Publications

the synthetic strigolactone gr24 influences the growth pattern of phytopathogenic fungi.	strigolactones that are released by plant roots to the rhizosphere are involved in both plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and in plant infection by root parasitic plants. in this paper, we describe the response of various phytopathogenic fungi to the synthetic strigolactone gr24. when gr24 was embedded in the growth medium, it inhibited the growth of the root pathogens fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, fusarium solani f. sp. mango, sclerotinia sclerotiorum and macrophomina phase ...	2011	21688170
a novel function for a redox-related lea protein (sag21/atlea5) in root development and biotic stress responses.	sag21/atlea5 belongs to the late embryogenesis-associated (lea) protein family. although it has been implicated in growth and redox responses, its precise roles remain obscure. to address this problem, we characterized root and shoot development and response to biotic stress in sag21/atlea5 over-expressor (oex) and antisense (as) lines. as lines exhibited earlier flowering and senescence and reduced shoot biomass. primary root length was reduced in as lines, as was the number of laterals relativ ...	2011	21736589
the frp1 f-box gene has different functions in sexuality, pathogenicity and metabolism in three fungal pathogens.	plant-pathogenic fungi employ a variety of infection strategies; as a result, fungi probably rely on different sets of proteins for successful infection. the f-box protein frp1, only present in filamentous fungi belonging to the sordariomycetes, leotiomycetes and dothideomycetes, is required for nonsugar carbon catabolism and pathogenicity in the root-infecting fungus fusarium oxysporum. to assess the role of frp1 in other plant-pathogenic fungi, frp1 deletion mutants were generated in fusarium ...	2011	21722294
pichia anomala in biocontrol for apples: 20 years of fundamental research and practical applications.	fungal pathogens such as botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum and the gloeosporioides group are mainly responsible for important economical losses of post-harvest apples. application of biological control agents (bcas) is an emerging alternative to synthetic fungicides. however, before becoming an economically feasible alternative to chemical control, bcas have to satisfy different requirements related to biological, technological and toxicological properties. the different steps for a success ...	2011	21222032
lack of evidence for a role of hydrophobins in conferring surface hydrophobicity to conidia and hyphae of botrytis cinerea.	hydrophobins are small, cysteine rich, surface active proteins secreted by filamentous fungi, forming hydrophobic layers on the walls of aerial mycelia and spores. hydrophobin mutants in a variety of fungi have been described to show 'easily wettable' phenotypes, indicating that hydrophobins play a general role in conferring surface hydrophobicity to aerial hyphae and spores.	2011	21232149
3-sulfanylhexanol precursor biogenesis in grapevine cells: the stimulating effect of botrytis cinerea.	volatile thiols, compounds that contribute strongly to the varietal aroma, are present in much higher concentrations in sweet wines than in dry wines. this positive effect, due to the presence of botrytis cinerea on the berries, in fact results from a strong enrichment of cysteine s-conjugate precursors in botrytized berries. in the present study, a convenient model was investigated to reproduce and therefore study this phenomenon. a vitis vinifera cell culture was used as a simple model, and we ...	2011	21235257
transcript profiling of chitosan-treated arabidopsis seedlings.	in nature, plants can recognize potential pathogens, thus activating intricate networks of defense signals and reactions. inducible defense is often mediated by the detection of microbe or pathogen associated molecular pattern elicitors, such as flagellin and chitin. chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, plays a role in inducing protection against pathogens in many plant species. we evaluated the ability of chitosan to confer resistance to botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis leaves. we subseque ...	2011	21240536
rapid isolation of mycoviral double-stranded rna from botrytis cinerea and saccharomyces cerevisiae.	in most of the infected fungi, the mycoviruses are latent or cryptic, the infected fungus does not show disease symptoms, and it is phenotypically identical to a non-infected strain of the same species. because of these properties, the initial stage in the search for fungi infected with mycoviruses is the detection of their viral genome, which in most of the described cases corresponds to double-stranded rna (dsrna). so to analyze a large number of fungal isolates it is necessary to have a simpl ...	2011	21262001
the cop9 signalosome controls jasmonic acid synthesis and plant responses to herbivory and pathogens.	the cop9 signalosome (csn) is a multi-protein complex that regulates the activities of cullin-ring e3 ubiquitin ligases (crls). crls ubiquitinate proteins in order to target them for proteasomal degradation. the csn is required for proper plant development. here we show that the csn also has a profound effect on plant defense responses. silencing of genes for csn subunits in tomato plants resulted in a mild morphological phenotype and reduced expression of wound-responsive genes in response to m ...	2011	21265900
synthesis and anti-fungal activity of seven oleanolic acid glycosides.	in order to develop potential anti-fungal agents, seven glycoconjugates composed of a-l-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-a-l-talose, ß-d-galactose, a-d-mannose, ß-d-xylose-(1?4)-6-deoxy-a-l-talose, ß-d-galactose-(1?4)-a-l-rhamnose, ß-d-galactose-(1?3)-ß-d-xylose-(1?4)-6-deoxy-a-l-talose as the glycone and oleanolic acid as the aglycone were synthesized in an efficient and practical way using glycosyl trichloroacetimidates as donors. the structures of the new compounds were confirmed by ms, ¹h-nmr and ¹³c-nmr.p ...	2011	21270731
demethylation of oligogalacturonides by fape1 in the fruits of the wild strawberry fragaria vesca triggers metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with defence and development of the fruit.	ectopic expression of the strawberry (fragaria×ananassa) gene fape1 encoding pectin methyl esterase produced in the wild species fragaria vesca partially demethylated oligogalacturonides (ogas), which conferred partial resistance of ripe fruits to the fungus botrytis cinerea. analyses of metabolic and transcriptional changes in the receptacle of the transgenic fruits revealed channelling of metabolites to aspartate and aromatic amino acids as well as phenolics, flavanones, and sesquiterpenoids, ...	2011	21273336
botrytis cinerea bcnma is involved in apoptotic cell death but not in stress adaptation.	apoptotic-like programmed cell death (pcd) occurs naturally in fungi during development and might also be induced by external conditions. candidate apoptotic genes have been characterized in several model fungal species but not in plant pathogenic fungi. here we report on the isolation and characterization of bcnma, an orthologue of the human pro-apoptotic gene htra2 from the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. the predicted bcnma protein shows high homology to the previously characterized nma111p ...	2011	21277985
deleterious effect of the qo inhibitor compound resistance-conferring mutation g143a in the intron-containing cytochrome b gene and mechanisms for bypassing it.	the mutation g143a in the inhibitor binding site of cytochrome b confers a high level of resistance to fungicides targeting the bc(1) complex. the mutation, reported in many plant-pathogenic fungi, has not evolved in fungi that harbor an intron immediately after the codon for g143 in the cytochrome b gene, intron bi2. using saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, we show here that a codon change from ggt to gct, which replaces glycine 143 with alanine, hinders the splicing of bi2 by alteri ...	2011	21278281
myb46 modulates disease susceptibility to botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis.	in this study, we show that the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor myb46, previously described to regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the vascular tissue of the stem, is pivotal for mediating disease susceptibility to the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. we identified myb46 by its ability to bind to a new cis-element located in the 5' promoter region of the pathogen-induced ep5c gene, which encodes a type iii cell wall-bound peroxidase. we present genetic and molec ...	2011	21282403
development of disease-resistant marker-free tomato by r/rs site-specific recombination.	the selection marker genes, imparting antibiotic or herbicide resistance, in the final transgenics have been criticized by the public and considered a hindrance in their commercialization. multi-auto-transformation (mat) vector system has been one of the strategies to produce marker-free transgenic plants without using selective chemicals and plant growth regulators (pgrs). in the study reported here, isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene was used as a selection marker and wasabi defensin (wd) gene, ...	2011	21293863
model aging and oxidation effects on varietal, fermentative, and sulfur compounds in a dry botrytized red wine.	from harvest until wine arrives to the consumer, oxygen plays a crucial role in the definition of the final aroma. in the present research, the effect of the model oxidative aging on a dry red botrytis wine, such as italian amarone, was considered. amarone wine was submitted to model oxidative aging and then analyzed with two different approaches (spe-gc-ms and hs-spme/gc-ms). the same sampling plan was adopted to study the model aging of the same amarone wine in anaerobic conditions. the hs-spm ...	2011	21314124
biological activity of peanut (arachis hypogaea) phytoalexins and selected natural and synthetic stilbenoids.	the peanut plant (arachis hypogaea l.), when infected by a microbial pathogen, is capable of producing stilbene-derived compounds that are considered antifungal phytoalexins. in addition, the potential health benefits of other stilbenoids from peanuts, including resveratrol and pterostilbene, have been acknowledged by several investigators. despite considerable progress in peanut research, relatively little is known about the biological activity of the stilbenoid phytoalexins. this study investi ...	2011	21314127
bacterial species associated with sound and botrytis-infected grapes from a greek vineyard.	grape bacterial microbiota plays central roles in the quality of grapes and wine, yet its diversity remains poorly described. in the present study, bacterial species associated with sound and botrytis-infected grapes of two cultivars originating from the same vineyard were assessed. isolates were identified by pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) and sequence analysis of partial 16s rrna gene. comparable counts were recorded between botrytis-infected and sound grape samples. in ...	2011	21315469
control of postharvest botrytis fruit rot of strawberry by volatile organic compounds of candida intermedia.	a study was conducted to identify volatile organic compounds or volatiles produced by candida intermedia strain c410 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to determine efficacy of the volatiles of c. intermedia in suppression of conidial germination and mycelial growth of botrytis cinerea and control of botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. results showed that, among 49 volatiles (esters, alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, organic acids, ketones, and aldehydes) identified from c. interme ...	2011	21323467
an endophytic phomopsis sp. possessing bioactivity and fuel potential with its volatile organic compounds.	an unusual phomopsis sp. was isolated as endophyte of odontoglossum sp. (orchidaceae), associated with a cloud forest in northern ecuador. this fungus produces a unique mixture of volatile organic compounds (vocs) including sabinene (a monoterpene with a peppery odor) only previously known from higher plants. in addition, some of the other more abundant vocs recorded by gc/ms in this organism were 1-butanol, 3-methyl; benzeneethanol; 1-propanol, 2-methyl and 2-propanone. the gases of phomopsis s ...	2011	21331608
identification of reference genes suitable for qrt-pcr in grapevine and application for the study of the expression of genes involved in pterostilbene synthesis.	the recent publication of the grapevine genome sequence facilitates the use of qrt-pcr to study gene expression changes. for this approach, reference genes are commonly used to normalize data and their stability of expression should be systematically validated. among grapevine defenses is the production of the antimicrobial stilbenic phytoalexins, notably the highly fungitoxic pterostilbene, which plays a crucial role in grapevine interaction with plasmopara viticola and botrytis cinerea. as a r ...	2011	21340517
effects of botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae infection on the antioxidant profile of mesembryanthemum crystallinum c3/cam intermediate plant.	mesembryathemum crystallinum plants performing c(3) or cam (crassulacean acid metabolism) appear to be highly resistant to botrytis cinerea as well as to pseudomonas syringae. fungal hyphae growth was restricted to 48h post-inoculation (hpi) in both metabolic types and morphology of hyphae differed between those growing in c(3) and cam plants. growth of bacteria was inhibited significantly 24 hpi in both c(3) and cam plants. b. cinerea and p. syringae infection led to an increase in the concentr ...	2011	21342714
living colors in the gray mold pathogen botrytis cinerea: codon-optimized genes encoding green fluorescent protein and mcherry, which exhibit bright fluorescence.	the green fluorescent protein (gfp) and its variants have been widely used in modern biology as reporters that allow a variety of live-cell imaging techniques. so far, gfp has rarely been used in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea because of low fluorescence intensity. the codon usage of b. cinerea genes strongly deviates from that of commonly used gfp-encoding genes and reveals a lower gc content than other fungi. in this study, we report the development and use of a codon-optimized version ...	2011	21378036
metabolites of the fungistatic agent 2+¦-methoxyclovan-9+¦-ol by macrophomina phaseolina.	biotransformation of 2+¦-methoxyclovan-9+¦-ol (1), a fungistatic agent against botrytis cinerea, was investigated with macrophomina phaseolina. demethoxylation, regioselective oxidation at c-9 and c-13, and inversion of the configuration at c-9 of compound 1 afforded six oxidative metabolites, 2+¦-methoxyclovan-9-one (2), clovan-2+¦,9+¦-diol (3), clovan-2+¦,9+¦-diol (4), clovan-2+¦,13-diol-9-one (5), 2+¦-methoxyclovan-9+¦,13-diol (6), and clovan-2+¦,9+¦,13-triol (7). compounds 5-7 are described ...	2011	21391597
bombus terrestris as pollinator-and-vector to suppress botrytis cinerea in greenhouse strawberry.	background: bombus terrestris l. bumblebees are widely used as commercial pollinators, but they might also be of help in the battle against economically important crop diseases. this alternative control strategy is referred to as pollinator-and-vector technology. the present study was designed to investigate the capacity of b. terrestris to fulfil this role in greenhouse strawberry flowers, which were manually inoculated with a major plant pathogen, the grey mould botrytis cinerea pers.: fr. a m ...	2011	21394887
a critical role of autophagy in plant resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.	autophagy is a pathway for degradation of cytoplasmic components. in plants, autophagy plays an important role in nutrient recycling during nitrogen or carbon starvation, and in responses to abiotic stress. autophagy also regulates age- and immunity-related programmed cell death, which is important in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens. here we show that autophagy plays a critical role in plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. atg18a, a critical autophagy protein in arabidopsis, int ...	2011	21395886
biocontrol of postharvest gray and blue mold decay of apples with rhodotorula mucilaginosa and possible mechanisms of action.	the efficacy of rhodotorula mucilaginosa against postharvest gray mold, blue mold and natural decay development of apples and the possible mechanisms involved were investigated. the decay incidence and lesion diameter of gray mold and blue mold of apples treated by r. mucilaginosa were significantly reduced compared with the control fruits, and the higher concentration of r. mucilaginosa, the better the efficacy of the biocontrol. r. mucilaginosa also significantly reduced the natural decay deve ...	2011	21402429
role of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and side chain modification of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates in defense of arabidopsis against sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	plant secondary metabolites are known to facilitate interactions with a variety of beneficial and detrimental organisms, yet the contribution of specific metabolites to interactions with fungal pathogens is poorly understood. here we show that, with respect to aliphatic glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates, toxicity against the pathogenic ascomycete sclerotinia sclerotiorum depends on side chain structure. genes associated with the formation of the secondary metabolites camalexin and glucosinol ...	2011	21418358
transgenic tomatoes showing higher glutathione peroxydase antioxidant activity are more resistant to an abiotic stress but more susceptible to biotic stresses.	the function of selenium independent glutathione peroxidase (gpx) in response to biotic and abiotic stresses was investigated in transgenic tomato plants overexpressing an exogenous gpx and exhibiting a 50% increase in total gpx activity. gpx-overexpressing and control plants were challenged either by a mechanical stress or by infection with the biotrophic parasite oidium neolycopersici or the necrotrophic parasite botrytis cinerea. in mechanically stressed plants, internode growth was significa ...	2011	21421403
functional analysis of the trichoderma harzianum nox1 gene, encoding an nadph oxidase, relates production of reactive oxygen species to specific biocontrol activity against pythium ultimum.	the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the first events following pathogenic interactions in eukaryotic cells, and nadph oxidases are involved in the formation of such ros. the nox1 gene of trichoderma harzianum was cloned, and its role in antagonism against phytopathogens was analyzed in nox1-overexpressed transformants. the increased levels of nox1 expression in these transformants were accompanied by an increase in ros production during their direct confrontation with pythiu ...	2011	21421791
improved resistance against botrytis cinerea by grapevine-associated bacteria that induce a prime oxidative burst and phytoalexin production.	bacteria such as pantoea agglomerans (pa-af2), bacillus subtilis (bs-271), acinetobacter lwoffii (al-113), and pseudomonas fluorescens (pf-ct2), originating from the vineyard, can induce defense responses and enhance resistance of grapevine against the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. the perception of these bacteria by plant cells or tissues in relation to their activities remains unknown. in this study, we examined the relationships between the activity of each bacterium to induce or prime so ...	2011	21425931
synthesis of 2-amino-6-oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides and their activity against botrytis cinerea.	with the objective of exploring the fungicidal activity of 2-oxocyclohexylsulfonamides (2), a series of novel 2-amino-6-oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides (6 to 23) were synthesised, and their fungicidal activities against botrytis cinerea pers. were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.	2011	21438123
impact of quillaja saponaria saponins on grapevine ecosystem organisms.	the control of grapevine pathogens is a rising concern in vitis vinifera culture. the current international trend is toward banning chemicals that are highly toxic to the environment and human workers, and adopting tighter regulations. we evaluated the impact of saponins on three kinds of organisms found in grapevine culture. the ectoparasitic nematode xiphinema index, the parasitic fungus botrytis cinerea and various yeast strains representative of the must fermentation population were incubate ...	2011	21442351
a novel antifungal peptide from foxtail millet seeds.	antifungal proteins (afp) help plants to combat phytopathogenic fungi and thus protect plants from the devastating damage caused by fungal infections and prevent massive economic losses. to date, several proteins with antibacterial and/or antifungal properties have been isolated and characterized from different plant species and tissues; however, there are no reports concerning the antifungal peptide from foxtail millet seeds.	2011	21445868
the beneficial effect of trichoderma spp. on tomato is modulated by the plant genotype.	rhizosphere-competent fungi of the genus trichoderma are widely used as biofertilizers and biopesticides in commercial formulates because of the multiple beneficial effects on plant growth and disease resistance. in this work, we demonstrate that genetic variability among wild and cultivated tomato lines affects the outcome of the interaction with two 'elite' biocontrol strains of t. atroviride and t. harzianum. the beneficial response, which included enhanced growth and systemic resistance agai ...	2011	21453429
molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of botrytis cinerea from apple.	botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from apple orchards were screened for resistance to boscalid. boscalid resistant isolates were classified into four phenotypes based on the levels of ec50 (the concentration that inhibits fungal growth by 50% relative to control) values. of the 220 isolates tested, 42 were resistant to boscalid with resistant phenotypes ranging from low to very high resistance. there was cross resistance between boscalid and carboxin. analysis of partial sequences of the iron-s ...	2011	21469935
intronic t-dna insertion renders arabidopsis opr3 a conditional jasmonic acid-producing mutant.	jasmonic acid and its derived metabolites (jas) orchestrate plant defense against insects and fungi. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (opda), a ja precursor, has also been implicated in plant defense. we sought to define jas and opda functions through comparative defense susceptibility characteristics of three arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) genotypes: aos, lacking jas and opda; opda reductase3 (opr3), deficient in ja production but can accumulate opda; and transgenics that overexpress opr3. opr3, li ...	2011	21487047
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 4-hetarylpyrazole and furo[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives.	in continuation of our efforts to find a new class of antimicrobial agents, a series of 4-hetarylpyrazoles and furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles were prepared via the reaction of 2-chloro-1-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone (1) with an appropriate nucleophilic reagents. these compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (bacillus subtilis and bacillus thuringiensis), gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifun ...	2011	21489661
a cryoprotective and cold-adapted 1,3-β-endoglucanase from cherimoya (annona cherimola) fruit.	a 1,3-β-glucanase with potent cryoprotective activity was purified to homogeneity from the mesocarp of co(2)-treated cherimoya fruit (annona cherimola mill.) stored at low temperature using anion exchange and chromatofocusing chromatography. this protein was characterized as a glycosylated endo-1,3-β-glucanase with a m(r) of 22.07kda and a pi of 5.25. the hydrolase was active and stable in a broad acidic ph range and it exhibited maximum activity at ph 5.0. it had a low optimum temperature of 35 ...	2011	21497868
phosphorylation of a wrky transcription factor by two pathogen-responsive mapks drives phytoalexin biosynthesis in arabidopsis.	plant sensing of invading pathogens triggers massive metabolic reprogramming, including the induction of secondary antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins. we recently reported that mpk3 and mpk6, two pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, play essential roles in the induction of camalexin, the major phytoalexin in arabidopsis thaliana. in search of the transcription factors downstream of mpk3/mpk6, we found that wrky33 is required for mpk3/mpk6-induced camalexin biosynthes ...	2011	21498677
glutathione signaling acts through npr1-dependent sa-mediated pathway to mitigate biotic stress.	glutathione (gsh) has widely been known to be a multifunctional molecule especially as an antioxidant uptill now, but has found a new role in plant defense signaling. research from the past three decades indicate that gsh is a player in pathogen defense in plants, but the mechanism underlying this has not been elucidated fully. we have recently shown that gsh acts as a signaling molecule and mitigates biotic stress through non-expressor of pr genes 1 (npr1)-dependent salicylic acid (sa)-mediated ...	2011	21499030
inhibitory activity of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine against phytopathogenic fungi.	the antifungal activities of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine, isolated from the leaves of macleaya microcarpa, were evaluated on 12 plant pathogenic fungi; the two compounds exhibited the highest antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea pers. among the 11 tested plant pathogenic fungi in vitro, the two compounds showed the highest antifungal activity against b. cinerea pers, with 95.16% and 98.32% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 µg ml(-1), respectively. in addition, the two com ...	2011	21500094
identification of allergens homologous to alt a 1 from stemphylium botryosum and ulocladium botrytis.	several studies have demonstrated that proteins homologous to the alt a 1 major allergen of alternaria alternata are expressed in other members of the pleosporaceae family. however, since no direct biochemical data have been reported concerning the presence of alt a 1 allergen homologues capable of binding ige in the excretion-secretion products of stemphylium and ulocladium, our objective was to explore their presence in stemphylium botryosum and ulocladium botrytis. s. botryosum and u. botryti ...	2011	21504377
asymmetric total synthesis of 6-tuliposide b and its biological activities against tulip pathogenic fungi.	the structure-activity relationship was investigated to evaluate the antifungal activities of tuliposides and tulipalins against tulip pathogenic fungi. 6-tuliposide b was effectively synthesized via the asymmetric baylis-hillman reaction. tuliposides and tulipalins showed antifungal activities against most of the strains tested at high concentrations (2.5 mm), while botrytis tulipae was resistant to tuliposides. tulipalin formation was involved in the antifungal activity, tulipalin a showed hig ...	2011	21512240
antifungal activity and fungal metabolism of steroidal glycosides of easter lily (lilium longiflorum thunb.) by the plant pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea pers. fr. is a plant pathogenic fungus and the causal organism of blossom blight of easter lily (lilium longiflorum thunb.). easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides, compounds which may play a role in the plant-pathogen interaction of easter lily. five steroidal glycosides, including two steroidal glycoalkaloids and three furostanol saponins, were isolated from l. longiflorum and evaluated for fungal growth inhibition activity against b. cinerea, using an in vitro p ...	2011	21524113
suppression of edr2-mediated powdery mildew resistance, cell death and ethylene-induced senescence by mutations in ald1 in arabidopsis.	edr2 is a negative regulator of the defense response and cell death in arabidopsis. loss-of-function of edr2 leads to enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. to identify new components in the edr2 signal transduction pathway, mutations that suppress edr2 resistant phenotypes were screened. three mutants, edts5-1, edts5-2 and edts5-3 (edrtwo suppressor 5), were identified. the edts5 gene was identified by map-based cloning and previously was shown to encode an aminotransferase (ald1). therefore we ...	2011	21530897
identification of mycoparasitism-related genes in trichoderma atroviride: a holistic comparative study on self-confrontation and host interaction by de novo transcriptome sequencing.	a high-throughput sequencing approach was utilized to carry out a comparative transcriptome analysis of trichoderma atroviride imi206040 during mycoparasitic interaction with the plant pathogenic fungus rhizoctonia solani. in this study, transcript fragments of 7,797 trichoderma genes were sequenced, 175 of which were host responsive. according to the functional annotation of these genes by kog, the most abundant group during direct contact was 'metabolism'. quantitative rt-pcr confirmed the dif ...	2011	21531825
analysis of the plant bos1 mutant highlights necrosis as an efficient defence mechanism during d. dadantii/arabidospis thaliana interaction.	dickeya dadantii is a broad host range phytopathogenic bacterium provoking soft rot disease on many plants including arabidopsis. we showed that, after d. dadantii infection, the expression of the arabidopsis bos1 gene was specifically induced by the production of the bacterial pelb/c pectinases able to degrade pectin. this prompted us to analyze the interaction between the bos1 mutant and d. dadantii. the phenotype of the infected bos1 mutant is complex. indeed, maceration symptoms occurred mor ...	2011	21533045
pectin methylesterase is induced in arabidopsis upon infection and is necessary for a successful colonization by necrotrophic pathogens.	the ability of bacterial or fungal necrotrophs to produce enzymes capable of degrading pectin is often related to a successful initiation of the infective process. pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form and is subsequently de-esterified in muro by pectin methylesterase. de-esterification makes pectin more susceptible to the degradation by pectic enzymes such as endopolygalacturonases (endopg) and pectate lyases secreted by necrotrophic pathogens during the first stages of infect ...	2011	21171891
bacterial effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis innate immunity at the plasma membrane.	many bacterial pathogens inject a cocktail of effector proteins into host cells through type iii secretion systems. these effectors act in concert to modulate host physiology and immune signaling, thereby promoting pathogenicity. in a search for additional pseudomonas syringae effectors in suppressing plant innate immunity triggered by pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps or mamps), we identified p. syringae tomato dc3000 effector hopf2 as a potent suppressor of early immune- ...	2011	21198360
identification of botryticidal proteins with similarity to nbs-lrr proteins in rosemary pepper (lippia sidoides cham.) flowers.	heavy agricultural losses are closely related to attacks by insect-pests and phytopathogens such as bacteria and fungi. among them, the fungus botrytis cinerea can cause gray mold in more than 200 different species of plants, and is considered a challenging problem for agribusiness. fungicides are commonly used to control this pathogen because they are fast-working and easy to apply. however, the continuous use of fungicides may promote the selection of resistant fungi and can also cause profoun ...	2011	21210197
loss-of-function mutation of reduced wall acetylation2 in arabidopsis leads to reduced cell wall acetylation and increased resistance to botrytis cinerea.	nearly all polysaccharides in plant cell walls are o-acetylated, including the various pectic polysaccharides and the hemicelluloses xylan, mannan, and xyloglucan. however, the enzymes involved in the polysaccharide acetylation have not been identified. while the role of polysaccharide acetylation in vivo is unclear, it is known to reduce biofuel yield from lignocellulosic biomass by the inhibition of microorganisms used for fermentation. we have analyzed four arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ...	2011	21212300
multiple roles of win3 in regulating disease resistance, cell death, and flowering time in arabidopsis.	the salicylic acid (sa) regulatory gene hopw1-1-interacting 3 (win3) was previously shown to confer resistance to the biotrophic pathogen pseudomonas syringae. here we report that win3 controls broad-spectrum disease resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerae and contributes to basal defense induced by flg22, a 22-amino acid peptide derived from the conserved region of bacterial flagellin proteins. genetic analysis indicates that win3 acts additively with several known sa regulator ...	2011	21543726
yeast biocontrol of fungal spoilage of pears stored at low temperature.	to reduce the use of fungicides, biological control with yeasts has been proposed in postharvest pears. most studies of antagonists selection have been carried out at room temperature. however, in regions like north patagonia where fruits are stored at -1/0°c during 5-7months the selection of potential antagonist agents must be carried out at low temperature. in this study, 75 yeast cultures were isolated from healthy pears from two patagonian cold-storage packinghouses. aureobasidium pullulans, ...	2011	21546110
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of xenorhabdus bovienii yl002 against phytophthora capsici and botrytis cinerea.	aims: developing new bio-agents to control plant disease is desirable. entomopathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus spp. have potential antimicrobial activity in agriculture. this work was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of xenorhabdus bovienii yl002 on plant pathogenic fungi and oomycete in vitro and the efficiency of this strain to reduce the in vivo incidence of grey mould rot on tomato plants caused by botrytis cinerea and leaf scorch on pepper plants caused by phytophthora capsic ...	2011	21554568
arabidopsis ocp3 mutant reveals a mechanism linking aba and ja to pathogen-induced callose deposition.	in the present study, we evaluated the role of the defense related gene ocp3 in callose deposition as a response to two necrotrophic fungal pathogens, botrytis cinerea and plectosphaerella cucumerina. ocp3 plants exhibited accelerated and intensified callose deposition in response to fungal infection associated with enhanced disease resistance to the two pathogens. a series of double mutant analyses showed potentiation of callose deposition and the heightened disease resistance phenotype in ocp3 ...	2011	21564353
phenological and phytochemical changes correlate with differential interactions of verticillium dahliae with broccoli and cauliflower.	cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis subvar. cauliflora) is susceptible to wilt caused by verticillium dahliae but broccoli (b. oleracea var. italica subvar. cyamosa) is not. infection of broccoli and cauliflower by a green fluorescent protein-expressing isolate of v. dahliae was examined using epifluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy to follow infection and colonization in relation to plant phenology. plant glucosinolate, phenolic, and lignin contents were also assayed at ...	2011	21219133
simultaneous activation of salicylate production and fungal resistance in transgenic chrysanthemum producing caffeine.	caffeine functions in the chemical defense against biotic attackers in a few plant species, including coffee and tea. transgenic tobacco plants that endogenously produced caffeine by expressing three n-methyltransferases involved in the caffeine biosynthesis pathway exhibited a strong resistance to pathogens and herbivores. here we report that transgenic chrysanthemum, which produced an equivalent level of caffeine as the tobacco plants at approximately 3 µg g(-1) fresh tissues, also exhibited a ...	2011	21346420
microbial transformation of (+)-nootkatone and the antiproliferative activity of its metabolites.	six metabolites were obtained as a result of microbial transformation of (+)-nootkatone (1) by the fungal strains: botrytis, didymosphaeria, aspergillus, chaetomium and fusarium. their structure were established as (+)-(4r,5s,7r,9r)-9a-hydroxynootkatone (2), (+)-(4r,5s,7r)-13-hydroxynootkatone (3) and (+)-(4r,5s,7r,9r,11s)-11,12-epoxy-9a-hydroxynootkatone (4), (+)-(4r,5s,7r,11s)-11,12-epoksynootkatone (5), (+)-(4r,5s,7r)-11,12-dihydroxynootkatone (6) and (+)-(4r,5s,7r)-7,11,12-trihydroxynootkato ...	2011	21377882
effects of the origins of botrytis cinerea on earthy aromas from grape broth media further inoculated with penicillium expansum.	earthy "off" aromas from wine and grape juice are highly detrimental to the production of quality grape products. these volatile compounds are produced on grapes by botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum and/or a combination of p. expansum and b. cinerea strains. b. cinerea strains were isolated from different (a) vineyards in spain and portugal, (b) grape varieties (c) bunches (i.e., sound and botrytized) and (d) positions in the botrytized bunch (i.e., interior or exterior). a novel headspace- ...	2011	21569951
[analysis of t-dna integration pattern in botrytis cinerea genome].	to analyze the t-dna integration pattern in the genome of grey mold botrytis cinerea.	2011	21574381
preharvest l-arginine treatment induced postharvest disease resistance to botrysis cinerea in tomato fruits.	l-arginine is the precursor of nitric oxide (no). in order to examine the influence of l-arginine on tomato fruit resistance, preharvest green mature tomato fruits (solanum lycopersicum cv. no. 4 zhongshu) were treated with 0.5, 1, and 5 mm l-arginine. the reduced lesion size (in diameter) on fruit caused by botrytis cinerea, as well as activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal), chitinase (chi), β-1,3-glucanase (glu), and polyphenoloxidase (ppo), was compared between l-arginine treated fru ...	2011	21574662
metabolomic approaches reveal that cell wall modifications play a major role in ethylene-mediated resistance against botrytis cinerea.	resistance to the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis is conferred by ethylene via poorly understood mechanisms. metabolomic approaches compared the responses of wild-type, the ethylene insensitive mutant, etr1-1, which showed increased susceptibility, and the constitutively active ethylene mutants, ctr1-1 and eto2, which both showed decreased susceptibility, to b. cinerea. fourier transform - infra red (ft-ir) spectroscopy demonstrated reproducible biochemical differences betwee ...	2011	21575089
[effect of peg stress on plantlets of chrysanthemum morifolium induced by endophytic botrytis sp. (c1) and chaetomium globosum (c4)].	the effect of the endophytic fungi botrytis sp. (c1) or chaetomium globosum (c4) on the drought resistance of chrysanthemum morifolium was studied. ch. morifolium plantlets were inoculated with c1, c4 and cultured in the pots for 60 days, then the plantlets were stressed by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% peg6000 respectively in order to simulate different drought conditions. biomass, the activities of sod, pod, pal, the contents of mda and soluble protein of each group were determined. the results showe ...	2011	21585031
production and characterization of interspecific somatic hybrids between brassica oleracea var. botrytis and b. nigra and their progenies for the selection of advanced pre-breeding materials.	somatic hybridization is a potential method for gene transfer from wild relatives to cultivated crops that can overcome sexual incompatibilities of two distantly related species. in this study, interspecific asymmetric somatic hybrids of brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) and brassica nigra (black mustard) were obtained by protoplast fusion and their backcrossed (bc(3)) and selfed (s(3)) offspring were analyzed. cytological analysis showed that the b. nigra chromosomes were successive ...	2011	21603996
metabolic influence of botrytis cinerea infection in champagne base wine.	botrytis cinerea infection of grape berries leads to changes in the chemical composition of grape and the corresponding wine, and thus affects wine quality. we investigated the metabolic effect of botrytis infection in champagne base wine through 1h nmr-based metabolomic approach. isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, arginine, proline, glutamine, -aminobutryic acid (gaba), succinate, malate, citrate, tartarate, fructose, glucose, oligosaccharides, amino acids derivative, 2,3-butanediol, acet ...	2011	21604814
phytophagous arthropods and a pathogen sharing a host plant: evidence for indirect plant-mediated interactions.	in ecological systems, indirect interactions between plant pathogens and phytophagous arthropods can arise when infestation by a first attacker alters the common host plant so that although a second attacker could be spatially or temporally separated from the first one, the former could be affected. the induction of plant defense reactions leading to the production of secondary metabolites is thought to have an important role since it involves antagonistic and/or synergistic cross-talks that may ...	2011	21611161
bioactive aromatic derivatives from endophytic fungus, cytospora sp.	two new benzyl gamma-butyrolactone analogues, (r)-5-((s)-hydroxy(phenyl)-methyl)dihydrofuran-2(3h)-one (1) and its 6-acetate (2), and a new naphthalenone derivative (8), together with eight additional known aromatic derivatives, (s)-5-((s)-hydroxy(phenyl)-methyl)dihydrofuran-2(3h)-one (3), (s)-5-benzyl-dihydrofuran-2(3h)-one (4), 5-phenyl-4-oxopentanoic acid (5), gamma-oxo-benzenepentanoic acid methyl ester (6), 3-(2,5-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-3-phenyl-2-furyl)propionic acid (7), (3r)-5-methylmel ...	2011	21615028
enhanced disease resistance to botrytis cinerea in myb46 arabidopsis plants is associated to an early down-regulation of cesa genes.	the cell wall is a protective barrier of paramount importance for the survival of plant cells. monitoring the integrity of cell wall allows plants to quickly activate defence pathways to minimize pathogen entry and reduce the spread of disease. counterintuitively, however, pharmacological effects as well as genetic lesions that affect cellulose biosynthesis and content confer plants with enhanced resistance against necrotrophic fungi. this kind of pathogens target cellulose for degradation to fa ...	2011	21617373
improved tolerance toward fungal diseases in transgenic cavendish banana (musa spp. aaa group) cv. grand nain.	the most devastating disease currently threatening to destroy the banana industry worldwide is undoubtedly sigatoka leaf spot disease caused by mycosphaerella fijiensis. in this study, we developed a transformation system for banana and expressed the endochitinase gene then-42 from trichoderma harzianum together with the grape stilbene synthase (stsy) gene in transgenic banana plants under the control of the 35s promoter and the inducible pr-10 promoter, respectively. the superoxide dismutase ge ...	2011	20397044
antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum.	antifungal activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) and their mode of action against two postharvest pathogenic fungi (botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum) were investigated in this study. zno nps with sizes of 70 ± 15 nm and concentrations of 0, 3, 6 and 12 mmol l(-1) were used. traditional microbiological plating, scanning electron microscopy (sem), and raman spectroscopy were used to study antifungal activities of zno nps and to characterize the changes in morphology and cellula ...	2011	20630731
functional characterization of three ethylene response factor genes from bupleurum kaoi indicates that bkerfs mediate resistance to botrytis cinerea.	three novel ethylene response factor (erf) genes, bkerf1, bkerf2.1 and bkerf2.2, were isolated from a medicinal plant, bupleurum kaoi. the deduced bkerfs contain a canonical nuclear localization signal and an erf/ap2 dna binding domain. rna gel blot analysis revealed that bkerf1 and bkerf2.1 were ubiquitously expressed at low levels in all parts of mature plants, and that bkerf2.2 was expressed at moderate levels in vegetative tissues. exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induced bkerf1/2.1 ...	2011	20728241
analysis of subgroup c of fungal chitinases containing chitin-binding and lysm modules in the mycoparasite trichoderma atroviride.	fungi have a plethora of chitinases, which can be phylogenetically divided into three subgroups (a, b and c). subgroup c (sgc) chitinases are especially interesting due to their multiple carbohydrate-binding modules, but they have not been investigated in detail yet. in this study, we analyzed sgc chitinases in the mycoparasites trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma virens. the expression of sgc chitinase genes in t. atroviride was induced during mycoparasitism of the fungal prey botrytis ciner ...	2011	20843785
propamidine decreas mitochondrial complex iii activity of botrytis cinerea.	propamidine, an aromatic diamidine compound, is widely used as an antimicrobial agent. to uncover its mechanism on pathogenetic fungi, botrytis cinerea as an object was used to investigate effects of propamidine in this paper. the transmission electron microscope results showed that the mitochondrial membranes were collapsed after propamidine treatment, followed that mitochondria were disrupted. inhibition of whole-cell and mitochondrial respiration by propamidine suggested that propamidine is m ...	2010	20846494
the purple cauliflower arises from activation of a myb transcription factor.	anthocyanins are responsible for the color of many flowers, fruits, and vegetables. an interesting and unique purple (pr) gene mutation in cauliflower (brassica oleracea var botrytis) confers an abnormal pattern of anthocyanin accumulation, giving the striking mutant phenotype of intense purple color in curds and a few other tissues. to unravel the nature of the pr mutation in cauliflower, we isolated the pr gene via a combination of candidate gene analysis and fine mapping. pr encoded a r2r3 my ...	2010	20855520
aromatic potential of botrytized white wine grapes: identification and quantification of new cysteine-s-conjugate flavor precursors.	sweet wines made from botrytized grapes contain much higher concentrations of volatile thiols, especially 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3sh), than dry white wines. three new specific volatile thiols (3-sulfanylpentan-1-ol (3sp), 3-sulfanylheptan-1-ol (3shp), and 2-methyl-3-sulfanylbutan-1-ol (2m3sb) were recently identified in sauternes wines. like most volatile thiols, these compounds were almost totally absent from must, mainly being formed during alcoholic fermentation. in this work, we describe the ...	2010	20103162
detection of botrytis cinerea by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	to develop a sensitive, rapid and simple method for detection of botrytis cinerea based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) that would be suitable for use outside a conventional laboratory setting.	2010	21029140
low oleic acid-derived repression of jasmonic acid-inducible defense responses requires the wrky50 and wrky51 proteins.	signaling induced upon a reduction in oleic acid (18:1) levels simultaneously up-regulates salicylic acid (sa)-mediated responses and inhibits jasmonic acid (ja)-inducible defenses, resulting in enhanced resistance to biotrophs but increased susceptibility to necrotrophs. sa and the signaling component enhanced disease susceptibility1 function redundantly in this low-18:1-derived pathway to induce sa signaling but do not function in the repression of ja responses. we show that repression of ja-m ...	2010	21030507
microsatellite stability in the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea after exposure to different selective pressures.	the stability of microsatellite markers was investigated in the spore-producing fungus botrytis cinerea exposed to four growth conditions. this knowledge is essential in order to differentiate mutations from genetic exchanges or recombination in population genetics studies. it is also important when using strains from collections that need to be regularly propagated on medium. successive spore generations of four isolates of the fungus were realised in plates on different agar media: a nutrient- ...	2010	21036339
limitation of nocturnal atp import into chloroplasts seems to affect hormonal crosstalk, prime defense, and enhance disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	when grown under short-day conditions at low light, leaves of an arabidopsis thaliana (accession col-0) mutant with defects in the two genes encoding plastid atp/adp antiporters (so-called ntt1-2 null mutants) display a variety of physiological changes. these include the formation of necrotic lesions and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. here, we show that, under short-day conditions, leaves of the ntt1-2 mutant display enhanced resistance to hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, bo ...	2010	21039274
gold nanoparticle-assisted single base-pair mismatch discrimination on a microfluidic microarray device.	two simple gold nanoparticle (gnp)-based dna analysis methods using a microfluidic device are presented. in the first method, probe dna molecules are immobilized on the surface of a self-assembled submonolayer of gnps. the hybridization efficiency of the target oligonulceotides was improved due to nanoscale spacing between probe molecules. in the second method, target dna molecules, oligonulceotides or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplicons, are first bound to gnps and then hybridized to the ...	2010	21045930
comparison of the surface coat proteins of the pine wood nematode appeared during host pine infection and in vitro culture by a proteomic approach.	pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become of worldwide quarantine concern in recent years. here, we disclosed the surface coat (sc) proteins of the pwn which are thought to be one of the key components in pine wilt development. this is the first report that focused on the sc proteins and thoroughly identified those proteins of a plant-parasitic nematode using the proteomic approach. in this study, sc protein profiles were compared for pwns ...	2010	21062170
expression in e. coli and characterization of the catalytic domain of botrytis cinerea chitin synthase.	abstract:	2010	21070667
reactions of nitroxides. part x: antifungal activity of selected sulfur and selenium derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.	the antifungal activity of nitroxyl radicals-derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl with reactive substituents 4-isothiocyanato-, 4-isocyano-, and 4-isoselenocyanato- and of n-formyl-, n-thioformyl-, n-selenoformyl-derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine was investigated. those of the above compounds, which contain a sulfur or selenium atom are the most active against four fungus plant patogens: botrytiscinerea, fusariumculmorum, phytophthoracactorum, rhizoctoniasolani. 4-isose ...	2010	21074995
integration of deep transcriptome and proteome analyses reveals the components of alkaloid metabolism in opium poppy cell cultures.	papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is the source for several pharmaceutical benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including morphine, the codeine and sanguinarine. in response to treatment with a fungal elicitor, the biosynthesis and accumulation of sanguinarine is induced along with other plant defense responses in opium poppy cell cultures. the transcriptional induction of alkaloid metabolism in cultured cells provides an opportunity to identify components of this process via the integration of deep tran ...	2010	21083930
characterization of a f-box gene up-regulated by phytohormones and upon biotic and abiotic stresses in grapevine.	f-box proteins are key components of the ubiquitin (ub)/26s proteasome pathway that mediates selective degradation of regulatory proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes affecting eukaryotic cells. in plants, f-box genes form one of the largest multigene superfamilies and control many important biological functions. among the f-box genes characterized to date only few have been involved in the regulation of plant defense responses. moreover, no f-box genes have been studied and ...	2010	21104020
ecological basis of the interaction between pseudozyma flocculosa and powdery mildew fungi.	in this work, we sought to understand how glycolipid production and the availability of nutrients could explain the ecology of pseudozyma flocculosa and its biocontrol activity. for this purpose, we compared the development of p. flocculosa to that of a close relative, the plant pathogen ustilago maydis, under different environmental conditions. this approach was further supported by measuring the expression of cyp1, a pivotal gene in the synthesis of unique antifungal cellobiose lipids of both ...	2010	21115715
deep sequencing evidence from single grapevine plants reveals a virome dominated by mycoviruses.	we have characterized the virome in single grapevines by 454 high-throughput sequencing of double-stranded rna recovered from the vine stem. the analysis revealed a substantial set of sequences similar to those of fungal viruses. twenty-six putative fungal virus groups were identified from a single plant source. these represented half of all known mycoviral families including the chrysoviridae, hypoviridae, narnaviridae, partitiviridae, and totiviridae. three of the mycoviruses were associated w ...	2010	21140178
use of a non-homologous end-joining-deficient strain (delta-ku70) of the biocontrol fungus trichoderma virens to investigate the function of the laccase gene lcc1 in sclerotia degradation.	the aim of this study was to apply a generated δtku70 strain with increased homologous recombination efficiency from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma virens for studying the involvement of laccases in the degradation of sclerotia of plant pathogenic fungi. inactivation of the non-homologous end-joining pathway has become a successful tool in filamentous fungi to overcome poor targeting efficiencies for genetic engineering. here, we applied this principle to the biocontrol fungus t. virens, s ...	2010	20872221
enantioselectivity of hydroxylation of racemic piperitone by fungi.	the biotransformation of racemic piperitone ((±)-1) was investigated using four strains of fungi selected in the screening procedure. the substrate was transformed by botrytis cinerea am235, absidia cylindrospora am336, absidia coerulea am93, and absidia glauca am177 into more polar metabolites. the transformation of racemic piperitone ((±)-1) catalyzed by b. cinerea am235 gave 7-hydroxypiperitone (2) as the only product. the biotransformation of (±)-1 by a. cylindrospora am336 afforded mixture ...	2010	20872669
an attempt of postharvest orange fruit rot control using essential oils from mediterranean plants.	twelve essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants were tested at different doses against four fungi known as causal agents of post-harvest orange fruit rot: botrytis cinerea, penicillium italicum, phytophthora citrophthora, and rhizopus stolonifer. essential oils were obtained from hyssopus officinalis, lavandula angustifolia, majorana hortensis, melissa officinalis, ocimum basilicum, origanum vulgare, salvia officinalis, and thymus vulgaris (family lamiaceae), verbena officinalis (family ...	2010	20874226
polyketide derivatives active against botrytis cinerea in gerbera hybrida.	a previously isolated cdna molecule from gerbera hybrida (asteraceae) codes for a new chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthase, 2-pyrone synthase (2ps). 2ps is able to synthesise 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor for gerberin and parasorboside, two abundant glucosides in gerbera. in this study, we show that gerbera plants transformed with the gene for 2ps in an antisense orientation and unable to synthesise gerberin and parasorboside are susceptible to botryti ...	2010	20878179
comparative analysis of defence responses induced by the endophytic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium burkholderia phytofirmans strain psjn and the non-host bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi in grapevine cell suspensions.	plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) are beneficial microorganisms that colonize the rhizosphere of many plant species and confer beneficial effects, such as an increase in plant growth. pgpr are also well known as inducers of systemic resistance to pathogens in plants. however, the molecular mechanisms involved locally after direct perception of these bacteria by plant cells still remain largely unknown. burkholderia phytofirmans strain psjn is an endophytic pgpr that colonizes grapevine ...	2010	20881012
the arabidopsis botrytis susceptible1 interactor defines a subclass of ring e3 ligases that regulate pathogen and stress responses.	we studied the function of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) botrytis susceptible1 interactor (boi) in plant responses to pathogen infection and abiotic stress. boi physically interacts with and ubiquitinates arabidopsis bos1, an r2r3myb transcription factor previously implicated in stress and pathogen responses. in transgenic plants expressing the bos1-β-glucuronidase transgene, β-glucuronidase activity could be detected only after inhibition of the proteosome, suggesting that bos1 is a target ...	2010	20921156
synthesis, fungicidal activity, and structure-activity relationship of 2-oxo- and 2-hydroxycycloalkylsulfonamides.	to explore new potential fungicides, a series of novel compounds, including 11 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonamide (3) and 21 2-hydroxycycloalkylsulfonamide (4) derivatives, were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), infrared (ir), and elemental analysis. the results of the bioassay showed that the compounds 3 and 4 possessed excellent fungicidal activity against botrytis cinerea pers. both in vitro and in vivo. the fungicidal activity of the compounds ...	2010	20929233
[isolation and identification of an endophytic fungus of polygonatum cyrtonema and its antifungal metabolites].	endophytic fungi in medicinal plants produce a variety of bioactivity compounds. in this study, an endophytic fungus zjqy610 with antifungal activity was isolated from polygonatum cyrtonema in zhejiang qingyuan baishanzu mountain nature reserve.	2010	20931871
arachidonic acid: an evolutionarily conserved signaling molecule modulates plant stress signaling networks.	fatty acid structure affects cellular activities through changes in membrane lipid composition and the generation of a diversity of bioactive derivatives. eicosapolyenoic acids are released into plants upon infection by oomycete pathogens, suggesting they may elicit plant defenses. we exploited transgenic arabidopsis thaliana plants (designated ep) producing eicosadienoic, eicosatrienoic, and arachidonic acid (aa), aimed at mimicking pathogen release of these compounds. we also examined their ef ...	2010	20935246
botrytis fabiopsis, a new species causing chocolate spot of broad bean in central china.	the current study was conducted to identify botrytis spp. isolated from symptomatic broad bean plants grown in hubei province, china. among 184 botrytis strains, three distinct species, b. cinerea, b. fabae and a previously undescribed botrytis sp., were identified based on morphology of colonies, sclerotia and conidia. the novel botrytis sp. is described herein as a new species, botrytis fabiopsis sp. nov. at 20 c b. fabiopsis grew on potato dextrose agar (pda) at 12-13 mm d(-1), similar to b. ...	2010	20943510
development of a qpcr assay for specific quantification of botrytis cinerea on grapes.	the aim of this study was to develop a system for rapid and accurate real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) identification and quantification of botrytis cinerea, one of the major pathogens present on grapes. the intergenic spacer (igs) region of the nuclear ribosomal dna was used to specifically detect and quantify b. cinerea. a standard curve was established to quantify this fungus. the qpcr reaction was based on the simultaneous detection of a specific igs sequence and also contained an internal a ...	2010	20946385
priming for ja-dependent defenses using hexanoic acid is an effective mechanism to protect arabidopsis against b. cinerea.	soil drench treatments with hexanoic acid can effectively protect arabidopsis plants against botrytis cinerea through a mechanism based on a stronger and faster accumulation of ja-dependent defenses. plants impaired in ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid or glutathion pathways showed intact protection by hexanoic acid upon b. cinerea infection. accordingly, no significant changes in the sa marker gene pr-1 in either the sa or aba hormone balance were observed in the infected and treated plan ...	2010	20950893