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infectious bursal disease virus: molecular epidemiologic perspectives and impact on vaccine efficacy against avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses.infectious bursal disease (ibd) virus (ibdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of chickens with huge economic losses to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. analysis of isolated ibdv field strains from vaccinated birds would greatly improve the current immunization regimens and support the development of vaccines that offer better immunity. the study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathologic features of ibdvs in commercial br ...201931865675
characterization of an outbreak of infectious coryza (avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial chickens in central california.in 2017, the turlock branch of the california animal health & food safety laboratory system received a significant increase in infectious coryza (ic) necropsy cases, with a total of 54 submissions originating from commercial broilers (n = 40), commercial layers (n = 11), and backyard chickens (n = 3). layer flocks positive for ic were distributed within the adjacent counties of merced and stanislaus, while broiler flocks were concentrated within merced county. the backyard flocks were located in ...201931967433
combination of tlr2 and tlr3 agonists derepress infectious bursal disease virus vaccine-induced immunosuppression in the chicken.live intermediate plus infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccines (hot vaccines) are used for protection against the virulent ibdv strains in young chickens. we evaluated the potential of toll-like receptor (tlr) agonists to alleviate hot vaccine-induced immunosuppression. the combination of pam3csk4 and poly i:c synergistically upregulated ifn-β, ifn-γ, il-12, il-4, and il-13 transcripts and cross-inhibited il-1β, il-10, and inos transcripts in the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...201931160675
infectious bursal disease virus suppresses h9n2 avian influenza viral shedding in broiler chickens.1. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes immunosuppression in chickens, increasing their susceptibility to other infectious diseases and resulting in vaccination failure. here, we investigated the immune-depressing effect of ibdv on h9n2 avian influenza viral infection in the broiler chickens. 2. for this purpose, chickens were divided into four groups. in group a, chickens were inoculated with ibdv at 21 days of age and h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) 5 days later. groups b and c only ...201931116018
evaluation of protective efficacy when combining turkey herpesvirus-vector vaccines.turkey herpesvirus (hvt) is widely used as a vaccine against marek's disease in chickens and recently as a vector for foreign genes from infectious bursal disease virus, newcastle disease (nd) virus, infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) virus, and avian influenza virus. advantages of hvt-vector vaccines are that the vaccines do not contain live respiratory viruses or live infectious bursal disease virus able to replicate and cause disease or embryo mortality, they can be administered at hatch or i ...201931251522
infectious bursal disease virus in chickens: prevalence, impact, and management strategies.infectious bursal disease (ibd), also known as gumboro disease, is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of young chickens. although first observed about 60 years ago, to date, the disease is responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. ibd virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus, exists as two serotypes with only serotype 1 causing the disease in young chickens. the virus infects the bursa of fabricius of particularly the actively dividing and differentiat ...201931497527
a field-deployable insulated isothermal rt-pcr assay for identification of influenza a (h7n9) shows good performance in the laboratory.avian influenza a (h7n9) remains circulating in china. for countries at risk of introduction of h7n9, such as vietnam, early detection of h7n9 virus is essential for the early containment of the virus. insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase pcr (iirt-pcr) is a portable pcr system that can be deployed under field conditions to identify pathogens at the sampling site. applying pcr at the sampling site will greatly reduce the time to obtain a diagnostic result which allows the veterinary author ...201931487118
macrophage migration inhibitory factor triggers inflammatory responses during very virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is one of the main threats to the poultry industry worldwide. in china, very virulent ibd virus (vvibdv) is the main prevalent virus strain, causing inflammation, immunosuppression, and high mortality in young chickens. to determine whether this acute inflammation can trigger lesions or even death in chickens, it is important to study the mechanism of vvibdv pathogenicity. thus, in the current study, we investigated the inflammation response, bursal lesions, and m ...201931632367
rapid and sensitive real-time recombinase polymerase amplification for detection of marek's disease virus.marek's disease (md) is one of the most devastating diseases of poultry. it's caused by the highly infectious alphaherpesvirus md virus serotype 1 (mdv-1). in this study, a rapid and easy-to-use assay based on recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) was developed for mdv detection. primer-probe sets targeting the highly conserved region of meq gene were designed and applied to the rpa assay. the assay was carried out on a real-time thermostatic fluorescence detector at 39 °c for 20 min. as re ...201931580913
functional characterization of a plant-produced infectious bursal disease virus antigen fused to the constant region of avian igy immunoglobulins.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is the cause of an economically important highly contagious disease of poultry, and vaccines are regarded as the most beneficial interventions for its prevention. in this study, plants were used to produce a recombinant chimeric ibdv antigen for the formulation of an innovative subunit vaccine. the fusion protein (pd-fcy) was designed to combine the immunodominant projection domain (pd) of the viral structural protein vp2 with the constant region of avian i ...201931332484
immune responses upon in ovo hvt-ibd vaccination vary between different chicken lines.the genotype of chickens is assumed to be associated with variable immune responses. in this study a modern, moderate performing dual-purpose chicken line (dt) was compared with a high-performing layer-type (lt) as well as a broiler-type (bt) chicken line. one group of each genotype was vaccinated in ovo with a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys expressing the virus protein vp2 of the infectious bursal disease virus (hvt-ibd) while one group of each genotype was left hvt-ibd unvaccinated (contro ...201931247248
effect of soybean isoflavones on growth performance, immune function, and viral protein 5 mrna expression in broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease virus.a total of 200 one-day-old male broilers were assigned to five groups, and each group consisted of four replicates with 10 birds per replicate. chicks were fed the basal diet with 0 (non-infected control), 0 (infected control), 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg soybean isoflavones (si) for 42 days. at 21 days of age, chickens were inoculated with an infectious bursal dose (causing 50% morbidity) of the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) bc 6/85 strain by the eye-drop and nasal route (except for the non-i ...201931100910
molecular epidemiology of endemic and very virulent infectious bursal disease virus genogroups in backyard chickens in california, 2009-2017.pathogenic strains of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression in susceptible chickens. backyard poultry is increasing in popularity in the united states, but very little is known about the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of ibdv within these flocks. we performed a retrospective study and phylogenetic analyses of ibdv detected in backyard chickens (bycs) submitted to the california animal health and food safety (cahfs) ...201930943870
chicken embryonic-stem cells are permissive to poxvirus recombinant vaccine vectors.the discovery of mammalian pluripotent embryonic stem cells (esc) has revolutionised cell research and regenerative medicine. more recently discovered chicken esc (cesc), though less intensively studied, are increasingly popular as vaccine substrates due to a dearth of avian cell lines. information on the comparative performance of cesc with common vaccine viruses is limited. using rna-sequencing, we compared cesc transcriptional programmes elicited by stimulation with chicken type i interferon ...201930897824
novel variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus isolated in china.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases that seriously threaten poultry farming and food safety worldwide. the variant strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) has been greatly neglected for more than 30 years. recently, the subclinical infection of suspected ibd, causing considerable economic losses, occurred in the main chicken-farming regions of china. through rt-pcr, sequencing, and phylogenic analyses, novel variant ibdvs were first id ...201930827390
identification of four serotypes of fowl adenovirus in clinically affected commercial poultry co-infected with chicken infectious anaemia virus in trinidad and tobago.fowl adenovirus (fadv), which causes the high-impact diseases such as inclusion body hepatitis and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, is of major concern to the poultry industry internationally. this study was carried out in direct response to mortality rates of up to 75% in commercial broiler flocks in trinidad, west indies. symptoms in 3- to 8-week-old broilers and 13- to 18-week-old pullets pointed to infection with an immunosuppressive viral pathogen. the objectives of the study were to de ...201930817083
prevalence of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and co-infection by immunosuppressive viruses in fowl with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in shandong province, china.fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4) is the pathogenic agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (hhs) in chickens and ducks, which has caused huge economic losses for the chinese poultry industry since 2015. in order to objectively determine the prevalence and co-infection status of the virus in shandong province in china, we analyzed a total of 679 clinical cases of chickens and ducks from 36 farms in the province. the results showed that the fadv-4 infection rate was 65.2% (443/679), and th ...201931195615
infectious bursal disease virus tissue tropism and pathogenesis of the infection in chickens by application of in situ pcr, immunoperoxase and he staining.infectious bursal disease is one of an oie list of notifiable diseases. chicken is the only host that manifests clinical signs and its pathogenicity is correlated with the distribution of antigens in organs. this study was conducted to determine disease pathogenesis and virus tissue tropism by in situ pcr, immunoperoxidase staining (ips), and he staining. twenty four chickens were infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). fifteen chickens were kept as a control group. ...201930738178
alleviation of infectious-bursal-disease-virus-induced bursal injury by betaine is associated with dna methylation in il-6 and interferon regulatory factor 7 promoter.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) often infects young chickens and causes severe immunosuppression and inflammatory injury. betaine is an antiviral and anti-inflammatory ingredient that may exert functions through epigenetic regulation. however, the effects of betaine on an ibdv-induced bursal injury and their underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. in this study, betaine was supplemented to the drinking water of newly hatched commercial broilers for 3 wk. afterward, the chickens ...201931162616
neutralizing-antibody-mediated protection of chickens against infectious bursal disease via one-time vaccination with inactivated recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing a fusion protein constructed from the rck protein of salmonella enterica and vp2 of infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute contagious immunosuppressive disease which lead to acute bursal injury and immune dysfunction in poultry. it has caused heavy economic losses in the commercial poultry industry for many years in worldwide. attenuated live vaccine has widely used in poultry showing some promising signs against ibdv infection. but it has defects such as generating enhanced virulence and immunosuppression prohibits. therefore, the development of mucosal vaccines using the ...201930704494
new introduction of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in new york, usa.bursa tissue samples from a pullet flock in new york state that was experiencing immune suppression related disease were sent to our laboratory in 2018. a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) was identified in those samples through molecular and pathogenicity studies and designated 1/chicken/usa/1054ny/18. phylogenetic analyses of the hypervariable vp2 nucleotide sequence region indicated that this strain belonged to genogroup 3 which comprises the vvibdv. partial sequence data ...201931155926
progress on chicken t cell immunity to viruses.avian virus infection remains one of the most important threats to the poultry industry. pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) are normally controlled by antibodies specific for surface proteins and cellular immune responses. however, standard vaccines aimed at inducing neutralizing antibodies must be administered annually and can be rendered ineffective because immune-selective pressure results in the c ...201931101935
a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in ontario, canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens.in ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these fl ...201930973091
effect of infectious bursal disease virus infection on energy metabolism in embryonic chicken livers.1. the purpose of this study was to investigate atp levels and the activities of important enzymes involved in glycolysis and tca cycle in livers of embryonated chicken eggs infected by infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv).2. embryonated chicken eggs (9 days) were randomly divided into two groups (50 eggs per group). the first group was inoculated with a very virulent ibdv (vvibdv) isolate into the chorioallantoic membrane. the second group was maintained as uninfected control eggs and inocula ...201931328539
effects of ibdv infection on expression of chtlrs in chicken bursa.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease that affects domestic chickens. toll-like receptors (tlrs), a kind of pattern recognition receptors, help the host to detect invading pathogens. to date, few systematic studies have been reported about the expression changes of tlr in chickens infected with pathogens. in the present study, layer chickens were infected with ibdv and the expression of chicken tlrs (chtlrs) was assay ...201931325569
molecular characterisation of infectious bursal disease virus in namibia, 2017.between july and september 2017, samples collected from six unvaccinated chickens in namibia were shown to be positive for infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) by rt-pcr. partial sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the vp1 and vp2 genes from six viruses revealed that they all belong to the very virulent pathotype (genogroup 3) and are genetically very similar to ibdvs identified in neighbouring zambia. this is the first molecular characterisation of ibdv in namibia and has implications on th ...201931291734
antigenicity, pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effect caused by a south american isolate of infectious bursal disease virus belonging to the "distinct" genetic lineage.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease affecting young chickens. the recently described "distinct ibdv" (dibdv) genetic lineage encompasses a group of worldwide distributed strains that share conserved genetic characteristics in both genome segments making them unique within ibdv strains. phenotypic characterization of these strains is scarce and limited to asiatic and european strains collected more than 15 years ago. the p ...201930663339
immunomodulatory potential of tinospora cordifolia and cpg odn (tlr21 agonist) against the very virulent, infectious bursal disease virus in spf chicks.infectious bursal disease (ibd), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. although vaccines are available to prevent ibd, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. further, the birds surviving ibd become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. this study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucl ...201931487960
screening and identification of a chicken dendritic cell binding peptide by using a phage display library.dendritic cells (dcs), as antigen-presenting cells, can initiate adaptive immune responses efficiently. although the dc-targeting strategy has attracted more attention, relevant studies on chicken are rare. here, specific chicken bone marrow dc-binding peptides were selected using a phage display peptide library and confirmed through elisa, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy. the peptide candidate sphlhtsspwer, named sp, was fused to the infectious bursal dise ...201931447851
quantitative proteomics analysis revealed compromised chicken dendritic cells function at early stage of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection.chicken dendritic cells (dcs) have been demonstrated to be susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a causative agent of acute and immunosuppressed disease in young chicks known as infectious bursal disease. further functional characterization of ibdv-infected dcs of chickens is required to provide a better understanding on the influence of the virus on chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bm-dcs) following very virulent (vv) ibdv infection. membrane proteins of bm-dcs were ...201931251527
differential expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes of layer chicken bursa after experimental infection with infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases caused by ibd virus (ibdv), which results in bursal necrosis and immunosuppression that cause severe damage to the immune system in chickens. cytokines are important mediators and regulators of both types of host responses. in the present study, layer chickens were artificially challenged with ibdv, and the differential expression of inflammatory genes was explored by using quantitative real-time pcr, which offered ...201931222288
identification and assessment of pathogenicity of a naturally reassorted infectious bursal disease virus from henan, china.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is still a vital etiological agent in poultry farms. ibdv outbreaks occasionally occur due to the presence of very virulent, reassortment or variant strains. vaccine immunization has played crucial roles in ibd control for decades. however, survival pressure of ibdv from the vaccine immunization also increases the reassortments of circulating viruses. in this study, an ibdv strain was isolated from several broiler farms in henan province, central part of ch ...201931504884
phylogeny and evolution of infectious bursal disease virus circulating in turkish broiler flocks.the emergence of new infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) variants can threaten poultry health and production all over the world causing significant economic losses. therefore, this study was performed to determine ibdv molecular epidemilogy, vp2 gene variation, and corresponding pathological lesions in ibdv infected chickens in turkey. for this, 1855 bursa of fabricius samples were collected from 371 vaccinated broiler flocks. atrophia and haemorrhages were seen in the bursa fabricius of very ...201930668778
molecular detection and characterization of fowl adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis from broiler chickens in egypt.a case-control study was performed to assess prescence of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) caused by fowl adenoviruses (fadvs) at kafr el-shiekh governorate, egypt, during spring, 2017. the case group consisted of 100 liver and spleen samples collected from 10 broiler chickens flocks (10 samples from each flock) suspected to be infected with ibh depending on clinical manefestations and necropsy examination. controls were randamly selected from chickens without clinical sings or evidence of the dis ...201930612291
inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens with an infectious bursal disease virus of the ita genotype (g6) leads to a high and persistent viral load in lymphoid tissues and to a delayed antiviral response.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) of the ita genotype (g6) was shown to have peculiar molecular characteristics and, despite a subclinical course, aggressiveness towards lymphoid tissues after experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens. the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare with a classical ibdv strain, ita ibdv distribution and persistence in various tissues (bursa of fabricious, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, caecal tonsils, harderian gland, kidney, l ...201931282371
chicken endothelial cells are highly responsive to viral innate immune stimuli and are susceptible to infections with various avian pathogens.it is well established that the endothelium plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases in mammals. however, little is known about the role of endothelial cells (ec) as targets for avian pathogens and their contribution to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in galliform birds. first, we explored the innate immune response of primary chicken aortic endothelial cells (pchaec), obtained from 18-day-old embryos, to stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular pat ...201930556415
single stranded (ss)rna-mediated antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection.single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssrna) binds to toll-like receptor (tlr)7 leading to recruitment of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been shown in mammals. in chickens, synthetic ssrna analog, resiquimod, has been shown to elicit antiviral response against infectious bursal disease virus infection. the objective of this study was to determine the innate host responses activated by the pre-hatch in ovo administration of resiquimod against infectious laryngotr ...201930736730
effect of ibdv infection on the interfollicular epithelium of chicken bursa of fabricius.in the chicken bursa of fabricius (bf), the interfollicular epithelium (ife) consists of cylindrical- and cuboidal-shaped cells. among the cylindrical-shaped epithelial cells, mucus-producing and caveolin-1 (cav-1)-expressing cells can be distinguished. occasionally, the cuboidal-shaped cells also express cav-1, which suggests that they are precursors of both mucus-producing and cav-1-expressing cells. very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) impedes the differentiation of cav-1-expr ...201930481345
establishment of xmap for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus.using luminex xmap (x = analyte, map = multi-analyte profiling) technology, a serological method for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) was established. nano-magnetic beads coated with purified ndv protein and aiv nucleoprotein were incubated with serum samples. using biotinylated rabbit anti-chicken igy and streptavidin-r-phycoerythrin, the optical signals measured by a luminex 200 detection system indicated the quantificati ...201930476286
infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on st. kitts, west indies.free-roaming chickens on caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the americas. we studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on st. kitts, an eastern caribbean island. using commercial elisas, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, west nile virus, or salmonella enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronch ...201930973088
identification and characterization of infectious bursal disease virus subviral particles by capillary zone electrophoresis: potential application for vaccine production and quality control.the infectious bursal disease (ibd) causes immunosuppression in chicken of all ages and high mortality in young chicken, posing serious threat to poultry industry worldwide. one promising strategy for preventing this highly contagious disease is using recombinant subunit vaccine, employing vp2 subviral particles (svp) as epitomic antigen. analytical techniques of viral-like particles such as sds-page, western blot, or high-performance size-exclusion chromatography have been widely applied, but m ...201930481344
development of real-time pcr assays for single and simultaneous detection of infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia virus.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and chicken anemia virus (cav) cause relevant immunosuppressive diseases in poultry. clinical diagnosis of these viruses is challenging given the different disease presentations and the frequent occurrence of co-infections with other pathogens. here, we standardized and validated simplex and duplex rt-qpcr assays for the straightforward detection of ibdv and cav. the qpcr assays are based on primers and hydrolysis probes that target highly conserved regions ...201930447279
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus circulating in morocco during 2016-2017.very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv), the cause of significant economic losses in many poultry-producing areas, has been present in morocco since 1991. in spite of the introduction of vaccination, disease outbreaks are frequently observed. to ascertain if vaccines failure may be due to the emergence of new strains, the aim of this study was to perform for the first time the molecular characterization of vvibdv strains circulating in morocco by focusing on the hypervariable regi ...201930367293
effects of ibdv infection on expression of ghrelin and ghrelin-related genes in chicken.ghrelin is a peptide hormone that plays a modulatory role in the immune system. studies have demonstrated that mammal ghrelin level is influenced by pathological status. however, it has not been reported whether chicken ghrelin level changes during pathogen infection. this study was designed to investigate changes of ghrelin levels in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and to explore the relationship between ghrelin changes and bursal damage, and inflammatory cells inf ...201930107600
gga-mir-142-5p attenuates irf7 signaling and promotes replication of ibdv by directly targeting the chmda5's 3' untranslated region.chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (chmda5) is a key pattern recognition receptor (prr) that recognizes rna viral infections and initiates an antiviral innate immune response in chickens. micrornas (mirnas) are involved in the regulation of chmda5 to sense rna virus infection, but how it exerts antiviral activity against infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection and regulates chmda5 in chicken cells is unclear. thus, we measured the expression of chmda5 in ibdv-infected dt ...201829981711
an ex vivo chicken primary bursal-cell culture model to study infectious bursal disease virus pathogenesis.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a birnavirus of economic importance to the poultry industry. the virus infects b cells, causing morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression in infected birds. in this study, we describe the isolation of chicken primary bursal cells from the bursa of fabricius, the culture and infection of the cells with ibdv, and the quantification of viral replication. the addition of chicken cd40 ligand significantly increased cell proliferation fourfold over six days ...201830346401
a multiplex xtag assay for the simultaneous detection of five chicken immunosuppressive viruses.chicken anemia virus (cav), avian reovirus (arv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), marek's disease virus (mdv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) all cause immunosuppressive disease in birds through vertical or horizontal transmission. mixed infections with these immunosuppressive pathogens lead to atypical clinical signs and obstruct accurate diagnoses and epidemiological investigations. therefore, it is essential to develop a high-throughput assay for the simultaneous detection of th ...201830442149
genetic characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated from the vaccinated broiler chicken flocks in egypt during 2015-2016.the present study was conducted to characterize the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) circulating in clinically diseased broiler chicken flocks with previous vaccination history during 2015-2016 in egypt. ibdvs were isolated from 48 out of 63 of the investigated bursae from 10 flocks onto embryonated chicken eggs (eces) and verified by reverse transcriptase-poly- merase chain reaction (rt-pcr). histopathologically, bursae lesions revealed some lymphocytes depletion as well as the presence o ...201830468343
differential activation of intraepithelial lymphocyte-natural killer cells in chickens infected with very virulent and vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus.to gain insights into the role of cd3-/28.4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (cd3-/28.4+iel-nk) cells during infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection, characterisation of the cells was performed following infection with different strains of the virus. in vitro treatment with il-18 or ionomycin/pma successfully stimulated and activated the cells via a significant increase in the expression of cd69, b-lec, chir-ab1 and nk-lysin. similarly, chickens infected with the vaccine stra ...201829886054
complete genome sequence of a novel very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus circulating in russia.a novel strain of infectious bursal disease virus, named dd1, was isolated from broiler chickens in russia in 2016. here, we present its complete genome sequence. nucleotide sequence analysis of both segments of the virus suggests that it belongs to a group of very virulent strains.201830533827
identification and characterization of a novel infectious bursal disease virus from outbreaks in maharashtra province of india.the study was undertaken to isolate infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) from clinical cases in broiler and cockerel flocks of maharashtra state, india, and its molecular epidemiological investigation.201830532511
bursal immunopathology responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens and red jungle fowl infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) targets b lymphocytes in the bursa of fabricius (bf), causing immunosuppression and increased mortality rates in young birds. there have been few studies on the host immune response following vvibdv infection at different inoculum doses in chickens with different genetic backgrounds. in this study, we characterized the immune responses of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens and malaysian red jungle fowl following infection with vvibdv stra ...201829626271
the effect of infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunosuppression on vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.poor efficacy of avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccines in chickens has been documented in the field in spite of good results in experimental settings. although the causes are multifactorial and complex, one contributing factor may be prior infection with immunosuppressive viruses. in an effort to evaluate the role of immunosuppressive agents on aiv pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy, the effect of prior infection with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a ubiquitous immunosuppressive virus of ...201829620467
novel protein chip for the detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis (ib) caused by the ib virus (ibv) can cause acute damage to chickens around the world. therefore, rapid diagnosis and immune status determination are critical for controlling ibv outbreaks. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) have been widely used in the detection of ibv antibodies in the early infection and continuous infection of ib because they are more sensitive and quicker than other diagnostic methods.201830223836
identification and assessment of virulence of a natural reassortant of infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is one of the most important immunosuppressive viral agents in poultry production. prophylactic vaccinations of chicken flocks are the primary tool for disease control. widely used immunoprophylaxis can, however, provide high pressure which contributes to the genetic diversification of circulating viruses, e.g. through reassortment of genome segments. we report the genetic and phenotypic characterization of a field reassortant ibdv (designated as bpop/03) t ...201830208951
pro-apoptosis effects of protocatechuic acid in the early stage of infectious bursal disease virus infection.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a very important small rna virus in the family of birnaviridae, which can cause severe immunosuppressive effects and pathological damages in young chickens. it can replicate in bursal lymphocytes and impede the growth and development of b cells, finally causing bursal lymphocytes apoptosis. previous results have shown that protocatechuic acid (pca) as an important phenolic compound could effectively improve the survival rate of chickens infected with ibd ...201830145255
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of orally administered recombinant lactobacillus plantarum expressing vp2 protein against ibdv in chicken.to develop an effective oral vaccine against the very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv), we generated two recombinant lactobacillus plantarum strains (ppg612-vp2/lp and ppg612-t7g10-vp2/lp, which carried the t7g10 translational enhancer) that displayed the vp2 protein on the surface, and compared the humoral and cellular immune responses against vvibdv in chickens.201830118165
virus-induced immunosuppression in chickens.a healthy immune system is a cornerstone for poultry production. any factor diminishing the immune responses will affect production parameters and increase cost. there are numerous factors, infectious and noninfectious, causing immunosuppression (is) in chickens. this paper reviews the three viral diseases that most commonly induce is or subclinical is in chickens: marek's disease virus (mdv), chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav), and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), as well as the inte ...201830339511
antigenicity characterization of four representative natural reassortment ibdvs isolated from commercial three-yellow chickens from southern china reveals different subtypes co-prevalent in the field.the antigenic relationships between the natural reassortment field strains of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), and between the field strains and the vaccine strains are poorly understood. in the present study, the antigenicity of four representative natural reassortment ibdv isolates designated js7, gd10111, nn1005 and nn1172 from southern china during the years 2005-2011 and their antigenic relationship with the most commonly used vaccine strain b87 were investigated in vivo. for this pu ...201829778195
tissue distribution, shedding and environmental detection of infectious bursal disease virus genome following infection of meat chickens at two ages.to compare the effects of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection of commercial meat chickens at 0 and 16 days old (d.o.) and determine if ibdv vrna is quantifiable in litter and dust samples.201829691850
ginsenoside rg1 enhanced immune responses to infectious bursal disease vaccine in chickens with oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide.this study was designed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of ginsenoside rg1 on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. ninety-six chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 24 birds. groups 2 and 3 received intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide at 100 mg/kg body weight for 3 d to induce oxidative stress and immune suppression. groups 1 and 4 were injected with saline in the same way as groups 2 and 3. then chickens in group 3 were orally ...201829660049
burden of exposure to infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, newcastle disease virus, mycoplasma gallisepticum, and intestinal parasites in introduced broiler chickens on the galapagos.diseases in introduced broilers can possibly spill over to wild birds on the galapagos. knowledge about the current burden of exposure to pathogens in broilers on the galapagos is very limited. the objective of the study reported here was to measure the burden of exposure to infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and intestinal parasites in a sample of broiler chickens on 13 farms on santa cruz isla ...201830248128
propagation and molecular characterization of bioreactor adapted very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolates of malaysia.two malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) strains upm0081 (also known as b00/81) and upm190 (also known as upm04/190) isolated from local ibd outbreaks in 2000 and 2004, respectively, were separately passaged for 12 consecutive times in 11-day-old specific pathogen free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs (cee) via the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) route. the cee passage 8 (ep8) isolates were passaged once in bgm-70 cell line yielding upm0081ep8bgmp1 and upm190ep8bgmp1, wh ...201830245887
antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (tlr)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (il)-1β production.single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssrna) binds to toll-like receptor (tlr)7 leading to recruitment of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been shown in mammals. in chickens, ssrna has been shown to elicit antiviral response against infectious bursal disease virus infection. the objectives of this study were to determine the pro-inflammatory mediators that are activated downstream of tlr7 signaling pathway in avian macrophages and their roles in antiviral response ...201830514372
recombinant lactococcus lactis co-expressing omph of an m cell-targeting ligand and ibdv-vp2 protein provide immunological protection in chickens.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a highly contagious disease that results in enormous economic losses in the global poultry sector. lactic acid bacteria are an appealing vehicle for the safe and effective delivery of heterologous protein antigens. oral administration of the commensal bacterium lactococcus lactis expressing recombinant fusion proteins has been used to elicit mucosal and systemic immune responses. in this study, a lactococcus lactis nz3900 strain co-expressing the outer m ...201829289381
infectious bursal disease virushijacks endosomal membranes as the scaffolding structure for viral replication.birnaviruses are unconventional members of the double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses group that are characterized by the lack of a transcriptionally active inner core. instead, the birnaviral particles organize their genome in ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps) composed by dsrna segments, the dsrna-binding vp3 protein, and the viral encoded rna-dependent rna-polymerase (rdrp). this and other structural features suggests that birnaviruses may follow a completely different replication program from t ...201829540593
loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four immunosuppressive viruses in chicken.loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) methods to detect chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and marek's disease virus (mdv), and a reverse transcription (rt)-lamp assay to detect infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), were developed. the ciav-lamp, rev-lamp, mdv-lamp, and ibdv-rt-lamp methods were performed using four sets of six primers targeting the vp1 gene of ciav, the gp90 gene of rev, the meq gene of mdv, and the vp2 gene of ibdv. the results ...201829476761
infectious bursal disease virus inoculation infection modifiescampylobacter jejuni-host interaction in broilers.campylobacter jejuniis considered as a chicken commensal. the gut microbiota and the immune status of the host may affect its colonization. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an immunosuppressive virus of chickens, which allows secondary pathogens to invade or exacerbates their pathogenesis. to investigate the effect of ibdv-induced immunosuppression on the pathogenesis ofc. jejuni, broiler chickens were inoculated with a very virulent (vv) strain of ibdv at 14 days post hatch followed by ...201829610580
exacerbated apoptosis of cells infected with infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) upon exposure to interferon alpha (ifn-α).infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) belongs to thebirnaviridaefamily and is the etiological agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease (ibd) that affects domestic chickens (gallus gallus). ibd or gumboro disease leads to high morbidity and mortality of infected animals, and is responsible for major economic losses to the poultry industry world-wide. ibd is characterized by a massive loss of igm-bearing b lymphocytes and the destruction of the bursa of fabricius. the molecular ...201829540594
structural and functional modeling of viral protein 5 of infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of young chicken. the causative virus (ibdv) is a bi-segmented, double-stranded rna virus. the virus encodes five major proteins, viral protein (vp) 1-5. vps 1-3 have been characterized crystallographically. albeit a rise in the number of studies reporting successful heterologous expression of vp5 in recent times, challenging the notion that rapid death of host cells overexpressing vp5 disallows obtainin ...201829427596
bursal transcriptome profiling of different inbred chicken lines reveals key differentially expressed genes at 3 days post-infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease is a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry and causes immunosuppression in chickens. genome-wide regulations of immune response genes of inbred chickens with different genetic backgrounds, following very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) infection are poorly characterized. therefore, this study aims to analyse the bursal tissue transcriptome of six inbred chicken lines 6, 7, 15, n, o and p following infection with vvibdv strain uk661 using st ...201829058656
recombinant chicken interleukin-7 as a potent adjuvant increases the immunogenicity and protection of inactivated infectious bursal disease vaccine.our previous work showed that a plasmid-based chicken interleukin-7 (chil-7) gene expression vector possessed potent adjuvant activity for a vp2 dna vaccine against chicken infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). whether recombinant chil-7 prepared in procaryotic expression system has the adjuvant activity for inactivated ibdv vaccine remains unknown. here, we prepared recombinant chil-7 using an e. coli expression system and analyzed its adjuvant activity for the inactivated ibdv vaccine. the r ...201829391066
infectious bursal disease virus infection leads to changes in the gut associated-lymphoid tissue and the microbiota composition.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive poultry disease. ibd virus (ibdv) is the causative agent, which may lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in susceptible birds. ibdv-pathogenesis studies have focused mainly on primary lymphoid organs. it is not known if ibdv infection may modify the development of the gut associated lymphoid tissues (galt) as well as the microbiota composition. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ...201829390031
nitric oxide induced by indian ginseng root extract inhibits infectious bursal disease virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts in vitro.infectious bursal disease is a severe viral disease of chicken responsible for serious economic losses to poultry farmers. the causative agent, infectious bursal disease virus, is inhibited by nitric oxide. root extract of the indian ginseng,withania somnifera, inhibits infectious bursal disease virus in vitro. also,withania somniferaroot extract is known to induce nitric oxide production in vitro. therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine if the inhibitory activity ofwithania som ...201829340165
the association of ribosomal protein l18 (rpl18) with infectious bursal disease virus viral protein vp3 enhances viral replication.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by ibd virus (ibdv). ibdv vp3 is a multifunctional protein playing a key role in virus assembly and pathogenesis. to investigate the role of vp3 in pathogenesis, we transfected df-1 cells with prk5-flag-vp3 and found that vp3 enhanced type i interferon expression and suppressed ibdv replication. furthermore we found that vp3 interacted with chicken ribosomal protein l18 (chrpl18) in host ce ...201829273342
infectious bursal disease virus in algeria: detection of a novel lineage of highly pathogenic reassortant viruses.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is an immunosuppressive viral disease, present worldwide, which causes mortality and immunosuppression in young chickens. the causative agent, the avibirnavirus ibdv, is a non-enveloped virus whose genome consists of two segments (a and b) of double-stranded rna. different pathotypes of ibdv exist, ranging from attenuated vaccine strains to very virulent viruses (vvibdv). in algeria, despite the prophylactic measures implemented, cases of ibd are still often diagn ...201829409800
surface igm λ light chain is involved in the binding and infection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) to dt40 cells.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an important immunosuppressive virus in chickens. surface immunoglobulin m (sigm)-bearing b lymphocytes act as the major targets of ibdv in the bursa of fabricius, and sigm may function as one of the membrane binding sites responsible for ibdv infection. recently, using the virus overlay protein binding assay, the chicken λ light chain of sigm was identified to specifically interact with ibdv in a virulence-independent manner in vitro. to further investi ...201829372383
detection of antibodies to seven priority pathogens in backyard poultry in trinidad, west indies.backyard poultry farms in trinidad and tobago (t&t) play a vital role in providing food and income for rural communities. there is currently no information on the presence and circulation of pathogens in backyard poultry farms in t&t, and little is known in relation to the potential risks of spread of these pathogens to the commercial poultry sector. in order to address this, serum samples were collected from 41 chickens on five backyard farms taken from selected locations in trinidad. s ...201829361703
adaptation and molecular characterization of two malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolates adapted in bgm-70 cell line.two malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) strains upm0081 and upm190 (also known as upmb00/81 and upm04/190, respectively) isolated from local ibd outbreaks were serially passaged 12 times (ep12) in specific pathogen free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs (cee) by chorioallantoic membrane (cam) route. the ep12 isolate was further adapted and serially propagated in bgm-70 cell line up to 20 passages (p20). characteristic cytopathic effects (cpes) were subtly observed at p1 ...201729230245
fused igy fc and polysaccharide adjuvant enhanced the immune effect of the recombinant vp2 and vp5 subunits-a prospect for improvement of infectious bursal disease virus subunit vaccine.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes damage in lymphoid organs and remains a threat to the poultry industry worldwide. currently, subunit vaccines based on vp2 antigen expressed in prokaryotic systems are widely used in clinical settings. however, the immunogenicity of vp2 vaccines is limited because of their inherent defect that the structure of the antigen expressed inescherichia coli(e. coli) may be different from its natural conformation. in this ...201729184548
prokaryotic expression and anti-ibdv activity of chicken interleukin-18 and interferon-γ.interferon-γ (ifn-γ), a cytokine produced by activated natural killer cells and t lymphocytes, is an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. interleukin (il)-18, also known as ifn-γ-inducing factor, is a cytokine that induces t and natural killer cells to produce ifn-γ. in this study, the chicken il-18 (chil-18) and chicken ifn-γ (chifn-γ) genes were inserted into the pet28a prokaryotic expression vector, resulting in pet28a-il-18 and pet28a-ifn-γ, respectively. these plasmids were ...201729169149
differential gene expression in chicken primary b cells infected ex vivo with attenuated and very virulent strains of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv).infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) belongs to the family birnaviridae and is economically important to the poultry industry worldwide. ibdv infects b cells in the bursa of fabricius (bf), causing immunosuppression and morbidity in young chickens. in addition to strains that cause classical gumboro disease, the so-called 'very virulent' (vv) strain, also in circulation, causes more severe disease and increased mortality. ibdv has traditionally been controlled through the use of live attenuate ...201729154745
protective efficacy of a novel recombinant marek's disease virus vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease in chickens with or without maternal antibodies.infectious bursal disease (ibd) causes significant clinical and economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. current vaccine programs using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have numerous drawbacks. as an alternative solution to control ibd, a marek's disease virus (mdv) vector vaccine (rmdv-vp2) expressing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) has been developed. in this study, the protective efficacy of rmdv-vp2 was evaluated in a dose-related experiment which sho ...201728413051
infectious bursal disease: outbreak investigation, molecular characterization, and vaccine immunogenicity trial in ethiopia.the study was conducted with the objective of isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) circulating in ethiopia and to assess the immunogenicity of different commercially available live attenuated ibd vaccines and finally to select the appropriate vaccine strain for the existing ibdv. outbreak samples collected from different poultry farms with ibd infection between 2013 and 2015 were used for the virus isolation and molecular characterization. ibd vaccin ...201728620682
a recombinant avian antibody against vp2 of infectious bursal disease virus protects chicken from viral infection.a stable cell-line was established that expressed the recombinant avian antibody (rab) against the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). rab exhibited neutralization activity to ibdv-b87 strain in df1 cells. the minimum rab concentration required for inhibition of the cytopathic effect (cpe) was 1.563μg/ml. to test the efficacy of rab, a 168-h cohabitation challenge experiment was performed to transmit the disease from the chickens challenged with vvibdv (hlj0504 strain) to three test groups o ...201728482266
induction of apoptosis in the bursa of fabricius by vaccination against gumboro disease.infectious bursal disease is a severe acute viral disease of young chickens, affecting mainly the b-lymphocytes in the bursa of fabricius, leading to severe immunosuppression as a result of the death of lymphoid cells. in the bursa infected with infectious bursal disease virus, viral replication is associated with apoptosis of lymphoid cells, inflammatory change and atrophy. vaccination has appeared to be a crucial factor for control, with live attenuated vaccines being the most used. however, t ...201728447468
differential regulation of chtlr3 by infectious bursal disease viruses with different virulence in vitro and in vivo.toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) is one of the tlrs whose ligand is double-stranded rna (dsrna). infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a dsrna virus that could be recognized by tlr3. the purpose of this study was to determine the role of the virulence of ibdv on the expression of chicken tlr3 (chtlr3). for this purpose, the levels of chtlr3 expression and its downstream effectors, interferon β (ifn-β) and interleukin 8 (il-8), were detected and analyzed after infection of ibdv field isolates with ...201728402729
antigen-sparing and enhanced efficacy of multivalent vaccines adjuvanted with immunopotentiators in chickens.we previously described that immunopotentiators, cvcva5, increased the efficacy of h5 and h9 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens, ducks, and geese. in this study, we further investigated the effects of the cvcva5 for improving the efficacy of other univalent or multivalent inactivated vaccines. the immune response administrated with half-dose of monovalent vaccine plus cvcva5 were higher than those of one dose of monovalent vaccine without immunopotentiators as measured by levels of ant ...201728603519
constitutively elevated levels of socs1 suppress innate responses in df-1 immortalised chicken fibroblast cells.the spontaneously immortalised df-1 cell line is rapidly replacing its progenitor primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) for studies on avian viruses such as avian influenza but no comprehensive study has as yet been reported comparing their innate immunity phenotypes. we conducted microarray analyses of df-1 and cefs, under both normal and stimulated conditions using chicken interferon-α (chifn-α) and the attenuated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine strain pbg98. we found that df-1 hav ...201729235573
effect of infectious bursal disease (ibd) vaccine on salmonella enteritidis infected chickens.chickens infected with both infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and salmonella had higher mortality. in this work, we investigated the effect of ibdv vaccine (modified live-virus bursal disease vaccine, nobilis strain 228e®) on experimentally infected chickens with salmonella enteritidis (se).201728495316
comparison of growth performance and immune parameters of three commercial chicken lines used in organic production.owing to the higher demands for avoiding medication and antibiotics, health status of the production animals plays an important role in the poultry industry, especially in organic poultry systems. immunity plays a major role in keeping the host free from disease, and it is evident that the host's genetic make-up influences immunity and disease resistance/susceptibility in chickens. previously, breeding strategies aimed at selection for resistance against specific diseases with the risk of creati ...201728494932
transcription profiles of the responses of chicken bursae of fabricius to ibdv in different timing phases.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infection causes immunosuppression in chickens and increases their susceptibility to secondary infections. to explore the interaction between host and ibdv, rna-seq was applied to analyse the transcriptional profiles of the responses of chickens' bursas of fabricius in the early stage of ibdv infection.201728486945
the down-regulation of casein kinase 1 alpha as a host defense response against infectious bursal disease virus infection.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an important immunosuppressive virus of chickens. although the gene functions of ibdv have been well characterized, the host responses during ibdv infection remain much poor. in the present study, casein kinase 1 alpha (ck1α), a novel vp2-associated protein, was down-regulated during ibdv replication in df1 cells. further experiments showed that sirna-mediated knockdown of ck1α inhibited ibdv replication, while overexpression of ck1α promoted ibdv growth ...201728988058
newcastle disease virus vectored bivalent vaccine against virulent infectious bursal disease and newcastle disease of chickens.newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain f is a lentogenic vaccine strain used for primary vaccination in day-old chickens against newcastle disease (nd) in india and southeast asian countries. recombinant ndv-f virus and another recombinant ndv harboring the major capsid protein vp2 gene of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv); namely rndv-f and rndv-f/vp2, respectively, were generated using the ndv f strain. the rndv-f/vp2 virus was slightly attenuated, as compared to the rndv-f ...201728954433
molecular characterization of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains circulating in egypt from 2003 to 2014.in the present study, four very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv) isolates from flocks of chickens with vaccination failure in egypt in 2003, 2007, 2010 and 2014 were characterized. the four viruses, designated usc2003, usc2007, usc2010 and usc2014, were detected by reverse transcription pcr, subjected to sequencing of both genomic segments (a and b) and compared with geographically and phylogenetically diverse ibdv strains. phylogenetic analysis of segment a (complete) and b (pa ...201728921008
propagation and titration of infectious bursal disease virus, including non-cell-culture-adapted strains, using ex vivo-stimulated chicken bursal cells.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a birnaviridae family member of economic importance for poultry. this virus infects and destroys developing b lymphocytes in the cloacal bursa, resulting in a potentially fatal or immunosuppressive disease in chickens. naturally occurring viruses and many vaccine strains are not able to grow in in vitro systems without prior adaptation, which often affects viral properties such as virulence. primary bursal cells, which are the main target cells of lympho ...201729039212
the characteristics of an ovine lymphoid cell-line sensitive to vaccinal infectious bursal disease virus strain.infectious bursal disease (ibd), also known as gumboro disease, is a globally well-known disease with a significant socio-economic effect. for control of ibd, several commercial egg- and cell-based vaccines are prepared. the cell-based ibd vaccines are significantly cost-effective; however, it is essential to confirm their safety and efficacy. the main cell line used to product the cell-based ibd vaccines, is a primary chicken embryo fibroblast (cef). nevertheless, manipulation of cef is extreme ...201730341938
identification of infectious bursal disease virus with atypical vp2 amino acid profile in latvia.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is a causative agent of immunosuppressive disorder resulting in significant losses to the world poultry industry. this study describes the molecular characterisation of an atypical ibdv from a field outbreak that occurred in vaccinated chicken flocks in latvia in 2011.201729978066
maternal antibody decay and antibody-mediated immune responses in chicken pullets fed prebiotics and synbiotics.three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of yeast-derived carbohydrates (ydc), and a blend of probiotics and ydc (synbiotic, snb) on serum igg concentration, maternal-derived antibody (mda) decay, and specific antibody-mediated immune response in chick pullets following immunization with t-cell dependent antigens. a total of 300 day-old pullet chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments including: a basal diet (control), and diets containing ydc, and snb (lactobacillus a ...201727433011
transcriptional profiles in bursal b-lymphoid dt40 cells infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease in chickens. the virus mainly infects immature b lymphocytes in the bursa of fabricius (bf). chicken b cell line dt40, an avian leukosis virus-induced b cell line, supports very virulent ibdv (vvibdv) infection in vitro and thereby serves as a good model for investigating the infection and pathogenesis of this virus. however, a transcriptome-wide understanding of the interaction between vvibdv and b cell ...201728086922
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