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highly pathogenic fowlpox virus in cutaneously infected chickens, china.we investigated an acute outbreak of the cutaneous form of fowlpox among chickens in china in november 2009. using pathologic and virologic methods, we identified a novel type of fowlpox virus that carried an integrated genomic sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus. this highly pathogenic virus could lead to severe ecologic effects and economic losses.201424963887
synergetic effects of subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus co-infection on growth retardation and immunosuppression in spf chickens.to further understand the effect of co-infection of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens, the experiment was made to study the pathogenicity, the weight of body and immune organs, response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus subtype h9 (aiv-h9) vaccination. chickens were randomly divided into four groups, which includes injection groups (rev, alv-j, rev plus alv-j), and negative ...201425042879
avian oncogenic virus differential diagnosis in chickens using oligonucleotide microarray.avian oncogenic viruses include the avian leukosis virus (alv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and marek's disease virus (mdv). multiple oncogenic viral infections are frequently seen, with even marek's disease vaccines reported to be contaminated with alv and rev. the gross lesions caused by avian oncogenic viruses often overlap, making differentiation diagnosis based on histopathology difficult. the objective of this study is to develop a rapid approach to simultaneously differentiate, subg ...201425286179
skin involvement in lymphomas caused by marek's disease virus infection in silkie chickens.the silkie is a typical chinese breed of chicken. in 2012, batches of silkies were found to have diffuse tumor-like nodules on their skin after feather removal, when they were slaughtered at about 60 days old. gross examination showed no visible neoplastic lesions on the visceral organs and peripheral nerves, except slight splenomegaly in individual chickens. the disease was prevalent, with high condemnation rates for skin lesions, which caused great economic losses to the company. tissues, incl ...201424583947
existence of variant strains fowlpox virus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in its genome in field isolates in tanzania.fowlpox virus (fpv) is one example of poultry viruses which undergoes recombination with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). trepidation had been raised, and it was well established on augmented pathogenicity of the fpv upon integration of the full intact rev. in this study, we therefore intended at assessing the integration of rev into fpv genome of the field isolates obtained in samples collected from different regions of tanzania. dna extraction of 85 samples (scabs) was performed, and fpv-spe ...201424557589
complete genome sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain md-2, isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus vaccine.here, we present the complete genomic sequence of a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine. this report will be helpful for epidemiological studies on rev infection in avian flocks.201324092783
biochemical characterization of novel retroviral integrase proteins.integrase is an essential retroviral enzyme, catalyzing the stable integration of reverse transcribed dna into cellular dna. several aspects of the integration mechanism, including the length of host dna sequence duplication flanking the integrated provirus, which can be from 4 to 6 bp, and the nucleotide preferences at the site of integration, are thought to cluster among the different retroviral genera. to date only the spumavirus prototype foamy virus integrase has provided diffractable cryst ...201324124581
detection of anti-reticuloendotheliosis virus antibody by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with expression envelope protein.the current reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) antibody detection kit that uses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) needs concentrated virus, which is difficult to obtain due to its poor propagation in cells. in addition, this kit detects only chicken antibody but not other species. to overcome these disadvantages, we cloned and expressed rev env gene to develop monoclonal antibodies (mabs), which we used for antibody detection in elisa. three mabs were prepared from mice. these three mabs ...201323678732
the mongoose, the pheasant, the pox, and the retrovirus.paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses. the existence of a paleovirus can sometimes be detected by virtue of its accidental insertion into the germline of different animal species, which allows one to date when the virus actually existed. however, the ancient and the modern often connect, as modern viruses have unexpected origins that can be traced to ancient infections. the genomes of two species of mongooses and an egg-laying mammal called an echidna show that a virus currently present ...201324013523
protection of chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection by dna vaccination.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of dna vaccination to protect chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection and to determine whether codon optimization and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wpre) could improve the immunogenicity of the dna vaccines. the wild-type and codon-optimized gp90 genes of rev were cloned into pcaggs vector, and designated as pcaggp90 and pcagoptigp90, respectively. plasmids pcagwgp90 and pcagwopt ...201323764274
enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas in a commercial layer flock.this paper reports an enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas among adult layer hens with lesions on the skin of the legs. the observations were performed in a flock of 55,000 commercial layers (50,000 lohmann white and 5,000 lohmann brown). at the age of 30 weeks, lohmann white layers exhibited a number of growths (at an average of 60 hens per week, representing 0.1% of the flock) in the region of leg toes on a daily basis over 28 weeks that regressed during the remaini ...201323921348
avian leukosis virus subgroup j associated with the outbreak of erythroblastosis in chickens in china.emaciation, depression and lethargy were observed in two flocks of chinese local breed and one flock of commercial layer chicken infected naturally from 2010 to 2011. the aims of this study were to diagnose.201323521848
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
an outbreak of lymphomas in a layer chicken flock previously infected with fowlpox virus containing integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus.visceral lymphomas occurred in a 236-day-old layer flock previously diagnosed with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-integrated fowlpox virus (fpv) infection at the age of 77 days. common pathologic lesions were multiple neoplastic nodules of homogeneous lymphocytes in the livers and spleens of all submitted chickens. all neoplastic tissues were positive for the rev envelope (env) gene by pcr. in a retrospective molecular study of fpv-infected 77-day-old chickens from the same flock, we identifi ...201324597128
pathogenicity of bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens.multiple infections of bordetella avium (b. avium) with virus, especially immunosuppressive virus, have become more and more severe in chickens in china. the increasing morbidity and mortality of its complications have amplified concerns about the impact of b. avium on animal health. to evaluate the pathogenicity of b. avium under immunosuppression status, we developed four types of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection models. after a comparison of body weight, relative immune organ index ...201322990029
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into the genome of cvi988 strain of marek's disease virus results in enhanced growth and protection.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by serotype 1 md virus (mdv). vaccination of commercial poultry has drastically reduced losses from md, and the poultry industry cannot be sustained without the use of vaccines. retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus genomes is an efficient process that alters the biological properties of herpesviruses. rm1, a virus derived from the virulent jm strain of mdv, by insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis (rev) long terminal repe ...201323901756
latency and tumorigenesis in marek's disease.despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of marek's disease (md) and the causative marek's disease virus (mdv) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in mdv-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despit ...201323901747
a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido).recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ...201323805542
sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek's disease virus strain, gx0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.marek's disease virus chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. we constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of gx0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. using the gx0101 bac clone, the complete genome of gx0101 was sequenced and analyzed. ...201323553452
enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus by dna prime-protein boost vaccination.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, an optimal vaccination strategy was developed to enhance the immune responses against rev infection. chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with plasmid pcaggp90 encoding gp90 protein of rev, or with recombinant gp90 protein, or vaccinated with plasmid pcaggp90 and then boosted with recombinant gp90 protein. the humoral immune responses were moni ...201323422145
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection on cytokine production in spf chickens.infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a gammaretrovirus in the retroviridae family, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. the effects of rev infection on expression of mrna for cytokine genes in chickens have not been completely elucidated. in this study, using multiplex branched dna (bdna) technology, we identified molecular mediators that participated in the regulation of the immune response during rev infection in chickens ...201324358317
mixed infections of marek's disease and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in layer flocks in argentina.the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was examined in flocks affected with marek's disease (md). sera were positive to rev antibodies by agar gel precipitation. however, these findings were not conclusive since fowlpox vaccines can have rev fragments or the whole genome inserted. frozen sections from tumors were positive for md virus (mdv) but negative for rev. chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) and chicken kidney cell (ckc) culture inoculated with buffy coat cells or blood from the aff ...201323901777
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in northeast china.to analyze the status of reticuloendotheliosis (re) infection of wild birds in china, 585 samples from wild birds collected in liaoning, jilin and heilongjiang provinces china were investigated and analyzed. the sampled birds represent 3 orders and more than 40 species. virus isolation and pcr amplification showed that some of the wild birds were infected with rev, and 10 rev strains were isolated. the gp90 gene from each of the 10 rev strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. sequence analy ...201323845736
complete genomic sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus from china.the complete proviral sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) associated with spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease in 2011 in zhejiang province, china, was determined. comparative sequence analyses indicate that the present rev is most closely related to the chicken-origin rev isolate hljr0901 and the goose-origin isolate goose/3410/06. these findings suggest that chickens or geese may transmit the rev to muscovy ducks.201223118464
probable congenital transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus caused by vaccination with contaminated vaccines.contaminated vaccine is one unexpected and potential origin of virus infection. in order to investigate the most likely cause of disease in a broiler breeder company of shandong province, all 17 batches of live-virus vaccines used in the affected flocks and 478 tissue samples were tested by dot-blot hybridization, nested pcr, and ifa. the results suggested the outbreak of disease was most probably due to the vaccination of rev-contaminated md-cvi988/rispens vaccines and nd-lasota+ib-h120 vaccine ...201222912872
new pathogenetic characters of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from chinese partridge in specific-pathogen-free chickens.avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can induce a runting syndrome, immunosuppression, acute reticulum cell neoplasia and lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds. to evaluate the pathogenicity and oncogenicity of rev-jx0927 that isolated from chinese partridge, experimental inoculated day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens were examined at regular intervals. the examination procedures included hematology, serology and histopathology; also including imm ...201222579709
construction and characterization of the infectious clone of reticuloendotheliosis virus carrying a genetic marker.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease, which posed substantial threats to the commercial poultry industry. however, researches on the molecular epidemiology and the pathogenic mechanism of rev are still scant. in this study, a full-length genome cdna of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strain hljr0901, which was isolated from layer in china, was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. the genome of hljr0901 was 8284 bp long, and the genbank accession numbe ...201222406324
complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert.marek's disease virus (mdv) chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant mdv field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. gx0101 belongs to very virulent mdv (vvmdv) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvmdv strain md5. the complete genome sequence of gx0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one rev-ltr insert at a site 267 nt u ...201223166235
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity.co-cultivation of the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in the generation of a recombinant mdv containing the rev long terminal repeat (ltr) named the rm1 strain of mdv, a strain that was highly attenuated for oncogenicity but induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy. we hypothesize that the phenotypic changes were solely due to the ltr insertion. furthermore, we hypothesize that insertion of rev ltr into an analogous location in a diff ...201222702453
malignant lymphoma of t-cell origin in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens).multicentric t-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in two birds from separate zoological collections: one in a 27-year-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and the second in an adult pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). the main clinical sign in the penguin was dysphagia caused by lymphoma formation in the esophagus. besides the esophageal lymphoma, neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, lung, proventriculus, and gizzard. the pelican was foun ...201222872983
differential detection of avian oncogenic viruses in poultry layer farms and turkeys by use of multiplex pcr.avian oncogenic viruses include marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious herpesvirus, as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (alv) subgroups a to j and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). in this study, we examined the incidence of these viruses in suspected samples collected from poultry layer farms of south india, mainly in the namakkal district of tamil nadu, a highly dense poultry-growing area in india. the histopathology-positive tissue sections were identified and furt ...201222675132
identification of a conserved b-cell epitope on reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library.the gp90 protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. b-cell epitopes on the gp90 protein of rev have not been well studied and reported.201223185456
recombinant gp90 protein expressed in pichia pastoris induces a protective immune response against reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, the gp90 protein of rev was secretory expressed in pichia pastoris with high production level and good antigenicity. to fully utilize the expression potential of the p. pastoris expression system, a panel of pichia clones carrying increasing copies of the gp90 expression cassette was created using an in vitro multimerization approach and the effects of g ...201222314135
development of taqman real-time pcr assay for detection and quantitation of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a highly sensitive real-time pcr method was developed in this study for reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) detection and quantitation. the real-time pcr method, with a minimum detection limit of 10 proviral dna copies, was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional pcr. it was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other common avian dna viruses. the coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. the chicken β-ac ...201122178653
a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of long terminal repeat regions and envelope protein gene sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian blood samples.the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) group of retroviruses infects a wide range of avian species, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and prairie chickens. the objective of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of rev in whole blood samples. in order to increase the diagnostic sensitivity, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that detects both the envelope protein gene (env) and the long terminal repeat (lt ...201121908350
Development of an indirect ELISA for serological detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus using the gp90 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris.The present study was undertaken to express the gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its potential use as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA. The full-length gp90 gene of REV was cloned into pPIC9k vector and then integrated into the chromosome of P. pastoris for induced expression. SDS-PAGE and western blot assay demonstrated that gp90 protein was expressed and secreted into the culture medium at about 100mg/L of culture under optimized condition. An indi ...201122207082
molecular characteristics of polish field strains of marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens.twenty-nine marek's disease virus (mdv) strains were isolated during a 3 year period (2007-2010) from vaccinated and infected chicken flocks in poland. these strains had caused severe clinical symptoms and lesions. in spite of proper vaccination with mono- or bivalent vaccines against marek's disease (md), the chickens developed symptoms of md with paralysis.because of this we decided to investigate possible changes and mutations in the field strains that could potentially increase their virulen ...201121320336
artificially inserting a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of marek's disease virus (mdv) alters expression of nearby mdv genes.researchers reported that co-cultivating the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in an rev long terminal repeat (ltr) being inserted into the internal repeat short (irs) region of jm/102w. when the resulting recombinant virus was serially passed in cell culture, the initial ltr was duplicated and a second ltr spontaneously appeared in the terminal repeat short (trs) region of the mdv genome. the virus, designated rm1, was significantly at ...201121340512
activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in oncogenic transformation by v-rel.v-rel, encoded by the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, is an acutely transforming member of the rel/nf-?b family of transcription factors. transformation by v-rel is mediated by the aberrant expression of genes that are normally regulated by rel/nf-?b. here, we demonstrate activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in rel transformation. rna and protein levels of key tgf-ß and smad family members (tgf-ß2, -ß3, tgf-ß type ii receptor, and smad3) are upregulated in v-rel transformed cells wi ...201121345476
detection of fowl poxvirus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences from an outbreak in backyard chickens in india.fowl poxvirus (fpv) infection was observed in unvaccinated backyard chickens. a total of 15 birds were affected in a flock of 37. pock lesions were observed on the comb, eyelids, beak and wattles. the birds appeared sick with roughened feathers and stunted growth. no mortality was recorded. dna was isolated from scabs and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to amplify the 4b core protein gene of fpv, the envelope (env) gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the region of fpv fla ...201121706467
rapid detection of marek's disease viral genome in chicken feathers by loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) was developed. the method used a set of three pairs of primers to amplify the meq gene for detecting serotype 1 mdv. the mdv lamp method did not cross-react with serotype 2 and serotype 3, nor did the lamp primers have binding sites for the common avian dna viruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus, chicken anemia virus, subgroup j of the avian leucosis virus). additionally, the as ...201122170920
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant of fowl pox vaccines.this study was designed to detect reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) as a contaminant in fowl pox vaccines. a total of 30 fowl pox vaccine samples were examined for the presence of rev using both in vitro and in vivo methods. in in vitro testing, the fowl pox vaccine samples were inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures prepared from specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs, and the cultures were examined using pcr to detect rev. in in vivo testing, each fowl pox vaccine sample w ...201020952701
functional evaluation of the role of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat (ltr) integrated into the genome of a field strain of marek's disease virus.mdv-gx0101 is a field strain of marek's disease virus with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) ltr fragment. in order to study the biological properties of rev-ltr insertion in the mdv genome, we constructed a full-length infectious bac clone of mdv-gx0101 strain and deleted the ltr sequences by bac mutagenesis. the pathogenic properties of the ltr-deleted virus were evaluated in infected spf birds. the study demonstrated that the ltr-deleted virus had a stro ...201019962172
molecular and biological characterization of a marek's disease virus field strain with reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.a marek's disease virus (mdv) field strain designated gx0101 was isolated from a layer flock and confirmed to be a recombinant virus with an insert of a long terminal repeat (ltr) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). a chimeric molecule containing an rev-ltr insert of 539 bp and its flanking sequences from mdv was amplified and sequenced. an rev-ltr downstream from the internal repeat short (irs) region has 77.4-98.6% homology to seven rev field strains isolated from different avian speci ...201020043197
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was developed. the method used a set of two pairs of primers to amplify the pol gene for detecting rev, showing high specificity and sensitivity. the rev lamp method did not cross-react with common avian dna viruses (marek's disease virus, chicken anaemia virus, avian leucosis virus of subgroup j). additionally, the assay could detect different rev strains and had a detection limit of ...201020435068
microrna-26a-mediated regulation of interleukin-2 expression in transformed avian lymphocyte lines.abstract:201020441582
haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma caused by subgroup j avian leukosis virus in a commercial layer flock.an outbreak of simultaneously occurring haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma was observed in a commercial layer flock in china. the sick chickens were extremely thin and dehydrated. scattered haemangiomas were found on the claws, breast and wings. at necropsy, haemangiomas and some other nodular tumours were also found in the internal organs. in addition, diffuse enlargement of the liver and spleen appeared in some birds. histopathologically, haemangiomas were typically cavernous haemangioma ...201021087914
generation of retroviral particles for the spleen necrosis virus (snv)-based vector system and their use in transduction of various cell types.genetically engineered retroviruses are widely used for gene delivery into human cells. a number of investigators have studied spleen necrosis virus (snv) as a vehicle for gene delivery. vectors developed from snv and its closely associated avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) can be used for gene transfer into a variety of cells, including primary hematopoietic cells and human brain and post-mitotic neuronal cells that are difficult to transduce with other vector systems. snv-base ...201020516173
characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in various geographical regions in the united states.nine reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in three different geographical regions in the usa, and three isolates obtained from known contaminated live-virus vaccines were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) assays. all isolates were propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts obtained from a specific pathogen free breeder flock. pcr analysis of all 12 isolates resulted i ...201020954015
analysis of immunological enhancement of immunosuppressed chickens by chinese herbal extracts.radix astragali, radix codonopis, herba epimedii and radix glycyrrizae are 4 plants commonly used in chinese traditional medicine or veterinary medicine to improve immune functions against chronic diseases in humans and animals.201019914368
diagnosis of a naturally occurring dual infection of layer chickens with fowlpox virus and gallid herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis virus).an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in layers was diagnosed as being of dual nature due to fowlpox and infectious laryngotracheitis using a multidisciplinary approach including virus isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the diagnosis was based on virus isolation of gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1) in chicken kidney cells and fowlpox virus (fwpv) in 9-day-old chicken embryonated eggs inoculated via the chorioallantoic membrane. the histopathology o ...201020390533
industrial hygiene assessment of reticuloendotheliosis viruses exposure in the poultry industry.reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) are a group of retroviruses like avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (alsv) that naturally infect and cause cancers in chickens. we recently found that alsv antibody levels were associated with job tasks in the poultry industry. the objectives of this study are to examine whether a similar association can be found with rev antibody levels and to examine the correlation between rev and alsv antibody levels.201020865275
preliminary molecular characterization of a fowl poxvirus isolate in grenada.two 1-mo-old local breed chickens, with gross lesions in the skin of the head region suspected to be fowl poxvirus infection, were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the school of veterinary medicine, grenada, west indies. cutaneous lesions were collected from these birds for virus isolation, histopathologic diagnosis, and molecular analysis. fowl poxvirus infection was confirmed by virus isolation in chicken embryo and by histopathology. molecular characterization of the fowl poxvirus wa ...201020945792
serologic response against fowl poxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus after experimental and natural infections of chickens with fowl poxvirus.two infection studies in chickens were done to investigate the humoral immune response against fowl poxvirus (fpv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) after intradermal infection with different passages of a field isolate and with the vaccine strain hp b. the field isolate in a low passage carried the near-full-length rev provirus and induced antibodies to rev, but not to fpv. the vaccine strain carried only remnants of the long terminal repeat and induced antibodies against fpv, but not again ...200919630225
reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t induces mir-155, which targets jarid2 and promotes cell survival.the oncogenic microrna mir-155 is upregulated by several oncogenic viruses. the precursor of mir-155, termed bic, was first observed to cooperate with myc in chicken b-cell lymphomas induced by avian leukosis proviral integrations. we identified another oncogenic retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t), that upregulates mir-155 in chicken embryo fibroblasts. we also observed very high levels of mir-155 in rev-t-induced b-cell lymphomas. to study the role of mir-155 in these tumo ...200919759154
[prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus].to obtain the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the anti-gp90 serum with high titer.200920069886
[receptors for animal retroviruses].diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. to disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodefici ...200920218331
full genome sequences of two reticuloendotheliosis viruses contaminating commercial vaccines.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments are a common contaminant in some commercial vaccines such as fowl poxvirus (fpv) and marek's disease virus. however, only those strains integrating or containing a near-intact rev provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. we confirm here, by pcr assays and animal experiments, that vaccines against fpv and herpes virus of turkeys were contaminated with full genome sequences of rev. further, we determined the complete proviral sequence of ...200919848070
isolation, identification, and complete genome sequence of an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from geese.naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumors in geese have been found from time to time in taiwan, but their etiology has not been determined except through morphological descriptions. this study observed a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection occurring in a white roman goose (anser anser) farm in yunlin, taiwan in 2006. these geese showed growth-retarded and nodular lymphoma-like tumors in the liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas. thirty blood samples were taken for rev detection and 21 (70%) ...200919131189
an avian, oncogenic retrovirus replicates in vivo in more than 50% of cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes from an endangered grouse.reoccurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic retrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release an endangered grouse, the attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). rev infection of these birds in breeding facilities was found to result in significant decreases in the cd4(+) and increases in the cd8(+) lymphocyte populations, although experimental infection of birds resulted in only increases in the cd8(+) lymphocytes. because ...200919237181
[comparision of pathogenicity and horizontal transmission ability between recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with rev-ltr and a very virulent reference strain].gx0101 is a recombinant field strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with a long terminal repeat (ltr) insert from reticuloendotheliosis virus, a chicken retrovirus. in this study, gx0101 strain was compared to a very virulent reference strain md5 for their pathogenicity and transmission ability.200919621645
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. i: uptake and structure of the latent mdv genome.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an acute transforming alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes marek's disease. during the infection of chickens, mdv establishes latency in cd4+ (t-helper) cells, which are also the target of transformation. the study of mdv latency has been limited to the use of mdv tumor-derived cell lines or blood cells isolated from chickens during presumed periods of latent infection. in 1992 pratt et al. described the uptake of the mdv genome by a reticuloendotheliosis-trans ...200919630217
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. ii: expression of the latent mdv genome.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes the paralysis and rapid lymphoma formation known as marek's disease. mdv establishes latent infection in activated cd4+ t-cells, and these cells are also the target for transformation. mdv latency has been studied using mdv lymphoma-derived cell lines and t-cells isolated from infected chickens. each of these models has limitations because mdv-transformed cell lines require the use of oncogenic viruses; conversely, pools ...200919630218
simultaneous endemic infections with subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial and local breeds of chickens.epidemiological studies of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infections were conducted during 1999 to 2009 on 29 chicken flocks of various commercial and local breeds located in six provinces in china. samples were typically from chickens with myelocytomas or proventricular lesions. alv-j was isolated from 25 flocks including seven out of seven flocks containing "yellow chickens" or other local breeds and several flocks of layer chickens. rev was isola ...200919937533
protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus.the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ...200919145513
quantitative pcr as a tool to determine the reticuloendotheliosis virus-proviral load of fowl poxvirus.sequences of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian retrovirus, are integrated into the genome of fowl poxvirus (fpv). we developed and evaluated a quantitative multiplex real-time pcr (multiplex qpcr) assay to determine the rev-proviral load of fpv strains. amplification efficiencies were 98.7% for the amplification of the fpv dna and 88.7% for the amplification of rev-proviral dna. the ratio between fpv dna and rev-proviral dna was calculated from the pcr efficiencies and the threshol ...200919630226
integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal.fowlpox virus (fwpv) is found worldwide in poultry and wild birds. fwpv is a natural example of recombination between viruses, as reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments have been found in all poultry fwpvs and these are implicated in virulence alteration. we aimed to determine the commonality of this phenomenon and analysed fwpvs collected from 128 poultry flocks and birds over the last 10 years. various fragments of both viruses were amplified and sequenced at the fwpv integration site, lo ...200818796713
detection and differentiation of re-emerging fowlpox virus (fwpv) strains carrying integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (fwpv-rev) by real-time pcr.current strains of fowlpox virus (fwpv) carrying circulating reticuloendotheliosis virus (fwpv-rev) sequence are becoming more pathogenic to poultry. this is evidenced by the fact that vaccination with current available fwpv vaccines provides limited protection against them. to characterize rev insertions in a collection of both older and more recent field isolates, we developed three different types of adjacent oligoprobes and primer sets from specific genomic locations of fwpv and rev: rev-env ...200817913400
molecular characterization of a poxvirus isolated from an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber).an avian poxvirus from the beak scab of an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber) was isolated by inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos. the virus produced multifocal areas of epithelial hyperplasia along with foci of inflammation in the cam, and rare cells contained small eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies. chickens inoculated with the isolated virus in the feather follicle of the leg did not develop significant lesions. nucle ...200818939646
caperalpha is a novel rel-tad-interacting factor that inhibits lymphocyte transformation by the potent rel/nf-kappab oncoprotein v-rel.the rel/nf-kappab transcription factors are constitutively activated in many human cancers. the rel proteins in this family are implicated in leukemia/lymphomagenesis, but the mechanism is not completely understood. previous studies showed that the transcription activation domains (tads) of the viral oncoprotein v-rel and its cellular rel/nf-kappab homologues c-rel and rela are key determinants of their different transforming activities in primary lymphocytes. substitution of a rel tad for that ...200818753212
[reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in ducks--an epidemiological studies].to study the epidemiological status of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection in ducks.200818590239
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can result in immunosuppression, a runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticulum cell neoplasia, or t-cell and/or b-cell lymphomas, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. histopathological changes in rev infection are not sufficient to differentiate it from avian lymphoid leukosis and marek's disease, and currently there are no available in situ diagnostic methods for detection of active rev presence in pathologic specimens. to develop immunohist ...200818622864
rna helicase a interacts with divergent lymphotropic retroviruses and promotes translation of human t-cell leukemia virus type 1.the 5' untranslated region (utr) of retroviruses contain structured replication motifs that impose barriers to efficient ribosome scanning. two rna structural motifs that facilitate efficient translation initiation despite a complex 5' utr are internal ribosome entry site (ires) and 5' proximal post-transcriptional control element (pce). here, stringent rna and protein analyses determined the 5' utr of spleen necrosis virus (snv), reticuloendotheliosis virus a (rev-a) and human t-cell leukemia v ...200717426138
pathogenicity and transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from endangered prairie chickens.the pathogenicity and transmission of a field isolate of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was studied using an experimental model in japanese quail. oncogenicity was also evaluated after inoculations in chickens and turkeys. the original rev (designated apc-566) was isolated from attwater's prairie chickens (tympanuchus cupido attwateri), an endangered wild avian species of the southern united states. the transmissibility of the rev isolate was studied in young naive japanese quail in contact w ...200717461264
epidemiological and pathological studies of subgroup j avian leukosis virus infections in chinese local "yellow" chickens.epidemiological, pathological and molecular studies indicate that subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) infections are widely spread in "yellow chickens" of local breeds in china. alv-j induced tumour mortality and the serological conversion rates to alv-j were very high in some breeder flocks. typical myelocytomatosis was demonstrated not only in livers, spleens, kidneys, and sternums, as in white meat-type chickens, but also in thymuses and the bursa of fabricius. especially, severe myeloid ...200717497335
full genome sequence and some biological properties of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain apc-566 isolated from endangered attwater's prairie chickens.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes runting, high mortality, immunosuppression, and chronic neoplasia associated with t and/or b cell lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds, including attwater's prairie chickens (apc) (tympanuchus cupido attwateri). the complete proviral sequence of a recent rev isolate from apc (rev apc-566) was determined. this virus was isolated from an apc maintained in captivity in a reproduction program intended to avoid its extinction. rev apc-566 was dete ...200717098316
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus and marek's disease virus infection and co-infection on ifn-gamma production in spf chickens.two experiments were used to examine the potential role of ifn-gamma in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and marek's disease virus (mdv). first, chickens were infected with rev and/or mdv at 5 days of age and examined from 3 to 50 days post-infection (dpi). in rev+mdv co-infection chickens, ifn-gamma elisa demonstrated a 3-fold increase at 7 dpi compared to the controls, while rev alone caused a 5-fold increase, the ifn-gamma levels peaked, and then gradually decreased. i ...200717339769
[pathogenicity and genomic sequence comparison of a chicken infectious anemia virus field isolate].a field strain c14 of chicken infectious anemia virus (cav) was isolated from a 14 day-old broiler flock with growth runting syndromes. antibody reactions to inactivated vaccines to avian influenza viruses (aiv) were suppressed in spf chickens inoculated with c14 strain cav at 1 day-old. also c14 strain cav and reticuloendotheliosis virus demonstrated a synergism in immunosuppression when chickens were infected with both virus. the viral genomic dna was amplified by pcr in 3 overlapped fragments ...200718062269
occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis in chinese partridge.two commercial flocks of chinese partridge experienced increased mortality associated with a wasting disease at 120-day old in june 2006. postmortem examination of dead chickens consistently showed visceral tissues mainly proventriculus, liver and spleen were diffuse enlargement. microscopic examination revealed masses of immature lymphocytes with frequent mitotic figures were seen in various tissues including proventriculus, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, thymus and intestine. reticuloendo ...200718176029
isolation and molecular biological investigations of avian poxviruses from chickens, a turkey, and a pigeon in croatia.in the last 3 yr, several outbreaks of avian poxviruses (apvs) have been observed in different parts of croatia. four strains of apvs, from chickens, a pigeon, and a turkey, were isolated from cutaneous lesions by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (cam) of 12-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. the resulting proliferative cam lesions contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. the characteristic viral particles of poxvirus were detected in the infected cam and a ...200617039847
serological and virological surveys of reticuloendotheliosis in chickens in taiwan.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is widespread in the world. no related data has been reported in taiwan. to determine the rev infection status, antibody determination and virus isolation were performed on chickens in taiwan. the results revealed that serological flock prevalence for the rev antibody reached 92.8% (39/42) amongst breeders (> 16 weeks old). two different rev isolates were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and ...200617213700
antigenic and genetic characterization of an avian poxvirus isolated from an endangered hawaiian goose (branta sandvicensis).an avian poxvirus from cutaneous lesions in a hawaiian goose (branta sandvicensis) was characterized in this study. the virus was isolated by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (cams) of developing chicken embryos. cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed on histopathological examination of cam lesions. western blotting analysis using polyclonal antiserum against fowl poxvirus (fwpv) showed differences from fwpv, but a similar antigenic profile between hawaiian goosepox (hgp) isola ...200616617975
enzootic reticuloendotheliosis in the endangered attwater's and greater prairie chickens.reticuloendotheliosis (re) in captive greater prairie chickens (gpc, tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and attwater's prairie chickens (apc, tympanuchus cupido attwateri) was first reported in 1998. re is caused by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an oncogenic and immunosuppressive retrovirus infecting multiple species of wild and domestic birds. during august 2004 through may 2006 a captive population of prairie chickens was affected simultaneously with a neoplastic condition and also avian ...200617274288
experimental infection of attwater's/greater prairie chicken hybrids with the reticuloendotheliosis virus.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a common pathogen of poultry, has been associated with runting and neoplasia in an endangered subspecies of grouse, the attwater's prairie chicken. the pathogenesis of rev infection was examined in experimentally infected prairie chickens. three groups of four attwater's/greater prairie chicken hybrids were infected intravenously with varying doses (tissue culture infective dose [tcid50], 200, 1000, and 5000) of a prairie chicken-isolated rev. a fourth group of ...200617274303
evaluation of immune effects of fowlpox vaccine strains and field isolates.the immune effects of fowlpox virus (fpv) field isolates and vaccine strains were evaluated in chickens infected at the age of 1 day and 6 weeks. the field isolates and the obsolete vaccine strain (fpv s) contained integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) provirus, while the current vaccine strain (fpvst) carries only rev ltr sequences. an indirect antibody elisa was used to measure the fpv-specific antibody response. the non-specific humoral response was evaluated by injection of two t-cell ...200616650660
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus in live virus vaccines of poultry.in vitro and in vivo assays have been used for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in live virus vaccines of poultry. the presence of rev is confirmed by the demonstration of viral antigen or provirus in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) or in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with vaccine. using rev polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, cefs inoculated with vaccines can be examined for rev by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining methods. cell lysates from such ...200617058506
phylogenetic analyses indicate little variation among reticuloendotheliosis viruses infecting avian species, including the endangered attwater's prairie chicken.reticuloendotheliosis virus infection, which typically causes systemic lymphomas and high mortality in the endangered attwater's prairie chicken, has been described as a major obstacle in repopulation efforts of captive breeding facilities in texas. although antigenic relationships among reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strains have been previously determined, phylogenetic relationships have not been reported. the pol and env of rev proviral dna from prairie chickens (pc-r92 and pc-2404), from ...200616497405
sarcomas and myelocytomas induced by a retrovirus related to myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1 in white leghorn egg layer chickens.an outbreak of subcutaneous sarcomas in commercial white leghorn egg layers was observed in the northeastern united states during late 2004. subcutaneous tumors were confined to three flocks distributed in two locations and belonging to the same company. the tumors were first observed grossly by farm personnel at approximately 7 wk of age and persisted throughout the economic life of the flocks. most of the tumors observed during the growing period were present on the facial region or around the ...200616863068
sequence analysis for the complete proviral genome of reticuloendotheliosis virus chinese strain ha9901.the genomic dna extracted from chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) infected with a chinese field isolate ha9901 of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was used as the template to amplify the rev proviral genomic cdna by pcr with 6 pairs of primers according to published sequences. six overlapping fragments were amplified, cloned into the ta vector and sequenced, including a fragment which was amplified from the circular proviral cdna and covering both 5'- and 3'-ends. the complete sequence of the whol ...200616704118
chicken major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules of the b haplotype present self and foreign peptides.the chicken major histocompatibility complex (mhc), or b-complex, mediates genetic resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease. for example, the b19 haplotype is associated with susceptibility to marek's disease. here, we describe the sequencing and analysis of peptides presented by b19 mhc class ii molecules. a b19/b19 b-cell line was used for the immunoaffinity purification of mhc class ii molecules, which was followed by acid elution of the bound peptides. the eluted peptides were the ...200616879355
[sequence analysis of integration sites of reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr in fowlpox vaccine virus genomes].by use of genomic dna prepared from 5 fowlpox virus (fpv) vaccines made in china (from shandong, beijing, liaoning, zhejing and shanghai respectively) as the templates, reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) ltr was amplified in pcr with a pair of primers synthesized according to the sequences flanking the integrated rev-5'ltr in fpv genomes published in us and australia. sequence analysis indicated that the rev-5'ltr integration sites in genomes of all 5 chinese pfv vaccine products were identical t ...200617037075
construction and characterization of a fowlpox virus field isolate whose genome lacks reticuloendotheliosis provirus nucleotide sequences.fowlpox virus (fwpv) has been isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks during subsequent fowlpox outbreaks that were characterized by a high degree of mortality and significant economic losses. this inability of current vaccines to induce adequate immunity in poultry could be reflective of an antigenic and/or biologic distinctiveness of fwpv field isolates. in this regard, whereas an infectious reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) provirus is present in the majority of the field viruses' genomes, on ...200516252496
novel criteria for the diagnosis of marek's disease virus-induced lymphomas.several novel criteria have been tested to assist in the differential diagnosis of tumours induced by marek's disease virus (mdv) from those induced by avian leukosis virus (alv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). a collection of tumours induced by inoculation of specific strains of mdv, alv and rev, alone or in combination, were tested for quantification of mdv dna by real-time polymerase chain reaction, expression of the mdv oncogene meq, expression of several cell markers associated with ...200516147570
[immunogenicity of envelope glycoprotein gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus expressed in insect cell].a recombinant baculovirus expressing reticuloendotheliosis virus env gene was constructed with bac-to-bac baculovirus expression systems. after transfecting the recombinant virus into sf9 cells for 3 days, rev env can be detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) and western blot with specific monoclonal antibodies of rev. the oil-water emulsion vaccine was then produced using this infected sf9 cells lycates and inoculated spf chickens to validate the immunogenicity for rev. th ...200516245878
insect contribution to horizontal transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus.the involvement of insects in reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) transmission was examined by testing insects trapped at commercial farms and by controlled feeding experiments using mosquitoes, culex pipiens l. and house flies, musca domestica l. we established sensitive methods of rev detection, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for rev-ltr and rev-gag genes, rev antigenemia measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus isolation in tissue cultures. a ...200515799521
isolation of recombinant field strains of marek's disease virus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus genome fragments.two marek's disease virus (mdv) field strains were isolated from chickens with tumors independently from guangdong and guangxi provinces, and it was confirmed that there were no co-infections with reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (cef) in indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifa) with rev-specific monoclonal antibodies. by dot blot hybridization and pcr of genomic dna of mdv-infected cef, it was indicated that ltr fragments of rev genome were integrated into ...200515844360
distinct roles for the nf-kappab1 and c-rel transcription factors in the differentiation and survival of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells activated by tlr-9 signals.reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog/nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in b cells 1 (rel/nf-kappab) activation is a ubiquitous outcome of engaging toll-like receptors (tlrs), yet the cell-type-specific functions of this pathway in response to particular microbial signals remain poorly defined. here we show that nf-kappab1 and c-rel, rel/nf-kappab proteins induced in conventional dendritic cells (cdcs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) by cytosine-phosphate-gua ...200516037393
spliced spleen necrosis virus vector rna is not encapsidated: implications for retroviral replication and vector design.rna splicing is a complex event in the retroviral life cycle and can involve multiple steps, as well as cis-acting sequences, to maintain a proper balance of spliced and unspliced viral rna for translation and encapsidation. the retroviral rna can be processed by cellular machinery and enables the removal of intronic sequences. we aimed to utilize the removal of a synthetic intron for targeted gene expression. to analyze intron removal and gene expression, we have constructed a novel self-inacti ...200415093186
chicken primary enterocytes: inhibition of eimeria tenella replication after activation with crude interferon-gamma supernatants.a reproducible and original method for the preparation of chicken intestine epithelial cells from 18-day-old embryos for long-term culture was obtained by using a mechanical isolation procedure, as opposed to previous isolation methods using relatively high concentrations of trypsin, collagenase, or edta. chicken intestine epithelial cells typically expressed keratin and chicken e-cadherin, in contrast to chicken embryo fibroblasts, and they increased cell surface mhc ii after activation with cr ...200415529984
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