally transmitted by ticks of the ixodes persulcatus species complex. once considered to be a tick symbiont with no public health implications, b miyamotoi is increasingly recognized as the agent of a nonspecific febrile illness often misdiagnosed as acute lyme disease without rash, or as ehrlichiosis. the frequency of its diagnosis in the northeastern united states is similar to that of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. a diag ...201526593262
opening the black box of anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium known to be transmitted by ticks belonging to the ixodes persulcatus complex. this bacterium can infect several mammalian species, and is known to cause diseases with variable symptoms in many domestic animals. specifically, it is the causative agent of tick-borne fever (tbf), a disease of important economic impact in european domestic ruminants, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), an emerging zoonotic disease in asi ...201526322277
complete genome sequences of four european subtype strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus from eastern siberia, russia.three tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks, and one was isolated from a shrew in the territory of eastern siberia (russia). the level of sequence identity compared to neudoerfl (the european prototype strain) is 97.2 to 97.3%.201526089416
seroprevalence of lyme disease and associated risk factors in rural population of beijing.a seroepidemiological survey of 801 local residents from 28 villages was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of lyme disease and to identify the risk factors of becoming seropositive for lyme disease in the northern suburb of beijing. forty-one serum samples were positive for igg against b burgdorferi and the seroprevalence was 5.1% (41/801), indicating that lyme disease is endemic in the rural population. in the multivariable analysis, sowing and harvesting in summer (or, 2.377, 95% ci, 1.23 ...201526221360
molecular characterization of a defensin gene from a hard tick, dermacentor silvarum.ticks are distributed worldwide and considered as vectors of many human diseases. tick defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, form the first line of defense against pathogens.201525588982
babesia spp. in questing ticks from eastern poland: prevalence and species diversity.a total of 853 questing ixodes ricinus males, females, and nymphs and of 582 questing dermacentor reticulatus males and females were collected from vegetation on the territory of the lublin province (eastern poland). the ticks were examined for the presence of babesia by pcr detecting part of 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene and nuclear small subunit rrna (ss-rdna) for determining of babesia spp. and babesia microti, respectively. the overall incidence of babesia strains in i. ricinus ticks was 4.6 ...201525976982
rickettsia raoultii in haemaphysalis erinacei from marbled polecats, china-kazakhstan border.we found rickettsia raoultii dna in 2 out of 32 (6.25 %) haemaphysalis erinacei ticks. result showed that the sequences of five genes (17-kda, glta, ompa, rrs, and ompb) were 100 % identity with that of r. raoultii in genbank. this study is the first report on the presence of r. raoultii in h. erinacei from wild marbled polecat, vormela peregusna. our findings suggest that h. erinacei parasitizing wild marbled polecat may serve as reservoir and carriers for r. raoultii in areas around the china- ...201526383238
molecular survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants reveals the presence of novel strains closely related to a. phagocytophilum in tunisia.a survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants is still lacking in north african countries. in this study, the presence of a. phagocytophilum, a. phagocytophilum-related species, and a. ovis was investigated in a total of 563 healthy small ruminants (303 goats and 260 sheep), from 25 randomly selected flocks sampled in tunisia. anaplasma spp. and a. ovis overall infection rates were 95.0% and 93.8% in sheep and 69.6% and 65.3% in goats, respectively. a. phagocytophilum was not detected in any ...201526394065
comparative analysis of the roles of ixodes persulcatus and i. trianguliceps ticks in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses in the middle urals, russia.long-term studies on natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) have been performed in chusovskoi district of perm region, the middle urals, where the vectors of these infections are represented by two ixodid tick species: the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus and many times less abundant vole tick i. trianguliceps. over 10 years, more than 6000 half-engorged ticks were collected from small forest mammals using the standard procedure, and 1027 i. persulcatus and 1142 i. trianguliceps ticks ...201525843812
sensitivity to permethrin in a dermacentor reticulatus population from eastern poland in laboratory study.the action of chemical compounds on the palaearctic tick d. reticulatus (fabricius) (acari: amblyomminae) has been poorly investigated so far. therefore, the effects of application of permethrin on engorged d. reticulatus females have been assessed, and the survival rate for the different developmental stages of the tick species in its non-parasitic phase of the life cycle was determined upon application of the pyrethroid.201424405550
asymptomatic "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" infections in immunocompetent humans.in europe, human infections with "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" have mainly been restricted to immunocompromised patients. we report here the first cases of asymptomatic "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in immunocompetent humans (5/316 [1.6%] were infected). due to the potential threats of infections with "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" in healthy persons to the safety of the blood supply, further study of this phenomenon is required.201424899023
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, poland.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a human infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in circulation of tbev. however, the current knowledge of d. reticulatus importance in tbe epidemiology is s ...201425047961
tick-borne encephalitis virus habitats in north east germany: reemergence of tbev in ticks after 15 years of inactivity.the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis has risen in europe since 1990 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) has been documented to be spreading into regions where it was not previously endemic. in mecklenburg-west pomerania, a federal state in northern germany, tbev was not detectable in over 16,000 collected ticks between 1992 and 2004. until 2004, the last human case of tbe in the region was reported in 1985. following the occurrence of three autochthonous human cases of tbe after 200 ...201425110671
human babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease in the people's republic of china.babesiosis is a typical zoonotic, emerging disease caused by a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan of babesia spp. that also can be transmitted by blood transfusion. babesiosis imposes an increasing public-health threat. we reviewed and mapped epidemiological studies on babesia in vectors and/or rodents in the people's republic of china (p.r. china) and found that b. microti was the predominant species detected in the investigated regions such as heilongjiang, zhejiang, fujian provinces and t ...201425403908
antihistamine response: a dynamically refined function at the host-tick interface.ticks counteract host inflammatory responses by secreting proteins from their saliva that compete for histamine binding. among these tick salivary proteins are lipocalins, antiparallel beta-barrel proteins that sequester small molecules. a tick salivary lipocalin has been structurally resolved and experimentally shown to efficiently compete for histamine with its native receptor (e.g., h1 histamine receptor). to date, molecular dynamics simulations focus on protein-protein and protein-ligand int ...201425358914
full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors.the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ...201424475112
first report of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in rodents in finland.tick-borne diseases pose an increasingly important public health problem in europe. rodents are the reservoir host for many tick-transmitted pathogens, including anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, which can cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. to estimate the presence of these pathogens in rodents in finland, we examined blood samples from 151 bank voles (myodes glareolus) and demonstrate, for the first time, that a. phagocytophilum and b. microti commo ...201424848684
the composition and transmission of microbiome in hard tick, ixodes persulcatus, during blood meal.the tick ixodes persulcatus is the predominant tick species in northeastern china, and it is a major vector in transmission of tick-borne diseases. by 16s rrna illumina sequencing, we investigated the microbiome of i. persulcatus and assessed the variation of the microbiome before and after blood feeding. the prolonged blood meal dramatically altered the composition of the microbiome but did not influence the bacterial diversity. overall, 373 and 289 bacterial genera were assigned to unfed and f ...201425150725
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and voles from ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in different mammals. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was assayed in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes trianguliceps ticks and myodes spp. voles from two i. persulcatus/i. trianguliceps sympatric areas in the omsk region (western siberia, russia). in total, a. phagocytophilum was found in 42/108 (38.9%) of vole blood samples, 13/34 (38.2%) of i. trianguliceps ticks removed from voles, 1/12 (8.3%) of i. persulcatus removed fr ...201425113979
suppressive effects of neutrophil by salp16-like salivary gland proteins from ixodes persulcatus schulze tick.salp16, a 16-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known to be the molecule involved in the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen causing zoonotic anaplasmosis, from its mammalian hosts to ixodes scapularis. recently, the presence of a. phagocytophilum was documented in japan and ixodes persulcatus was identified as one of its vectors. the purpose of this study was to identify salp16 genes in i. persulcatus and characterize their function. two cdna clones en ...201424698498
pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes persulcatus ticks in mongolia.a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to identify the tick-borne disease agents anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in selenge province, mongolia. the survey was in response to a suspected a. phagocytophilum infection in a patient. in 2012, a total of 129 questing ixodes persulcatus adult ticks were sampled by flagging vegetation. a. phagocytophilum and borrelia spp. were detected by pcr, targeting the 16s rdna (rrs) and 5s-23s intergenic spacer region, respe ...201424451102
genetic variability of babesia parasites in haemaphysalis spp. and ixodes persulcatus ticks in the baikal region and far east of russia.to study babesia diversity in ixodid ticks in russia, ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis japonica, haemaphysalisconcinna, dermacentor silvarum, and dermacentor nuttalli ticks collected in the far east and baikal region were assayed for the presence of babesia spp. using nested pcr. in total, babesia dna was detected in 30 of the 1125 (2.7%) i. persulcatus, 17 of the 573 (3.0%) h. concinna, and 12 of the 543 (2.2%) h. japonica but was undetectable in any of the 294 analyzed dermacentor spp. partia ...201425460820
phylogeny of a relapsing fever borrelia species transmitted by the hard tick ixodes scapularis.the discovery of borrelia species that were related to the agents of relapsing fever but were transmitted by hard ticks rather than soft ticks challenged previous taxonomies based largely on microbe-host specificities and geographic considerations. one of these newly-identified organisms is the borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato strain lb-2001 from north america and transmitted by ixodes scapularis. this or related strains have been identified as the cause of human disease, but comparatively little i ...201424813576
[genetic diversity of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes persulcatus ticks in northeastern european russia].the genetic diversity of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in the pcr-positive taiga ticks collected in the republic of komi in 2010 was evaluated. the analyses of nucleotide sequences of the 5'-ncr fragments of viral genome from ticks had shown that 13 isolates of tbev from 16 sequencing variants were represented by the highly pathogenic far eastern genotype of the tbev and only 3 isolates were identified as the siberian genotype of tbev. the nucleotide sequences of 5'-ncr of viral genom ...201425272463
surveillance of tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild birds and ticks in tomsk city and its suburbs (western siberia).to study the role of wild birds in the transmission of tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev), we investigated randomly captured wild birds bearing ixodid ticks in a very highly endemic tbe region located in tomsk city and its suburbs in the south of western siberia, russia. the 779 wild birds representing 60 species were captured carrying a total of 841 ticks, ixodes pavlovskyi pom., 1946 (n=531), ixodes persulcatus p. sch., 1930 (n=244), and ixodes plumbeus leach. 1815 (n=66). the highest averag ...201424380691
[genetic characterisation of powassan virus (powv) isolated from haemophysalis longicornis ticks in primorye and two strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus): alma-arasan virus (aav) isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in kazakhstan and malyshevo virus isolated from aedes vexans nipponii mosquitoes in khabarovsk kray].the complete genomes of the three tick-borne flaviviruses (genus flavivirus, fam. bunyaviridae) were sequenced: povassan virus (powv, strain leiv-3070prm, isolated from haemophysalis logicornis in primorsky krai, russia in 1977), alma-arasan virus (aav, strain leiv-1380kaz, isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in kazakhstan in 1977) and malyshevo virus (isolated from a pool of aedes vexans nipponii mosquitoes, in the khabarovsk krai, russia in 1978). it is shown that aav and malyshevo virus ar ...201425895206
prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks from the russian federation.the prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks collected in 2008-2012 from 11 regions of the russian federation was investigated by real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr). the presence of kemerovo virus in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes ricinus, and dermacentor reticulatus was confirmed. virus prevalence depended on the region and varied from zero to 10.1%.201425073856
first detection of kemerovo virus in ixodes pavlovskyi and ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in novosibirsk region, russia.kemerovo group viruses are tick-transmitted members of orbivirus genus of the reoviridae family that can cause infections of the central nervous system of humans. in this work, kemerovo virus (kemv) rna was detected for the first time in novosibirsk region of western siberia, russia, in ixodes pavlovskyi and ixodes persulcatus ticks.201424880473
prevalence of candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae-like bacteria in ixodid ticks at 13 sites on the chinese-russian border.to investigate the likely source population and candidate vectors of candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae, the prevalence of this bacteria was quantified in specimens of four tick species that mainly parasitize humans collected from 13 sites along the chinese-russian border. the presence of the bacteria was determined by detecting its specific citrate synthase (glta) partial gene and outer membrane protein a (ompa) partial gene. only ixodes persulcatus schulze was found to be naturally infected w ...201426309321
[life cycle of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus in taiga forests of the eastern sayan plateau].the ixodes persulcatus life cycle has been studied in natural environments of taiga fo- rests in the eastern sayan plateau (56 10' n, 91 30' e). engorged larvae and nymphs de- velop with a morphogenetic diapause or without diapause, with ratio of these two ways of development for larvae and nymphs 77.25/22.75% and 43.43/56.57%, respectively. the hypothetic season hemipopulation consists of 34.5 +/- 4.5, 50.1 +/- 1.3, 13.2 +/- 4.0 n 2.2% of unfed imagoes, completing 3-year, 4-year, 5-year, and 6- ...201425434236
reprolysin metalloproteases from ixodes persulcatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus ticks.metalloproteases (mps) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. we report the characterization of mp sequences of three important ticks from asia, africa and america: ixodes persulcatus (ip-mps), rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs-mps) and r. microplus (brrm-mps). amino acid sequence identity between r. microplus and r. sanguineus mps ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among i. persulcatus, i. ricinus and ...201424687173
[studies of the biological age in adult taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus (ixodinae)].the history of studies of the biological age in ixodid ticks is discussed. a method of estimation of the biological age in adult ticks of the genus ixodes by the degree of fat inclusions in midgut cells and in the fat body is developed. an "age scale" for the determination of the calendar age was assumed.201424455906
comparison of tick-borne microorganism communities in ixodes spp. of the ixodes ricinus species complex at distinct geographical regions.characterizing the tick-borne microorganism communities of ixodes ricinus (sheep tick) and ixodes persulcatus (taiga tick) from the i. ricinus species complex in distinct geographical regions of eastern europe and european russia, we demonstrated differences between the two ticks. taiga ticks were more frequently mono- and co-infected than sheep ticks: 24.4 % (45/184 tested ticks) versus 17.5 % (52/297) and 4.3 % (8/184) versus 3.4 % (10/297), respectively. ginsberg co-infection index values wer ...201424356921
complete genome sequencing of borrelia valaisiana and borrelia afzelii isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.lyme disease, caused by bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is the most frequent tick-borne infection in eurasia. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the borrelia valaisiana tom 4006 and borrelia afzelii tom 3107 strains isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.201425540343
whole-genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain 935t isolated from ixodes persulcatus in south korea.we report here the genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain 935t isolated from ixodes persulcatus in south korea. the 1,176,739 bp (g+c content, 27.73%) genome consists of 1,194 coding regions, 4 rrna genes, and 33 aminoacyl-trna synthetase genes. this is the first whole-genome report of a korean borrelia species isolate.201425540341
lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment.lyme borreliosis is increasing rapidly in many parts of the world and is the most commonly occurring vector-borne disease in europe and the usa. the disease is transmitted by ticks of the genus ixodes. they require a blood meal at each stage of their life cycle and feed on a wide variety of wild and domestic animals as well as birds and reptiles. transmission to humans is incidental and can occur during visits to a vector habitat, when host mammals and their associated ticks migrate into the urb ...201425565881
pathogens in ticks collected from dogs in berlin/brandenburg, germany.tick-borne diseases are a major health risk for humans and dogs. in addition to collection and analysis of questing ticks, analysis of host-associated ticks for the presence of pathogens is a valuable method to gain insight into transmission patterns of tick-borne diseases.201425441762
borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease). 201425452659
vector competence of the tick ixodes sinensis (acari: ixodidae) for rickettsia monacensis.cases of mediterranean spotted fever like rickettsioses, caused by rickettsia monacensis, have become more common in the last 10 years. in china, natural infection of r. monacensis in various tick species has been confirmed but the vector(s) of r. monacensis have not been recorded.201425406413
large scale spatial risk and comparative prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes pacificus.borrelia miyamotoi is a newly described emerging pathogen transmitted to people by ixodes species ticks and found in temperate regions of north america, europe, and asia. there is limited understanding of large scale entomological risk patterns of b. miyamotoi and of borreila burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), the agent of lyme disease, in western north america. in this study, b. miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochete, was detected in adult (n=70) and nymphal (n=36) ixodes pacificus ticks collecte ...201425333277
co-feeding transmission in lyme disease pathogens.this review examines the phenomenon of co-feeding transmission in tick-borne pathogens. this mode of transmission is critical for the epidemiology of several tick-borne viruses but its importance for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis, is still controversial. the molecular mechanisms and ecological factors that facilitate co-feeding transmission are therefore examined with particular emphasis on borrelia pathogens. comparison of climate, tick ecology and ex ...201425295405
high seroprevalence of borrelia miyamotoi antibodies in forestry workers and individuals suspected of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the netherlands.substantial exposure to borrelia miyamotoi occurs through bites from ixodes ricinus ticks in the netherlands, which also transmit borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum. direct evidence for b. miyamotoi infection in european populations is scarce. a flu-like illness with high fever, resembling human granulocytic anaplasmosis, has been attributed to b. miyamotoi infections in relatively small groups. borrelia miyamotoi infections associated with chronic meningoencephalitis ...201425356364
the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi is cultivable in a modified kelly-pettenkofer medium, and is resistant to human complement.borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete found in ixodes ticks in north america, europe, and asia, and has recently been found to be invasive in humans. cultivation of this spirochete has not yet been described, but is important for patient diagnostics and scientific purposes. host specificity of borrelia species is dependent on resistance to host complement (serum resistance), and since b. miyamotoi has been identified as a human pathogen we were interested whether b. miyamotoi is res ...201425189195
high-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in europe.due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout europe. therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. to accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (tbps), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from france, denmark, and the netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. this advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detect ...201425120960
irspi, a tick serine protease inhibitor involved in tick feeding and bartonella henselae infection.ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant tick in europe, frequently bites humans, and is the vector of several pathogens including those responsible for lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. these tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to vertebrate hosts via tick saliva during blood feeding, and tick salivary gland (sg) factors are likely implicated in transmission. in order to identify such tick factors, we characterized the transcriptome of ...201425057911
borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato seroreactivity and seroprevalence in the northeastern united states.borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato, a relapsing fever borrelia sp., is transmitted by the same ticks that transmit b. burgdorferi (the lyme disease pathogen) and occurs in all lyme disease-endemic areas of the united states. to determine the seroprevalence of igg against b. miyamotoi sensu lato in the northeastern united states and assess whether serum from b. miyamotoi sensu lato-infected persons is reactive to b. burgdorferi antigens, we tested archived serum samples from area residents during 1991 ...201424960072
a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome.multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ...201424962723
survey of selected tick-borne diseases in dogs in finland.due to climate changes during the last decades, ticks have progressively spread into higher latitudes in northern europe. although some tick borne diseases are known to be endemic in finland, to date there is limited information with regard to the prevalence of these infections in companion animals. we determined the antibody and dna prevalence of the following organisms in randomly selected client-owned and clinically healthy hunting dogs living in finland: ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phago ...201424957468
coinfection of tick cell lines has variable effects on replication of intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens.ticks transmit various human and animal microbial pathogens and may harbour more than one pathogen simultaneously. both viruses and bacteria can trigger, and may subsequently suppress, vertebrate host and arthropod vector anti-microbial responses. microbial coinfection of ticks could lead to an advantage or disadvantage for one or more of the microorganisms. in this preliminary study, cell lines derived from the ticks ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus were infected sequentially with 2 arthrop ...201424685441
the prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi infection, and co-infections with other borrelia spp. in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in canada.blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis are vectors of the tick-borne pathogens borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti. recently, the i. scapularis-borne bacterium borrelia miyamotoi has been linked to human illness in north america. the range of this tick is expanding in canada which may increase the potential for human exposure to these agents.201424731287
genetic diversity of salp15 in the ixodes ricinus complex (acari: ixodidae).salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is both essential for ticks to successfully obtain host blood and also facilitates transmission of lyme borreliosis. to determine whether the salp15 gene is expressed in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes sinensis, principle vectors of lyme borreliosis in china, we studied transcriptions of this gene in semi-engorged larvae, nymph and adults of these two species. a total of eight salp15 homologues, five in i. persulcatus and three in i. sinensis, were ide ...201424714063
detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central italy.tick species characterization and molecular studies were performed within ornithological surveys conducted during 2010 and 2011 in the lazio region of central italy. a total of 137 ticks were collected from 41 migratory birds belonging to 17 species (four partial migrants and 13 long-distance migrants). most ticks were nymphs, with a predominance of hyalomma marginatum marginatum and h. m. rufipes, and a small portion of ixodes and amblyomma species. all tick species analyzed were infected, and ...201424576218
comparative bioinformatics, temporal and spatial expression analyses of ixodes scapularis organic anion transporting polypeptides.organic anion-transporting polypeptides (oatps) are an integral part of the detoxification mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates. these cell surface proteins are involved in mediating the sodium-independent uptake and/or distribution of a broad array of organic amphipathic compounds and xenobiotic drugs. this study describes bioinformatics and biological characterization of 9 oatp sequences in the ixodes scapularis genome. these sequences have been annotated on the basis of 12 transmembrane ...201424582512
laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites.the collection, handling, identification, and reporting of ectoparasitic arthropods in clinical and reference diagnostic laboratories are discussed in this review. included are data on ticks, mites, lice, fleas, myiasis-causing flies, and bed bugs. the public health importance of these organisms is briefly discussed. the focus is on the morphological identification and proper handling and reporting of cases involving arthropod ectoparasites, particularly those encountered in the united states. o ...201424396136
the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis.culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ...201424949243
tick surveillance for relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi in hokkaido, japan.during 2012-2013, a total of 4325 host-seeking adult ticks belonging to the genus ixodes were collected from various localities of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. tick lysates were subjected to real-time pcr assay to detect borrelial infection. the assay was designed for specific detection of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi and for unspecific detection of lyme disease-related spirochetes. overall prevalence of b. miyamotoi was 2% (71/3532) in ixodes persulcatus, 4.3 ...201425111141
changes in the activity of adult stages of dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: amblyommidae) induced by weather factors in eastern poland.the host-seeking activity in dermacentor reticulatus ticks undergoes rhythmical changes correlated with environmental conditions. therefore, this study is focused on investigating the activity of adult stages of the species during weather changes occurring in winter months in eastern poland, i.e. a period of tick diapause.201424885216
human infections with rickettsia raoultii, china.we used molecular methods to identify rickettsia raoultii infections in 2 persons in china. these persons had localized rashes around sites of tick bites. r. raoultii dna was detected in 4% of dermacentor silvarum ticks collected in the same area of china and in 1 feeding tick detached from 1 patient.201424750663
tick-borne encephalitis virus subtypes emerged through rapid vector switches rather than gradual evolution.tick-borne encephalitis is the most important human arthropod-borne virus disease in europe and russia, with an annual incidence of about 13 thousand people. tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is distributed in the natural foci of forest and taiga zones of eurasia, from the pacific to the atlantic coast. currently, there are three mutually exclusive hypotheses about the origin and distribution of tbev subtypes, although they are based on the same assumption of gradual evolution. recently, we h ...201425540692
on the potential roles of ticks and migrating birds in the ecology of west nile virus.mosquitoes are the primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv). ticks have, however, been suggested to be potential reservoirs of wnv. in order to investigate their role in the spread of the virus, ticks, which had been collected from birds migrating northwards from africa to europe, were analyzed for the potential presence of wnv-rna.201424455105
rural residents in china are at increased risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.as emerging tick born rickettsial diseases caused by a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis have become a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the world. in particular, in china, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis occurred in anhui province in 2006 and more recent coinfection case of a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis was documented in shandong province. although the seroprevalence of human granulocytic ...201424877080
natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks from a forest area of selenge province, mongolia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic agent of public health importance, infecting both humans and animals. an investigation of the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of selenge province, mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. ticks were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction based on groel methodology. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 14 (6%) of ixodes persulc ...201424734213
animal models of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses.tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (tbhfv) are detected throughout the african and eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. in the past decade, however, novel tbhfvs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating tbhfv as elim ...201325437041
complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ...201323630448
epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe and its prevention by available vaccines.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is caused by a flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in central and eastern europe and russia. today, tbe is endemic in 27 european countries, and has become an international public health problem. the epidemiology of tbe is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. vaccinat ...201323377671
development of simple and rapid assay to detect viral rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a causative agent of acute central nervous system disease in humans. it has three subtypes, far eastern (fe), siberian (sib) and european (eu) subtypes, which are distributed over a wide area of europe and asia. the objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid assay for the detection of tbev rna by using reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method that can differentiate the three subtypes of tbev and can be us ...201323452322
molecular and serological evidence for the circulation of the tick symbiont midichloria (rickettsiales: midichloriaceae) in different mammalian species.the midichloriaceae is a novel family of the order rickettsiales, that encompasses intracellular bacteria associated with hard ticks (ixodidae) and other arthropods. the most intensively investigated member of this family is midichloria mitochondrii, a symbiotic bacterium of the sheep tick ixodes ricinus, characterized by the capacity of multiplying inside the mitochondria. a recent study suggested that these bacteria might be inoculated into the human host during the tick bite. the purpose of t ...201324330701
quantitative pcr for detection of babesia microti in ixodes scapularis ticks and in human blood.babesia microti, the primary cause of human babesiosis in the united states, is transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks; transmission may also occur through blood transfusion and transplacentally. most infected people experience a viral-like illness that resolves without complication, but those who are immunocompromised may develop a serious and prolonged illness that is sometimes fatal. the geographic expansion and increasing incidence of human babesiosis in the northeastern and midwestern unite ...201324107203
transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds.birds, particularly passerines, can be parasitized by ixodid ticks, which may be infected with tick-borne pathogens, like borrelia spp., babesia spp., anaplasma, rickettsia/coxiella, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. the prevalence of ticks on birds varies over years, season, locality and different bird species. the prevalence of ticks on different species depends mainly on the degree of feeding on the ground. in europe, the turdus spp., especially the blackbird, turdus merula, appears to be mo ...201324058903
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in estonia.estonia is located in a unique area of co-distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus, which are the main tick vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the last decade, the incidence rate of lyme borreliosis in estonia has increased dramatically up to 115.4 per 100,000 in 2012. here we present the first survey of the presence, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of b. burgdorferi s.l. complex spirochetes in the tick population in estonia.201323837798
lyme borreliosis and skin.lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, ixodes. though very commonly reported from the temperate regions of the world, the incidence has increased worldwide due to increasing travel and changing habitats of the vector. few cases have been reported from the indian subcontinent too. skin manifestations are the earliest to occur, and diagnosing these lesions followed by appropriate treatment, can ...201323723463
distribution of tick-borne diseases in china.as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ...201323617899
serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in recaptured white-footed mice.a mark-release-recapture study was conducted during 2007 through 2010 in six, tick-infested sites in connecticut, united states to measure changes in antibody titers for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice). there was an overall recapture rate of 40%, but only four tagged mice were caught in ≥2 yr. sera from 561 mice were analyzed for total antibodies to b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum by using whole-c ...201323568904
vaccination against lyme disease: past, present, and future.lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface a (ospa) lipoprotein of b. burgdorferi, led to its demise, ...201323407755
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