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distinct transcriptional responses to fatal ebola virus infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques suggest species-specific immune responses.ebola virus (ebov) is a negative single-stranded rna virus within the filoviridae family and the causative agent of ebola virus disease (evd). nonhuman primates (nhps), including cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, are considered the gold standard animal model to interrogate mechanisms of ebov pathogenesis. however, despite significant genetic similarity (>90%), nhp species display different clinical presentation following ebov infection, notably a ∼1-2 days delay in disease progression. consequentl ...202134112056
pathogen presence in wild birds inhabiting landfills in central iran.wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (aiv). the current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in central iran. we collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (corvus frugilegus), european starling (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (passer domesticus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slende ...202133783651
detection of virus-related sequences associated with potential etiologies of hepatitis in liver tissue samples from rats, mice, shrews, and bats.hepatitis is a major global health concern. however, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis e virus, are zoonotic pathogens. rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. in this study, viral metagenomics and pcr methods were used ...202134177835
comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in european farmed pigs.in europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. the need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (sla) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. in this study, we characterised the sla class i ...202134028065
biodetection of a specific odor signature in mallard feces associated with infection by low pathogenic avian influenza a virus.outbreaks of avian influenza virus (aiv) infection included the spread of highly pathogenic aiv in commercial poultry and backyard flocks in the spring of 2015. this resulted in estimated losses of more than $8.5 million from federal government expenditures, $1.6 billion from direct losses to produces arising from destroyed turkey and chicken egg production, and economy-wide indirect costs of $3.3 billion from impacts on retailers and the food service industries. additionally, these outbreaks re ...202134038460
efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bangladesh.h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in bangladesh since 2007. while clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two h5 vaccines licensed in bangladesh, re-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an h5 insert (rhvt-h5), for protection against recent ...202133910774
efficacy of recombinant marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse h5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.the genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses of goose/guangdong (gs/gd) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective h5 influenza a vaccine. here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vhvt)-h5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4a-derived h5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) inserts with challenge by homologous an ...202133715903
a broad spectrum hvt-h5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity.current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from hpai infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. current conventional inactivated ai vaccin ...202133483211
preferential selection and contribution of non-structural protein 1 (ns1) to the efficient transmission of panzootic avian influenza h5n8 virus clades 2.3.4.4a and b in chickens and ducks.highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 caused outbreaks in poultry at an unprecedented global scale. the virus was spread by wild birds in asia in two waves: clade 2.3.4.4a in 2014/2015 and clade 2.3.4.4b from 2016 up to today. both clades were highly virulent in chickens, but only clade b viruses exhibited high virulence in ducks. viral factors which contribute to virulence and transmission of these panzootic h5n8 2.3.4.4 viruses are largely unknown. the ns1 protein, typical ...202134160261
pathogenicity and transmissibility assessment of two strains of human influenza virus isolated in china in 2018.influenza season occurs every year in china, but its presentation was unusual in the period from december 2017 to early 2018. during this period, influenza activity was increasing across the country and was much greater than during the same period in previous years, with great harm to people's health.202133472481
h9n2 influenza virus spillover into wild birds from poultry in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in mammals via respiratory droplets.h9n2 influenza virus has been reported worldwide for several decades, and it has evolved into multiple genotypes among domestic poultry. however, the study involving ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds in china is limited. here, we carried out surveillance of avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds along with the east asian-australian migratory flyway in china in 2017. to estimate the prevalence of h9n2 avian virus in wild birds, information on expos ...202133566453
subclinical infection and transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mandarin duck (aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (columbia livia domestica).since 2014, h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including asia, europe, africa, and north america. wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of hpaiv. this study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaiv in mandarin ducks (aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (columbia livia domestica). none of the birds used ...202134199847
novel reassortant 2.3.4.4b h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating among wild, domestic birds in xinjiang, northwest china.the h5 avian influenza viruses (aivs) of clade 2.3.4.4 circulate in wild and domestic birds worldwide. in 2017, nine strains of h5n6 aivs were isolated from aquatic poultry in xinjiang, northwest china.202134170087
genetic characterization and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus h7n3 isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea, early 2019.low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) introduced by migratory birds circulate in wild birds and can be transmitted to poultry. these viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses causing severe disease and death in poultry. in march 2019, an h7n3 avian influenza virus-a/spot-billed duck/south korea/wku2019-1/2019 (h7n3)-was isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea. this study aimed to evaluate the phylogenetic and mutational analysis of this isolate. mo ...202134067187
differences in highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viral pathogenicity and inflammatory response in chickens and ducks.infection with h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. but, some recent h5nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. the variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some h5nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. here, we characterized two representative h5n6 viruses, a/pavo cristatus/jiangx ...202133584608
host range of influenza a virus h1 to h16 in eurasian ducks based on tissue and receptor binding studies.dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. influenza a virus (iav) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (anas platyrhynchos). surveillance in eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (h1 to h7 and h10), intermediately (h8, h9, h11, and h12), or rarely (h13 to h16) detected, contrib ...202133361418
diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls.influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ...202134072256
serological evidence of backyard pig exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus during 2016-2017 epizootic in france.in autumn/winter 2016-2017, hpai-h5n8 viruses belonging to the a/goose/guandong/1/1996 (gs/gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in hpai-h5nx confirmed mixed herds. in this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern france from december 2016 to may 2017 and serological analyses for influenza a virus (iav) infections were carried out by elisa and hemagglutination i ...202134070190
health monitoring in birds using bio-loggers and whole blood transcriptomics.monitoring and early detection of emerging infectious diseases in wild animals is of crucial global importance, yet reliable ways to measure immune status and responses are lacking for animals in the wild. here we assess the usefulness of bio-loggers for detecting disease outbreaks in free-living birds and confirm detailed responses using leukocyte composition and large-scale transcriptomics. we simulated natural infections by viral and bacterial pathogens in captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos ...202134031452
do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity?long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is important. while wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. the swan goose (anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different hpaiv infection recor ...202134000793
biological properties and genetic characterization of novel low pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks in the caspian region, dagestan, russia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. novel evolutionary lineages of aiv that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. the vast continental reservoir of aivs in eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp ...202133920551
multiple reassortants of h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in south korea during the winter of 2020-2021.during october 2020-january 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in south korea. we sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene showed that all the isolates belong to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clu ...202133809549
evaluation of insulated isothermal pcr devices for the detection of avian influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) transmission, controlling aiv outbreaks is challenging. hpaiv is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. therefore, surveillance of aiv in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of out ...202133711374
detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea.we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ...202133523603
highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus spread by short- and long-range transmission, france, 2016-17.we detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in france during winter 2016-17. genotype a viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern france. our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype a viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern france. in some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. the intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the den ...202133496244
pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n6) virus isolated in cambodia in 2019.the first human case of zoonotic a(h7n4) avian influenza virus (aiv) infection was reported in early 2018 in china. two months after this case, novel a(h7n4) viruses phylogenetically related to the jiangsu isolate emerged in ducks from live bird markets in cambodia. during active surveillance in cambodia, a novel a(h7n6) reassortant of the zoonotic low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) a(h7n4) was detected in domestic ducks at a slaughterhouse. complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed th ...202134347386
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n2 (clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak.the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern u.s. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into north america from asia. this outbreak led to the demise of over 50 million domestic birds and occurred mainly during the northward spring migration of adult avian populations.202134323380
virus adaptation following experimental infection of chickens with a domestic duck low pathogenic avian influenza isolate from the 2017 usa h7n9 outbreak identifies polymorphic mutations in multiple gene segments.in march 2017, highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h7n9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast united states. because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of aivs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin h7n9 lpaiv in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original h7n9 clinical field samples used as ...202134207098
elucidating the local transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 in the republic of korea by integrating phylogenetic information.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. as a response to hpai epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. however, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (ips) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. accordi ...202134199439
first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in norway.several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) caused by influenza a virus of subtype h5n8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in europe during autumn 2020. norway is one of the few countries in europe that had not previously detected hpai virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005.202134118927
influenza a virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (anser caerulescens).some snow geese (anser caerulescens) migrate between eurasia and north america and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza a viruses (iavs). hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of iavs. our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of iavs. thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by su ...202133621417
reassortment and persistence of influenza a viruses from diverse geographic origins within australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of ruddy turnstones.australian lineages of avian influenza a viruses (aivs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in eurasia and the americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. however, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of aivs in australia remain poorly understood. waders (order charadriiformes, family scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of aivs, particularly ...202133627387
development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus.h7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. the conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay despite lengthy operation time. in this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus (aiv) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemaggl ...202133531001
effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet.1. the effect of foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (eo) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined.2. a total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg ...202133530744
cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in chickens.copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) are consciously used to control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. several studies documented the beneficial and hazardous effects of cuo-nps on human cells and different experimental animals but there are not many studies that report the effect of cuo-nps in poultry. therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, immune status, oxidant/antioxidant capacity, ...202133484442
effect of chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and immune response of unstressed broiler chickens: a dose-response meta-analysis.studies investigating the effects of chromium (cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. the results showed that cr supplementation was not as ...202133454850
a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus.low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ...202133452423
retraction notice to modified newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the h5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens vaccine 32(35) (2014) 4428-4435. 202133446369
molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ...202133437876
n-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the ha protein of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses.since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the asian lineage h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in southern and eastern china, while the h5n6 subtype is the most prevalent. we have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein due to the t160a mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx subtypes. our present study aims to explore other effects of this ...202133436086
the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses.the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ...202133424035
comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses.strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. in this study we characterize three recent h5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the h5n8-2014 group a virus and the h5n8-2016 and h5n6-2017 group b viruses. the pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, pekin ducks and eurasian wigeons was compared. the three viruses wer ...202133350337
efficacy of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor and neuraminidase inhibitors against h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing severe viral pneumonia in cynomolgus macaques.h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. a/duck/japan/aq-he29-22/2017 (h7n9) (dk/he29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other h7 hpaivs. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of dk/he29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase ...202133257455
a cluster epidemic of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).in january 2019, four cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) kept at a japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. although we were unable to isolate the virus, the np gene of influenza a virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. from a food tray swab which test ...202133576190
messenger rna biomarkers of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in the whole blood of dairy calves.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a primary viral cause of bovine respiratory disease (brd) in young calves, which is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. infection with brsv induces global gene expression changes in respiratory tissues. if these changes are observed in tissues which are more accessible in live animals, such as whole blood, they may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of the disease. therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the wh ...202133931718
pathogenicity and transmissibility of current h3n2 swine influenza virus in southern china: a zoonotic potential.swine are considered as 'mixing vessels' of influenza a viruses and play an important role in the generation of novel influenza pandemics. in this study, we described that the h3n2 swine influenza (swh3n2) viruses currently circulating in pigs in guangdong province carried six internal genes from 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (pmd09), and their antigenicity was obviously different from that of current human h3n2 influenza viruses or recommended vaccine strains (a/guangdong/1194/2019, a/hong kong/4801 ...202134132051
n-glycolylneuraminic acid in animal models for human influenza a virus.the first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc) are the two main species. animal models with α2,6 linked neu5ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza a viruses. animal models that are c ...202134062844
pb1 s524g mutation of wild bird-origin h3n8 influenza a virus enhances virulence and fitness for transmission in mammals.influenza h3n8 viruses have been recovered frequently from wild bird species, including anseriformes (primarily from migratory ducks) and charadriiformes (primarily from shorebirds). however, little attention has been given to the transmission ability of h3n8 avian influenza viruses among mammals. here, we study the potential human health threat and the molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of h3n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild bird reservoirs. we classified eight h3n8 virus ...202133840358
avian influenza a viruses reassort and diversify differently in mallards and mammals.reassortment among co-infecting influenza a viruses (iavs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic iavs. observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. these factors in turn are expected to vary among the di ...202133808674
a quantitative approach to assess influenza a virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs.efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza a viruses (iav), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. to address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. with t ...202133731462
respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza a virus in california sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques.to understand susceptibility of wild california sea lions and northern elephant seals to influenza a virus (iav), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple iav subtypes. we first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human iav. trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 california sea lions, 2 northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains r ...202134037419
host-cell dependent role of phosphorylated keratin 8 during influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in mammalian cells.in this study, we investigated the involvement of keratin 8 during human influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in semi-permissive rhesus monkey-kidney (llc-mk2) and permissive human type ii alveolar epithelial (a549) cells. in a549 cells, keratin 8 showed major expression and phosphorylation levels. influenza a/nws/33 virus was able to subvert keratin 8 structural organization at late stages of infection in both cell models, promoting keratin 8 phosphorylation in a549 cells at early phases o ...202133556415
establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a female domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) with an x chromosome instability.the domestic ferret (ferret; mustela putorius furo) is an important animal model for neuroscience and preclinical/veterinary medicine owing to its highly developed cerebral cortex and susceptibility to avian influenza and corona viruses. nevertheless, there is a lack of in vitro ferret models, since immortal cell lines including induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) of ferrets have been scarce. in this study, we established an ipsc line from ferret skin fibroblasts. the established ipsc line, f ...202134088013
establishment of a genetically engineered chicken df-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin.the initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. this is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. in cell culture systems, ha is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. the vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian.202133413322
low-pathogenicity influenza viruses replicate differently in laughing gulls and mallards.wild aquatic birds are natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). laughing gulls inoculated with four gull-origin lpaivs (h7n3, h6n4, h3n8, and h2n3) had a predominate respiratory infection. by contrast, mallards inoculated with two mallard-origin lpaivs (h5n6 and h4n8) became infected and had similar virus titers in oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs. the trend toward predominate op shedding in gulls suggest a greater role of direct bird transmission in mai ...202134109758
genetic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from falcated ducks and environmental water in japan in november 2020.we isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in japan. our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with h5n8 hpaivs recently isolated in south korea, a distant part of japan, and european countries. these results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of hpaivs.202133557405
exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8).swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ...202133987931
a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus isolated from a flamingo on the caspian sea shore.in 2015, in the kazakh part of the northern caspian sea region, during the monitoring of wild birds for avian influenza viruses, a highly pathogenic a/flamingo/mangistau/6570/2015(h5n1) influenza virus was isolated from a dead flamingo. this study aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of the isolate.202032972927
investigation of the 2018 thick-billed murre (uria lomvia) die-off on st. lawrence island rules out food shortage as the cause.die-offs of seabirds in alaska have occurred with increased frequency since 2015. in 2018, on st. lawrence island, seabirds were reported washing up dead on beaches starting in late may, peaking in june, and continuing until early august. the cause of death was documented to be starvation, leading to the conclusion that a severe food shortage was to blame. we use physiology and colony-based observations to examine whether food shortage is a sufficient explanation for the die-off, or if evidence ...202033716412
transcriptome profiles of highly pathogenic pure avian h7n9 virus-infected lungs of balb/c mice.avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses emerged in china in 2013 and caused a zoonotic disease associated with a high case-fatality ratio of more than 30%. transcriptional profiles obtained using animal models reveal host responses to the disease, thereby providing insights into disease pathogenesis. therefore, we aimed to characterize the host responses of the h7n9 virus infected-mouse lungs in this study. first, we isolated an avian-originated h7n9 strain, which was shown to be highly pathogenic to b ...202033409298
comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing newcastle disease lasota and avian influenza h9n2 sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants.newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. the use of nd-ai inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control nd and ai disease. bivalent nd lasota-ai h9n2 vaccine is not yet available in indonesia. the inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. this s ...202033363346
comparative analysis of key immune protection factors in h9n2 avian influenza viruses infected and immunized specific pathogen-free chicken.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in china, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by h9n2 aiv infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of h9n2 aiv inactivated vaccine. in this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after h9n2 aiv infection. and, we found that h9n2 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody level, antiviral inte ...202033357705
molecular characteristics of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes in china.in this study, eight h9n2 iavs were isolated from infected diseased, farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. eight genes shared 98.6%-100% identity among the isolates possessing a psrssr/gl motif at the ha cleavage site, which is same as the motif of g1 and y280 lineages of h9n2 iavs. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the ha genes of the eight isolates clustered with y280-like viruses, whereas the na genes belonged to f/98-like sublineage. interestingly, the ns, np, pb2 and pa genes of the iso ...202033223121
efficacy of soya protein concentrates on the performance and immunity of broiler chickens.this study examines the supplementation of soy protein concentrates (spc) in the diet of straight run broiler chickens and its effect on their immunity and productive performance. eight hundred ross 308 mixed chicks were randomly assigned to four varied dietary treatments (200 birds each), four replicates per dietary treatment (50 chicks/replicate). the diets were a control without supplement (t0) or supplemented with t1 (7g), t2 (8g), and t3 (9g)/bird of 5% spc, which replaced sbm in the basal ...202033251252
factors influencing chicken farmers' decisions to implement prevention and control measures to reduce avian influenza virus spread under endemic conditions.the ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 poses a threat to both poultry and public health. adapting the constructs of the health belief model (hbm) framework, we investigated perceptions of backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farmers to implement hpai prevention and control measures in bangladesh. two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. using structural equation modelling, we ...202033241659
evolution and pathogenicity of h6 avian influenza viruses isolated from southern china during 2011 to 2017 in mice and chickens.h6 subtype avian influenza viruses spread widely in birds and pose potential threats to poultry and mammals, even to human beings. in this study, the evolution and pathogenicity of h6 aivs isolated in live poultry markets from 2011 to 2017 were investigated. these h6 isolates were reassortant with other subtypes of influenza virus with increasing genomic diversity. however, no predominant genotype was found during this period. all of the h6n2 and most of the h6n6 isolates replicated efficiently ...202033239647
probiotic lactobacilli enhance immunogenicity of an inactivated h9n2 influenza virus vaccine in chickens.avian influenza viruses (aivs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and many avian species. efforts have been made to control this pathogen in chickens using vaccination programs, but that has been met with varying degrees of success. therefore, identification of more efficacious vaccination strategies is warranted. this study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of probiotics on the immunogenicity of a beta-propiolactone-whole inactivated virus (wiv) vaccine of h9n2 sub ...202033236974
equine-like h3 avian influenza viruses in wild birds, chile.since their discovery in the united states in 1963, outbreaks of infection with equine influenza virus (h3n8) have been associated with serious respiratory disease in horses worldwide. genomic analysis suggests that equine h3 viruses are of an avian lineage, likely originating in wild birds. equine-like internal genes have been identified in avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in the southern cone of south america. however, an equine-like h3 hemagglutinin has not been identified. we ...202033219648
dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in china.we have surveyed avian influenza virus (aiv) genomes from live poultry markets within china since 2014. here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from may 2016 to february 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in china. we identify 2048 aiv-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. aiv-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014-2016 (26.90%). additionally, h9n2 has replaced h5n6 and h7n9 as the do ...202033219213
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene in h9 influenza viruses from chickens in morocco from 2017 to 2019.since the early 2000s, the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 has been widely circulating in north african countries, including libya, tunisia, and egypt. for unknown reasons, h9n2 was not detected in moroccan farms until the end of 2016, and at present, it is endemic in poultry. this study was carried out to evaluate the evolution of h9 aivs in morocco from 2017 to 2019. in this study, 16 h9 viruses collected from 2017 to 2019 in morocco were isolated and sequenced. the genomic signatures ...202033205168
nitrate is crucial for the proliferation of gut escherichia coli caused by h9n2 aiv infection and effective regulation by chinese herbal medicine ageratum-liquid.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in chickens is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, but the mechanism is unclear. the aim of the present study was to reveal that mechanism and explore non-antibiotic treatment. 16s rrna sequencing and metabonomics were performed in the intestinal contents of chickens infected with h9n2 aiv or h9n2 aiv and fed with ageratum-liquid (al) to reveal the metabolite that promote intestinal escherichia coli (e. coli) proliferation caused by h9n2 ...202033193136
ongoing genetic evolution of h9n2 avian influenza viruses in iranian industrial poultry farms.despite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the h9n2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of h9n2 avian influenza (ai) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. in this study, the haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of nine recent h9n2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative iranian viruses. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all iranian viruses were grouped into the g1 ...202033185568
diagnosis and treatment of heavy metal toxicosis in six waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita).six adult waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita) were presented with heavy metal toxicosis secondary to paint chip ingestion after being placed in an indoor confinement enclosure because of a regional highly pathogenic avian influenza epornitic and government restrictions. four of the ibis developed clinical disease signs between 45 and 64 days of confinement, including weakness, lethargy, inability to fly, low body condition, and bilateral wing droop while 2 birds appeared to remain normal during t ...202033355415
protection of chickens with maternal immunity against avian influenza virus (aiv) by vaccination with a novel recombinant newcastle disease virus vector.newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) hemagglutinin of subtype h5 protect specific pathogen-free chickens from newcastle disease and avian influenza. however, maternal aiv antibodies (aiv-mda+) are known to interfere with active immunization by influencing vaccine virus replication and gene expression, resulting in inefficient protection. to overcome this disadvantage, we inserted a transgene encoding a truncated soluble hemagglutinin (ha) in addition to th ...202033347549
role of the hemagglutinin residue 227 in immunogenicity of h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens.many h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in terms of inducing hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody titers. residue 227 (h3 numbering) in the receptor binding site in the hemagglutinin (ha) is critical for the detectability of hi antibodies induced by h5 influenza vaccines. however, whether the effect of residue 227 on immunogenicity can be generalized in different subtypes is unclear. in this study, the impact of ha residue 227 on immunogenicity of h5n1, h5n6, ...202033347548
genetic incompatibilities and reduced transmission in chickens may limit the evolution of reassortants between h9n2 and panzootic h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus showing high virulence for mammals.the unprecedented spread of h5n8- and h9n2-subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) in birds across asia, europe, africa, and north america poses a serious public health threat with a permanent risk of reassortment and the possible emergence of novel virus variants with high virulence in mammals. to gain information on this risk, we studied the potential for reassortment between two contemporary h9n2 and h5n8 viruses. while the replacement of the pb2, pa, and ns genes of highly pathogenic h5n8 by hom ...202033343923
ha1 (hemagglutinin) quantitation for influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 high yield reassortant vaccine candidate seed viruses by rp-uplc.the only effective measure to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by the influenza virus in the human population is worldwide vaccination. vaccination produces neutralizing antibodies that target the ha1 subunit of the ha (hemagglutinin) protein and are strain specific. the effectiveness of new influenza vaccines are linked to two factors, the correct prediction of the circulating strains in the population in a particular season and the concentration of the ha1 protein in the vaccine formula ...202033341306
a single dose of inactivated oil-emulsion bivalent h5n8/h5n1 vaccine protects chickens against the lethal challenge of both highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.in this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (chicken/me-2018 and geese/egypt/mg4/2019). the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b h5n8 viruses isolated from egypt and eurasian countries. a monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with ha gene of the chicken/me-2018/h5n8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same rea ...202033307456
evaluation of baloxavir marboxil and peramivir for the treatment of high pathogenicity avian influenza in chickens.control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. in this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (bxm) and peramivir (pr), used in humans, were examined in treating hpai in birds, using chickens as a model. chickens were infected with h5n6 hpai virus and were treated immediately or ...202033302389
effect of baicalin on bacterial secondary infection and inflammation caused by h9n2 aiv infection in chickens.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. h9n2 aiv causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with escherichia. due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of h9n2 aiv infection-induc ...202033294434
establishing a multicolor flow cytometry to characterize cellular immune response in chickens following h7n9 avian influenza virus infection.avian influenza virus (aiv) emerged and has continued to re-emerge, continuously posing great threats to animal and human health. the detection of hemagglutination inhibition (hi) or virus neutralization antibodies (na) is essential for assessing immune protection against aiv. however, the hi/na-independent immune protection is constantly observed in vaccines' development against h7n9 subtype aiv and other subtypes in chickens and mammals, necessitating the analysis of the cellular immune respon ...202033291218
hemagglutinin stalk-based monoclonal antibody elicits broadly reactivity against group 1 influenza a virus.influenza virus remains a continuous and severe threat to public health worldwide, and its prevention and treatment have always been a major international issue. because of its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid antigenic drift and antigenic shift, broad-spectrum vaccines seem increasingly important.202033287849
non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a european h9n2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is the most widespread low pathogenic (lp) aiv in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. however, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of h9n2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (ha) proteolytic cleavage site (cs), a main virulence determinant of aiv. compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of h9n2 aiv to tu ...202033277593
the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses.the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ...202033276361
mutations in pb1, np, ha, and na contribute to increased virus fitness of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in chickens.the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) clade 2.3.4.4 virus spread to north america by wild birds and reassorted to generate the h5n2 hpai virus that caused the poultry outbreak in the united states in 2015. in previous studies, we showed that h5n2 viruses isolated from poultry in the later stages of the outbreak had higher infectivity and transmissibility in chickens than the wild bird index h5n2 virus. here, we determined the genetic changes that contributed to the difference in host ...202033268526
improvement of pr8-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains by optimization of internal genes and h103y mutation of hemagglutinin.clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 avian influenza a viruses (aivs) may have originally adapted to infect chickens and have caused highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry and human fatalities. although a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1) (pr8)-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains have been effective in embryonated chicken eggs-based vaccine production system, they need to be improved in terms of immunogenicity and potential mammalian pathogenicity. we replaced the pb2 gene alone or the p ...202033419331
avian influenza overview august - december 2020.between 15 august and 7 december 2020, 561highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus detections were reported in 15eu/eea countries and uk in wild birds, poultry andcaptive birds, with germany (n=370), denmark (n=65), the netherlands (n=57) being the most affected countries.the majority of the detections have been reported in wild birds(n=510), primarily in barnacle goose, greylag goose, andeurasian wigeon. raptors have also been detected infected, particularly common buzzard. the majority o ...202033343738
avian influenza overview - update on 19 november 2020, eu/eea and the uk.since 16 october 2020, outbreaks ofhighly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruseshavebeen reported inseveral eu/eeacountries -belgium, denmark, france, germany, ireland, the netherlands, and swedenas well asin the united kingdom.as of 19 november,12pm, 302 hpai a(h5) detections have been reported, with the majority of the detections referring to wild birds (n=281), and a few related to outbreaks in poultry (n=18) and captive birds (n=3). most of the detections in wild birds were in wild waterb ...202033281979
genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh.asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ...202034127940
the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a viruses circulating in mallards in duck hunting preserves in maryland, usa.duck hunting preserves (dhp) have resident populations of farm-raised mallard ducks, which create potential foci for the evolution of novel influenza a viruses (iavs). through an eleven-year (2003-2013) iav surveillance project in seven dhps in maryland, usa, we frequently identified iavs in the resident, free-flying mallard ducks (5.8% of cloacal samples were iav-positive). the iav population had high genetic diversity, including 12 ha subtypes and 9 na subtypes. by sequencing the complete geno ...202033375548
a comparative study of the innate humoral immune response to avian influenza virus in wild and domestic mallards.domestic mallards (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are traditionally used as a model to investigate infection dynamics and immune responses to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in free-living mallards. however, it is unclear whether the immune response of domestic birds reflects the response of their free-living counterparts naturally exposed to these viruses. we investigated the extent to which the innate humoral immune response was similar among (i) wild-type domestic mallards in ...202033329501
pattern-recognition receptors in duck (anas platyrhynchos): identification, expression and function analysis of toll-like receptor 3.1. innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogenic organisms through a myriad of germline encoded receptors called pattern-recognition receptors (prrs). toll-like receptor (tlr) 3, as an important member of prrs, is indispensable for host defence against viral infection by recognising virus-derived rnas. however, little is known about the structure and function of tlr3 in ducks (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for the avian influenza virus.2. this study cloned the full- ...202033215508
prevalence and distribution of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the waterfowl-chicken interface in wetlands.ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza a viruses (iavs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. wetlands, such as hakaluki and tanguar haor in bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. a cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. during the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in d ...202033207803
truncation or deglycosylation of the neuraminidase stalk enhances the pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus in mallard ducks.h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49-68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (na) became a major epidemic virus. to determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the na stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus a/mallard/huadong/s/2005 (sy) to recover the long-stalk virus (rsna+). a series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the ...202033193225
emergence of novel reassortant h1n1 avian influenza viruses in korean wild ducks in 2018 and 2019.influenza a virus subtype h1n1 has caused global pandemics like the spanish flu in 1918 and the 2009 h1n1 pandemic several times. h1n1 remains in circulation and survives in multiple animal sources, including wild birds. surveillance during the winter of 2018-2019 in korea revealed two h1n1 isolates in samples collected from wild bird feces: knu18-64 (a/greater white-fronted goose/south korea/knu18-64/2018(h1n1) and wku19-4 (a/wild bird/south korea/wku19-4/2019(h1n1). phylogenetic analysis indic ...202033375376
molecular identification and phylogenetic characterization of influenza a virus at a wildlife-livestock interface in mexico.influenza a virus (iav) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans and swine can lead to spillover events. backyard livestock systems in proximity to wetlands represent high-risk areas for viral spread. however, some gaps remain in our knowledge of iav transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. hence, the study aimed at molecular identification and ...202033350099
highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b subtype h5n8 virus isolated from mandarin duck in south korea, 2020.in october 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (aix galericulata) in south korea. we sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as a/mandarin duck/korea/k20-551-4/2020(h5n8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b. a ...202033291548
re-invasion of h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b in hokkaido, japan, 2020.global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), especially that caused by h5 clade 2.3.4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. an hpai virus, a/northern pintail/hokkaido/m13/2020 (h5n8) (np/hok/20) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was isolated from a fecal sample collected at a lake in hokkaido, japan where migratory birds rested, october 2020. in the phylogenetic trees of all eight gene segments, np/hok/20 fell into in the cluster of european isolates ...202033327524
comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens.despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ...202033271478
host anp32a mediates the assembly of the influenza virus replicase.aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir from which new pandemic influenza a viruses can emerge1. influenza viruses contain a negative-sense segmented rna genome that is transcribed and replicated by the viral heterotrimeric rna polymerase (flupol) in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes2,3. rna polymerases of avian influenza a viruses (flupola) replicate viral rna inefficiently in human cells because of species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (anp32), a fami ...202033208942
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