Publications

pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizosphere: insights gained by combining phylogenetic and functional gene-based analyses.	the pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizospheres of strawberry and oilseed rape (host plants of the fungal phytopathogen verticillium dahliae) were assessed. the use of a new pcr-dgge system, designed to target pseudomonas-specific gaca gene fragments in environmental dna, circumvented common biases of 16s rrna gene-based dgge analyses and proved to be a reliable tool to unravel the diversity of uncultured pseudomonas in bulk and rhizosphere soils. pseudomonas-s ...	2007	17686023
antifungal effects of volatile compounds from black zira (bunium persicum) and other spices and herbs.	the dish pack method, which measures growth inhibition or promotion effects of volatile compounds on germinating seeds, was applied to measure the antifungal effects of 52 dried samples of spices and herbs against a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, fusarium oxysporum. black zira showed the strongest effect, followed by cumin and cardamom. headspace sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of black zira identified seven volatile compounds, gamma-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, ...	2007	17932718
[characteristics and identification of an antagonistic xjul-6 against cotton verticillium wilt].	in order to probe into the antagonistic mechanism of bacteria against verticillium dahliae kleb., twelve endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from the urtica cannabina l. in xinjiang. through antagonistic experiments, the antagonistic charts of the twelve endophytic bacterial strains against eleven crop diseases have been obtained, respectively, and the xjul-6 which has higher antagonistic activity against verticillium dahliae kleb. was screened from the endophytes with the joan-board diff ...	2007	18271269
multiplex real-time quantitative pcr to detect and quantify verticillium dahliae colonization in potato lines that differ in response to verticillium wilt.	abstract potato early dying (ped), also known as verticillium wilt, caused by verticillium dahliae, is a seasonal yield-limiting disease of potato worldwide, and ped-resistant cultivars currently represent only a small percentage of potato production. in this study, we developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-pcr) approach to detect and quantify v. dahliae. the efficiency of the designed primer pair vertbt-f/vertbt-r, derived from the sequence of the beta-tubulin gene, was ...	2007	18943936
investigation of the effect of heating, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and thermophilic fungus on cotton wilt disease.	in this study, combinations of spores of a thermophilic fungus (talaromyces flavus), vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam) and microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae under various temperature treatment (31-38 degrees c) in triplicate trial, were investigated and results were compared with those of non-treated controls. five cotton seeds were planted in each pot containing 3 kg of pasteurized soil. in each pot, combinations of 4x10(3) vam spores, 2.5x10(9) spores of thermophilic fungus (t. flavus ...	2007	19086504
study on the role of common weeds in survival of verticillium dahliae the causal agent of cotton wilt disease.	this study was carried out to investigate the roles of common weeds in the survival of verticillium dahliae and the incidence of cotton wilt disease in moghan and neishabour area of iran during 2003-2005 cropping seasons. the design of the experiment was randomized complete blocks (rcb) with ten treatments (no. of weeds) and four replications (no. of cotton fields). populations of v. dahliae in the roots of weeds and their surrounding soil was determined every year and were compared in different ...	2007	19090252
control of meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato with shank-injected metam sodium and other nematicides.	metam sodium (ms) is often applied to potato fields via sprinkler irrigation systems (water-run, wr) to reduce propagules of soil-borne pathogenic fungi, particularly verticillium dahliae, to prevent yield loss from potato early dying disease. however, this procedure has not been effective for controlling quality defects in tubers caused by columbia root-knot nematode (meloidogyne chitwoodi). in five trials from 1996 to 2001, application of ms by soil shank injection (sh) provided better control ...	2007	19259485
management of lesion nematodes and potato early dying with rotation crops.	soil-incorporated rotation/green manure crops were evaluated for management of potato early dying caused by verticillium dahliae and pratylenchus penetrans. after two years of rotation/green manure and a subsequent potato crop, p. penetrans numbers were less after 'saia' oat/'polynema' marigold, 'triple s' sorghum-sudangrass, or 'garry' oat than 'superior' potato or 'humus' rapeseed. the area under the disease progress curve (audpc) for early dying was lowest after saia oat/marigold, and tuber y ...	2006	19259461
molecular variability within and among verticillium dahliae vegetative compatibility groups determined by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction markers.	abstract a degree of genetic diversity may exist among verticillium dahliae isolates within vegetative compatibility groups (vcgs) that bears phytopathological significance and is worth investigating using molecular tools of a higher resolution than vcg characterization. the molecular variability within and among v. dahliae vcgs was studied using 53 artichoke isolates from eastern-central spain, 96 isolates from cotton, 7 from cotton soil, and 45 from olive trees in countries of the mediterranea ...	2006	18944308
characterization of race-specific interactions among isolates of verticillium dahliae pathogenic on lettuce.	abstract verticillium wilt, caused by verticillium dahliae, poses a major threat to lettuce (lactuca sativa) production in california. incorporation of resistance into commercial lettuce cultivars offers the least expensive technique of sustaining production in infested areas. to test the breadth of the resistance identified in field experiments, a pair of susceptible ('salinas' and 'sniper') and resistant ('la brillante' and 'little gem') lettuce cultivars were used as differentials and individ ...	2006	18943671
genetic and virulence diversity in verticillium dahliae populations infecting artichoke in eastern-central spain.	abstract severe verticillium dahliae attacks have occurred in artichoke crops in the comunidad valenciana region of eastern-central spain since the late 1990s. knowledge of genetic and virulence diversity in the pathogen population is a key factor for the management of the disease through disease risk assessment as well as development and use of resistant cultivars. v. dahliae isolates from artichoke (109 isolates) and cotton (three isolates) in that region were characterized by vegetative compa ...	2006	18944444
resistance to verticillium dahliae (kleb.) in the strawberry breeding lines.	verticillium species are soil-borne fungi with worldwide distribution, causing vascular disease that results in severe yield and quality losses in fruit and nut crops, legumes, vegetables, forest trees, and woody and herbaceous ornamentals. most crop diseases are caused by the two species verticillium dahliae klebahn and v. albo-atrum reinke and berthier, which differ in morphology, host range, and growth characteristics. the control of verticillium spp. is especially difficult because they can ...	2006	17390855
verticillium wilt of olive branches in iran and its control managements with soil solarization method.	wilting of mostly one branch in nurseries and newly established orchards of olive was studied in eastern north of iran including zanjan, golestan and khorassan provinces during 2002-2004. different infected plants were visited and samples showing symptoms including wilting or death of branches collected from various areas and transferred to laboratory. samples were cultured in common media (pda) and different fungi were identified. the most frequently isolated pathogen was verticillium dahliae w ...	2006	17390877
isolation and characterization of resistance and defense gene analogs in cotton (gossypium barbadense l.).	plant disease resistance gene (r gene) and defense response gene encode some conserved motifs. in the present work, a pcr strategy was used to clone resistance gene analogs (rgas) and defense gene analogs (dgas) from sea-island cotton variety hai7124 using oligonucleotide primers based on the nucleotide-binding site (nbs) and serine/threonine kinase (stk) in the r-gene and pathogenesis-related proteins of class 2 (pr2) of defense response gene. 79 nbs sequences, 21 stk sequences and 11 dgas were ...	2006	17312991
phylogenetic analyses of phytopathogenic isolates of verticillium spp.	abstract to better understand the genetic relationships between verticillium dahliae isolates from lettuce and other phytopathogenic verticillium spp. isolates from various hosts and geographic locations, the complete intergenic spacer (igs) region of the nuclear ribosomal rna gene (rdna) and the beta-tubulin gene were amplified and sequenced. the sequences of the complete igs region and the beta-tubulin gene were used alone and in combination to infer genetic relationships among different isola ...	2006	18943175
structural elucidation of fungal polysaccharides isolated from the cell wall of plectosphaerella cucumerina and verticillium spp.	the structure of acidic fungal polysaccharides isolated from the cell wall of plectosphaerella cucumerina, verticillium dahliae, and v. albo-atrum has been investigated by chemical analysis, methylation analysis, and 1d and 2d 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy. the polysaccharides have an idealized repeating block of the type: [carbohydrates: see text] linked to a small mannan core (<15%), where n=13, m=13, p=5, and q=8 for p. cucumerina, and n=16, m=16, p=6, and q <1 for both verticillium species.	2006	16330005
a hydrophobin gene, vdh1, is involved in microsclerotial development and spore viability in the plant pathogen verticillium dahliae.	the wilt fungus verticillium dahliae kleb. produces desiccation- and cold-tolerant resting structures, known as microsclerotia, which are the primary source of disease inoculum in the field. in an exploration of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of these important structures, we have identified in v. dahliae a differentially expressed, class ii hydrophobin gene (vdh1). vdh1 mutants generated through targeted gene disruption show a severe reduction in microsclerotia production, ...	2006	16488633
the rhizosphere effect on bacteria antagonistic towards the pathogenic fungus verticillium differs depending on plant species and site.	rhizobacteria with antagonistic activity towards plant pathogens play an essential role in root growth and plant health and are influenced by plant species in their abundance and composition. to determine the extent of the effect of the plant species and of the site on the abundance and composition of bacteria with antagonistic activity towards verticillium dahliae, bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of two verticillium host plants, oilseed rape and strawberry, and from bulk soil were analys ...	2006	16629754
[screening of mixed crop disease-resistant bacterial inoculants from n2-fixing and p-solubilzing bacterial isolates].	in this paper, a total of 22 bacterial isolates capable of fixing nitrogen and/or solubilizing phosphorus were inoculated, and mixed incubated in 15 liquid media. the isolates were obtained from soil with selective media, and not purified. after grown for 48 hours, the mixed cultures were continuously inoculated to the same media, and then incubated under the same conditions. the procedures were repeated for 12 times, and 15 stable bacterial mixtures (sbm) were obtained. each sbm was purified, w ...	2006	16724743
screening and identification of endomannanase-producing microfungi from hypersaline environments.	a culture-dependent enrichment technique was used to isolate endo-1,4-beta-mannanase-producing fungi from a hypersaline environment. galactomannan was used as carbon source and resulted in isolation of strains of scopulariopsis brevicaulis, s. candida, and verticillium dahliae. the scopulariopsis isolates were found to be more dominant and could be isolated from consecutive evaporation ponds, whereas verticillium was only isolated from one pond. the scopulariopsis strains exhibited only endomann ...	2006	16732459
the complete mitochondrial genome of the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae: a novel gene order for verticillium and a diagnostic tool for species identification.	the complete sequence (27,184 bp) of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae has been determined. it contains 14 protein-coding genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, two rrna genes and a set of 25 trna genes. a single intron, that harbors an intronic orf coding for a putative ribosomal protein (rps), is located within the large rrna gene (rnl). gene order comparisons of v. dahliae mtdna and complete mt genomes of pezizomycotina revealed four units o ...	2006	16733756
serine proteases and metalloproteases associated with pathogenesis but not host specificity in the entomophthoralean fungus zoophthora radicans.	the protease activity of a zoophthora radicans strain that was highly infective toward pieris brassicae (cabbage butterfly) larvae was compared with that of isogenic strains that were adapted to plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) larvae through serial passage. all strains produced three distinct serine proteases ranging in size from 25 to 37 kda; however, the original strain from p. brassicae also produced large amounts of an approximately 46 kda metalloprotease. subsequently, a cdna encodin ...	2006	16788723
oxygen consumption-based evaluation of fungal activity.	a novel oxygen-based microplate assay for studying fungal activity is described. fungal activity results in a change of oxygen concentration in cvc-96 plates and thus produces a signal that enables continuous monitoring of fungal activity. in this study the oxygen consumption was different for three tested fungi, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, verticillium dahliae and trichoderma longibrachiatum. the assay described is a highly sensitive and reliable method for monitoring fungal activity ...	2006	16876696
malvone a, a phytoalexin found in malva sylvestris (family malvaceae).	the isolation and structure of a phytoalexin, malvone a (2-methyl-3-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is reported. malvone a formation is induced in malva sylvestris l. by the plant pathogen verticillium dahliae. in a turbimetric assay for toxicity to v. dahliae, it had an ed50 value of 24 microg/ml. the structure of malvone a was determined by ms and nmr spectroscopy, and by x-ray crystallographic analysis. the x-ray analysis showed water molecules were located in channels that run alon ...	2006	16996095
verticillium dahliae toxin induced alterations of cytoskeletons and nucleoli in arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells.	in plant cells, cytoskeletons play important roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little is known about the dynamics of cytoskeletons when cells are attacked by unphysical stress factors such as elicitors and toxins. we report here that the toxin of verticillium dahliae (vd toxin) induced changes of microfilaments (mfs) and microtubules (mts) in arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells. when cells were treated with a low concentration of vd toxin, mfs were disrupted o ...	2006	17019529
cultivation-independent analysis of pseudomonas species in soil and in the rhizosphere of field-grown verticillium dahliae host plants.	despite their importance for rhizosphere functioning, rhizobacterial pseudomonas spp. have been mainly studied in a cultivation-based manner. in this study a cultivation-independent method was used to determine to what extent the factors plant species, sampling site and year-to-year variation influence pseudomonas community structure in bulk soil and in the rhizosphere of two verticillium dahliae host plants, oilseed rape and strawberry. community dna was extracted from bulk and rhizosphere soil ...	2006	17107555
characterization of the glyoxalase i gene from the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae.	a glyoxalase i gene homologue (vdglo1) was identified in the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae by sequence tag analysis of genes expressed during resting structure development. the results of the current study show that the gene encodes a putative 345 amino acid protein with high similarity to glyoxalase i, which produces s-d-lactoylglutathione from the toxic metabolic by-product methylglyoxal (mg). disruption of the v. dahliae gene by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation re ...	2006	17110973
fungal endophytes in potato roots studied by traditional isolation and cultivation-independent dna-based methods.	the composition and relative abundance of endophytic fungi in roots of field-grown transgenic t4-lysozyme producing potatoes and the parental line were assessed by classical isolation from root segments and cultivation-independent techniques to test the hypothesis that endophytic fungi are affected by t4-lysozyme. fungi were isolated from the majority of root segments of both lines and at least 63 morphological groups were obtained with verticillium dahliae, cylindrocarpon destructans, colletotr ...	2006	17117985
disease resistance conferred by the expression of a gene encoding a synthetic peptide in transgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) plants.	fertile, transgenic cotton plants expressing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide, d4e1, were produced through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. pcr products and southern blots confirmed integration of the d4e1 gene, while rt-pcr of cotton rna confirmed the presence of d4e1 transcripts. in vitro assays with crude leaf protein extracts from t0 and t1 plants confirmed that d4e1 was expressed at sufficient levels to inhibit the growth of fusarium verticillioides and verticillium dahliae compare ...	2005	17147626
vegetative compatibility and pathogenecity of verticillium dahliae kleb. isolates from olive in iran.	verticillium wilt caused by verticillium dahliae is a serious problem of olive trees leading to significant reduction in yield. verticillium wilt of olive trees was first recorded in iran 1996 and confirm as due to verticillium dahliae kleb. 101 isolates of v. dahliae from olive trees at deferent locations in north provinces of iran were assigned to vegetative compatibility groups (vcgs), using nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. a higher frequency of nit 1/nit 3 mutants (93%) was obtained comp ...	2005	16637195
development of toxa and toxb promoter-driven fluorescent protein expression vectors for use in filamentous ascomycetes.	the green fluorescent protein (gfp) has been established as the premier in vivo reporter for investigations of gene expression, protein localization, and cell and organism dynamics. the fungal transformation vector pct74, with sgfp under the control of the toxa promoter from pyrenophora tritici-repentis, effectively expresses gfp in a diverse group of filamentous ascomycetes. due to the versatility of toxa promoter-driven expression of gfp, we constructed an additional set of fluorescent protein ...	2005	16596965
mutations in vmk1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, affect microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity in verticillium dahliae.	verticillium dahliae is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt diseases in a large variety of important crop plants. due to its persistence in the soil, control of verticillium wilt relies heavily on soil fumigation. the global ban on methyl bromide, a highly effective soil fumigant, poses an urgent need to develop alternative control measures against verticillium wilt; and these might be more forthcoming with a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechan ...	2005	16003535
[construction and analysis of ssh library of gossypium barbadense upon infection with verticillium dahliae].	roots were collected from the seedlings inoculated with pathogen verticillium dahliae after 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for total rna extraction. the cdnas from the inoculated seedlings were used as the tester and those from the control seedlings as the driver. ssh method was employed to find the differently expressed cdnas responding to the pathogen. t/a clone library was constructed containing 534 clones. the cdna inserts were amplified from the bacterial clones directly with m13 prim ...	2005	16018265
purification and partial characterization of two chitinases from the mycoparasitic fungus talaromyces flavus.	chitinases were produced by talaromyces flavus cgmcc 3.4301 when it was grown in the presence of chitin. two chitinases from the culture filtrate of t. flavus were purified to homogeneity by fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sepharose and phenyl-sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography. by sds-page, the molecular weight of the two enzymes was estimated to be 41 and 32 kda, respectively. the 41 kda chitinase (chit41) had a 4.0 ph optimum; the ...	2005	15770448
electrophoretic karyotype and gene mapping of the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae.	the karyotype profile of verticillium dahliae was resolved by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. it revealed 6 chromosomal bands that corresponded to 7 chromosomes as shown by rflp analysis using as probe the telomeric consensus sequence (aaccct)(5). the number of chromosomes was further verified by the sensitivity of the hybridization signals to bal31 digestion and the exclusion of interfering mitochondrial dna signals. the corresponding sizes of the seven separated chromosomes were 6.7, 5.6, 4.1 ...	2005	15837375
antisense suppression of a (+)-delta-cadinene synthase gene in cotton prevents the induction of this defense response gene during bacterial blight infection but not its constitutive expression.	in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) the enzyme (+)-delta-cadinene synthase (cdns) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of cadinane-type sesquiterpenes, such as gossypol, that provide constitutive and inducible protection against pests and diseases. a cotton cdna clone encoding cdns (cdn1-c4) was isolated from developing embryos and functionally characterized. southern analysis showed that cdns genes belong to a large multigene family, of which five genomic clones were studied, inclu ...	2005	15849309
[identification and characterization of differentially expressed ests of gossypium barbadense infected by verticillium dahliae with suppression subtractive hybridization].	cotton wilt defense reaction is a complicated continuous process and involves a battery of genes. in this study, we adopted suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) technique to isolate differentially expressed ests from gossypium barbadense variety 7124 during verticillium wilt defense process. an array of 1165 clones from the subtractive library has been screened with reverse northern blotting, of which 131 ests were considered as over-expressed and 16 ests were down-regulated. sequence ana ...	2005	15856944
n-benzoyl-n'-dialkylthiourea derivatives and their co(iii) complexes: structure, and antifungal.	n-(morpholinothiocarbonyl) benzamide (c(12)h(14)n(2)o(2)s) and n-(piperidylthiocarbonyl) benzamide (c(13)h(16)n(2)os) and their co(iii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ftir and nmr methods. the complex co(c(12)h(14)n(2)o(2)s)(3), crystallizes in the triclinic space group p1, with z=2, and unit cell parameters, a=12.080(7)a, b=12.195(7)a, c=13.025(6)a, alpha=90.198(7) degrees, beta=95.721(7) degrees, gamma=106.426(9) degrees, v=1830.4(17)a(3). the antifung ...	2005	15917085
[activity of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein of banana fruit tissues].	the activity of polygalacturonase and the protein inhibiting this enzyme, which affected polygalacturonases of phytopathogenic fungi verticillium dahliae and gloesporium musarium, were detected in banana (musa acumthata l.) fruit of cultivars cavendish and korolevskii. the polygalacturonase from banana fruit was inhibited by the preparations of the protein inhibitor not only from bananas but also from potato (solanum tuberosum l.) tubers and pepper (capsicum annuum l.) fruit.	2005	15977788
induction of resistance to verticillium dahliae in arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol agent k-165 and pathogenesis-related proteins gene expression.	the biocontrol bacterium paenibacillus alvei k165 has the ability to protect arabidopsis thaliana against verticillium dahliae. a direct antagonistic action of strain k165 against v. dahliae was ruled out, making it likely that k165-mediated protection results from induced systemic resistance (isr) in the host. k165-mediated protection was tested in various arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants impaired in defense signaling pathways, including nahg (transgenic line degrading salicylic acid [ ...	2005	15986925
ghhb1: a nonsymbiotic hemoglobin gene of cotton responsive to infection by verticillium dahliae.	verticillium wilt of cotton is a widespread and destructive disease that is caused by the fungus pathogen verticillium dahliae. although no cotton cultivar is immune to the disease, some genotypes exhibit superior wilt tolerance. to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for wilt tolerance, we employed the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) to isolate genes whose expression is up-regulated after inoculation of the pathogen in a wilt-tolerant cotton cultivar ...	2005	16084605
impact of plant species and site on rhizosphere-associated fungi antagonistic to verticillium dahliae kleb.	fungi with antagonistic activity toward plant pathogens play an essential role in plant growth and health. to analyze the effects of the plant species and the site on the abundance and composition of fungi with antagonistic activity toward verticillium dahliae, fungi were isolated from oilseed rape and strawberry rhizosphere and bulk soil from three different locations in germany over two growing seasons. a total of 4,320 microfungi screened for in vitro antagonism toward verticillium resulted i ...	2005	16085804
evidences for involvement of endogenous camp in arabidopsis defense responses to verticillium toxins.	although there were reports suggesting the involvement of endogenous camp in plant defense signaling cascades, there is no direct evidence supporting this notion yet and the detailed mechanism is unclear. in the present study, we have used pathogenic fungi verticillium dahliae and arabidopsis plants as a model system of plant-microb interaction to demonstrate the function of endogenous camp in arabidopsis defense responses. both v. dahliae inoculation and verticillium toxins injection induced ty ...	2005	16117848
quantitative assessment of phytopathogenic fungi in various substrates using a dna macroarray.	detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens are the cornerstones of preventive plant disease management. to detect multiple pathogens in a single assay, dna array technology currently is the most suitable technique. however, for sensitive detection, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification before array hybridization is required. to evaluate whether dna array technology can be used to simultaneously detect and quantify multiple pathogens, a dna macroarray was designed and ...	2005	16232285
endophytic and ectophytic potato-associated bacterial communities differ in structure and antagonistic function against plant pathogenic fungi.	differences between endophytic and ectophytic bacterial communities with stress on antagonistic bacteria, were studied by comparing the composition of communities isolated from the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, endorhiza and endosphere of field-grown potato plants using a multiphasic approach. terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s rdna of the bacterial communities revealed discrete microenvironment-specific patterns. to measure the antagonistic potential of potato-associ ...	2005	16329870
liquid swine manure can kill verticillium dahliae microsclerotia in soil by volatile fatty acid, nitrous acid, and ammonia toxicity.	abstract in previous studies, liquid swine manure (lsm) was sometimes shown to reduce verticillium wilt of potato caused by verticillium dahliae. we also observed that microsclerotia of this fungus died within 1 day, or between 3 and 6 weeks, after addition of lsm to some acid soils and within 1 week in some alkaline soils. in this study, we demonstrated that a volatile fatty acid (vfa) mixture with an identical concentration of vfas as that found in an effective lsm reduced germination in an ac ...	2005	18943833
rootstock effects on pistachio trees grown in verticillium dahliae-infested soil.	abstract in a field trial in soil infested with verticillium dahliae, we compared the yield, growth, incidence of symptoms of verticillium wilt, and mortality of two interspecific hybrid pistachio tree rootstocks (ucbi and pgii) with the standard rootstocks: the v. dahliae-resistant and susceptible pistacia integerrima and p. atlantica, respectively. after 10 years, the trees were destructively sampled for v. dahliae in the xylem at the graft union. the results indicate that trees on the (p. atl ...	2004	18944115
moderate drought influences the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biocontrol agents against verticillium-induced wilt in pepper.	previous studies have shown that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus deserticola (trappe, bloss and menge) can diminish the negative effect of verticillium dahliae kleb. on pepper yield. on the other hand, it is known that amf can be more beneficial for plant growth and physiology under dry conditions than when soil moisture is plentiful. therefore, our objective was to assess if a moderate water deficit imposed on pepper plants before their inoculation with v. dahliae could improve t ...	2004	16001290
the role of the jasmonate response in plant susceptibility to diverse pathogens with a range of lifestyles.	plants defend themselves against attack from insects and pathogens with various resistance strategies. the jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways are two induced responses that protect plants against these attackers. knowledge of the range of organisms that are affected by each response is important for understanding how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attackers and the generality of effect of different resistance mechanisms. the jasmonate response is known to protect plan ...	2004	15133157
phylogenetic analysis of verticillium species based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequences.	three different genes were sequenced from isolates of five plant-pathogenic verticillium species, verticillium albo-atrum, verticillium dahliae, verticillium longisporum, verticillium nigrescens, and verticillium tricorpus. the sequences covered parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cob), the mitochondrial small subunit rrna gene ( rns) and the nuclear its2 region. when the sequences were combined, the five species clustered in five monophyletic groups, with v. nigrescens distantly rela ...	2004	15138663
mining data from potato pedigrees: tracking the origin of susceptibility and resistance to verticillium dahliae in north american cultivars through molecular marker analysis.	potato ( solanum tuberosum l.) cultivated in north america is an autotetraploid species with a narrow genetic base. most of the popular commercial cultivars are susceptible to verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen causing verticillium wilt disease, though some cultivars with relatively high resistance also exist. we have used the available pedigree information to track the origin of susceptibility and resistance to verticillium wilt present in cultivated potatoes. one hundred thirty-nine potat ...	2004	14523519
linkage disequilibrium mapping of a verticillium dahliae resistance quantitative trait locus in tetraploid potato ( solanum tuberosum) through a candidate gene approach.	we have used the linkage disequilibrium mapping method to test for an association between a candidate gene marker and resistance to verticillium dahliae in tetraploid potato. a probe derived from the tomato verticillium resistance gene ( ve1) identified homologous sequences ( stve1) in potato, which in a diploid population map to chromosome 9, in a position analogous to that of the tomato resistance gene. when a molecular marker closely linked (1.5 cm) to the homologues was used as a candidate g ...	2004	14523522
cloning and targeted disruption, via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, of a trypsin protease gene from the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae.	a gene encoding a trypsin protease was isolated from a tomato isolate of verticillium dahliae. the gene, designated vtp1, contains two introns and is predicted to encode a protein of 256 amino acids. the gene is present in v. dahliae isolates from different host plants and in v. albo-atrum; weakly hybridizing sequences are present in v. tricorpus. vtp1 cdna sequences were identified in a sequence tag analysis of genes expressed under growth conditions that promote microsclerotia development. rep ...	2004	14618375
elemental sulphur as an induced antifungal substance in plant defence.	man's oldest fungicide has probably long functioned in this role in plants, as a natural component of induced antifungal defence. elemental sulphur (s(0)) is the only inorganic phytoalexin and the only phytoalexin produced by so many different taxa. s(0) (detected by gc-ms as (32)s(8)) is produced in representative species of sterculiaceae (cocoa), solanaceae (tomato, tobacco), malvaceae (cotton), and leguminosae (french bean) in response to xylem-invading fungal and bacterial pathogens. product ...	2004	15181110
endophytic bacterial communities of field-grown potato plants and their plant-growth-promoting and antagonistic abilities.	to study the effect of plant growth on potato-associated bacteria, the composition and properties of bacteria colonizing the endosphere of field-grown potato were analyzed by a multiphasic approach. the occurrence and diversity of potato-associated bacteria were monitored by a cultivation-independent approach, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s rdna. the patterns obtained revealed a high heterogeneity of community composition and suggested the existence of pl ...	2004	15213748
vdnep, an elicitor from verticillium dahliae, induces cotton plant wilting.	verticillium wilt is a vascular disease of cotton. the causal fungus, verticillium dahliae, secretes elicitors in culture. we have generated approximately 1,000 5'-terminal expressed sequence tags (ests) from a cultured mycelium of v. dahliae. a number of ests were found to encode proteins harboring putative signal peptides for secretion, and their cdnas were isolated. heterologous expression led to the identification of a protein with elicitor activities. this protein, named v. dahliae necrosis ...	2004	15294839
identification and quantification of gossypol in cotton by using packed micro-tips columns in combination with hplc.	self-packed micro-tip columns containing a c18-bonded silica stationary phase, based on the same principles as solid-phase extraction methods, were used to obtain gossypol and related sesquiterpenoid aldehyde-enriched fractions. the enriched metabolite fractions were then analyzed by optimized high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with a c18 column (4.6 mm x 25 cm) eluted with the binary mobile phase acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous tfa solution (80:20). this method has proven to be highly repr ...	2004	15372136
colonization and persistence of a plant growth-promoting bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens strain cs85, on roots of cotton seedlings.	pseudomonas fluorescens cs85, which was previously isolated from the rhizosphere of cotton seedlings, acts as both a plant growth-promoting bacterium and a biocontrol agent against cotton pathogens, including rhizoctonia solani, colletotrichum gossypii, fusarium oxysporum f sp. vasinfectum, and verticillium dahliae. strain cs85 was labeled separately with luxab and gusa. the labeled strains were stably maintained and had high levels of expression of the marker genes, luxab and gusa, after succes ...	2004	15381971
[relationship of sa, no and h2o2 signals in the reponses of arabidopsis to toxin of verticillium dahliae].	the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) in arabidopsis was induced by toxin of verticillium dahliae (vd-toxin), exogenous salicylic acid (sa) and nitric oxide donor (snp). the effect of snp was the most intense. h2o2 level was not increased in arabidopsis treated with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (nna). it was identified with the results of dab staining of h2o2 accumulates in the leaves of arabidopsis. h2o2 was cytochemically detected in the cells of epidermal hair and the cell wall of v ...	2004	15511076
diversity and antagonistic potential of bacteria associated with bryophytes from nutrient-poor habitats of the baltic sea coast.	very little is known about the interaction of bryophytes with bacteria. therefore, we analyzed bacteria associated with three bryophyte species, tortula ruralis, aulacomnium palustre, and sphagnum rubellum, which represent typical moss species of three nutrient-poor plant communities at the southern baltic sea coast in germany. by use of two cultivation-independent techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the 16s ribosomal dna, a ...	2004	15528520
anti-fungal sesquiterpenoid from the root exudate of solanum abutiloides.	the solanum abutiloides plant is highly resistant to soil-borne pathogens such as fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, verticillium dahliae, and ralstonia solanacearum. this species is utilized as a mating source of resistant cultivars and is also used as a rootstock. the root exudate of solanum abutiloides was extracted from a soil system composed of charcoal and vermiculite. anti-fungal activity was found in the extract, and an active ingredient was isolated. the chemical structure of the act ...	2004	15618642
[induction, purification and antifungal activity of beta-1, 3-glucanase from wheat leaves].	treatment with mercuric chloride (0.01%), salicylic acid (10.0 mg/ml) or riboflavin (1 mmol/l) induced the beta-1, 3-glucanase activity in all the three wheat varieties i.e. 331, kangdao 680 and lumai 23 tested, with the strongest inductive effect on variety 331 by treatment with mercuric chloride (0.01%) for 24 h. from leaves of variety 331 treated with mercuric chloride (0.01%) for 24 h, a kind of beta-1, 3-glucanase was purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate, phenyl-sepha ...	2004	15627688
ultrastructural changes and location of beta-1, 3-glucanase in resistant and susceptible cotton callus cells in response to treatment with toxin of verticillium dahliae and salicylic acid.	calli from two cotton cultivars susceptible and resistant to verticillium wilt, were treated with a crude toxin of verticillium dahliae (vd-toxin) plus salicylic acid (sa). cells treated with vd-toxin showed distinct ultrastructural changes. cells from the susceptible cultivar displayed damage to plasma membrane and cytoplasm. the deleterious effect on cells of the resistant cultivar, with an accumulation of electron-dense precipitate in the vacuoles, was less noticeable. exogenous sa protected ...	2004	15658807
mab 8d2 (anti-verticillium dahliae kleb.).		2004	15684881
olive verticillium wilt or dieback of olive in iran.	during 2000--03, different areas in zanjan, golestan and khorasan provinces were surveyed for the presence of olive dieback. olive branches, leaves and roots showing typical symptoms and soil around the roots were collected for further study. samples were surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite or ethanol and then cultured on pda and czapek media. soil samples were diluted in ethanol-agar for fungal isolation and purification. morphological characteristics of the fungal mycelium particularly ...	2004	15756823
influence of inoculum density of verticillium dahliae, temperature and relative humidity on epidemics of verticillium wilt of cotton in northern iran.	during 1992--2003, frequency of verticillium dahliae propagules, disease incidence and severity of verticillium wilt of cotton were determined in several cotton growing fields in golestan province, northeastern iran. inoculum density varied among fields and different years ranging between 2-47 propagules/g of air-dried soil with an average of 18.96+/-0.73. in addition, the pattern of diseased plants varied with type of field and year. simple regression analysis showed a linear relationship betwe ...	2004	15756835
sequence tag analysis of gene expression during pathogenic growth and microsclerotia development in the vascular wilt pathogen verticillium dahliae.	two cdna libraries were constructed from cultures of the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae, grown either in simulated xylem fluid medium (sxm) or under conditions that induce near-synchronous development of microsclerotia. expressed sequence tags (ests) were obtained for over 1000 clones from each library. most sequences in the two est collections were unique; nearly 55% of the translated ests had strong similarity to protein sequences in the ncbi nonredundant database. ests correspondin ...	2003	12553936
regioselective glucosylation of pyridoxine by microorganisms.	microorganisms from culture collections and isolates from nature were screened for the ability to catalyze the regioselective glucosylation of pyridoxine (pn) to produce pyridoxine 5'-alpha-d-glucoside (pn-5'-alpha-g) or pyridoxine 4'-alpha-d-glucoside (pn-4'-alpha-g). transglucosylation activity specific to 5'-position of pn was found in fungi belonging to genera such as coriolus and verticillium, and activity at the 4'-position of pn was found in bacteria belonging to genera such as bacillus a ...	2003	12723596
improvement in 5'-position-selective glucosylation of pyridoxine by verticillium dahliae tpu 4900.	optimization of culture and reaction conditions for 5'-position-selective transglucosylation to pyridoxine by verticillium dahliae tpu 4900 was investigated. v. dahliae tpu 4900 had high transglucosylation activity when grown with soluble starch as a carbon source and organic nitrogens such as esusan meat as a nitrogen source at 15-20 degrees c. both the yield of pyridoxine 5'-alpha-d-glucoside (pn-5'-alpha-g) and the 5'-position-selectivity reached a maximum when an intact-cell reaction was don ...	2003	12723597
design and development of a dna array for rapid detection and identification of multiple tomato vascular wilt pathogens.	fusarium wilt, caused by fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and verticillium wilt, caused by either verticillium albo-atrum or verticillium dahliae, are devastating diseases of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) found worldwide. monitoring is the cornerstone of integrated pest management of any disease. the lack of rapid, accurate, and reliable means by which plant pathogens can be detected and identified is one of the main limitations in integrated disease management. in this paper, we descri ...	2003	12799009
synthesis and fungicidal activity of lipophylic n- and o-acyl derivatives of beta-hydroxy dl-alpha-amino acids.	synthesis of n- and o-acyl derivatives of dl-serine and threo-dl-phenylserine was accomplished by a regioselective acylation of the corresponding amino acid. the residues introduced into amino acid structure contain hydrophobic long chain or aromatic, namely lauroyl, myristoyl and phenylacetyl moieties. the fungicidal activity against six strains of fungi was studied. several compounds were found to be effective against growth of fungi, and o-myristoyl-dl-serine 2 and n-phenylacetyl-threo-dl-phe ...	2003	12872931
cynodontin: a fungal metabolite with antifungal properties.	a red pigment that accumulates in cultures of a drechslera avenae pathotype with specificity for avena sterilis was isolated and identified as the anthraquinone cynodontin (3-methyl-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone). satisfactory yield of the compound was obtained with 20-60 day incubations at temperatures between 20 and 27 degrees c. cynodontin was tested in vitro for fungitoxicity and was found to be a potent inhibitor of the growth of sclerotinia minor, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and botrytis ...	2003	12903946
cloning of two contrasting high-affinity sulfate transporters from tomato induced by low sulfate and infection by the vascular pathogen verticillium dahliae.	two cdnas, lest1-1 (af347613) and lest1-2 (af347614), encoding sulfate transporters have been cloned from tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and their expression characterised. sharing 76% identity at the amino acid level, the transporters are phylogenetically associated with the group-1, high-affinity plant sulfate transporters. both were shown to have high affinity for sulfate by uptake kinetic analysis using a yeast (saccharomyces cerevis ...	2003	12937983
identification of a locus controlling verticillium disease symptom response in arabidopsis thaliana.	verticillium dahliae klebahn is a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing vascular diseases. the pathogen penetrates the host through the roots, spreads through the xylem, and systemically colonizes both resistant and susceptible genotypes. to elucidate the genetic and molecular bases of plant-verticillium interactions, we have developed a pathosystem utilizing arabidopsis thaliana and an isolate of v. dahliae pathogenic to both cruciferous and non-cruciferous crops. relative tolerance (based on symp ...	2003	12940951
morphology of verticillium dahliae and v. tricorpus on semi-selective media used for the detection of v. dahliae in soil.	the morphology of two soil-borne verticillium species, v. dahliae and v. tricorpus, was studied on two semi-selective agar media, in the absence and presence of soil. morphology of the fungi differed considerably between the media, with respect to presence and shape of microsclerotia, dark hyphae (i.e. short melanised hyphae attached to the microsclerotia) and dark mycelium (i.e. melanised mycelium throughout the colony). on modified soil extract agar (msea), a pectate based agar, v. dahliae alw ...	2003	12967209
use of borate to control the 5'-position-selective microbial glucosylation of pyridoxine.	nearly 100% 5'-position selectivity of transglucosylation from maltodextrin to pyridoxine (pn) by cells of verticillium dahliae tpu 4900 was observed when the reaction was carried out with borate. the same effect of borate was observed not only during synthesis of pyridoxine 5'-alpha-d-glucoside by partially purified enzyme of this strain but also during synthesis of this compound by other microorganisms and with other enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase). the eff ...	2003	14660349
molecular cloning of a potential verticillium dahliae resistance gene slve1 with multi-site polyadenylation from solanum licopersicoides.	caused by verticillium spp. pathogens, verticillium wilt is a common detrimental disease damaging yield production of many important crops. isolation of verticillium wilt resistance genes and their transgenic application is a fundamental way to control this disease. here we report the cloning and sequence characterization of a potential verticillium dahliae kleb. resistance gene (ve) from solanum lycopersicoides dun. (designated as slve1). the nucleotide sequence of slve1 is 3400 bp with an orf ...	2003	14756424
study on interaction between root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica and wilt fungus verticillium dahliae on olive seedlings in greenhouse.	verticillium dahliae has been reported as a limiting factor in cotton, olive, potato and tomato fields from several countries in the world. root-knot nematodes meloidogyne javanica causes considerable damage to olive groves in olive growing areas. since the presence of these two pathogens in olive trees and seedlings were confirmed in golestan province, this study was proposed to find the mode of their action and interaction with olive seedlings in greenhouse. the non-defoliant strain of the fun ...	2003	15149103
isolates of verticillium dahliae pathogenic to crucifers are of at least three distinct molecular types.	abstract diverse isolates of the soilborne wilt fungi verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum were studied to understand the nature and origins of those infecting cruciferous hosts. all isolates from cruciferous crops produced microsclerotia, and the majority produced long conidia with a high nuclear dna content; these isolates were divided into two groups by amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis. one group could be subdivided by other criteria such as rrna sequences and mitochon ...	2003	18944348
ammonia and nitrous acid from nitrogenous amendments kill the microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae.	abstract this study examined the mechanisms by which nitrogenous amendments such as meat and bone meal kill the soilborne plant pathogen verticillium dahliae. the effect of nitrogen products from the amendments on the survival of microsclerotia of v. dahliae was examined by solution bioassay and soil microcosm experiments. ammonia and nitrous acid but not their ionized counterparts, ammonium and nitrite, were toxic to microsclerotia in bioassays. in microcosms, addition of meat and bone meal (2. ...	2002	18943996
biological approaches for control of root pathogens of strawberry.	abstract soil fumigation with methyl bromide plus chloropicrin is used as a preplant treatment to control a broad range of pathogens in high-value annual crop production systems. in california, fumigation is used on approximately 10,125 ha of strawberry production to control pathogens ranging from verticillium dahliae to root pruning pathogens such as pythium, rhizoctonia, or cylindrocarpon spp. in addition to pathogen control, fumigation also causes an enhanced growth response of the plant and ...	2002	18943893
plant pathogen population dynamics in potato fields.	modern technologies incorporating geographic information systems (gis), global positioning systems (gps), remote sensing, and geostatistics provide unique opportunities to advance ecological understanding of pests across a landscape. increased knowledge of the population dynamics of plant pathogens will promote management strategies, such as site-specific management, and cultural practices minimizing the introduction and impact of plant pathogens. the population dynamics of alternaria solani, ve ...	2002	19265932
volatile fatty acids in liquid swine manure can kill microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae.	abstract liquid swine manure added to acidic soils killed microsclerotia of the wilt fungus verticillium dahliae. we investigated whether volatile fatty acids (vfas) in the manure were responsible for this toxicity. the survival of microsclerotia was determined after exposure to various dilutions of manure or its vfa components. acetic, propionic, and isobutyric acids constituted the major vfas in the manure, while n-butyric, n-valeric, iso-valeric, and n-caproic acids were present in lesser amo ...	2002	18943030
elemental sulfur and thiol accumulation in tomato and defense against a fungal vascular pathogen.	the occurrence of fungicidal, elemental s is well documented in certain specialized prokaryotes, but has rarely been detected in eukaryotes. elemental s was first identified in this laboratory as a novel phytoalexin in the xylem of resistant genotypes of theobroma cacao, after infection by the vascular, fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae. in the current work, this phenomenon is demonstrated in a resistant line of tomato, lycopersicon esculentum, in response to v. dahliae. a novel gas chromatog ...	2002	11788760
isozyme variation in verticillium dahliae isolates from crete.	fifteen isolates of verticillium dahliae (eight of race 1, seven of race 2; most from the island of crete, greece) were examined for isozyme and molecular variation. among the isozyme banding patterns (zymograms) of six enzymes that were "activity-stained" after electrophoresis in 9% polyacrylamide gels, differences were observed in diaphorase, alpha-esterase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase; 2, 2, 3 and 5 different types of zymograms were recorded, respectively. the zymograms could not be c ...	2002	12058396
plant-dependent genotypic and phenotypic diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from different verticillium host plants.	to study the effect of plant species on the abundance and diversity of bacterial antagonists, the abundance, the phenotypic diversity, and the genotypic diversity of rhizobacteria isolated from potato, oilseed rape, and strawberry and from bulk soil which showed antagonistic activity towards the soilborne pathogen verticillium dahliae kleb. were analyzed. rhizosphere and soil samples were taken five times over two growing seasons in 1998 and 1999 from a randomized field trial. bacterial isolates ...	2002	12089011
potato-associated bacteria and their antagonistic potential towards plant-pathogenic fungi and the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood.	to study the effect of microenvironments on potato-associated bacteria, the abundance and diversity of bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, endorhiza, and endosphere of field grown potato was analyzed. culturable bacteria were obtained after plating on r2a medium. the endophytic populations averaged 10(3) and 10(5) cfu/g (fresh wt.) for the endosphere and endorhiza. respectively, which were lower than those for the ectophytic microenvironments, with 10(5) and 10(7) cfu/g (fresh ...	2002	12455609
antagonistic effects of several bacteria on verticillium dahliae the causal agent of cotton wilt.	experiments were carried out with 89 bacterial isolates that were collected from cotton rhizosphere in gorgan province. the antagonistic effects of bacterial isolates on verticillium dahliae klebahn were studied using dual culture test. five highly effective isolates were selected from these antagonists for subsequent studies. according to the biochemical, physiological and morphological tests, isolates 2020 and 3 were identified as pseudomonas fluorescens and isolate 204, 202 and 309 as bacillu ...	2001	12425025
evaluation of potential biocontrol rhizobacteria from different host plants of verticillium dahliae kleb.	a screening approach was developed to assess the potential of rhizobacterial strains to control verticillium wilt caused by verticillium dahliae kleb.	2001	11851803
inhibition of polygalacturonase from verticillium dahliae by a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from cotton.	an extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (pgase) [e.c. 3.2.1.15] was isolated from 18-day-old culture filtrates of verticillium dahliae and partially purified using gel permeation chromatography. the band responsible for pgase activity was electrophoretically characterized as having a molecular mass of approximately 29 500 and an isoelectric point of 5.4. kinetic studies indicate a km of 3.3 mg ml(-1) and vmax of 0.85 micromol reducing units min(-1) ml(-1) with polygalacturonic acid as substrate. ...	2001	11382229
broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro of the synthetic peptide d4e1.	broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of a synthetic peptide, d4e1, is documented in this paper. d4e1 inhibited the growth of several fungal phytopathogens belonging to four classes-ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, and oomycetes, and two bacterial pathogens, pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum race 18. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of d4e1 required to completely inhibit the growth of all fungi studied ranged from 4.67 to 25 microm. ...	2001	11409968
bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed.	the bacterial rhizosphere communities of three host plants of the pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae, field-grown strawberry (fragaria ananassa duch.), oilseed rape (brassica napus l.), and potato (solanum tuberosum l.), were analyzed. we aimed to determine the degree to which the rhizosphere effect is plant dependent and whether this effect would be increased by growing the same crops in two consecutive years. rhizosphere or soil samples were taken five times over the vegetation periods. to ...	2001	11571180
molecular cloning and functional identification of (+)-delta-cadinene-8-hydroxylase, a cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase (cyp706b1) of cotton sesquiterpene biosynthesis.	in cotton, gossypol and related sesquiterpene aldehydes are present in the glands of aerial tissues and in epidermal cells of roots. a cytochrome p450 was found to be expressed in aerial tissues of glanded cotton cultivars, but not or at an extremely low level in the aerial tissues of a glandless cultivar. its cdna was then isolated from gossypium arboreum l. after expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the p450 was found to catalyse the hydroxylation of (+)-delta-cadinene, forming 8-hydroxy-(+ ...	2001	11696190
expression of an antimicrobial peptide via the chloroplast genome to control phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.	the antimicrobial peptide msi-99, an analog of magainin 2, was expressed via the chloroplast genome to obtain high levels of expression in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. petit havana) plants. polymerase chain reaction products and southern blots confirmed integration of msi-99 into the chloroplast genome and achievement of homoplasmy, whereas northern blots confirmed transcription. contrary to previous predictions, accumulation of msi-99 in transgenic chloroplasts did not affect norm ...	2001	11706168
sesquiterpenoids in root exudates of solanum aethiopicum.	five known sesquiterpenoids, solavetivone, lubimin, lubiminoic acid, aethione and lubiminol were isolated from the root exudates recovered from solanum aethiopicum by a newly proposed method using charcoal. quantitative analysis of the sesquiterpenoids in the root exudates of s. aethiopicum and s. melongena suggested that relatively large amounts of the sesquiterpenoids were exuded from the roots. antifungal activity of the sesquiterpenoids against fusarium oxysporum and verticillium dahliae was ...	2001	11724373
the use of natural bio-agents for the control of cotton phytopathogens.	the use of natural antagonists as means of pre-sowing seed treatment showed high biological efficacy by improving seed germination, growth and productivity of cotton plants, and by decreasing infection by major cotton pathogens: xanthomonas malvacearum, rhizoctonia solani, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, verticillium dahliae. studies of anti-microbial properties of antagonists revealed significant inhibitory activity of bacillus subtilis strains and their metabolites against cotton pathog ...	2001	15954583
reduced symptoms of verticillium wilt in transgenic tomato expressing a bacterial acc deaminase.	summary ethylene evolved during compatible or susceptible disease interactions may hasten and/or worsen disease symptom development; if so, the prevention of disease-response ethylene should reduce disease symptoms. we have examined the effects of reduced ethylene synthesis on verticillium wilt (causal organism, verticillium dahliae) of tomato by transforming tomato with acc deaminase, which cleaves acc, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of ethylene in plants. three promoters were used to exp ...	2001	20573001
effects of irrigation and verticillium dahliae on cauliflower root and shoot growth dynamics.	abstract cauliflower root and plant growth and verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of v. dahliae. treatments included two main plots (v. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from pl ...	2000	18944525
influences of cropping practices on verticillium dahliae populations in commercial processing tomato fields in ontario.	abstract the abundance of verticillium dahliae in the soil and the incidence of v. dahliae-infected plants were determined for 12 commercial processing tomato fields in kent county, ontario. comparison of the data with those from a previous survey of fields in adjacent essex county showed that soil inoculum levels and incidence of infection were generally lower in kent county fields and that race 2 v. dahliae was not common in kent county. from the two counties, 128 isolates were characterized b ...	2000	18944527
vegetative compatibility groups of verticillium dahliae in israel: their distribution and association with pathogenicity.	a collection of 565 isolates of verticillium dahliae, recovered between 1992 and 1997 from 13 host plant species and soil at 47 sites in israel, was tested for vegetative compatibility using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. three vegetative compatibility groups (vcgs) were found and identified as vcg2a (28 isolates), vcg2b (158 isolates), and vcg4b (378 isolates) by using international reference strains. one isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible. of the vcg2b isolates, 92% were recovered ...	2000	18944560