Publications

an ovine adenovirus vector lacks transforming ability in cells that are transformed by ad5 e1a/b sequences.	adenoviruses of the mastadenovirus and aviadenovirus genera are able to transform certain cell types and induce tumor formation in susceptible animals. for the mastadenoviruses the e1a/b sequences are largely responsible for these properties but e4 sequences may also be involved. the transforming sequences of the aviadenoviruses, which lack e1a/b and e4 homologues, have not yet been fully identified. the recent proposal for a third genus of adenoviruses, which apparently lack an e1a homologue an ...	2000	10772988
the hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis in domestic fowl.	hydropericardium syndrome, an emerging disease of poultry, has recently been detected in some countries of asia and america, particularly in broiler birds aged 3-6 weeks. the disease is characterized by its sudden occurrence with high mortality of up to 80% in broilers and low mortality of under 10% in layers, associated with hydropericardium. its course is of 7-15 days under natural conditions. the causative agent is probably fowl adenovirus serotype 4, belonging to group i aviadenovirus genus ...	2000	10726299
serological monitoring on layer farms with specific pathogen-free chickens.	to monitor the existence of avian pathogens in laying chicken flocks, specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were introduced into two layer farms and reared with laying hens for 12 months. spf chickens were bled several times after their introduction and examined for their sero-conversion to avian pathogens. as a result, antibodies to eight or ten kinds of pathogens were detected in spf chickens on each farm. antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian nephritis virus, mycoplasma galli ...	2000	11193353
purification and differentiation of three avian adenoviruses by restriction endonuclease analysis.	a rapid method of ultracentrifugation pelleting of avian adenovirus (aav) from small volume of chloroform treated infected cell culture fluid or allantoic fluid was adapted for isolation of adenoviral dna. the viral dna extracted from semipurified viruses was found to be intact on agarose gel and pure enough (a260/280 = 1.85-1.92) for restriction enzyme analysis. restriction endonuclease analysis of indian strain of aav serotype 1, aav serotype 4 (group i aavs) and egg drop syndrome-76 (eds-76) ...	2000	11218838
the orf rtl1 transcript of fowl adenovirus type-8 is spliced and truncated at late stages of the virus replication cycle.	two transcription products were found for the open reading frame (orf) rtl1 located near the right terminus of the fowl adenovirus type-8 genome. the larger transcript, which was transcribed mostly during the early stage of the virus infection, contains the complete sequence (933 nucleotides) of the predicted orf from the genomic dna sequence encoding a 311 amino acid (aa) polypeptide. in contrast, the shorter transcript, which was more predominant at the late stage of the infection, was missing ...	2000	10872874
avian adenoviruses.	adenovirus infections are ubiquitous in commercially farmed birds, and probably in all avian species. there is a wide range of virulence, in some cases even within the same serotype. while many infections are subclinical and appear to be of little economic or welfare importance, significant outbreaks of disease associated with adenovirus do occur. these diseases are not of public health significance.	2000	10935281
chicken anemia virus and fowl adenoviruses: association to induce the inclusion body hepatitis/ hydropericardium syndrome.	the effects of a simultaneous and/or a subsequent coinfection with chicken anemia virus (cav) isolate 10343 and fowl adenovirus (fav) isolate 341 in specific-pathogen-free light chickens were evaluated. the simultaneous coinfection was conducted by the intramuscular route, whereas the subsequent coinfection trial considered favs administered orally. in trial 1, 20-day-old chickens simultaneously coinfected with cav (10343) and fav (341) intramuscularly (i.m.) showed 55% mortality and characteris ...	2000	10737644
induction of hydropericardium in one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks by adenoviruses from inclusion body hepatitis.	the pathogenicities of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) and hydropericardium syndrome (hps) strains of adenovirus for specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks were compared. one-day-old spf chicks inoculated intramuscularly with the dpi-2 (serotype 2), s-pl1 (serotype 2), tr630 (serotype 8), and saga97 (serotype 8) strains from ibh and with the lvp-1 strain (serotype 4) from hps exhibited the mortality, liver enlargement, and hydropericardium characteristic of gross change found in hps. the chicks inoc ...	2000	10737661
increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus.	four animal models of virus-induced obesity including adiposity induced by an avian adenovirus have been described previously. this is the first report of adiposity induced in animals by a human virus.	2000	10951537
[epizootiology of fowls adenoviruses].	fowl adenoviruses of the serotype 4 from germany were characterised by restriction enzyme analysis in comparison to isolates from asia, south america and the fav4 reference strain kr5. only strain da60 which was isolated from a psittacine aviary was identical with the reference strain kr5. none of the isolates was identical with the highly pathogenic strains from india and ecuador. one-day-old chicks were infected orally and intramuscularly with the reference strain kr5, the psittacine isolate d ...	2000	10846813
the complete nucleotide sequence of fowl adenovirus type 8.	the fowl adenovirus type 8 (fadv-8) genome was sequenced and found to be 45063 nucleotides in length, the longest adenovirus (adv) genome for which the complete nucleotide sequence has been determined so far. no regions homologous to early regions 1, 3 and 4 (e1, e3 and e4) of mastadenoviruses were recognized. gene homologues for early region 2 (e2) proteins, intermediate protein iva2 and late proteins were found by their similarities to protein sequences from other advs. however, sequences homo ...	2000	10859390
the inhibitory effect of the imidazoquinolinamine s-28828 on the pathogenesis of a type ii adenovirus in turkeys.	in this study we show that a type i-ifn inducing compound, s-28828, modulated the pathogenesis of an avian type ii adenovirus in turkeys. by itself, s-28828 induced a strong reaction in the spleen characterized by hyperplasia of the red and white pulps as well as an increase in lymphoid cell aggregations. oral administration of s-28828 before the time of virus inoculation suppressed significantly (p<0.05) the replication of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) in turkeys. two doses of 5 or 50 mg of ...	2000	10867157
activation of heat-shock response by an adenovirus is essential for virus replication.	successful viral infection requires viruses to redirect host biochemistry to replicate the viral genome, and produce and assemble progeny virions. cellular heat-shock responses, which are characterized as elevation and relocalization of heat-shock proteins, occur during replication of many viruses. such responses might be host reactions to the synthesis of foreign protein, or might be irrelevant consequences of the viral need to activate transcription. alternatively, as heat-shock proteins can f ...	2000	11001061
[adenovirus kr95, isolated from chickens during an outbreak of hydropericarditis, is the pathogen of this disease].	virus agent kr95 was isolated from the liver of dieoff chickens during an outbreak of hydropericarditis syndrome at a poultry farm in russia. electron microscopic examination of the virus morphology, comparative restriction cleavage map construction, dna-dna hybridization, and analysis of structural proteins from purified and disrupted virions showed that the agent is to be classified as type 1 avian adenovirus.	2000	10867994
delivery of avian cytokines by adenovirus vectors.	a fowl adenovirus serotype 8 (fav-8) recombinant was constructed by inserting an expression cassette consisting of the fav major late promoter/splice leader sequences (mlp/sl), the chicken interferon-gamma (chifn-gamma) gene and sv40 polya into sites in the right hand end of the fav-8 genome. one recombinant (a3-13) was constructed by an insertion of chifn-gamma into a 1.3 kilobase pair (kbp) deletion which removed a putative open reading frame (orf) with identity to the celo (fav serotype 1) 36 ...	2000	10717297
dna sequence of frog adenovirus.	the genome of frog adenovirus (fradv-1) was sequenced and found to be the smallest of all known adenovirus genomes. the sequence obtained was 26163 bp in size and contains a substantial direct repeat near the right terminus, implying that it was derived by recombination from a parental genome of only 25517 bp. the closest relative of fradv-1 proved to be turkey adenovirus 3, an avian adenovirus with no previously known near relative. sequence comparisons showed that the two viruses have equivale ...	2000	10993931
pathogenic avian adenovirus type ii induces apoptosis in turkey spleen cells.	wild-type mammalian adenoviruses are known to inhibit programmed cells death in infected cells. this study demonstrated for the first time that an avian type ii adenovirus, the hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys, induced apoptosis in turkey spleen cells at 3 and 4 days post infection. the increased apoptosis rate in spleens of hev-infected turkeys was associated with increased virus replication. increased apoptosis preceded extensive virus-induced cellular necrosis. at 3 days post infe ...	2000	11003476
pathogenicity and gene analysis of adenovirus from pigeons with inclusion body hepatitis.	the pathogenicity of an adenovirus isolated from pigeons (pigeon adenovirus, pa) with inclusion body hepatitis in taiwan was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks and in racing pigeons. one-day-old spf chicks were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid50, low dose) and 10(8) tcid50 (high dose) of the virus, respectively. the chicks began to die three days post inoculation (dpi) with high dose of the virus and the mortality reached 100%; the chi ...	2000	11039596
termination sequence requirements vary among genes transcribed by rna polymerase iii.	rna polymerase iii (pol iii) transcription generally terminates at a run of four or more thymidine (t) residues but some pol iii genes contain runs of t residues that are not recognized as termination signals. here, we investigate the terminal signal requirements that are operative in adenovirus virus-associated (va) rna genes. in the xenopus 5 s rna gene, efficient termination requires the t residues to be in a g+c-rich sequence context, but a run of five t residues in a g+c-rich context does n ...	1999	10024448
[the patterns in the molecular biology of the adenoviruses (the results of a 20-year study at the institute of microbiology and virology of the national academy of sciences of ukraine)].	scientific data of the highest importance and priority concerning regularities of structural and functional organization of proteins of adenoviruses capsids and peculiarities of expression of the virus genome are as follows: new antigen determinants of hexon and adenovirus fiber have been discovered, their different nature (conformational or linear) and different orientation, depending on the spatial organization of proteins, have been proved; localization of some epitopes has been determined wi ...	1999	10330872
application of the polymerase chain reaction to detect fowl adenoviruses.	the possibility of using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of fowl adenoviruses (fadv) was tested. the optimal reaction parameters were evaluated and defined for purified genomic dna of type 8 fowl adenovirus (fadv-8), and then the same conditions were applied for nucleic acid extracted from infected cells. one hundred picograms of purified viral dna, or 250 fadv-8-infected cells, were detected by ethidium bromide staining of the pcr products in agarose gels. the sensitivity ...	1999	10369570
protection of turkeys from hemorrhagic enteritis with a recombinant fowl poxvirus expressing the native hexon of hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis (he) is an economically important disease of turkeys caused by a type ii aviadenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev). the vaccines currently available to the commercial poultry producer are highly effective in preventing disease outbreaks; however, they are immunosuppressive. a recombinant fowl poxvirus (rfpv) expressing the native hexon of hev has been shown to induce an anti-hev humoral immune response in turkeys. in this study, the rfpv expressing the native hexon o ...	1999	10396636
response of turkeys to simultaneous vaccination with hemorrhagic enteritis and newcastle disease viruses.	the effects of single and combined vaccination of turkeys against hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) were investigated. dual vaccination of turkeys with ndv-b1 and hevp30 or marble spleen disease virus (msdv) enhanced white mottling of the spleens and the apoptosis rate in spleen cells (p < 0.05). in addition, simultaneously vaccinated turkeys had fewer hev-infected spleen cells at 4 days postvaccination than turkeys given hevp30 or msdv alone. the anti-hev antib ...	1999	10396642
mutational analysis of the avian adenovirus celo, which provides a basis for gene delivery vectors.	the avian adenovirus celo is being developed as a gene transfer tool. using homologous recombination in escherichia coli, the celo genome was screened for regions that could be deleted and would tolerate the insertion of a marker gene (luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein). for each mutant genome, the production of viable virus able to deliver the transgene to target cells was monitored. a series of mutants in the genome identified a set of open reading frames that could be deleted b ...	1999	9882345
pcr for specific detection of haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, an avian adenovirus.	a hexon gene based pcr was developed for specific amplification of dna sequences from the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys. the hexon genes of different avian adenoviruses were compared for primer construction. two regions with low sequence homology between hev and fowl adenovirus (fav) hexon genes were selected for primer localisation. in correlation with the known sequence data a fragment of 1647 bp was amplified from a live vaccine and spleens of turkeys suffering from haemorrhag ...	1999	10488779
csiro's 'natural' vaccines.		1999	10561787
characterization of fowl adenoviruses from outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome in chile.	three fowl adenovirus (fav) isolates (341, 344, and 215) obtained during 1996-97 from field outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome (ibh/hps) affecting broilers and broiler breeders in chile were characterized by virus neutralization tests (vnts) and restriction enzyme analysis of a dna fragment. furthermore, the pathologic characteristics of one of these fav isolates (fav 341) was studied in experimentally infected chickens. the vnts conducted with isolates 341 and 344 a ...	1999	10396639
detection of avian adenovirus by polymerase chain reaction.	an avian adenovirus-specific polymerase chain reaction was developed. the origin of primers was from the dna sequence data of the chicken embryo lethal orphan avian adenovirus virus genome. an avian adenovirus-specific 421-bp dna product was amplified by these primers from group i of adenovirus containing 12 serotypes and serotypes of adenovirus from group ii and group iii. the adenovirus-specific dna product was also amplified from the 19 field isolates of avian adenoviruses but not from the ma ...	1999	10216765
characterization of celo virus proteins that modulate the prb/e2f pathway.	the avian adenovirus celo can, like the human adenoviruses, transform several mammalian cell types, yet it lacks sequence homology with the transforming, early regions of human adenoviruses. in an attempt to identify how celo virus activates the e2f-dependent gene expression important for s phase in the host cell, we have identified two celo virus open reading frames that cooperate in activating an e2f-inducible reporter system. the encoded proteins, gam-1 and orf22, were both found to interact ...	1999	10400747
storage of viruses on filter paper for genetic analysis.	the purpose of this study was to develop a method to store viruses on filter paper without the need for special conditions for future use of the genetic material. two non-enveloped viruses were used as models. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus that infects chickens, belongs to the birnaviridae family. hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), with double-stranded dna, belongs to the adenoviridae family. three different solutions were found suitable for loading the viru ...	1999	10598079
[cloning and sequence analysis of 55 k protein of egg drop syndrome virus].	for understanding the characteristics of genomic structure of egg drop syndrome virus(edsv).	1999	12569783
[analysis of core virion polypeptides from the pathogen causing chicken egg-drop syndrome].	the cores of egg-drop syndrome virus (eds-76) were isolated by the pyridine technique. eds-76 proved to be much more resistant to pyridine disruption than other adenoviruses and treatment with 10% pyridine did not lead to complete dissociation of capsid and cores; only increase of pyridine concentration to 20% produced satisfactory results. at least three polypeptides (24, 10.5, and 6.5 kda) were found in the core by sds-page, whereas the 40 kda reacting with the core is most probably not a core ...	1998	9864829
inclusion body tracheitis associated with avian adenovirus in turkeys.	nine turkey flocks with basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, suggestive of adenovirus, within the epithelial cells of the tracheal mucosa were studied. respiratory signs and increased mortality occurred in turkeys between 6 and 10 wk of age from nine commercial turkey meat flocks in central california. necropsy findings included tracheitis and occasional mild sinusitis. histopathology of the tracheas revealed epithelial deciliation, squamous metaplasia, large basophilic intranuclear inclusi ...	1998	9777161
haematological and biochemical studies in broiler chicks fed ochratoxin and inoculated with inclusion body hepatitis virus, singly and in concurrence.	day-old broiler chicks, which had been shown to be negative for maternal antibodies against inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) virus and for viral antigen in cloacal swabs, were divided into four groups of 20 chicks each. one group was fed ochratoxin-a at 0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age, another group was inoculated with 1 ml of ibh virus containing 10(6.5) eid50 per 0.2 ml. a third group was given both ochratoxin-a and infected with ibh virus. the fourth group served as the control. anaemia was ob ...	1998	9778779
sequence and transcriptional analysis of terminal regions of the fowl adenovirus type 8 genome.	fowl adenovirus (fadv) type 1, celo strain has no homologies to mastadenovirus e1a, e1b, e3 and e4, which regulate virus gene expression, dna replication and virus-host interaction. similarly, the right 5 kb and left 15 kb ends of celo virus dna are non-homologous to mastadenoviruses. to compare celo virus with another fadv, 7.5 kb of the left and 17 kb of the right ends of fadv type 8 (strain a-2a) were sequenced and nine and 17 open reading frames (orfs), respectively, were found. this fadv-8 ...	1998	9780058
the complete dna sequence and genome organization of the avian adenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) belongs to the adenoviridae family, a subgroup of adenoviruses (ads) that infect avian species. in this article, the complete dna sequence and the genome organization of the virus are described. the full-length of the genome was found to be 26,263 bp, shorter than the dna of any other ad described so far. the g + c content of the genome is 34.93%. there are short terminal repeats (39 bp), as described for other ads. genes were identified by comparison of the dna ...	1998	9791022
analysis of the hexon gene sequence of bovine adenovirus type 4 provides further support for a new adenovirus genus (atadenovirus).	the putative hexon gene of bovine adenovirus type 4 (bav-4), encoding 910 amino acid residues, has been identified and sequenced. a characteristic codon usage biased towards the use of at-rich triplets was observed. comparative analysis with other hexon sequences detected a high level of amino acid identity in the regions corresponding to the pedestals of the hexon. substitutions, insertions and deletions were identified mainly in the variable regions forming the loops which are exposed on the o ...	1998	9634088
fowl adenovirus recombinant expressing vp2 of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immunity against bursal disease.	the right hand end nde i fragment 3 (90.8-100 map units) of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) was characterised so as to allow the location of an insertion site for recombinant vector construction. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vp2 gene from the australian classical strain 002/73, under the control of the fav-10 major late promoter/leader sequence (mlp/ls) was inserted into a unique not i site that was generated at 99.5 map units. this recombinant virus was produced without delet ...	1998	9645198
mode of inheritance of unselected traits in lines of chickens selected for high or low antibody response to sheep red blood cells. 1. resistance to marble spleen disease virus and juvenile body weight.	two lines of white leghorns that had undergone long-term selection for high (hh) or low (ll) antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen(s) formed the nuclear lines for this experiment. matings were made in a full diallel cross to produce in a single hatch from age-contemporary breeders the parental lines, reciprocal f1 and f2 crosses, and backcrosses for 16 progeny types. for males and females, there were parental line differences in bw to 42 d of age, after which there was decline betwee ...	1998	9706069
serological survey of viral pathogens in bean and white-fronted geese from germany.	sera from wild geese were tested for antibodies to selected viral pathogens at a resting site for wild waterfowl in germany. serum samples from both bean geese (anser fabalis) and white-fronted geese (anser albifrons) collected in october 1991 were examined using serological methods licensed for routine diagnosis in domestic poultry. of 130 sera tested, antibodies to several infectious agents were found including newcastle disease virus (45%), goose parvovirus (48%), avian reovirus (29%), and av ...	1998	9706557
[the serologic detection of virus-induced infections in the domestic goose (anser anser dom.)].	the most important virus-induced diseases associated with heavy losses in the domestic goose are derzsy's disease which is caused by a goose parvovirus and duck plague (duck viral enteritis) which is caused by an avian herpesvirus. both diseases still occur but can be prevented by timely vaccinations. antibodies against influenza a viruses of the subtypes h1, h5, and h7 as well as against avian paramyxoviruses of the serogroups 4, 6, and 8, respectively, were not detected in any of the examined ...	1998	9710927
sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the protease gene, and genetic mapping of bovine adenovirus type 10 define its relatedness to other bovine adenoviruses.	the complete genome of a bovine adenovirus (bav) type 10 isolate was molecularly cloned and partially sequenced. the encoded proteins were predicted by computer analysis of the dna sequences of the ends or the entire length of the cloned viral fragments, and thus a rough genetic map was constructed. the protease gene of bav-10 was completely sequenced and used in phylogenetic analysis. based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis, and the location and presence of certain genes thought to be ...	1998	9712509
[structural and functional organization of avian adenovirus eds-76 genome. sequencing and analysis of the 0-10.6% fragment of viral dna].		1998	9720064
growth characteristics of fowl adenovirus type 8 in a chicken hepatoma cell line.	fowl adenoviruses, many of which appear to be non-pathogenic, are ubiquitous in birds. in addition, the genome of these viruses is large, making them ideal candidates for construction as vectors for foreign genes. current methods to cultivate fowl adenoviruses use primary cell cultures derived from embryonated chicken eggs. in order to provide a more suitable culture method, the growth of fowl adenovirus type 8 (fadv-8) was investigated in ch-sah, a continuous hepatoma cell line. a one step grow ...	1998	9763123
hexon based pcrs combined with restriction enzyme analysis for rapid detection and differentiation of fowl adenoviruses and egg drop syndrome virus.	three different polymerase chain reactions (pcrs), two of them combined with restriction enzyme analysis (rea), were developed for detection and differentiation of all 12 fowl adenovirus (fav) serotypes and the egg drop syndrome (eds) virus. for primer construction fav1, fav10 and eds virus hexon proteins were aligned and conserved and variable regions were determined. two primer sets (h1/h2 and h3/h4) for single use were constructed which hybridize in three conserved regions of hexon genes. eac ...	1998	9766892
dna sequence analysis of the genes for the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 putative 33k and pviii.	the nucleotide sequence and genomic location of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) putative 33k and precursor protein viii (pviii) genes have been determined. the total genomic region sequenced was 1814 base pairs (bp) in length with the 33k coding region occupying the sequence from nucleotides 44 to 634 and the pviii coding region nucleotides 949 to 1689. the location of both the 33k and pviii genes have the same positional organization as their human adenovirus (hav) counterparts which i ...	1998	9773274
dna sequence of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 short fiber gene.	the complete nucleotide sequence and map location of the short fiber gene of fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) strain cfa20 was determined. the coding sequence of the short fiber gene was found to be 1383 bp, encoding a putative polypeptide of 461 amino acids. the gene was located between 69.2 to 71.7 map units on the fav-10 genome. a consensus splice acceptor site was located 30 bp upstream of the putative translation start codon and a polya recognition sequence was located 24 bp downstream ...	1998	10728824
[adenovirus infections in psittacines].	diagnostic investigations were carried out in a fatal disease of several african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) and cape parrots (poicephalus robustus) in a large breeding plant. electron microscopically examination of liver and intestine, the organs with the most prominent pathomorphological changes, regularly revealed adenoviruses. necrotizing hepatitis and catarrhal to haemorrhagic enteritis dominated on histopathological examination. numerous basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in h ...	1998	9931996
protection of broiler breeders by an inactivated combined water-in-oil-in-water viral vaccine.	a four-component vaccine, prepared by combining the single vaccines, contains subunits of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis viruses, as well as whole inactivated infectious bursal disease and egg drop syndrome viruses. the vaccine is prepared in the form of a low-viscosity water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with low mineral oil content. heavy breeders were vaccinated at the age of 20 weeks by intramuscular administration of 0.5 ml vaccine/bird in an experiment carried out under field condi ...	1998	9704508
[early transcription of fav-1 (celo) avian adenovirus genome].	the patterns of rna from cells infected with avian adenovirus chicken embryo lethal orphan (celo) virus were analyzed by northern hybridization method. early rnas are specifically hybridized with several fragments of the eco-ri restriction map: a (49-81%), b (0.2-20.3%), d (81-92.5%), and e fragments of the bam-hi celo dna restriction map. early rnas were not hybridized with c (37.8-49%), g (31-37.8%), and e (20.3-31%) fragments of the eco-ri dna celo restriction map. at least 19 types of virus- ...	1998	10488533
transcriptional organization of the avian adenovirus celo.	a detailed map of the transcriptional organization of the celo virus genome was produced. recent computer analysis of celo virus has indicated the presence of 38 putative open reading frames (orfs). this study, based on analysis of the transcriptional products of celo in vitro, confirmed the presence of rnas for 26 of these 38 orfs. all of the results were obtained by cdna isolation or specific reverse transcriptase pcr. observation of orf transcription kinetics postinfection revealed the existe ...	1998	9765475
a proposal for a new (third) genus within the family adenoviridae.	this article presents a proposal for the establishment of a new adenovirus genus to accommodate certain bovine, ovine, and avian adenoviruses with special characteristics which differentiate them from members of the existing genera mastadenovirus and aviadenovirus. this proposal has been developed from earlier versions with advice from the adenovirus study group of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv).	1998	9638153
the major late promoter and bipartite leader sequence of fowl adenovirus.	the region of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) genome containing the major late promoter (mlp) and leader sequences was determined and appropriate genomic fragments were cloned and sequenced. a tata box was identified and the location of the putative transcription start site was determined. by using synthetic primers from the transcription start site in conjunction with oligonucleotides from the coding regions of the penton base and hexon genes, cdna was produced from late mrna isolated ...	1998	9572553
gastrointestinal pathogenicity of adenoviruses and reoviruses isolated from broiler chickens in alabama.	adenoviruses and reoviruses isolated from commercial broiler chickens were evaluated for gastrointestinal pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. the viruses were originally isolated from either the proventriculus or a gastrointestinal pool of tissues of broiler chickens with proventriculitis or enteritis. isolates were cloned by terminal dilution. day-old chickens were inoculated by oral and ocular routes with undiluted tissue culture fluids (titers of 10[2]-10[4] tcid50/ml) a ...	1998	9576341
isolation of fowl adenoviruses serotype 4 from pigeons with hepatic necrosis.	nine homogenized livers were taken to isolate the causative agent of adenovirus type i and type ii infections in pigeons. the samples were passaged up to four times on primary chicken embryo hepatocytes. adenoviruses were isolated from all of the six type ii but none of the three type i infections. serologically the isolated adenoviruses were classified as fowl adenovirus (fav) serotype 4. restriction enzyme analysis of two isolates in comparison with fav4 reference strain kr5 confirmed the sero ...	1998	9581348
neutralising antibody and challenge response to live and inactivated avian adenovirus-1 in broilers.	immune responses to live and inactivated avian adenovirus-1 were evaluated in broilers by neutralising antibody response and challenge reaction. the neutralising antibody titre was 1:256, 1:64 and 1:32 in live virus, inactivated virus and uninoculated control birds respectively at 3 weeks post inoculation when they were challenged. at one week post challenge the antibody titres were 1:941, 1:247 and 1:375 in live virus, inactivated virus and control birds, respectively. there was a booster effec ...	1997	9316229
association of adenovirus infection with human obesity.	we previously reported that chickens infected with the avian adenovirus smam-1 developed a unique syndrome characterized by excessive intra-abdominal fat deposition accompanied by paradoxically low serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. there have been no previous reports of avian adenoviruses infecting humans. we screened the serum of 52 humans with obesity in bombay, india, for antibodies against smam-1 virus using the agar gel precipitation test (agpt) method. bodyweights and serum choles ...	1997	9385623
diagnosis of avian adenovirus infections using dna in situ hybridization.	three dna oligonucleotide probes designated fn-23, fn-48, and fn-96 were evaluated for the diagnosis of aviadenovirus infections by dna in situ hybridization. paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from birds with confirmed adenovirus infection, birds with putative adenovirus infections, and birds with intranuclear inclusions caused by herpesvirus and polyomavirus. in birds with confirmed adenovirus infection, probes fn-23 and fn-96 identified 78% and 72% of diseased individuals, respectively. ...	1997	9454909
avian adenovirus induces ion channels in model bilayer lipid membranes.	the action of duck egg drop syndrome 1976 (eds-76) adenovirus on model bilayer lipid membranes (blm) has been investigated on planar egg phosphatidylcholine membranes and small unilamellar vesicles. it was found that the adenovirus formed channels in planar blm in a ph-dependent manner. the addition of eds-76 to planar blm at ph 5 induced voltage-independent channel activity of about 60 ps conductivity after a lag phase. at ph 3, eds-76 induced irregular spikes of current across the planar blm w ...	1997	9245727
hydropathic characteristics of adenovirus hexons.	the complete nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the adenovirus type 7 hexon gene were determined. the hydropathy of the hexon proteins from human adenovirus types 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 40, 41, and 48, bovine adenovirus type 3, murine adenovirus type 1, and avian adenovirus types 1 and 10 was analysed. the presence of purines and pyrimidines in the second position of the codons was correlated to hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, respectively. comparison of the hydrophi ...	1997	9267445
dna sequence analysis of an avian adenovirus terminal protein precursor.	nucleotide sequence of the genomic region between map units 25 and 31 of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav 10) was determined and analyzed. an open reading frame (orf) running from right to left (that is on /-strand) of 1806 nucleotides in length was found. this orf encoded a polypeptide of 602 amino acids with a molecular weight (m[r]) of approximately 70.4 kilo-daltons. the genomic location of the orf was determined to be between map units 25.5 and 29.5, similar to the genomic position of t ...	1997	9311569
characterization of an avian adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in day-old turkeys.	a group i avian adenovirus isolated from day-old turkeys with inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) was identified as turkey adenovirus serotype 2 (tav2) based on cross-neutralization assays and dna restriction endonuclease analyses. yolk sac inoculation of embryonated turkey eggs resulted in embryo mortality and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased hatchability compared with sham-inoculated controls. embryo mortality occurred primarily between day 24 of incubation and the time embryos hatched. focal nec ...	1997	9356722
identification and characterization of penton base and pviii protein of egg drop syndrome virus.	the nucleotide sequence and location of the penton base and pviii genes of the egg drop syndrome (eds) virus an avian adenovirus, were determined. the penton base gene is located at 34.8-38.8 map units. the coding sequence has a length of 1359 nt and encodes a polypeptide of 452 amino acids (aa) with a molecular weight of 51 105 da. the amino acid sequence shows a homology of 57.3 and 55.3% to the structural protein ih of human adenovirus serotype 2 (had2) and fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (fav1). ...	1997	9037737
identification of a novel antiapoptotic protein, gam-1, encoded by the celo adenovirus.	we have developed a simple screening method to identify genes that mimic bcl-2 or adenovirus e1b 19k in enhancing cell survival after transfection and have used this method to identify such a gene in the avian adenovirus celo. the gene encodes a novel 30-kda nuclear protein, which we have named gam-1, that functions comparably to bcl-2 and adenovirus e1b 19k in blocking apoptosis. however, gam-1 has no sequence homology to bcl-2, e1b 19k, or any other known antiapoptotic proteins and thus define ...	1997	9060680
purification of egg drop syndrome-76 virus by velocity density gradient centrifugation. a comparative study.		1997	9607086
the oncogenic potential of eleven avian adenovirus strains.	oncogenic potentials of 11 strains of avian adenovirus representing 10 serotypes were investigated in 22 litters of 1-day-old syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). hamsters were inoculated via two routes: subcutaneous dose of 0.12 ml and intracerebral dose of 0.02 ml. six strains, indiana-c (ind-c), chicken embryo lethal orphan (celo), stein, 75-1a, b-3, and a-2, induced fibrosarcomas subcutaneously at the inoculation site. hamsters inoculated intracerebrally with ind-c, celo, stein, b-3, and ...	1997	9087343
close phylogenetic relationship between egg drop syndrome virus, bovine adenovirus serotype 7, and ovine adenovirus strain 287.	a cloned egg drop syndrome (eds) virus genomic dna fragment containing the protease gene has been identified and the complete nucleotide sequence of the protease and partial nucleotide sequence of the hexon genes has been determined. phylogenetic analysis of the protease gene has revealed eds virus to be genetically more closely related to bovine adenovirus type 7 (bav-7) and ovine adenovirus isolate 287 (oav287) than either of these two viruses are to other members of the genus mastadenovirus o ...	1997	9123875
isolation and identification of adenoviruses from ostriches (struthio camelus).		1997	9141225
structural polypeptides of different clinical strains of avian adenovirus type-1.	the polypeptides of two liver strains, two ovarian strains and one standard strain of avian adenovirus-1 (aav-1) were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), western blot using polyclonal antibodies to all the strains and isoelectric focusing (ief). all the strains had 11 polypeptides and molecular weight varied between 9 and 100 kda. the polypeptide pattern was similar in all the strains as revealed by sds-page and western blot. however, some differenc ...	1997	9023041
humoral immune response of chicks to different clinical isolates of avian adenovirus type-1.	the humoral immune response of 7-day-old chicks to different strains of avian adenovirus (aav) type-1 was determined by counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in cie antibody was detected 14 days post-infection (pi) whereas in elisa antibody was detected 7 days pi. the elisa titre reached its peak at 21 days pi in all groups. the pattern of immune response among the groups was found to be similar.	1997	9023042
hydropericardium syndrome (hps) in india: a preliminary study on the causative agent and control of the disease by inactivated autogenous vaccine.	hydropericardium syndrome (hps) in broiler birds of 3 to 6 weeks of age was recorded for the first time in the haldwani area of nainital district (up) in india in november, 1994. the overall mortality in 6 poultry farms was 61.62 per cent. the disease was experimentally transmitted by bacteria free infected liver homogenate extract passed through membrane filters of 0.22 and 0.1 mu apd. the aetiological agent was inactivated by heat treatment at 56 degrees c for one hour and 80 degrees c for 10 ...	1997	9316232
the complete nucleotide sequence of the egg drop syndrome virus: an intermediate between mastadenoviruses and aviadenoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of an avian adenovirus, the egg drop syndrome (eds) virus, was determined. the total genome length is 33,213 nucleotides, resulting in a molecular weight of 21.9 x 10(6). the gc content is only 42.5%. between map units 3.5 and 76.9, the distribution of open reading frames with homology to known genes is similar to that reported for other mammalian and avian adenoviruses. however, no homologies to adenovirus genes such as e1a, pix, pv, and e3 could be found. outsi ...	1997	9375018
epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis in poultry in northern india from 1990 to 1994.	the epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) was studied in poultry in northern india, from april 1990 to march 1994, to evaluate the various factors responsible for causing and determining the severity of the disease. broiler chicks and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were the species examined. the factor observed to be most commonly associated with ibh was the presence of aflatoxins in the feed at higher than permissible levels, i.e. 20 parts per billion. avian adenovirus-1 w ...	1996	9025150
molecular cloning and restriction enzyme mapping of avian adenovirus type 8 dna.	avian adenovirus (aav) type 8 was cultured in an avian hepatoma cell line designated ch-sah and the viral dna extracted and purified. restriction enzyme analysis of viral dna using the endonucleases apai, ecori, hindiii, kpni, noti, spei, stui and xbai was carried out, and fragments representing the entire genome were cloned. according to the restriction enzyme fragments, the size of the aav type 8 genome was calculated to be 44.7 kb. subcloning of viral dna fragments and hybridization studies u ...	1996	8896244
immunopathogenesis and physical maps of fowl adenovirus serotype 9.	restriction endonuclease maps of the genome of fowl adenovirus (fav) serotype 9 have been constructed for the restriction endonucleases ndei, noti and xbai. the total size of the fav-9 genome was estimated to be 44.5 kb pairs, consistent with previous reports that fav genomes are approximately 10 kb larger than human adenovirus (hav). the pathogenicity of this virus in day-old chickens was intermediate between the pathogenicity of the non-pathogenic and the highly pathogenic favs.	1996	8880992
egg drop syndrome '76 in bolivia.	four outbreaks of egg drop syndrome '76 (eds '76) were diagnosed between april 1993 and july 1993 in the santa cruz department of bolivia, around the department capital santa cruz. three outbreaks involved commercial laying birds and the fourth a broiler breeder unit. clinical signs were typical of eds '76 with decreases in egg production of up to 55% being recorded as well as the production of thin shelled and shell-less eggs. a total of 183 serum samples from the 4 farms were tested for the pr ...	1996	8888524
dna in situ hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of massive necrotizing avian adenovirus hepatitis and pancreatitis in chicks.	the present study describes the use of dna in situ hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of massive necrotizing adenovirus hepatitis and pancreatitis in broiler chicks. a light microscope and dna probes were used to identify avian adenovirus in replicate sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver and pancreas from field and experimental chicks. avian adenovirus infection was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and virus isolation.	1996	8980813
pathogenesis of type ii avian adenovirus infection in turkeys: in vivo immune cell tropism and tissue distribution of the virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, causes intestinal hemorrhages and immunosuppression in turkeys. in this study, we exposed turkeys to virulent hev and examined fractionated spleen cells for the presence of viral dna by in situ hybridization and amplification of dna extracted from virus-infected cells by pcr. hev replication was detected only in the immunoglobulin m-bearing b lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells but not in the cd4+ or cd8+ t lymphocytes. the inabili ...	1996	8523540
characterization of the haemorrhagic enteritis virus genome and the sequence of the putative penton base and core protein genes.	haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) is a member of a genetically ill-defined group within the genus aviadenovirus which causes significant clinical disease in gallinaceous fowl. using dna obtained from a low virulence isolate of hev passed in turkeys, we developed a genomic restriction map and estimated an apparent genomic length of 25.5 kb. no evidence for extensive dna hybridization was found between the hev genome and either the hexon or penton base genes of human adenovirus 2 (hadv-2) and fow ...	1996	8601784
the complete dna sequence and genomic organization of the avian adenovirus celo.	the complete dna sequence of the avian adenovirus chicken embryo lethal orphan (celo) virus (fav-1) is reported here. the genome was found to be 43,804 bp in length, approximately 8 kb longer than those of the human subgenus c adenoviruses (ad2 and ad5). this length is supported by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of genomes isolated from several related fav-1 isolates (indiana c and ote). the genes for major viral structural proteins (illa, penton base, hexon, pvi, and pviii), as well ...	1996	8627769
genes for fowl adenovirus celo penton base and core polypeptides.	a 3.5-kilobase dna fragment of the fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo), located between map units 31.1 and 39.4 has been determined. the sequence contains the probable celo equivalents of the iiia protein, penton base, pvii and pv core protein genes of human adenovirus (hav). the celo penton base and major core protein (analog hav pvii) were found to consist of 514 (56.8 kda) and 72 amino acids (8.4 kda), respectively.	1996	8634026
comparison by restriction enzyme analysis of three fowl adenoviruses of varying pathogenicity.	restriction enzyme studies have been used to divide the fowl adenoviruses (fav) into 5 groups - a, b,c,d and e. more detailed restriction enzyme studies of a series of group e fav field isolates showed that these methods could differentiate between mildly and hypervirulent fav belonging to this group. we have mapped the genomes of the hypervirulent (cfa 40) and two of the mildly virulent fav (cfa 44 and cfa 3), using 11 different restriction enzymes: hindiii, bglii, xbai, ndei, spei, drai, noti, ...	1996	8701571
variations in response of four lines of ring-necked pheasants to infection with marble spleen disease virus.	this study evaluated the response and susceptibility of four lines of ring-necked pheasants to infection with marble spleen disease (msd) virus. fifteen birds of the following lines were used: the standard ring-necked gamebird, the highly inbred jumbo white, the sichuan, and the first-generation cross of the sichuan and the standard gamebird. baseline immune responses were assessed at 6 weeks of age by lymphoblastogenesis assays. all birds were orally challenged at 7 weeks of age with cell -cult ...	1996	8790879
sequence of the avian adenovirus fav 1 (celo) dna encoding the hexon-associated protein pvi and hexon.	the genomic region of the avian adenovirus fav1 (celo) encoding the precursor to virion structural protein vi (p vi) and the major capsid protein hexon has been sequenced. the 223-unit sequence of the celo pvi protein has two potential ad endoproteinase cleavage sites and a conserved c-terminal sequence including the cys residue supposedly involved in endoproteinase activation. the celo hexon gene sequence predicts a 942-residue protein (106.7 kda). multiple sequence alignment with other six kno ...	1996	8893797
genomic mapping and sequence analysis of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 hexon gene.	the gene for the major capsid protein (hexon) of fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (fav-10) has been identified by the use of the expression vector pgex and rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against fav-10. the nucleotide sequence of the entire hexon gene has been determined. sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 2808 bp coding for a putative polypeptide 936 amino acids long with a molecular mass of 105.5 kda. the translation initiation codon has a local sequence which conforms with the ...	1995	7595364
immunological and molecular comparison of fowl adenovirus serotypes 4 and 10.	some discussion has centered on whether fowl adenovirus (fav) serotypes 4 and 10 are distinct serotypes or in fact should be reclassified as a single serotype. we have undertaken a detailed characterisation of representatives of both serotypes in order to determine if types 4 and 10 should be grouped together or retained as distinct serotypes. examination at the genomic level has revealed considerable similarities and few differences between these 2 serotypes. dna cross-hybridization failed to d ...	1995	7733822
pathological studies in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin or ochratoxin and inoculated with inclusion body hepatitis virus singly and in concurrence.	day-old broiler chicks found negative for maternal antibodies against inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) virus by agar gel precipitation test and viral antigen in cloacal swabs by dot enzyme immunoassay were divided into 6 groups of 20 chicks each. group a was fed aflatoxin b1 at 1.25 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group o was fed ochratoxin a at 0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group v was inoculated with 1 ml of ibh virus of titre log10 6.5 eid50 per 0.2 ml. groups av and ov were given aflatoxin b ...	1995	7762137
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the penton base genes of type ii avian adenoviruses.	we describe here the identification of the penton base gene of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, in a 2477-base pair (bp)-ecori fragment of the viral dna by sequence analysis. identification is based on an extensive amino acid homology between the hev-open reading frame and the penton base of a fowl adenovirus (fav-10) and various human adenoviruses. the 1344 bp-penton base gene of hev encodes a 448-amino acid polypeptide of molecular weight of 50,843 da. the nucleot ...	1995	8837891
pathogenicity of quail's inclusion body hepatitis virus (avian adenovirus-1) for japanese quails and broiler chicks.	quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and broiler (gallus domesticus) chicks were inoculated experimentally with ibh virus (avian adenovirus-1) derived from quails to determine its pathogenicity. quail chicks were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route at 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 weeks of age. lesions were encountered most frequently in the liver, kidneys and lungs. these included pale, swollen and mottled liver, swollen nephrotic kidneys, and congested and pneumonic lungs. the lesions were severe in birds ...	1995	8619292
immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of an avian adenovirus isolate involved in hydropericardium syndrome in broilers.	the role of avian adenovirus isolate parc-1 as an immunosuppressive agent was investigated using a newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine immune response procedure. the immunosuppressive effect on the humoral immune response was investigated up to 21 days after inoculation with adenovirus. infected chickens showed a serologic response to ndv that was reduced compared with that of the controls. to further investigate the effect of the virus on major lymphoid organs, the pattern of virus disseminat ...	1995	8719205
electron microscopic evidence for infection of splenic dendritic cells by adenovirus in psittacine birds.	the spleens of four psittacine birds suffering from natural type ii avian adenoviral infection were studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to determine the target cells of this virus in the spleen. typical adenoviral replication sites were found in lymphocytes and dendritic cells.	1995	8834755
approaches to food-based vaccines for domestic chickens.	domestic chickens were fed viral vaccines that were applied to the surface of food pellets. responses were judged by the production of specific antibodies, and compared with the responses obtained when the same vaccines were given by conventional routes. chickens responded similarly to commercial avian infectious encephalomyelitis vaccine given on food or by eyedrop when antibodies were measured by elisa, and the vaccine virus spread by contact. increasing the dose of oral vaccine tenfold gave a ...	1995	8545968
gross and histologic lesions of adenovirus group i in guinea fowl.		1995	8580184
hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chickens: its contagious nature and pathology.	twenty-five-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated intramuscularly or orally with a suspension prepared from the livers of chickens naturally affected with hydropericardium syndrome (hps), and uninoculated chickens were kept in the same room with the inoculated birds. the mortality rates in the chickens inoculated intramuscularly or orally were 100 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. the corresponding groups of uninoculated chickens had mortality rates of 60 per cent and 53.3 per cent, res ...	1995	8588094
comparison of agar-gel precipitin responses among strains of fowl adenovirus using antigens prepared from chorioallantoic membranes and chicken kidney cell cultures.	agar-gel precipitin responses obtained for serologically different strains of fowl adenovirus (fav) in tests using antigens prepared from fav-infected chorioallantoic membranes (cam antigen) and chicken kidney cell cultures (ckc antigen) were compared. findings showed that both types of antigens exhibited less sensitivity to heterologous than to homologous antisera and that quantitative differences in sensitivity were present between serotypes. cam antigens were more sensitive than ckc antigens ...	1995	7492655
inclusion body hepatitis and hemorrhagic enteritis in two african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) associated with adenovirus.		1995	7779952
effect of t-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus infection in ring-necked pheasants.	the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cyclosporine (csp)-mediated t-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus (msdv) infection in ring-necked pheasants. seventy-two 6-week-old pheasants were divided into three groups; one group of 18 birds was inoculated with msdv, a second group of 18 birds was treated with csp, and a third group of 36 birds was both treated with csp and inoculated with msdv. two birds each from both of the smaller groups and fou ...	1995	7794193
the fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo) virus-associated rna-encoding gene: a new ribozyme-expression vector.	a new system for hammerhead ribozyme (rz) expression was examined in which fowl adenovirus type 1 (celo) virus-associated rna (celo va rna) was used as a vector for the incorporation of rz to target the mrna of secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) both in vitro and in vivo. the rz gene was integrated into the celo va rna between the internal promoter boxes a and b; apparently this did not interfere with its transcription. rz integrated into celo va rna and, lacking the viral sequences, exhibited ...	1995	7665077
comparison of four fixatives for routine splenic histology and immunohistochemical staining for group ii avian adenovirus.	four different fixatives, a, b, c, and d, were compared for use in routine histology of splenic tissue and for immunohistochemical staining to detect group ii avian adenoviral antigen. sixteen pheasants were experimentally infected with type ii adenovirus; spleens from each bird were harvested, divided, and treated with each of the four fixatives. all four fixatives were adequate for routine histology. fixative b was significantly more sensitive for immunohistochemistry than the three other fixa ...	1995	7545899
the avian adenovirus penton: two fibres and one base.	the penton capsomer of mammalian adenoviruses consists of a trimeric, long and thin fibre inserted into a pentameric base. the avian adenoviruses possess a penton which presents another symmetry mismatch: each pentameric base is associated with two fibres. here we have studied the morphology of the penton of celo virus, an avian adenovirus, and we have determined the sequence of both fibres, one long and one short. the short fibre is probably associated with the base in the same way as the mamma ...	1995	7563058