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a new immunoassay of serum antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus using quantum dots and a lateral-flow test strip.a fast and ultrasensitive test-strip system combining quantum dots (qds) with a lateral-flow immunoassay strip (lfias) was established for detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) antibody. the highly luminescent water-soluble carboxyl-functionalized qds were used as the signal output and were conjugated to streptococcal protein g (spg), which was capable of binding to immunoglobulin g (igg) from many species through an amide bond to capture the target pprv iggs. the pprv n protein, ...201727783124
surveillance for viral and parasitic pathogens in a vulnerable african lion (panthera leo) population in the northern tuli game reserve, botswana.african lion ( panthera leo ) numbers are decreasing rapidly and populations are becoming smaller and more fragmented. infectious diseases are one of numerous issues threatening free-ranging lion populations, and low-density populations are particularly at risk. we collected data on the prevalence and diversity of viral and parasitic pathogens in a small lion population in eastern botswana. during 2012 and 2014, blood samples were collected from 59% (n=13) of the adult-subadult lions in the nort ...201727669009
the detection and differentiation of canine respiratory pathogens using oligonucleotide microarrays.canine respiratory diseases are commonly seen in dogs along with co-infections with multiple respiratory pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. virus infections in even vaccinated dogs were also reported. the clinical signs caused by different respiratory etiological agents are similar, which makes differential diagnosis imperative. an oligonucleotide microarray system was developed in this study. the wild type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus (cdv), influenza virus, canine herp ...201728189583
inactivated recombinant rabies viruses displaying canine distemper virus glycoproteins induce protective immunity against both pathogens.the development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. both canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rabv) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. while rabv vaccines are inactivated, the live-attenuated cdv vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. in this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vac ...201728148801
impacts of canine distemper virus infection on the giant panda population from the perspective of gut microbiota.the recent increase in infectious disease outbreaks has been directly linked to the global loss of biodiversity and the decline of some endangered species populations. between december 2014 and march 2015, five captive giant pandas died due to canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in china. cdv has taken a heavy toll on tigers and lions in recent years. here, we describe the first gut microbiome diversity study of cdv-infected pandas. by investigating the influence of cdv infection on gut bacte ...201728051146
serosurvey for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the african large predator guild in northern botswana.the recent increase in the creation of transboundary protected areas and wildlife corridors between them lends importance to information on pathogen prevalence and transmission among wildlife species that will become connected. one such initiative is the kavango zambezi transfrontier conservation area of which botswana's okavango delta constitutes a major contribution for wildlife and ecosystems. between 2008 and 2011, we collected serum samples from 14 lions ( panthera leo ), four leopards ( pa ...201727763827
detection of respiratory viruses in shelter dogs maintained under varying environmental conditions.three dog shelters in rio grande do sul were investigated for associations between the occurrence of respiratory viruses and shelter environmental conditions. nasal secretions randomly collected during the cold season were tested via pcr, and this data collection was followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. in shelter #1 (poor sanitary and nutritional conditions, high animal density and constant contact between dogs), 78% (58/74) of the nasal samples were positive, 35% (26/74) of whic ...201727522932
outbreak of severe pseudorabies virus infection in pig-offal-fed farmed mink in liaoning province, china.an outbreak of severe pseudorabies virus (prv) infection in farmed mink occurred in northern china in late 2014, causing significant economic losses in the local fur industry. here, we report the first case of a prv outbreak in mink in northeastern china, caused by feeding farmed mink with raw pork or organs contaminated by prv. mink infected with virulent prv exhibited diarrhea, neurologic signs, and higher mortality, which can be misdiagnosed as highly pathogenic mink enteritis virus (mev), ca ...201727885561
antibody response to paramyxoviruses in paget's disease of bone.paget's disease of bone (pdb) is a common skeletal disorder characterised by focal abnormalities of increased and disorganised bone turnover. genetic factors play a central role in the pathogenesis of pdb but environmental factors also contribute. measles virus (mv), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) have all been implicated as potential disease triggers but the data are conflicting. since chronic paramyxovirus infection with measles is known to be accompanied by ...201728361207
lethal distemper in badgers (meles meles) following epidemic in dogs and wolves.canine distemper virus (cdv) represents an important conservation threat to many wild carnivores. a large distemper epidemic sustained by an arctic-lineage strain occurred in italy in 2013, mainly in the abruzzi region, causing overt disease in domestic and shepherd dogs, apennine wolves (canis lupus) and other wild carnivores. two badgers were collected by the end of september 2015 in a rural area of the abruzzi region and were demonstrated to be cdv-positive by real time rt-pcr and ihc in seve ...201627876612
occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs from henan province of china in 2009-2014.there is no information concerning the genotype of canine parvovirus (cpv) currently circulating in henan province, china. therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide insights into the epidemiology and molecular characterization of cpv circulating in henan province from 2009 to 2014.201627377264
enhanced immunosurveillance for animal morbilliviruses using vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotypes.the measurement of virus-specific neutralising antibodies represents the "gold-standard" for diagnostic serology. for animal morbilliviruses, such as peste des petits ruminants (pprv) or rinderpest virus (rpv), live virus-based neutralisation tests require high-level biocontainment to prevent the accidental escape of the infectious agents. in this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (vsvδg) based pseudotyping system for the measurement of neutr ...201627742221
application of xenogeneic anti-canine distemper virus antibodies in treatment of canine distemper puppies.the clinical feasibility of passive immunotherapy has not been demonstrated in dogs naturally infected with canine distemper. in this study, porcine anti-canine distemper virus igg and f(ab')2 antibody fragments were used to treat infected puppies.201627726133
diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs, also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores and posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world. to get a better panorama of cdv infection in different orders, a retrospective and documental systematic review of the role of cdv in different non-dog hosts was conducted. the bibliographical data were collected from medline/pubmed and scopus ...201627170307
development and application of multiplex pcr assays for detection of virus-induced respiratory disease complex in dogs.canine infectious respiratory disease complex (cirdc) viruses have been detected in dogs with respiratory illness. canine influenza virus (civ), canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine adenovirus type 2 (cadv-2) and canine herpesvirus 1 (cahv-1), are all associated with the cirdc. to allow diagnosis, two conventional multiplex polymerase chain reactions (pcr) were developed to simultaneously identify four rna and two dna vir ...201627628592
prevalence of antibodies for selected canine pathogens among wolves (canis lupus) from the alaska peninsula, usa.we collected blood samples from wolves ( canis lupus ) on the alaska peninsula, southwest alaska, us, 2006-11 and tested sera for antibodies to canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine herpesvirus (chv), canine parainfluenza (cpi), canine parvovirus (cpv), neospora caninum , and toxoplasma gondii . detected antibody prevalence was 90% for cav, 28% for ccv, 12% for cdv, 93% for chv, 0% for cpi, 20% for cpv, 0% for n. caninum, and 86% for t. gondii . ...201627195683
serum antibody responses to vaccinal antigens in lean and obese geriatric dogs.the immune responses in control dogs [1 to 4 years of age, body condition score (bcs): 4 to 5 out of 9] were compared to those of aging dogs (based on breed and body size) either categorized as lean (bcs: 4 to 5 out of 9) or obese (bcs: 8 to 9 out of 9). of interest were the serum titers to the following common agents found in vaccines, canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), and bordetella bronchiseptica. ...201627152043
screening red foxes (vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis.next to various known infectious and non-infectious causes, the aetiology of non-suppurative encephalitis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) often remains unclear. known causes in foxes imply rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, aujeszky's disease, as well as parvovirus, adenovirus, circovirus and flavivirus infections. in this study, particular attention was paid on bornaviruses, since red foxes are predators of bicoloured white-toothed shrews, a reservoir of borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1). in ad ...201627590473
rt-pcr and sequence analysis of the full-length fusion protein of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs.during 2007-2014, 84 out of 236 (35.6%) samples from domestic dogs submitted to our laboratory for diagnostic purposes were positive for canine distemper virus (cdv), as analyzed by rt-pcr amplification of a fragment of the nucleoprotein gene. fifty-nine of them (70.2%) were from dogs that had been vaccinated against cdv. the full-length gene encoding the fusion (f) protein of fifteen isolates was sequenced and compared with that of those of other cdvs, including wild-type and vaccine strains. p ...201626611227
identification of a novel canine distemper virus b-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against nucleocapsid protein.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a member of the genus morbillivirus within the family paramyxoviridae and has caused severe economic losses in china. nucleocapsid protein (n) is the major structural viral protein and can be used to diagnose cdv and other morbilliviruses. in this study, a specific monoclonal antibody, 1n8, was produced against the cdv n protein (amino acids 277-471). a linear n protein epitope was identified by subjecting a series of partially overlapping synthesized peptides to ...201626514066
unusual necrotizing encephalitis in raccoons and skunks concurrently infected with canine distemper virus and sarcocystis sp.canine distemper virus commonly infects free-ranging, terrestrial mesopredators throughout the united states. due to the immunosuppressive effects of the virus, concurrent opportunistic infections are also common. among these, secondary systemic protozoal infections have been described in a number of species. we report an unusual presentation of necrotizing encephalitis associated withsarcocystissp in four raccoons and one skunk concurrently infected with canine distemper virus. lesions were cha ...201626374278
age-related presence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in paraffin-embedded lung samples of dogs with pneumonia.the aim of this retrospective study was to detect selected pathogens in pneumonic lung tissue of dogs of different age groups by immunohistochemistry (ihc), in situ hybridisation (ish) or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in order to get information about their involvement in pneumonia formation. in archived formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded lung samples from 68 cases with the clinical and histologic diagnosis of pneumonia the histological pattern of pneumonia was re-evaluated and the sampl ...201626919147
fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in china.we report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection among endangered giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca). five of six cdv infected giant pandas died. the surviving giant panda was previously vaccinated against cdv. genomic sequencing of cdv isolated from one of the infected pandas (giant panda/sx/2014) suggests it belongs to the asia-1 cluster. the hemagglutinin protein of the isolated virus and virus sequenced from lung samples originating from deceased giant pandas all possessed ...201627310722
immunohistochemical and transcriptome analyses indicate complex breakdown of axonal transport mechanisms in canine distemper leukoencephalitis.cdv-dl (canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis) represents a spontaneously occurring animal model for demyelinating disorders. axonopathy represents a key pathomechanism in this disease; however, its underlying pathogenesis has not been addressed in detail so far. this study aimed at the characterization of axonal cytoskeletal, transport, and potential regenerative changes with a parallel focus upon schwann cell remyelination.201627247850
canine distemper virus in wild felids of costa rica.several highly infectious diseases can be transmitted through feces and cause elevated mortality among carnivore species. one such infectious agent, canine distemper virus (cdv; paramyxoviridae: morbillivirus), has been reported to affect wild carnivores, among them several felid species. we screened free-ranging and captive wild carnivores in costa rica for cdv. between 2006 and 2012, we collected 306 fecal samples from 70 jaguars (panther onca), 71 ocelots ( leopardus pardalis ), five jaguarun ...201626967127
characterization of a novel canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. outbreaks of cdv in domestic dogs in eastern tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of cdv. we hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. from 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collect ...201627400957
epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine distemper disease in dogs and ferrets in australia, 2006-2014.to determine the status and distribution of distemper in australian dogs and ferrets.201627349880
controversial results of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells in the acute phase of canine distemper disease.distemper disease is an infectious disease reported in several species of domestic and wild carnivores. the high mortality rate of animals infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) treated with currently available therapies has driven the study of new efficacious treatments. mesenchymal stem cell (msc)-based therapy is a promising therapeutic option for many degenerative, hereditary, and inflammatory diseases. therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize stem cells derived from the cani ...201627323085
phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in south america clade 1 reveals unique molecular signatures of the local epidemic.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen for domestic dogs and several wild carnivore species. in brazil, natural infection of cdv in dogs is very high due to the large non-vaccinated dog population, a scenario that calls for new studies on the molecular epidemiology. this study investigates the phylodynamics and amino-acid signatures of cdv epidemic in south america by analyzing a large dataset compiled from publicly available sequences and also by collecting new samples fro ...201627060756
coinfection with hepatozoon sp. and canine distemper virus in a yellow-throated marten ( martes flavigula koreana) in korea.we describe coinfection with hepatozoon sp. and canine distemper virus (cdv) in a yellow-throated marten ( martes flavigula koreana). we found hepatozoon cysts in muscular tissue and viral inclusion bodies in the brain. hepatozoon sp., and cdv was confirmed in blood and brain, respectively, by pcr.201627054471
infectious progression of canine distemper virus from circulating cerebrospinal fluid into the central nervous system.in the current study, we generated recombinant chimeric canine distemper viruses (cdvs) by replacing the hemagglutinin (h) and/or phosphoprotein (p) gene in an avirulent strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) with those of a mouse-adapted neurovirulent strain. an in vitro experimental infection indicated that the chimeric cdvs possessing the h gene derived from the mouse-adapted cdv acquired infectivity for neural cells. these cells lack the cdv receptors that have been iden ...201627489268
canine distemper virus isolated from a monkey efficiently replicates on vero cells expressing non-human primate slam receptors but not human slam receptor.in 2008, an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in monkeys was reported in china. we isolated cdv strain (subsequently named monkey-bj01-dv) from lung tissue obtained from a rhesus monkey that died in this outbreak. we evaluated the ability of this virus on vero cells expressing slam receptors from dog, monkey and human origin, and analyzed the h gene of monkey-bj01-dv with other strains.201627484638
exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus and parvovirus in the cerrado of central brazil.human population growth around protected areas increases the contact between wild and domestic animals, promoting disease transmission between them. this study investigates the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus (cdv) and parvovirus in emas national park (enp) in the cerrado savanna of central brazil. serum samples were collected from 169 wild carnivores, including the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), hoary f ...201627469023
evaluation of two canine distemper virus vaccines in captive tigers (panthera tigris).canine distemper virus (cdv) has caused clinical disease and death in nondomestic felids in both captive settings and in the wild. outbreaks resulting in high mortality rates in tigers (panthera tigris) have prompted some zoos to vaccinate tigers for cdv. in this study, six tigers received a recombinant canarypox-vectored cdv vaccine (1 ml s.c.) and were revaccinated with 3 ml s.c. (mean) 39 days later. blood collection for cdv antibody detection via serum neutralization was performed on (mean) ...201627468029
low titers of canine distemper virus antibody in wild fishers (martes pennanti) in the eastern usa.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects species in the order carnivora. members of the family mustelidae are among the species most susceptible to cdv and have a high mortality rate after infection. assessing an animal's pathogen or disease load prior to any reintroduction project is important to help protect the animal being reintroduced, as well as the wildlife and livestock in the area of relocation. we screened 58 fishers for cdv antibody prior to their release into pennsylvania, us, as part of ...201626555109
utility of two modified-live virus canine distemper vaccines in wild-caught fishers (martes pennanti).canine distemper virus (cdv) infects families in the order carnivora. as a preventive measure, vaccinations against cdv are frequently given to mustelids in captive environments.201626610027
human ifit1 inhibits mrna translation of rubulaviruses but not other members of the paramyxoviridae family.we have previously shown that ifit1 is primarily responsible for the antiviral action of interferon (ifn) alpha/beta against parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), selectively inhibiting the translation of piv5 mrnas. here we report that while piv2, piv5, and mumps virus (muv) are sensitive to ifit1, nonrubulavirus members of the paramyxoviridae such as piv3, sendai virus (sev), and canine distemper virus (cdv) are resistant. the ifit1 sensitivity of piv5 was not rescued by coinfection with an ifit1 ...201627512068
diversified anchoring features the peptide presentation of dla-88*50801: first structural insight into domestic dog mhc class i.canines represent a crucial animal model for studying human diseases and organ transplantation, as well as the evolution of domestic animals. mhcs, with a central role in cellular immunity, are commonly used in the study of dog population genetics and genome evolution. however, the molecular basis for the peptide presentation of dog mhc remains largely unknown. in this study, peptide presentation by canine mhc class i dla-88*50801 was structurally determined, revealing diversified anchoring mode ...201627511732
correction: pathology in practice: canine distemper virus infection in a puppy. 201626829273
morbillivirus and henipavirus attachment protein cytoplasmic domains differently affect protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly.the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins include trafficking signals that influence protein processing and cell surface expression. to characterize the role of the cytoplasmic domain in protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly in more detail, we constructed chimeric nipah virus (niv) glycoprotein (g) and canine distemper virus (cdv) haemagglutinin (h) proteins carrying the respective heterologous cytoplasmic domain, as well as a series of m ...201626813519
fatal nocardiosis in a dog caused by multiresistant nocardia veterana.among pathogenic nocardia species in humans and animals, infections caused by nocardia (n.) veterana have rarely been described and so far, all non-human cases are linked to bovine mastitis in brazil. the aim of this study was to identify the causative microorganism involved in the death of a three-month-old dog suffering from dyspnea and neurological deficits ante mortem. pathomorphological investigation revealed (pyo-)granulomatous lesions in various organs. bacteriological examination was per ...201626790938
phocine distemper virus (pdv) seroprevalence as predictor for future outbreaks in harbour seals.phocine distemper virus (pdv) infections caused the two most pronounced mass mortalities in marine mammals documented in the past century. during the two outbreaks, 23,000 and 30,000 harbour seals (phoca vitulina), died in 1988/1989 and 2002 across populations in the wadden sea and adjacent waters, respectively. to follow the mechanism and development of disease spreading, the dynamics of morbillivirus-specific antibodies in harbour seal populations in german and danish waters were examined. 522 ...201626790934
circovirus in domestic and wild carnivores: an important opportunistic agent?circoviruses are relatively novel pathogens with increased importance in canids. in this study, we first screened the presence of dog circovirus (dogcv) by molecular methods from a total number of 389 internal organ samples originating from 277 individuals of domestic dogs and wild animals including wolves, foxes and badgers. all the animals originated from central-southern italy, specifically from abruzzi and molise regions, areas hosting several natural parks. dogcv was detected in 9/34 wolves ...201626848830
molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease.a molecular survey for traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) was conducted in italy between 2011 and 2013 on a total of 138 dogs, including 78 early acute clinically ill cird animals, 22 non-clinical but exposed to clinically ill cird dogs and 38 cird convalescent dogs. the results showed that canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv) was the most commonly detected cird pathogen, followed by canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), bordetella bron ...201627527760
efficient generation of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv)-pseudotypes bearing morbilliviral glycoproteins and their use in quantifying virus neutralising antibodies.morbillivirus neutralising antibodies are traditionally measured using either plaque reduction neutralisation tests (prnts) or live virus microneutralisation tests (micro-nts). while both test formats provide a reliable assessment of the strength and specificity of the humoral response, they are restricted by the limited number of viral strains that can be studied and often present significant biological safety concerns to the operator. in this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication- ...201626706278
dog overpopulation and burden of exposure to canine distemper virus and other pathogens on santa cruz island, galapagos.dog overpopulation and diseases are hazards to native island species and humans on the galapagos. vaccination and importation of dogs are prohibited on the galapagos. risk management of these hazards requires the use of science-based risk assessment and risk communication. the objectives of the study reported here were (i) to estimate the human:dog ratio and (ii) the prevalence of and identify exposure factors associated with positive antibody titers to canine distemper virus (cdv) and other pat ...201626700426
canine distemper virus antibody titers in domestic cats after delivery of a live attenuated virus vaccine.three methods for delivering a live attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine to domestic cats ( felis catus ) were investigated, as models for developing vaccination protocols for tigers (panthera tigris). twenty domestic cats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: saline injection (negative controls); and oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous vaccinates. cats were injected with saline or a cdv vaccine (nobivac dp, merck) at wk 0 and 4. blood and nasal swabs were collected at wk 0 ...201627468028
transcript profiling of toll-like receptor mrnas in selected tissues of mink (neovison vison).toll-like receptors (tlrs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. the aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink tlrs (mtlrs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mtlrs in the antiviral immune response process. the results indicated that the mtlr partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nu ...201627435536
measles virus fusion protein: structure, function and inhibition.measles virus (mev), a highly contagious member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes measles in humans. the paramyxoviridae family of negative single-stranded enveloped viruses includes several important human and animal pathogens, with mev causing approximately 120,000 deaths annually. mev and canine distemper virus (cdv)-mediated diseases can be prevented by vaccination. however, sub-optimal vaccine delivery continues to foster mev outbreaks. post-exposure prophylaxis with antivirals has been ...201627110811
influence of vaccine strains on the evolution of canine distemper virus. 201627101783
post-mortem findings in southern right whales eubalaena australis at península valdés, argentina, 2003-2012.between 2003 and 2012, 605 southern right whales (srw; eubalaena australis) were found dead along the shores of península valdés (pv), argentina. these deaths included alarmingly high annual losses between 2007 and 2012, a peak number of deaths (116) in 2012, and a significant number of deaths across years in calves-of-the-year (544 of 605 [89.9%]; average = 60.4 yr(-1)). post-mortem examination and pathogen testing were performed on 212 whales; 208 (98.1%) were calves-of-the-year and 48.0% of t ...201627068500
morbillivirus experimental animal models: measles virus pathogenesis insights from canine distemper virus.morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. since the canine distemper virus (cdv) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate ...201627727184
prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure in rural dogs around protected areas of the atlantic forest.despite the crucial role of domestic dogs as reservoirs for zoonosis and some of the most threatening diseases for wild carnivores such as distemper and parvovirosis, little is known about the epidemiological features and the risk factors involved in pathogen exposure of dogs that live in human/wildlife interfaces and actually contacts wildlife. through a cross-sectional serological approach and questionnaire survey, we assessed the prevalence along with individual and environment-associated ris ...201626822375
canine distemper virus in the serengeti ecosystem: molecular adaptation to different carnivore species.was the 1993/1994 fatal canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic in lions and spotted hyaenas in the serengeti ecosystem caused by the recent spillover of a virulent domestic dog strain or one well adapted to these noncanids? we examine this question using sequence data from 13 'serengeti' strains including five complete genomes obtained between 1993 and 2011. phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses reveal that strains from noncanids during the epidemic were more closely related to each other t ...201627928865
immunoglobulins in dogs: correspondence and maturation in 15 litters of german shepherd dogs and their dams.some dog breeds, including the german shepherd dog (gsd), are predisposed to immune-related disorders. the authors prospectively described development of serum and faecal iga and serum ige in gsd from puppies until adulthood and the relationship between mothers and their offspring. further, the authors tested whether dogs with lower serum iga also have low faecal iga and/or serum ige. to reveal whether any of the parameters could be proven to influence the immune response, the authors also measu ...201627547424
commentary: slam- and nectin-4-independent noncytolytic spread of canine distemper virus in astrocytes. 201628018332
persistent morbillivirus infection leads to altered cortactin distribution in histiocytic sarcoma cells with decreased cellular migration capacity.histiocytic sarcomas represent rare but fatal neoplasms in humans. based on the absence of a commercially available human histiocytic sarcoma cell line the frequently affected dog displays a suitable translational model. canine distemper virus, closely related to measles virus, is a highly promising candidate for oncolytic virotherapy. therapeutic failures in patients are mostly associated with tumour invasion and metastasis often induced by misdirected cytoskeletal protein activities. thus, the ...201627911942
infectious disease and toxicological monitoring of stranded pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi) in cook inlet as surrogates for monitoring endangered belugas (delphinapterus leucas).pacific harbor seals ( phoca vitulina richardsi) and belugas ( delphinapterus leucas ) eat many of the same prey species, occupy the same geographic area, and demonstrate site fidelity in cook inlet, alaska. although most direct research involving the critically endangered belugas is currently prohibited, studying harbor seals may provide important information about this beluga population. in recent years, harbor seal populations in alaska have declined for unknown reasons. as part of its strand ...201627691941
myd88 and functionally related genes are associated with multiple infections in a model population of kenyan village dogs.the purpose of this study was to seek associations between immunity-related molecular markers and endemic infections in a model population of african village dogs from northern kenya with no veterinary care and no selective breeding. a population of village dogs from northern kenya composed of three sub-populations from three different areas (84, 50 and 55 dogs) was studied. canine distemper virus (cdv), hepatozoon canis, microfilariae (acantocheilonema dracunculoides, acantocheilonema reconditu ...201627655108
patterns of exposure of iberian wolves (canis lupus) to canine viruses in human-dominated landscapes.wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. with the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in iberian wolves (canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus-2 (cpv), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (cav ...201626589403
severe canine distemper outbreak in unvaccinated dogs in mozambique.although significant animal suffering caused by preventable diseases is frequently seen in developing countries, reports of this are scarce. this report describes avoidable animal suffering owing to a suspected canine distemper (cd) outbreak in unvaccinated dogs owned by low-income families in mozambique that killed approximately 200 animals. affected dogs exhibited clinical signs, and gross and microscopic lesions compatible with cd. immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of canine ...201627543040
identification and characterization of the toll-like receptor 8 gene in the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).tlr8 is an important sensor of single-stranded rna (ssrna) from the viral genome and plays an essential role in innate antiviral responses via the recognition of conserved viral molecular patterns. in this report, tlr8 in the chinese raccoon dog was characterized and analyzed for the first time. the full-length sequence of raccoon dog tlr8 (rdtlr8) cdna was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and is 3191bp with a 3117-bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 1038 amino acids. the putat ...201627481482
evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: gradual attenuation of virus virulence.the genus morbillivirus is classified into the family paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (mv), rinderpest virus (rpv), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv), canine distemper virus (cdv), phocine distemper virus (pdv) and cetacean morbillivirus (cemv). the mv, rpv, pprv and cdv have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. it has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was pro ...201627477502
blindness in a wild american black bear cub (ursus americanus).an approximately six-month-old wild american black bear (ursus americanus) was found wandering in saskatchewan and was presented to the veterinary medical centre of the western college of veterinary medicine for apparent blindness. clinical examination confirmed an inability to navigate a photopic maze, bilateral tapetal hyper-reflectivity, fundi devoid of retinal vessels, and small pale optic nerve papillae. single-flash electroretinography revealed a and b-wave amplitudes of approximately 40 a ...201626302466
specific detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goat sera by the luciferase immunoprecipitation system.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious and often fatal transboundary animal disease affecting mostly sheep, goats and wild small ruminants. this disease is endemic in most of africa, the middle, near east, and large parts of asia. the causal agent is peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), which belongs to the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. this genus also includes measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and rinderpest virus (rpv). all are closely related ...201626506137
associations between biosecurity and outbreaks of canine distemper on danish mink farms in 2012-2013.during 8 months from july 2012 to february 2013, a major outbreak of canine distemper involving 64 mink farms occurred on the danish peninsula of jutland. the canine distemper outbreak was associated with exposure of farmed mink to infected wild carnivores and could represent a deficit in biosecurity on the mink farms. the aim of this study was to investigate the extent and association of specific biosecurity measures with the outbreak. the study was carried out in an epidemiological case-contro ...201526423523
isolation and phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus from india.canine distemper (cd), caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease that infects a variety of carnivores. sequence analysis of cdvs from different geographical areas has shown a lot of variation in the genome of the virus especially in haemagglutinin gene which might be one of the causes of vaccine failure. in this study, we isolated the virus (place: ludhiana, punjab; year: 2014) and further cloned, sequenced and analyzed partial haemagglutinin (h) gene and full length ...201526396979
phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in domestic dogs in nanjing, china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. the hemagglutinin gene, which encodes the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, has been widely used to determine the relationship between cdv strains of different lineages circulating worldwide. we determined the full-length h gene sequences of seven cdv field strains detected in domestic dogs in nanjing, china. a phylogenetic analysis of the h gene sequences of cdv strains from di ...201525416856
the anti-canine distemper virus activities of ex vivo-expanded canine natural killer cells.natural killer (nk) cells play critical roles in induction of antiviral effects against various viruses of humans and animals. however, few data on nk cell activities during canine distemper virus (cdv) infections are available. recently, we established a culture system allowing activation and expansion of canine non-b, non-t, large granular nk lymphocytes from pbmcs of normal dogs. in the present study, we explored the ability of such expanded nk cells to inhibit cdv infection in vitro. culture ...201525680810
development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a serious multisystemic disease in dogs and other carnivora. hemagglutinin (h) protein-specific antibodies are mainly responsible for protective immunity against cdv infection. in the present study, six neutralizing mabs to the h protein of cdv were newly obtained and characterized by immunizing balb/c mice with a recent chinese field isolate. competitive binding inhibition assay revealed that they recognized four distinct antigenic regions of the h protein. i ...201525644427
sequential conformational changes in the morbillivirus attachment protein initiate the membrane fusion process.despite large vaccination campaigns, measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv) cause major morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, respectively. the mev and cdv cell entry system relies on two interacting envelope glycoproteins: the attachment protein (h), consisting of stalk and head domains, co-operates with the fusion protein (f) to mediate membrane fusion. however, how receptor-binding by the h-protein leads to f-triggering is not fully understood. here, we report that an a ...201525946112
use of quantitative real-time rt-pcr to investigate the correlation between viremia and viral shedding of canine distemper virus, and infection outcomes in experimentally infected dogs.we used real-time rt-pcr and virus titration to examine canine distemper virus (cdv) kinetics in peripheral blood and rectal and nasal secretions from 12 experimentally infected dogs. real-time rt-pcr proved extremely sensitive, and the correlation between the two methods for rectal and nasal (r=0.78, 0.80) samples on the peak day of viral rna was good. although the dogs showed diverse symptoms, viral rna kinetics were similar; the peak of viral rna in the symptomatic dogs was consistent with th ...201525728411
pathology in practice. canine distemper virus disease in a dog. 201525719842
virological and serological findings in dogs with naturally occurring distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the cause of a severe and highly contagious disease in dogs. the unpredictable and variable course of cdv-related disease may hamper correct diagnosis of infection and makes it crucial the collection of samples suitable for laboratory confirmation. in the present study we were able to follow the disease in two dogs infected naturally, collecting different biological matrices during the entire period of infection. by real time rt-pcr, viral rna was detected and qua ...201525512131
development of a duplex real-time rt-qpcr assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding siv gag.advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. in this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) assays specific for genomic rna (grna) or mrna have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the cdv nucleocapsid protein (n) and a foreign vaccine antigen (siv gag). these a ...201525486083
canine distemper virus envelope protein interactions modulated by hydrophobic residues in the fusion protein globular head.membrane fusion for morbillivirus cell entry relies on critical interactions between the viral fusion (f) and attachment (h) envelope glycoproteins. through extensive mutagenesis of an f cavity recently proposed to contribute to f's interaction with the h protein, we identified two neighboring hydrophobic residues responsible for severe f-to-h binding and fusion-triggering deficiencies when they were mutated in combination. since both residues reside on one side of the f cavity, the data suggest ...201525355896
epidemiology of canine distemper and canine parvovirus in domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the araucanía region in chile.to assess whether the seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) in domestic dogs is higher in urban versus rural areas of the araucanía region in chile and risk factors for exposure, a serosurvey and questionnaire survey at three, urban-rural paired sites was conducted from 2009 to 2012. overall, 1161 households were interviewed of which 71% were located in urban areas. a total of 501 blood samples were analysed. the overall cdv and cpv seroprevalences were 61% ( ...201526013417
antibody study in canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene-immunized mice.the gene for the nucleocapsid (n) protein of canine distemper virus was cloned into the pmd-18t vector, and positive recombinant plasmids were obtained by enzyme digestion and sequencing. after digestion by both ecori and kpni, the plasmid was directionally cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna; the positive clone pcdna-n was screened by electrophoresis and then transfected into cos-7 cells. immunofluorescence analysis results showed that the canine distemper virus n protein was exp ...201525966074
canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in russia and across their range.canine distemper virus (cdv) has recently been identified in populations of wild tigers in russia and india. tiger populations are generally too small to maintain cdv for long periods, but are at risk of infections arising from more abundant susceptible hosts that constitute a reservoir of infection. because cdv is an additive mortality factor, it could represent a significant threat to small, isolated tiger populations. in russia, cdv was associated with the deaths of tigers in 2004 and 2010, a ...201525939829
comparative clinical sample preparation of dna and rna viral nucleic acids for a commercial deep sequencing system (illumina miseq(®)).sequence-independent methods for viral discovery have been widely used for whole genome sequencing of viruses. different protocols for viral enrichment, library preparation and sequencing have increasingly been more available and at lower costs. however, no study to date has focused on optimization of viral sample preparation for commercial deep sequencing. accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate an in-house enzymatic protocol for double-stranded dna (dsdna) synthesis and also ...201525901649
phylogenetic features of hemagglutin gene in canine distemper virus strains from different genetic lineages.in the present study, the genotype of two canine distemper virus (cdv) strains, namely, zjj-sd and zjj-ln, were investigated, based on the whole hemagglutinin (ha) gene. the cdv strains were obtained from two foxes in shandong province and liaoning province in 2011. phylogenetic analyses were carried out for 260 cdv strains worldwide, and a statistical analysis was performed in the amino acid substitutions at positions 530 and 549 of the ha protein. phylogenetic analyses revealed that the two st ...201526131292
mortality of amur tigers: the more things change, the more they stay the same.poaching as well as loss of habitat and prey are identified as causes of tiger population declines. although some studies have examined habitat requirements and prey availability, few studies have quantified cause-specific mortality of tigers. we used cumulative incidence functions (cifs) to quantify cause-specific mortality rates of tigers, expanding and refining earlier studies to assess the potential impact of a newly emerging disease. to quantify changes in tiger mortality over time, we re-e ...201526096683
post-vaccinal distemper encephalitis in two border collie cross littermates.one 4.5-month-old male border collie cross presented with aggression and seizures in october 2006. a 16-month-old, female, spayed border collie cross presented with hypersalivation and a dropped jaw and rapidly became stuporous in september 2007. the dogs were littermates and developed acute neurological signs 5 and 27 days, respectively, after vaccination with different modified live vaccines containing canine distemper virus.201525120026
canine distemper virus dna vaccination of mink can overcome interference by maternal antibodies.canine distemper virus (cdv) is highly contagious and can cause severe disease against which conventional live vaccines are ineffective in the presence of maternal antibodies. vaccination in the presences of maternal antibodies was challenged by vaccination of 5 days old and 3 weeks old mink kits with cdv dna vaccines. virus neutralising (vn) antibody responses were induced in mink kits vaccinated with a plasmid encoding the haemaglutinin protein (h) of cdv (n=5, pcdv-h) or a combination of the ...201525637861
dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic-wildlife interface: canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions.morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (cdv), are a growing concern. a propensity for host-switching has resulted in cdv emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. cdv is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and ...201525605919
pathologic and molecular virologic characterization of a canine distemper outbreak in farmed civets.in october 2011, a fatal disease outbreak occurred in 3 civet species farmed for their use in the coffee industry in thailand. the disease quickly killed 20 animals in a mixed population of asian palm civets (paradoxurus hermaphroditus; n = 18), a masked palm civet (paguma larvata; n = 1), and small indian civet (viverricula indica; n = 1). clinical signs consisted of severe lethargy, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea with associated dehydration, dyspnea, nasal and footpad hyperkeratosis, and sei ...201525253065
tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (tnfaip8) expression associated with cell survival and death in cancer cell lines infected with canine distemper virus.oncolytic virotherapy is a novel strategy for treatment of cancer in humans and companion animals as well. canine distemper virus (cdv), a paramyxovirus, has proven to be oncolytic through induction of apoptosis in canine-derived tumour cells, yet the mechanism behind this inhibitory action is poorly understood. in this study, three human mammary tumour cell lines and one canine-derived adenofibrosarcoma cell line were tested regarding to their susceptibility to cdv infection, cell proliferation ...201526373887
phylodynamic analysis of the canine distemper virus hemagglutinin gene.canine distemper (cd) is one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases in dogs. despite the widespread use of vaccines, the prevalence of the cd virus (cdv) has increased at an alarming rate in recent years. in this phylodynamic study, we investigated the spatiotemporal modes of dispersal, viral demographic trends, and effectiveness of vaccines for cdv. a total of 188 full-length cdv hemagglutinin (h) gene sequences dataset were subjected to recombination analysis, including seven from mo ...201526205391
clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from hungary to switzerland.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. in switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. in recent years, the import of dogs from eastern europe to switzerland has steadily increased. in the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from hungary to switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. the data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected ...201526179635
detection of arctic and european cluster of canine distemper virus in north and center of iran.canine distemper virus (cdv) creates a very contagious viral multi-systemic canine distemper (cd) disease that affects most species of carnivora order. the virus is genetically heterogeneous, particularly in section of the hemagglutinin (h) gene. sequence analysis of the h gene can be useful to investigate distinction of various lineages related to geographical distribution and cdv molecular epidemiology. since vaccination program is conducted only in large cities of iran, cd still remains as on ...201526893808
canine distemper in endangered ethiopian wolves.the ethiopian wolf (canis simensis) is the world's rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. the largest population is found within the bale mountains national park (bmnp) in southeastern ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. we describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) among these wolves during 2005-2006 and 2010. death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for s ...201525898177
cloning, expression and antiviral activity of mink alpha-interferons.as a key link between innate and adaptive immune responses, the interferon (ifn) system is the first line of defense against viral infection. ifn, and in particular, ifn-α, has been used clinically as an effective therapeutic agent for viral infections. however, different subtypes of ifn-α demonstrate distinct antiviral activity. therefore, it is important to identify ifn-α subtypes with high antiviral activity for the development of genetically engineered antiviral drugs.201525889984
canine distemper virus neutralization activity is low in human serum and it is sensitive to an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin protein.serum was analyzed from 146 healthy adult volunteers in eastern africa to evaluate measles virus (mv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) neutralizing antibody (nab) prevalence and potency. mv plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) results indicated that all sera were positive for mv nabs. furthermore, the 50% neutralizing dose (nd50) for the majority of sera corresponded to antibody titers induced by mv vaccination. cdv nabs titers were low and generally were detected in sera with high mv nab ...201525880113
recombinant newcastle disease viral vector expressing hemagglutinin or fusion of canine distemper virus is safe and immunogenic in minks.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects many carnivores and cause several high-mortality disease outbreaks. the current cdv live vaccine cannot be safely used in some exotic species, such as mink and ferret. here, we generated recombinant lentogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota expressing either envelope glycoproyein, heamagglutinine (h) or fusion protein (f), named as rla-cdvh and rla-cdvf, respectively. the feasibility of these recombinant ndvs to serve as live virus-vectored cd vaccine w ...201525865465
sequencing of emerging canine distemper virus strain reveals new distinct genetic lineage in the united states associated with disease in wildlife and domestic canine populations.recent outbreaks of canine distemper have prompted examination of strains from clinical samples submitted to the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine (utcvm) clinical virology lab. we previously described a new strain of cdv that significantly diverged from all genotypes reported to date including america 2, the genotype proposed to be the main lineage currently circulating in the us. the aim of this study was to determine when this new strain appeared and how widespread it is ...201526683832
preparation and identification of a single-chain variable fragment antibody against canine distemper virus.the variable regions of the heavy chain (vh) and light chain (vl) were amplified by rt-pcr from the hybridoma 1n8, which secretes the monoclonal antibody against cdv n protein (aa 277-471). the vl and vh amplicons were combined using soe-pcr by a 12 amino acid flexible linker (ssggggsggggs), which produced the scfv gene (named scfv/1n8). after sequence analysis, the scfv/1n8 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pet32a with a his-tag. the recombinant scfv/1n8 protein was success ...201526301925
efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing leishmania antigen against leishmania challenge in dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination confers long-term protection against cdv reinfection. to investigate the utility of cdv as a polyvalent vaccine vector for leishmania, we generated recombinant cdvs, based on an avirulent yanaka strain, that expressed leishmania antigens: lack, tsa, or lmsti1 (rcdv-lack, rcdv-tsa, and rcdv-lmsti1, respectively). dogs immunized with rcdv-lack were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent cdv, in the same way as the parental yanaka strain. ...201526162094
molecular phylogeography of canine distemper virus: geographic origin and global spreading.canine distemper virus (cdv) (paramyxoviridae-morbillivirus) is a worldwide spread virus causing a fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore hosts. in this study we performed bayesian inferences using 208 full-length hemagglutinin gene nucleotide sequences isolated in 16 countries during 37 years (1975-2011). the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor suggested that current cdv strains emerged in the united states in the 1880s. this ancestor diversified through time into tw ...201526151219
prevalence of common canine digestive problems compared with other health problems in teaching veterinary hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, cairo university, egypt.the present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of common digestive problems compared to other health problems among dogs that were admitted to the teaching veterinary hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, cairo university, egypt during 1 year period from january to december 2013. also, study the effect of age, sex, breeds, and season on the distribution of digestive problems in dogs.201527047105
canine dysautonomia in a litter of havanese puppies.canine dysautonomia is a sporadic, generally fatal disease that rarely affects groups of related animals. four 10-week-old havanese puppies from a litter of 5 developed clinical signs of canine dysautonomia. the 4 affected dogs were exposed to an outdoor environment, whereas the fifth littermate was not exposed to the outdoors and remained clinically healthy. clinical signs of dysautonomia developed 10-16 days after going outside the house. an unrelated dog also developed dysautonomia after expo ...201526179098
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