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efficient inactivation of african swine fever virus by ozonized water.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever (asf), which is a devastating disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. to evaluate the ability of ozonized water as a disinfectant to inactivate asfv, ozonized water of different concentrations was tested, and the viral reduction was determined by infectivity assay on porcine primary alveolar macrophages. the results showed that 2 log10 (99 %) reduction ...202032768237
genome sequences of three african swine fever viruses of genotypes iv and xx from zaire and south africa, isolated from a domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus), a warthog (phacochoerus africanus), and a european wild boar (sus scrofa).we report here the genome sequences of three african swine fever virus isolates obtained from a domestic pig (zaire [zaire]), a warthog (rsa/w1/1999 [south africa]), and a european wild boar (rsa/2/2004 [south africa]) belonging to genotypes iv, xx, and xx, respectively. this report increases the number of genotype xx, wild boar, and warthog reference sequences available.202032763924
an expert opinion assessment of blood-feeding arthropods based on their capacity to transmit african swine fever virus in metropolitan france.to deal with the limited literature data on the vectorial capacity of blood-feeding arthropods (bfas) and their role in the transmission of african swine fever virus (asfv) in metropolitan france, a dedicated working group of the french agency for food, environmental and occupational health & safety performed an expert knowledge elicitation. in total, 15 different bfas were selected as potential vectors by the ad hoc working group involved. ten criteria were considered to define the vectorial ca ...202032750188
toward better control of classical swine fever in wild boars: susceptibility of boar-pig hybrids to a recent japanese isolate and effectiveness of a bait vaccine.we analyzed the pathogenicity of a recent japanese classical swine fever virus (csfv) to wild boars via an experimental infection using boar-pig hybrids as an alternative to wild boars. we also investigated the effectiveness of a bait vaccine against the csfv. naïve boar-pig hybrids and pigs showed clinical signs such as fever, leucopenia, anorexia and conjunctivitis following the experimental infection. in contrast, the boar-pig hybrids administered the bait vaccine did not show any clinical si ...202032736657
identification of a continuously stable and commercially available cell line for the identification of infectious african swine fever virus in clinical samples.african swine fever virus (asfv) is causing outbreaks both in domestic pigs and wild boar in europe and asia. in 2018, the largest pig producing country, china, reported its first outbreak of african swine fever (asf). since then, the disease has quickly spread to all provinces in china and to other countries in southeast asia, and most recently to india. outbreaks of the disease occur in europe as far west as poland, and one isolated outbreak has been reported in belgium. the current outbreak s ...202032731642
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus isolates in estonia in 2014-2019.after the extensive spread of the african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii in eastern europe, the first case of african swine fever (asf) in estonia was diagnosed in september 2014. by the end of 2019, 3971 asfv-positive wild boars were found, and 27 domestic pig outbreaks were reported. a selection of asfv isolates from wild boar and domestic pigs (during the period of september 2014-2019) was molecularly characterized using standardized genotyping procedures. one of the proven markers to c ...202032709020
putative role of arthropod vectors in african swine fever virus transmission in relation to their bio-ecological properties.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important diseases in suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the european pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. in fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, asf can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. in september 2018, asf was unexpectedly identified in wild boar ...202032698448
assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to asf risk of spread.in europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious transboundary diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in september 2018, asf was detected in wild boar in the south of belgium. france, as a bordering country, is extremely concerned about the asf situation in belgium, and an active preparedness is ongoing in the country. one of the questions raised by this situation relates to disturbing activities that may affect wild boar movements and their possible impact ...202031821736
free-ranging pig and wild boar interactions in an endemic area of african swine fever.african swine fever virus (asfv) is spreading throughout eurasia and there is no vaccine nor treatment available, so the control is based on the implementation of strict sanitary measures. these measures include depopulation of infected and in-contact animals and export restrictions, which can lead to important economic losses, making currently african swine fever (asf) the greatest threat to the global swine industry. asf has been endemic on the island of sardinia since 1978, the longest persis ...201931737649
crystal structure of african swine fever virus dutpase reveals a potential drug target.e165r, a highly specific dutp nucleotidohydrolase (dutpase) encoded by the african swine fever virus (asfv) genome, is required for productive replication of asfv in swine macrophages. here, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of e165r in its apo state and in complex with its product dump. structural analysis explicitly defined the architecture of the active site of the enzyme as well as the interaction between the active site and the dump ligand. by comparing the asfv e165r structu ...201931662460
evaluation of surface glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus as immunogens and reagents for serological diagnosis of infections in pigs: a recombinant newcastle disease virus approach.classical swine fever (csf) is an important viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the structural proteins e2 and erns of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which participate in the attachment of the virion to the host cell surface and its subsequent entry, are immunogenic. the e2 and erns proteins are used for diagnosis and the development of vaccines against csfv infection in swine. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been successfully used as a viral vector to express heterologous prote ...201931598846
african swine fever virus - persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission.since 2007, african swine fever (asf) has posed a serious threat to the european swine industry. in poland, the numbers of reported outbreaks in pigs and affected areas grow every year. in 2018, the disease was noted in western europe, in belgium specifically, where several hundred infected wild boars have been detected so far. in 2018, the virus unexpectedly emerged in pig holdings in eastern china, northern mongolia, vietnam, and cambodia, causing worldwide concern about its further spread. si ...201931572808
bead-based multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) and classical swine fever (csf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in the last years, several cases of both diseases have been reported in the caucasus, russian federation and eastern europe. thus, the probability of encountering these two viruses in the same area is increasing. since differentiation by clinical or post-mortem examination is not possible, laboratory tools for differential diagnosis are required. in the present work, we h ...201931572739
serum-derived extracellular vesicles from african swine fever virus-infected pigs selectively recruit viral and porcine proteins.: african swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (susscrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90-100% in naïve animals. the causative agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a large and complex double-stranded dna arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. there is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focus ...201931547130
african swine fever: disease dynamics in wild boar experimentally infected with asfv isolates belonging to genotype i and ii.after the re-introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii isolates into georgia in 2007, the disease spread from eastern to western europe and then jumped first up to mongolian borders and later into china in august 2018, spreading out of control and reaching different countries of southeast asia in 2019. from the initial incursion, along with domestic pigs, wild boar displayed a high susceptibility to asfv and disease development. the disease established self-sustaining cycles w ...201931540341
transmission of african swine fever virus via carrier (survivor) pigs does occur.we investigated whether asf carrier pigs that had completely recovered from an acute infection with asfv netherlands '86, could transmit the disease to naive pigs by direct contact transmission. for this, we used pigs that had survived an asfv infection, had recovered from disease, and had become carriers of asfv. these clinically healthy carriers were put together one-by-one with naive contact pigs. two of the twelve contact pigs developed an acute asfv infection. using the results of the exper ...201931521391
plasticity of the hek-293 cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious disease that causes a high mortality to domestic and wild pigs. its causative agent is an enveloped pestivirus named classical swine fever virus (csfv). due to the huge economic affectations produced by this disease to porcine industry, several vaccines have been developed using principally the csfv e2 glycoprotein. recently, a subunit vaccine based on this structural protein of the csfv fused to the porcine cd154 molecule as immunomodulator named e2-c ...201931486941
identification and characterization of the 285l and k145r proteins of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, against which no vaccines are available to date. the large dsdna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv) contains up to 167 orfs predicted to encode proteins. the functions and antigenic properties of many of these proteins are still unknown, which impedes vaccine development. based on the results of mass spectrometry-based proteome analyses of asfv-infected cells, two highly abundant but previously uncharacterized ...201931361215
newly emerged african swine fever virus strain belgium/etalle/wb/2018: complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis with reference p72 genotype ii strains.in a new example of pathogens hopscotching the globe, african swine fever virus hit north-western europe's wildlife in summer 2018, marking a further spread of a disease that had invaded central and eastern europe recently. the complete genomic sequence of the belgium/etalle/wb/2018 virus is reported, with the hope it will provide a valuable tool for tracing geographical spread and biologic evolution of the virus.201931332955
african swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: new insights and perspectives.african swine fever (asf) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes asf control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. the current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against asf. he ...201931319112
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a hemorrhagic disease in swine and wild boars with a fatality rate close to 100%. less virulent strains cause subchronic or chronic forms of the disease. the virus is endemic in sub-saharan africa and an outbreak in georgia in 2007 spread to armenia, russia, ukraine, belarus, poland, lithuania, and latvia. in august 2018, there was an outbreak in china and in april 2019, asfv was reported in vietnam and cambodia. since no vaccine or treatment exists, a vac ...201931282366
the genetics of life and death: virus-host interactions underpinning resistance to african swine fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease.pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. african swine fever virus (asfv) persists in sub-saharan africa through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. the virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. asfv transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hards ...201931130984
risk analysis of african swine fever in poland based on spatio-temporal pattern and latin hypercube sampling, 2014-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs. asf poses a potential threat to the world pig industry, due to the lack of vaccines and treatments. in this study, the geographic information system (gis) spatial analysis was applied to analyze the distribution, dispersion of the epidemic and clustering of asf in poland.201931118049
first oral vaccination of eurasian wild boar against african swine fever virus genotype ii.african swine fever (asf), the most significant threat to the pig industry worldwide, has spread to more than 55 countries on three continents, and it affects more than 77% of the world swine population. in the european union, wild boar (sus scrofa) is the most severely affected host. the main reasons for the unprecedented and constant spread of asf in europe are the trade activities, the continuous movement of infected-wild boar populations among regions and the lack of vaccine to prevent asf i ...201931106218
african swine fever virus evasion of host defences.african swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the continuing spread in africa, europe and asia threatens the global pig industry. the lack of a vaccine limits disease control. to underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. the virus long double-stranded dna genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replica ...201930959069
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus in cameroon, 2010-2018.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild swine that has acquired great importance in sub-saharan africa since 1997. asf was first reported in cameroon in 1982 and was detected only in southern cameroon (south, west, east, northwest, southwest, littoral, and centre regions) until february 2010 when suspected asf outbreaks were reported in the north and far north regions. we investigated those outbreaks by analysing samples that were collected from sic ...201930929230
development of vaccines against african swine fever virus.an outbreak in the caucasus in 2007 initiated the spread of asfv through russia and eastern europe, subsequently affecting ukraine, belarus, poland, the baltic states, the czech republic, moldova, romania and bulgaria. the declaration of outbreaks in china and central europe in august 2018, definitely confirms the serious threat that the extension of asf represents for the global swine industry and the environment. despite the efforts of several groups to generate a vaccine against asfv, current ...201930922809
african swine fever virus armenia/07 virulent strain controls interferon beta production through the cgas-sting pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a complex, cytoplasmic double-stranded dna (dsdna) virus that is currently expanding throughout the world. currently, circulating virulent genotype ii armenia/07-like viruses cause fatal disease in pigs and wild boar, whereas attenuated strains induce infections with various levels of chronic illness. sensing cytosolic dsdna, mainly by the key dna sensor cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas), leads to the synthesis of type i interferon and involves signaling through ...201930918080
cytokine responses in pigs after natural infection with classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral infection that affects domestic and wild pig population. the classical swine fever virus (csfv) targets immune cells which perturb the immune functions causing immunopathological disorders such as immunosuppression, leukopenia and haemorrhage. in the present study, elisa and quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) analysis was employed to determine cytokine profiles in pigs naturally infected with csfv using whole blood ...201930879314
the first complete genomic sequences of african swine fever virus isolated in poland.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious, notifiable viral disease, which is considered a significant threat not only for european, but also for worldwide pork production, since recently the virus emerged within numerous chinese pig herds. the disease was introduced in poland in 2014 and up to the end of 2018,  213 outbreaks in pigs and 3347 cases in wild boars have been reported. the presented study describes the whole genome sequencing of seven polish isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 ...201930872594
reemergence of classical swine fever, japan, 2018.in september 2018, classical swine fever reemerged in japan after 26 years, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. the causative virus belongs to the 2.1 subgenotype, which caused repeated outbreaks in eastern and southeast asia. intensive surveillance of swine and vaccination of wild boars will help control and eradicate this disease in japan.201930870139
african swine fever.the continuing spread of african swine fever (asf) outside africa in europe, the russian federation, china and most recently to mongolia and vietnam, has heightened awareness of the threat posed by this devastating disease to the global pig industry and food security. in this review we summarise what we know about the african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease it causes, how it spreads and the current global situation. we discuss current control methods in domestic and wild pigs and prospects ...201930836106
reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ...201930785371
risk of african swine fever virus sylvatic establishment and spillover to domestic swine in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a high-consequence foreign animal disease that has emerged along international trade routes. owing to high lethality and resulting trade sanctions, establishment of this disease in the united states would have devastating economic consequences. asfv can be transmitted by soft ticks in the genus ornithodoros or directly between swine, including domestic, feral, and wild swine. consequently, the spatial risk of asfv establishment depends on where susceptible ...201930714881
dna-protein vaccination strategy does not protect from challenge with african swine fever virus armenia 2007 strain.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes high morbidity and mortality in swine (sus scrofa), for which there is no commercially available vaccine. recent outbreaks of the virus in trans-caucasus countries, eastern europe, belgium and china highlight the urgent need to develop effective vaccines against asfv. previously, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a vaccination strategy designed to test various combinations of asfv antigens encoded by dna plasmids and recombinant proteins with the aim to a ...201930696015
attenuated and non-haemadsorbing (non-had) genotype ii african swine fever virus (asfv) isolated in europe, latvia 2017.a non-haemadsorbing (non-had) asf virus (asfv) genotype ii, namely lv17/wb/rie1, was isolated from a hunted wild boar in latvia in 2017. domestic pigs experimentally infected with the non-had asfv developed a nonspecific or subclinical form of the disease. two months later, these animals were fully protected when exposed to other domestic pigs infected with a related virulent had genotype ii asfv.201930667598
phylogeographic analysis of african swine fever virus, western europe, 2018.in september 2018, african swine fever in wild boars was detected in belgium. we used african swine fever-infected spleen samples to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the virus. the causative strain belongs to genotype ii, and its closest relatives are viruses previously isolated in ukraine, belarus, estonia, and european russia.201930387416
summer 2018: african swine fever virus hits north-western europe. 201930383329
research gap analysis on african swine fever.the most significant knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of african swine fever (asf) were identified by the eu veterinary services and other stakeholders involved in pig production and wild boar management through an online survey. the respondents were asked to identify the major research needs in order to improve short-term asf risk management. four major gaps were identified: 'wild boar', 'african swine fever virus (asfv) survival and transmission', 'biosecurity' and 'surveillance'. ...201932626417
the risk of infection by african swine fever virus in european swine through boar movement and legal trade of pigs and pig meat.african swine fever (asf) is currently spreading westwards throughout europe and eastwards into china, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. a generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with asf virus (asfv) at a fine spatial scale across european union member states. the framework aims to assist risk managers across europe with their asf surveillance and intervention activities. performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial s ...201931998765
cas12a-based on-site and rapid nucleic acid detection of african swine fever.the mortality rate of hemorrhagic african swine fever (asf), which targets domestic pigs and wild boars is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), can reach 100%. since the first confirmed asf outbreak in china on 3 august 2018, 156 asf outbreaks were detected in 32 provinces. about 1,170,000 pigs were culled in order to halt further spread. there is no effective treatment or vaccine for it and the present molecular diagnosis technologies have trade-offs in sensitivity, specificity, cost and ...201931921018
the epidemiological status of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in the tavush province region, armenia.keen the factors associated with the spread and persistence of african swine fever (asf) in the caucasus region remain to be fully identified. it is assumed that large naive populations of domestic free-ranging and wild pigs are critical to disease transmission and maintenance. nonetheless, 11 years since its epidemic introduction into the region in 2007, asf virus (asfv) is still circulating, suggesting that an endemic cycle has been established based on contact between free-ranging domestic pi ...201932286569
comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ...201931774871
complete genome sequence of an african swine fever virus (asfv pol/2015/podlaskie) determined directly from pig erythrocyte-associated nucleic acid.african swine fever (asf) is an important disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the disease is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv). in 2014, asfv was introduced into eastern europe, and it has since then continued to spread within various eastern european countries. investigating differences in sequences between asfv isolates may be a valuable tool to understand differences in virulence among them, however currently, no complete genome sequences of the viruses responsible for the easter ...201830063908
pulmonary intravascular macrophages regulate the pathogenetic mechanisms of pulmonary lesions during acute courses of classical swine fever.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. pulmonary oedema and haemorrhages in lung parenchyma are common lesions in the acute forms of csf that may compromise pig survival and whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. the appearance of pulmonary lesions in pigs infected with alfort/187 strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv) euthanized between 2 and 17 days postinfection (dpi) and the role played by cytokines secret ...201830047251
efficient inhibition of african swine fever virus replication by crispr/cas9 targeting of the viral p30 gene (cp204l).african swine fever is a devastating viral disease of domestic and wild pigs against which no vaccine or therapy is available. therefore, we applied the crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) - cas9 nuclease system to target the double-stranded dna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv). to this end, a permissive wild boar lung (wsl) cell line was modified by stable transfection with a plasmid encoding cas9 and a guide rna targeting codons 71 to 78 of the phosphop ...201829362418
ictv virus taxonomy profile: asfarviridae.the family asfarviridae includes the single species african swine fever virus, isolates of which have linear dsdna genomes of 170-194 kbp. virions have an internal core, an internal lipid membrane, an icosahedral capsid and an outer lipid envelope. infection of domestic pigs and wild boar results in an acute haemorrhagic fever with transmission by contact or ingestion, or by ticks of the genus ornithodoros. indigenous pigs act as reservoirs in africa, where infection is endemic, and from where i ...201829565243
african swine fever virus biology and vaccine approaches.african swine fever (asf) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. asf is endemic in sub-saharan africa and the island of sardinia, italy. since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of georgia, and since then spread throughout the caucasus region and russia. outbreaks have also been reported in belarus, ukraine, lithuania, latvia, estonia, romania, moldova, czech republic, and poland, threatening neigh ...201829551143
frequent infection of wild boar with atypical porcine pestivirus (appv).the recently identified atypical porcine pestivirus (appv) was demonstrated to be the causative agent of the neurological disorder "congenital tremor" in newborn piglets. despite its relevance and wide distribution in domestic pigs, so far nothing is known about the situation in wild boar, representing an important wild animal reservoir for the related classical swine fever virus. in this study, 456 wild boar serum samples obtained from northern germany were investigated for the presence of appv ...201829527814
modulation of type i interferon signaling by african swine fever virus (asfv) of different virulence l60 and nhv in macrophage host cells.asfv causes an important disease of domestic swine and wild boar. currently no vaccine is available, highlighting the necessity to understand asfv modulation of innate immune responses in natural host cells. with this aim, macrophage cultures enriched in swc9 and cd163 differentiation markers were infected in parallel with high virulent asfv/l60 and low virulent asfv/nhv, the latter lacking mgf 360 and 505/530 genes associated with type i interferon (ifn i) control. ifn i production and signalin ...201829519508
a review of african swine fever and the potential for introduction into the united states and the possibility of subsequent establishment in feral swine and native ticks.african swine fever (asf) is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. the virus can be transmittedviadirect and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especiallyornithodorosticks. africa and much of eastern europe are endemic for asf; a viral introduction to countries that are currently asf free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected an ...201829468165
short time window for transmissibility of african swine fever virus from a contaminated environment.since the introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) into the baltic states and poland in 2014, the disease has continued to spread within these regions. in 2017, the virus spread further west and the first cases of disease were reported in the czech republic and romania, in wild boar and domestic pigs, respectively. to control further spread, knowledge of different modes of transmission, including indirect transmission via a contaminated environment, is crucial. up until now, such an indi ...201829457702
serologic survey for selected viral and bacterial swine pathogens in colombian collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and feral pigs ( sus scrofa).in south america, wild populations of peccaries coexist with domestic and feral pigs, with poorly understood consequences. we captured 58 collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and 15 feral pigs ( sus scrofa) in locations of colombia where coexistence of these species is known. blood samples were tested for antibodies against four viral agents, classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus (pcv-2), and vesicular stomatitis virus (new jersey and indiana subty ...201829902129
infection of pigs with african swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans).within eastern europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) has unexpectedly spread to farms with high biosecurity. in an attempt to explain this process, pigs were allowed to ingest flies that had fed on asfv-spiked blood, which had a realistic titre for an infected pig. some of the pigs became infected with the virus. thus, ingestion of blood-sucking flies, having fed on asfv-infected wild boar before entering stables, represents a potential route for disease transmission.201829877056
revisiting the genetic diversity of classical swine fever virus: a proposal for new genotyping and subgenotyping schemes of classification.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious febrile viral disease caused by csf virus (csfv), and it is considered one of the most important infectious diseases that affect domestic pigs and wild boar. previous molecular epidemiology studies have revealed that the diversity of csfv comprises three main genotypes and different subgenotypes defined using a reliable cut-off to accurately classify csfv at genotype and subgenotype levels. however, a growing number of csfv both complete genome ...201829799671
evolution in europe of african swine fever genotype ii viruses from highly to moderately virulent.since its arrival in the caucasus and russia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread widely and has now affected the eu countries of estonia, latvia, lithuania, poland and, more recently, the czech republic and romania. the ever-increasing evidence of seropositive wild boar in certain areas suggests that some animals may be surviving for some time or could even be recovering from the disease. this could be due to acquired immunity after the primary infection and/or the presence of r ...201829778207
classical swine fever in india: current status and future perspective.classical swine fever (csf) is a globally significant disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus. the virus affects the wild boars and pigs of all age groups, leading to acute, chronic, late-onset or in-apparent course of the disease. the disease causes great economic loss to the piggery industry due to mortality, stunted growth, poor reproductive performance, and by impeding the international trade of pig and pig products. in india, csf outbreaks are reported from most of the states ...201829725815
african swine fever: an unprecedented disaster and challenge to china.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus, is a hemorrhagic and often fatal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, which is notifiable to the world organization for animal health. on august 3, 2018, china reported the first outbreak of asf in shenyang, a northeastern city of china. as of october 8, a total of 33 asf outbreaks were reported in eight provinces in china, the biggest pork producer and consumer in the world.201830367672
inhibition of cgas-sting-tbk1 signaling pathway by dp96r of asfv china 2018/1.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly pathogenic large dna virus that causes african swine fever (asf) in domestic pigs and european wild boars with mortality rate up to 100%. the dp96r gene of asfv encodes one of the viral virulence factors, yet its action mechanism remains unknown. in this study, we report that dp96r of asfv china 2018/1 strain subverts type i ifn production in cgas sensing pathway. dp96r inhibited the cgas/sting, and tbk1 but not irf3-5d mediated ifn-β and isre promote ...201830348523
evolutionary dynamics of classical swine fever virus in south korea: 1987-2017.the 5' utr (n=102) and full-length e2 (n=37) genes of classical swine fever viruses (csfvs) circulating in south korea over the past 30 years (1987-2017) were examined to determine the evolutionary rate and estimated time of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca). from 2000, the korean classical swine fever (csf) antigen changed from genotype 3 to 2, which comprises subgenotypes 2.1b (2002-2013) and 2.1d (2011-2017). there are genotypic variations in the full-length e2 gene of korean csfv genot ...201830322538
the intracellular proteome of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects members of the suidae family such as african bush pigs, warthogs, but also domestic pigs, and wild boar. it is transmitted by direct contact of naïve with infected animals, by soft ticks of the ornithodoros genus, or indirectly by movement of infected animals, improper disposal of contaminated animal products or other sources related to human activity. the recent spread of asf into eastern and central european countries is currently threa ...201830279544
active surveillance of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in georgia, 2014.since its introduction to the republic of georgia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread across the caucasus region, the russian federation, and some eastern european countries. it is assumed that large populations of naïve, domestic, free-ranging and wild pigs are vital to the transmission of the disease. since its epidemic emergence in the region in 2007, asfv has continued to circulate, which suggests that an endemic cycle has been established and is maintained by contact betwee ...201730160694
epidemiological analyses of african swine fever in the baltic states and poland: (update september 2016-september 2017).efsa assisted four countries in the analysis of epidemiological data on african swine fever (asf), collected until september 2017. the temporal analysis demonstrated that the average proportions of pcr and antibody-elisa positive samples from the hunted wild boar remained below 3.9 and 6.6, respectively. a peak in the asf incidence was observed 6 months after the first observed case, followed by a significant reduction of the number of cases and low levels of african swine fever virus (asfv) cir ...201732625356
epidemiological analyses on african swine fever in the baltic countries and poland.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been notified in the baltic countries and the eastern part of poland from the beginning of 2014 up to now. in collaboration with the asf-affected member states (ms), efsa is updating the epidemiological analysis of asf in the european union which was carried out in 2015. for this purpose, the latest epidemiological and laboratory data were analysed in order to identify the spatial-temporal pattern of the epidemic and a risk factors facilitating its spread. cu ...201732625438
roles of african swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, double-stranded dna virus and the sole member of the asfarviridae family. asfv infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. the major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. the virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies a ...201729978065
new leaves in the growing tree of pestiviruses.pestiviruses are a group of viruses of veterinary importance infecting livestock animals like pigs, cattle, and sheep, and also wildlife animals like wild boar and different deer species. while for decades only four classical species (classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, border disease virus), and a few so-called atypical pestiviruses were known (e.g., giraffe virus, pronghorn virus, hobi virus), a series of novel pestiviruses was identified in the last years ( ...201729029724
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in mozambique and identification of a novel genotype.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases of pigs. there are not sufficient data to indicate the importance of the sylvatic cycle in the spread and maintenance of the disease locally and potentially, globally. to assess the capacity to maintain asf in the environment, we investigated the presence of soft tickreservoirs of asfv in gorongosa national park (gnp) and its surrounding villages. a total of 1,658 soft ticks were recovered from warthog burrows an ...201728921895
rope-based oral fluid sampling for early detection of classical swine fever in domestic pigs at group level.non-invasive sampling techniques based on the analysis of oral fluid specimen have gained substantial importance in the field of swine herd management. methodological advances have a focus on endemic viral diseases in commercial pig production. more recently, these approaches have been adapted to non-invasive sampling of wild boar for transboundary animal disease detection for which these effective population level sampling methods have not been available. in this study, a rope-in-a-bait based o ...201728056961
dna-binding properties of the african swine fever virus pa104r, a histone-like protein involved in viral replication and transcription.african swine fever virus (asfv) codes for a putative histone-like protein (pa104r) with extensive sequence homology to bacterial proteins that are implicated in genome replication and packaging. functional characterization of purified recombinant pa104r revealed that it binds to ssdna and dsdna over a wide range of temperatures, ph values, salt concentrations and in an atp-independent manner, with an estimated binding site size of about 14-16 nucleotides. using site-directed mutagenesis, the ar ...201728381576
co-circulation of multiple genotypes of african swine fever viruses among domestic pigs in zambia (2013-2015).during 2013-2015, several and severe outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) affected domestic pigs in six provinces of zambia. genetic characterization of asf viruses (asfvs) using standardized genotyping procedures revealed that genotypes i, ii and xiv were associated with these outbreaks. molecular and epidemiological data suggest that genotype ii asfv (georgia 2007/1-like) detected in northern province of zambia may have been introduced from neighbouring tanzania. also, a genotype ii virus de ...201728299893
african swine fever virus np868r capping enzyme promotes reovirus rescue during reverse genetics by promoting reovirus protein expression, virion assembly, and rna incorporation into infectious virions.reoviruses, like many eukaryotic viruses, contain an inverted 7-methylguanosine (m7g) cap linked to the 5' nucleotide of mrna. traditional functions of capping are to promote mrna stability, protein translation, and concealment from cellular proteins that recognize foreign rna. to address the role of mrna capping during reovirus replication, we assessed the benefits of adding the african swine fever virus np868r capping enzyme. c3p3, a fusion protein containing t7 rna polymerase and np868r, was ...201728298603
understanding african swine fever infection dynamics in sardinia using a spatially explicit transmission model in domestic pig farms.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic in sardinia since 1978, resulting in severe losses for local pig producers and creating important problems for the island's veterinary authorities. this study used a spatially explicit stochastic transmission model followed by two regression models to investigate the dynamics of asfv spread amongst domestic pig farms, to identify geographic areas at highest risk and determine the role of different susceptible pig populations (registered domestic ...201728296281
polyvalent 2d entry inhibitors for pseudorabies and african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in africa but recently also spread into the russian federation and the eastern border of the eu. so far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (prv). this article reports the synt ...201728296132
unique 5'-p recognition and basis for dg:dgtp misincorporation of asfv dna polymerase x.african swine fever virus (asfv) can cause highly lethal disease in pigs and is becoming a global threat. asfv dna polymerase x (asfvpolx) is the most distinctive dna polymerase identified to date; it lacks two dna-binding domains (the thumb domain and 8-kd domain) conserved in the homologous proteins. asfvpolx catalyzes the gap-filling reaction during the dna repair process of the asfv virus genome; it is highly error prone and plays an important role during the strategic mutagenesis of the vir ...201728245220
safety and immunogenicity of mammalian cell derived and modified vaccinia ankara vectored african swine fever subunit antigens in swine.a reverse vaccinology system, vaxign, was used to identify and select a subset of five african swine fever (asf) antigens that were successfully purified from human embryonic kidney 293 (hek) cells and produced in modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) viral vectors. three hek-purified antigens [b646l (p72), e183l (p54), and o61r (p12)], and three mva-vectored antigens [b646l, ep153r, and ep402r (cd2v)] were evaluated using a prime-boost immunization regimen swine safety and immunogenicity study. ...201728241999
genetic assessment of african swine fever isolates involved in outbreaks in the democratic republic of congo between 2005 and 2012 reveals co-circulation of p72 genotypes i, ix and xiv, including 19 variants.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs. it is a socioeconomically important disease, initially described from kenya, but subsequently reported in most sub-saharan countries. asf spread to europe, south america and the caribbean through multiple introductions which were initially eradicated-except for sardinia-followed by re‑introduction into europe in 2007. in this study of asf within the democratic republic of the congo, 62 domestic pig samples, collected between 20 ...201728218698
polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) in pigs and wild boars.the study reports the development of a polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in blood collected from infected pigs and wild boars. the method uses 3 specifically designed primers. two outer-spiral primers comprising of 3' sequences complementary to asfv p72 gene sequence and 5'end sequences complementary to exogenous gene of black widow alpha-latrotoxin as well as additional asfv specific cross-linking primer. the method is spe ...201728198455
identification of residues within the african swine fever virus dp71l protein required for dephosphorylation of translation initiation factor eif2α and inhibiting activation of pro-apoptotic chop.the african swine fever virus dp71l protein recruits protein phosphatase 1 (pp1) to dephosphorylate the translation initiation factor 2α (eif2α) and avoid shut-off of global protein synthesis and downstream activation of the pro-apoptotic factor chop. residues v16 and f18a were critical for binding of dp71l to pp1. mutation of this pp1 binding motif or deletion of residues between 52 and 66 reduced the ability of dp71l to cause dephosphorylation of eif2α and inhibit chop induction. the residues ...201728189088
biological characterization of african swine fever virus genotype ii strains from north-eastern estonia in european wild boar.due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, african swine fever (asf) is regarded as one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. following the ongoing epidemic in the transcaucasian countries and the russian federation, african swine fever virus was introduced into the estonian wild boar population in 2014. epidemiological investigations suggested two different introductions into the southern and the north-eastern part of estonia. interestingly, outbreak characteristics varied con ...201728116841
development of an updated pcr assay for detection of african swine fever virus.due to the current unavailability of vaccines or treatments for african swine fever (asf), which is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), rapid and reliable detection of the virus is essential for timely implementation of emergency control measures and differentiation of asf from other swine diseases with similar clinical presentations. here, an improved pcr assay was developed and evaluated for sensitive and universal detection of asfv. primers specific for asfv were designed based on the ...201727714502
characterization of the interaction of african swine fever virus with monocytes and derived macrophage subsets.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease for which there is no vaccine available. the asf virus (asfv) primarily infects cells of the myeloid lineage and this tropism is thought to be crucial for disease pathogenesis. a detailed in vitro characterization of the interactions of a virulent sardinian isolate (22653/14) and a tissue culture adapted avirulent strain (ba71v) of asfv with porcine monocytes, un-activated (momφ), classically (mom1) and alternatively (mom2) activated monocyte-de ...201728062012
structural insight into african swine fever virus a179l-mediated inhibition of apoptosis.programmed cell death is a tightly controlled process critical for the removal of damaged or infected cells. pro- and antiapoptotic proteins of the bcl-2 family are pivotal mediators of this process. african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus, the only member of the asfarviridae family, and harbors a179l, a putative bcl-2 like protein. a179l has been shown to bind to several proapoptotic bcl-2 proteins; however, the hierarchy of binding and the structural basis for apoptosis inhibitio ...201728053104
unraveling the armor of a killer: evasion of host defenses by african swine fever virus.african swine fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of pigs. extensive recent spread in the russian federation and eastern europe has increased the risk to global pig production. the virus is a large dna virus and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. in pigs, the virus replicates predominantly in macrophages. we review how the virus overcomes the barriers to replication in the macrophage and the virus mechanism to inhibit key host defense pathways.201728031363
african swine fever virus gets undressed: new insights on the entry pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, multienveloped dna virus composed of a genome-containing core successively wrapped by an inner lipid envelope, an icosahedral protein capsid, and an outer lipid envelope. in keeping with this structural complexity, recent studies have revealed an intricate entry program. this gem highlights how asfv uses two alternative pathways, macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, to enter into the host macrophage and how the endocytosed particles und ...201727974557
variations in clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions of african swine fever in domestic pigs in the southern highlands of tanzania: a field experience.african swine fever is a contagious viral disease responsible for up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. a longitudinal study was carried out to determine the clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions in affected pigs in mbeya region, tanzania during the 2010 to 2014 outbreaks. data were collected during clinical and postmortem examination by field veterinarians and using a structured questionnaire. a total of 118 respondents (100%) showed awareness about african swin ...201727915438
different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated african swine fever virus isolate ourt88/3.this study compares different combinations of doses and routes of immunisation of pigs with low virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype i isolate ourt88/3, including the intramuscular and intranasal route, the latter not previously tested. intranasal immunisations with low and moderate doses (10(3) and 10(4) tcid50) of ourt88/3 provided complete protection (100%) against challenge with virulent genotype i ourt88/1 isolate. only mild and transient clinical reactions were observed in pr ...201727908827
genetically edited pigs lacking cd163 show no resistance following infection with the african swine fever virus isolate, georgia 2007/1.african swine fever is a highly contagious, often fatal disease of swine for which there is no vaccine or other curative treatment. the macrophage marker, cd163, is a putative receptor for african swine fever virus (asfv). pigs possessing a complete knockout of cd163 on macrophages were inoculated with georgia 2007/1, a genotype 2 isolate. knockout and wild type pen mates became infected and showed no differences in clinical signs, mortality, pathology or viremia. there was also no difference fo ...201727898335
influence of age and dose of african swine fever virus infections on clinical outcome and blood parameters in pigs.african swine fever (asf) is a fatal disease for domestic pigs, leading to serious economic losses in countries where asf is endemic. despite extensive research, efficient vaccines against asf are lacking. since peripheral blood cells are important mediators for vaccines, we study the impact of asf on blood parameters in pigs with different ages and infected with different doses of asf virus. four different groups were studied: (1) 12 weeks of age/low virus dose; (2) 12 weeks of age/high virus d ...201727875662
simultaneous deletion of the 9gl and uk genes from the african swine fever virus georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the control of african swine fever (asf) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. successful experimental vaccines have been derived from naturally occurring, cell culture-adapted, or genetically modified live attenuated asfv. recombinant viruses harboring engineered deletions of specific virulence ...201727795430
survival of african swine fever virus in excretions from pigs experimentally infected with the georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine which can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals and their excretions or indirect contact with contaminated fomites. the shedding of asfv by infected pigs and the stability of asfv in the environment will determine the extent of environmental contamination. the recent outbreaks of asf in europe make it essential to develop disease transmission models in order to design effective control strategies ...201726104842
the assessment of african swine fever virus risk to belgium early 2014, using the quick and semiquantitative pandora screening protocol.a risk assessment was organized during the early eu asf outbreaks of early 2014 (february-april) and performed in cooperation with 15 belgian and european experts on asfv and its epidemiology in pigs/wild boar. african swine fever (asf) is considered as one of the most dangerous infectious pig diseases, causing many outbreaks. since the end of 2013 - early 2014, several outbreaks within the european union (lithuania, poland, estonia and latvia) were reported to oie, which prompted several risk a ...201725939453
experimental infection of domestic pigs with african swine fever virus lithuania 2014 genotype ii field isolate.an experimental infection was conducted to evaluate horizontal transmission, clinical, virological and humoral response induced in domestic pigs infected with african swine fever (asf) genotype ii virus circulating in 2014 into the european union (eu). ten naive pigs were placed in contact with eight pigs experimentally inoculated with the lithuanian lt14/1490 asf virus (asfv) responsible for the first asf case detected in wild boar in lithuania in january 2014. clinical examination and rectal t ...201725808027
molecular chaperone jiv promotes the rna replication of classical swine fever virus.the nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a self-splicing ribozyme wherein the precursor protein ns2-3 is cleaved, and the cleavage efficiency of ns2-3 is crucial to the replication of viral rna. however, the proteolytic activity of ns2 autoprotease may be achieved through a cellular chaperone called j-domain protein interacting with viral protein (jiv) or its fragment jiv90, as evidence suggests that jiv is required for the proper functioning of the ns2 protein ...201728341934
identification of cleavage of ns5a of c-strain classical swine fever virus.ns5a is a multifunctional non-structural protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) that plays an important role in viral replication, but how it exerts its functions is unknown. here, we report the cleavage of ns5a of the vaccine c-strain, resulting in two truncated forms (b and c). further experiments using calpain- and caspase-family-specific inhibitors, followed by a caspase-6-specific shrnas and inhibitor, showed that the cleavage of c-strain ns5a to produce truncated form c is mediated ...201727766426
complete genome sequence of classical swine fever virus isolated near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea.the yc16cs (genotype 2.1) strain of classical swine fever virus, isolated from infected pigs in yeoncheon province, republic of korea, near the demilitarized zone, has a high identity with the pc11wb strain of the virus. this is significant in that it is the first case of transmission from wild boars to breed pigs revealed by an epidemiological investigation.201728385854
complete genome sequence of a sub-subgenotype 2.1i isolate of classical swine fever virus from china.the complete genome sequence of a sub-subgenotype 2.1i isolate of classical swine fever virus (csfv), gd317/2011, was determined. notably, gd317/2011 is distant from the sub-subgenotype 2.1b isolate hebz at genes of e(rns), e1, e2, p7, ns2, ns5a and the 3'-nontranslated region (3'-ntr) but is closely related to that at genes of n(pro), core, ns3, ns4a, ns4b, and ns5b.201728385846
interferon-inducible oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein acts as an antiviral effector against classical swine fever virus via the mda5-mediated type i interferon signaling pathway.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (csf), which poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. interferons (ifns) and ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) play a key role in host antiviral defense. we have previously screened the porcine 2' -5' -oligoadenylate synthase-like protein (poasl) as a potential anti-csfv isg using a reporter csfv. this study aimed to clarify the underlying antiviral mechanism of poasl against csfv. we confirmed that csfv repli ...201728331099
the core protein of a pestivirus protects the incoming virus against ifn-induced effectors.a multitude of viral factors - either inhibiting the induction of the ifn-system or its effectors - have been described to date. however, little is known about the role of structural components of the incoming virus particle in protecting against ifn-induced antiviral factors during or immediately after entry. in this study, we take advantage of the previously reported property of classical swine fever virus (family flaviviridae, genus pestivirus) to tolerate a deletion of the core protein if a ...201728290554
visual detection and differentiation of classic swine fever virus strains using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and g-quadruplex dnazyme assay.the split g-quadruplex dnazyme has emerged as a valuable tool for visual dna detection. here, we successfully integrated colorimetric split g-quadruplex dnazyme assay with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification to generate a novel detection approach, allowing visual and rapid detection for the rna of shimen and hclv strains of classic swine fever virus (csfv). csfv is a rna virus that causes a highly contagious disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. with this method, we were able to detect a ...201728287135
efficacy evaluation of the c-strain-based vaccines against the subgenotype 2.1d classical swine fever virus emerging in china.classical swine fever (csf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). the disease has been controlled following extensive vaccination with the lapinized attenuated vaccine c-strain for decades in china. however, frequent csf outbreaks occurred recently in a large number of c-strain-vaccinated pig farms in china and a new subgenotype 2.1d of csfv has been reported to be responsible for the outbreaks. here we analyzed the molecular variations and ant ...201728284603
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