Publications

cost and effectiveness of commercially available nesting substrates for deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	provision of nesting material promotes species-typical behaviors in rodents including deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). the purpose of this study was to determine which commercially available nesting material best promotes complex nest building in the subspecies p. m. bairdii yet remains cost-effective for use as enrichment in a laboratory research setting. an existing breeding colony consisting of cages containing all male mice, all female mice, and breeding pairs was evaluated. five commerci ...	2016	27423147
functional genomic insights into regulatory mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation.	recent studies of indigenous human populations at high altitude have provided proof-of-principle that genome scans of dna polymorphism can be used to identify candidate loci for hypoxia adaptation. when integrated with experimental analyses of physiological phenotypes, genome-wide surveys of dna polymorphism and tissue-specific transcriptional profiles can provide insights into actual mechanisms of adaptation. it has been suggested that adaptive phenotypic evolution is largely mediated by cis-re ...	2016	27343092
transcriptomic plasticity in brown adipose tissue contributes to an enhanced capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis in deer mice.	for small mammals living at high altitude, aerobic heat generation (thermogenesis) is essential for survival during prolonged periods of cold, but is severely impaired under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia. recent studies in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) reveal adaptive enhancement of thermogenesis in high- compared to low-altitude populations under hypoxic cold stress, an enhancement that is attributable to modifications in the aerobic metabolism of muscles used in shivering. however, beca ...	2016	27126783
bohr effect and temperature sensitivity of hemoglobins from highland and lowland deer mice.	an important means of physiological adaptation to environmental hypoxia is an increased oxygen (o2) affinity of the hemoglobin (hb) that can help secure high o2 saturation of arterial blood. however, the trade-off associated with a high hb-o2 affinity is that it can compromise o2 unloading in the systemic capillaries. high-altitude deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) have evolved an increased hb-o2 affinity relative to lowland conspecifics, but it is not known whether they have also evolved compe ...	2016	26808972
cranial morphological variation in peromyscus maniculatus over nearly a century of environmental change in three areas of california.	determining how species respond to prolonged environmental change is critical to understanding both their evolutionary biology and their conservation needs. in general, organisms can respond to changing environmental conditions by moving, by adapting in situ, or by going locally or globally extinct. morphological changes, whether plastic or adaptive, are one way that species may respond in situ to local environmental change. because cranial morphology is influenced by selective pressures arising ...	2016	26511596
occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in an agro-ecosystem following application of biosolids.	triclocarban (tcc) and triclosan (tcs), two of the most commonly used antimicrobial compounds, can be introduced into ecosystems by applying wastewater treatment plant biosolids to agricultural fields. concentrations of tcc and tcs were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassing land-applied biosolids, soil, earthworms (lumbricus), deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), and eggs of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and american kestrels (falco sparverius) at ...	2016	27993073
cascading effects of predation risk determine how marine predators become terrestrial prey on an oceanic island.	apex predators can suppress the foraging activity of mesopredators, which may then result in cascading benefits for the prey of those mesopredators. we studied the interactions between a top predator, the barn owl (tyto alba), and their primary prey, an island endemic deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus elusus), which in turn consumes the eggs of seabirds nesting on santa barbara island in california. scripps's murrelets (synthliboramphus scrippsi), a threatened nocturnal seabird, arrive annually ...	2016	27912006
small mammals as sentinels of oil sands related contaminants and health effects in northeastern alberta, canada.	the extraction of bitumen in areas of northeastern alberta (canada) has been associated with the release of complex mixtures of metals, metalloids, and polycyclic aromatic compounds (pacs) to the environment. to mitigate effects on ecosystems, canadian legislation mandates that disturbed areas be reclaimed to an ecologically sustainable state after active operations. however, as part of reclamation activities, exposure to, and effects on wildlife living in these areas is not generally assessed. ...	2016	26555251
characterization of a male reproductive transcriptome for peromyscus eremicus (cactus mouse).	rodents of the genus peromyscus have become increasingly utilized models for investigations into adaptive biology. this genus is particularly powerful for research linking genetics with adaptive physiology or behaviors, and recent research has capitalized on the unique opportunities afforded by the ecological diversity of these rodents. well characterized genomic and transcriptomic data is intrinsic to explorations of the genetic architecture responsible for ecological adaptations. therefore, th ...	2016	27812417
embryonic development of the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus.	deer mice, or peromyscus maniculatus, are an emerging model system for use in biomedicine. p. maniculatus are similar in appearance to laboratory mice, mus musculus, but are more closely related to hamsters than to mus. the laboratory strains of peromyscus have captured a high degree of the genetic variability observed in wild populations, and are more similar to the genetic variability observed in humans than are laboratory strains of mus. the peromyscus genetic stock center at the university o ...	2016	26930071
emergence and evolution of zfp36l3.	in most mammals, the zfp36 gene family consists of three conserved members, with a fourth member, zfp36l3, present only in rodents. the zfp36 proteins regulate post-transcriptional gene expression at the level of mrna stability in organisms from humans to yeasts, and appear to be expressed in all major groups of eukaryotes. in mus musculus, zfp36l3 expression is limited to the placenta and yolk sac, and is important for overall fecundity. we sequenced the zfp36l3 gene from more than 20 represent ...	2016	26493225
insights on the host associations and geographic distribution of hymenolepis folkertsi (cestoda: hymenolepididae) among rodents across temperate latitudes of north america.	synoptic data and an understanding of helminth parasite diversity among diverse rodent assemblages across temperate latitudes of north america remain remarkably incomplete. renewed attention to comprehensive survey and inventory to establish the structure of biodiverse faunas is essential in providing indicators and proxies for identifying the outcomes of accelerating change linked to climate warming and anthropogenic forcing. subsequent to the description of hymenolepis folkertsi in the oldfiel ...	2016	27630100
rapid morphological change in the masticatory structures of an important ecosystem service provider.	humans have altered the biotic and abiotic environmental conditions of most organisms. in some cases, such as intensive agriculture, an organism's entire ecosystem is converted to novel conditions. thus, it is striking that some species continue to thrive under such conditions. the prairie deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is an example of such an organism, and so we sought to understand what role evolutionary adaptation played in the success of this species, with particular interest i ...	2015	26061880
a novel satellite dna sequence in the peromyscus genome (pmsat): evolution via copy number fluctuation.	satellite dnas (satdna) are tandemly arrayed repeated sequences largely present in eukaryotic genomes, which play important roles in genome evolution and function, and therefore, their analysis is vital. here, we describe the isolation of a novel satellite dna family (pmsat) from the rodent peromyscus eremicus (cricetidae, rodentia), which is located in pericentromeric regions and exhibits a typical satellite dna genome organization. orthologous pmsat sequences were isolated and characterized fr ...	2015	26103000
correction: potential role of masting by introduced bamboos in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) population irruptions holds public health consequences.		2015	26039406
adaptive modifications of muscle phenotype in high-altitude deer mice are associated with evolved changes in gene regulation.	at high-altitude, small mammals are faced with the energetic challenge of sustaining thermogenesis and aerobic exercise in spite of the reduced o2 availability. under conditions of hypoxic cold stress, metabolic demands of shivering thermogenesis and locomotion may require enhancements in the oxidative capacity and o2 diffusion capacity of skeletal muscle to compensate for the diminished tissue o2 supply. we used common-garden experiments involving highland and lowland deer mice (peromyscus mani ...	2015	25851956
rapid morphological change in black rats (rattus rattus) after an island introduction.	rapid morphological change has been shown in rodent populations on islands, including endemic deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus subspp.) on the california channel islands. surprisingly, most of these changes were towards a smaller size. black rats were introduced to anacapa island in the mid-1800s (probably in 1853) and eradicated in 2001-2002. to assess possible changes in these rats since their introduction, eleven cranial and four standard external measurements were taken from 59 rattus rattu ...	2015	25780765
high-altitude ancestry and hypoxia acclimation have distinct effects on exercise capacity and muscle phenotype in deer mice.	the hypoxic and cold environment at high altitudes requires that small mammals sustain high rates of o2 transport for exercise and thermogenesis while facing a diminished o2 availability. we used laboratory-born and -raised deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) from highland and lowland populations to determine the interactive effects of ancestry and hypoxia acclimation on exercise performance. maximal o₂consumption (v̇o(2max)) during exercise in hypoxia increased after hypoxia acclimation (equival ...	2015	25695288
intraspecific polymorphism, interspecific divergence, and the origins of function-altering mutations in deer mouse hemoglobin.	major challenges for illuminating the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution are to identify causative mutations, to quantify their functional effects, to trace their origins as new or preexisting variants, and to assess the manner in which segregating variation is transduced into species differences. here, we report an experimental analysis of genetic variation in hemoglobin (hb) function within and among species of peromyscus mice that are native to different elevations. a multilocus survey of ...	2015	25556236
use of neonatal fostering to remove helicobacter spp. from deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	helicobacter species can be found in a wide variety of animals and remain common contaminants of laboratory rodents. fostering of neonatal pups has been used to eliminate helicobacter spp. from various laboratory rodents, including laboratory mice and gerbils. deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) from a captive colony enzootic for at least one helicobacter species were mated, and the pups produced were fostered on laboratory mice 24 h after birth. after 2 rounds of fostering, both foster dams and ...	2015	26224445
toward a mechanistic understanding of environmentally forced zoonotic disease emergence: sin nombre hantavirus.	understanding the environmental drivers of zoonotic reservoir and human interactions is crucial to understanding disease risk, but these drivers are poorly predicted. we propose a mechanistic understanding of human-reservoir interactions, using hantavirus pulmonary syndrome as a case study. crucial processes underpinning the disease's incidence remain poorly studied, including the connectivity among natural and peridomestic deer mouse host activity, virus transmission, and human exposure. we fou ...	2015	26955081
surveillance for borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks and small rodents in british columbia.	to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in british columbian ticks, fieldwork was conducted over a 2-year period. in all, 893 ticks (ixodes pacificus, i. angustus, i. soricis, ixodes spp., and dermacentor andersoni) of different life stages were retrieved from 483 small rodents (peromyscus maniculatus, perognathus parvus, and reithrodontomys megalotis). b. burgdorferi dna was detected in 5 out of 359 tick pools, and 41 out of 483 mice were serologically confirmed to have antibodies a ...	2015	26502354
factors affecting larval tick feeding success: host, density and time.	ectoparasites rely on blood-feeding to sustain activity, support development and produce offspring. blood-feeding is also a route for transmission of diverse vector-borne pathogens. the likelihood of successfully feeding is thus an important aspect of ectoparasite population dynamics and pathogen transmission. factors that affect blood-feeding include ectoparasite density, host defenses, and ages of the host and ectoparasite. how these factors interact to affect feeding success is not well under ...	2015	26104393
potential role of masting by introduced bamboos in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) population irruptions holds public health consequences.	we hypothesized that the ongoing naturalization of frost/shade tolerant asian bamboos in north america could cause environmental consequences involving introduced bamboos, native rodents and ultimately humans. more specifically, we asked whether the eventual masting by an abundant leptomorphic ("running") bamboo within pacific northwest coniferous forests could produce a temporary surfeit of food capable of driving a population irruption of a common native seed predator, the deer mouse (peromysc ...	2015	25898267
evaluation of the importance of vlse antigenic variation for the enzootic cycle of borrelia burgdorferi.	efficient acquisition and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi by the tick vector, and the ability to persistently infect both vector and host, are important elements for the life cycle of the lyme disease pathogen. previous work has provided strong evidence implicating the significance of the vls locus for b. burgdorferi persistence. however, studies involving vls mutant clones have thus far only utilized in vitro-grown or host-adapted spirochetes and laboratory strains of mice. additionally, t ...	2015	25893989
introduced and native haplotypes of echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife in saskatchewan, canada.	recent detection of a european-type haplotype of the cestode echinococcus multilocularis in a newly enzootic region in british columbia prompted efforts to determine if this haplotype was present elsewhere in wildlife in western canada. in coyote (canis latrans) definitive hosts in an urban region in central saskatchewan (sk), we found a single haplotype of e. multilocularis that was most similar to a haplotype currently established in the core of this parasite's distribution in europe and to th ...	2015	26020284
apparent field safety of a raccoon poxvirus-vectored plague vaccine in free-ranging prairie dogs (cynomys spp.), colorado, usa.	prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) suffer high rates of mortality from plague. an oral sylvatic plague vaccine using the raccoon poxvirus vector (designated rcn-f1/v307) has been developed for prairie dogs. this vaccine is incorporated into palatable bait along with rhodamine b as a biomarker. we conducted trials in august and september 2012 to demonstrate uptake and apparent safety of the rcn-f1/v307 vaccine in two prairie dog species under field conditions. free-ranging prairie dogs and other associa ...	2015	25588006
transcriptome markers of viral persistence in naturally-infected andes virus (bunyaviridae) seropositive long-tailed pygmy rice rats.	long-tailed pygmy rice rats (oligoryzomys longicaudatus) are principal reservoir hosts of andes virus (andv) (bunyaviridae), which causes most hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases in the americas. to develop tools for the study of the andv-host interactions, we used rna-seq to generate a de novo transcriptome assembly. splenic rna from five rice rats captured in chile, three of which were andv-infected, was used to generate an assembly of 66,173 annotated transcripts, including noncoding rn ...	2015	25856432
assessing prevention measures and sin nombre hantavirus seroprevalence among workers at yosemite national park.	during 2012, a total of 10 overnight visitors to yosemite national park (yosemite) became infected with a hantavirus (sin nombre virus [snv]); three died. snv infections have been identified among persons with occupational exposure to deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	2015	25943457
effect of an invasive plant and moonlight on rodent foraging behavior in a coastal dune ecosystem.	understanding how invasive plants may alter predator avoidance behaviors is important for granivorous rodents because their foraging can trigger ripple effects in trophic webs. previous research has shown that european beach grass ammophila arenaria, an invasive species in coastal california, affects the predation of other seeds by the rodents microtus californicus, peromyscus maniculatus, and reithrodontomys megalotis. this may be due to lower perceived predation risk by rodents foraging in clo ...	2015	25679785
modeling the ecologic niche of plague in sylvan and domestic animal hosts to delineate sources of human exposure in the western united states.	plague has been established in the western united states (us) since 1900 following the west coast introduction of commensal rodents infected with yersinia pestis via early industrial shipping. over the last century, plague ecology has transitioned through cycles of widespread human transmission, urban domestic transmission among commensal rodents, and ultimately settled into the predominantly sylvan foci that remain today where it is maintained alternatively by enzootic and epizootic transmissio ...	2015	26713244
hematologic and serum biochemical values of 4 species of peromyscus mice and their hybrids.	deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and congeneric species are used in a wide variety of research applications, particularly studies of developmental, physiologic, and behavioral characteristics associated with habitat adaptation and speciation. because peromyscine mice readily adapt to colony conditions, animals with traits of interest in the field are moved easily into the laboratory where they can be studied under controlled conditions. the purpose of this study was to determine the serum chem ...	2014	25199088
differential lymphocyte and antibody responses in deer mice infected with sin nombre hantavirus or andes hantavirus.	hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) is a rodent-borne disease with a high case-fatality rate that is caused by several new world hantaviruses. each pathogenic hantavirus is naturally hosted by a principal rodent species without conspicuous disease and infection is persistent, perhaps for life. deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the natural reservoirs of sin nombre virus (snv), the etiologic agent of most hcps cases in north america. deer mice remain infected despite a helper t cell re ...	2014	24829335
rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of hantavirus-specific antibodies in divergent small mammals.	we assessed the utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of hantavirus-specific antibodies from sera of oligoryzomys longicaudatus, the principal reservoir of andes virus (andv), using an antigen previously developed for detection of antibodies to sin nombre virus (snv) in sera from peromyscus maniculatus. the assay uses a protein a/g horseradish peroxidase conjugate and can be performed in as little as 1.5 hours. serum samples from oligoryzomys longicaudatus col ...	2014	24806874
spatial heterogeneity and temporal variations in echinococcus multilocularis infections in wild hosts in a north american urban setting.	echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, has the potential to circulate in urban areas where wild host populations and humans coexist. the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in wild hosts locally affects the risk of transmission to humans. we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of e. multilocularis infection in coyotes and rodent intermediate hosts within the city of calgary, canada, and the association between spatial variations i ...	2014	24747533
chromosome variation in peromyscus: a new mechanism.	differences in total chromosome lengths between two karyotypically divergent groups of peromyscus maniculatus are taken as evidence for an deletion mechanism of chromosomal variation in the species. the differences may be due in part to variation in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin in the two karyotypes.	2014	4113739
the relationship between cardiopulmonary size and aerobic performance in adult deer mice at high altitude.	deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis) populations in the white mountains of eastern california are found across a substantial range of partial pressures of oxygen (po₂). reduction in po₂ at high altitude can have a negative impact on aerobic performance. we studied plastic changes in organ mass and volume involved in aerobic respiration in response to acclimation to high altitude, and how those changes are matched with aerobic performance measured by vo₂,max. adult deer mice born and ra ...	2014	25147245
pleiotropic effects of a methyl donor diet in a novel animal model.	folate and other methyl-donor pathway components are widely supplemented due to their ability to prevent prenatal neural tube defects. several lines of evidence suggest that these supplements act through epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. altering dna methylation). primary among these are the experiments on the mouse viable yellow allele of the agouti locus (a(vy)). in the avy allele, an intracisternal a-particle retroelement has inserted into the genome adjacent to the agouti gene and is preferentiall ...	2014	25121505
the dynamics of sperm cooperation in a competitive environment.	sperm cooperation has evolved in a variety of taxa and is often considered a response to sperm competition, yet the benefit of this form of collective movement remains unclear. here, we use fine-scale imaging and a minimal mathematical model to study sperm aggregation in the rodent genus peromyscus. we demonstrate that as the number of sperm cells in an aggregate increase, the group moves with more persistent linearity but without increasing speed. this benefit, however, is offset in larger aggr ...	2014	25056618
effectiveness of rodenticides for managing invasive roof rats and native deer mice in orchards.	roof rats (rattus rattus) and deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are occasional pests of nut and tree fruit orchards throughout california and in many other parts of the usa and beyond. in general, the most practical and cost-effective control method for rodents in many agricultural environments is the use of rodenticides (toxic baits), but little or no information exists on the efficacy of current rodenticides in controlling roof rats and deer mice in orchards. therefore, our goals were to deve ...	2014	24443051
natural genetic variation underlying differences in peromyscus repetitive and social/aggressive behaviors.	peromyscus maniculatus (bw) and p. polionotus (po) are interfertile north american species that differ in many characteristics. for example, po exhibit monogamy and bw animals are susceptible to repetitive behaviors and thus a model for neurobehavioral disorders such as autism. we analyzed these two stocks as well as their hybrids, a bw y(po) consomic line (previously shown to alter glucose homeostasis) and a natural p. maniculatus agouti variant (a(nb) = wide band agouti). we show that po anima ...	2014	24407381
functional genomics of adaptation to hypoxic cold-stress in high-altitude deer mice: transcriptomic plasticity and thermogenic performance.	in species that are distributed across steep environmental gradients, adaptive variation in physiological performance may be attributable to transcriptional plasticity in underlying regulatory networks. here we report the results of common-garden experiments that were designed to elucidate the role of regulatory plasticity in evolutionary adaptation to hypoxic cold-stress in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). we integrated genomic transcriptional profiles with measures of metabolic enzyme activ ...	2014	24102503
detection of coccidioidal antibodies in serum of a small rodent community in baja california, mexico.	coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) represents a serious threat to inhabitants of endemic areas of north america. despite successful clinical isolations of the fungal etiological agent, coccidioides spp., the screening of environmental samples has had low effectiveness, mainly because of the poor characterization of coccidioides ecological niche. we explored valle de las palmas, baja california, mexico, a highly endemic area near the u.s.-mexico border, where we previously detected coccidioides vi ...	2014	24607357
an island-wide predator manipulation reveals immediate and long-lasting matching of risk by prey.	anti-predator behaviour affects prey population dynamics, mediates cascading effects in food webs and influences the likelihood of rapid extinctions. predator manipulations in natural settings provide a rare opportunity to understand how prey anti-predator behaviour is affected by large-scale changes in predators. here, we couple a long-term, island-wide manipulation of an important rodent predator, the island fox (urocyon littoralis), with nearly 6 years of measurements on foraging by deer mice ...	2014	24759863
elk herbivory alters small mammal assemblages in high-elevation drainages.	heavy herbivory by ungulates can substantially alter habitat, but the indirect consequences of habitat modification for animal assemblages that rely on that habitat are not well studied. this is a particularly important topic given that climate change can alter plant-herbivore interactions. we explored short-term responses of small mammal communities to recent exclusion of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) in high-elevation riparian drainages in northern arizona, where elk impacts on vegetatio ...	2013	23163813
permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals.	a primary objective of road ecology is to understand and predict how roads affect connectivity of wildlife populations. road avoidance behavior can fragment populations, whereas lack of road avoidance can result in high mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions. many small animal species focus their activities to particular microhabitats within their larger habitat. we sought to assess how different types of roads affect the movement of small vertebrates and to explore whether responses to ro ...	2013	23772966
effects of developmental bisphenol a exposure on reproductive-related behaviors in california mice (peromyscus californicus): a monogamous animal model.	bisphenol a (bpa), a pervasive, endocrine disrupting compound (edc), acts as a mixed agonist-antagonist with respect to estrogens and other steroid hormones. we hypothesized that sexually selected traits would be particularly sensitive to edc. consistent with this concept, developmental exposure of males from the polygynous deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus, to bpa resulted in compromised spatial navigational ability and exploratory behaviors, while there was little effect on females. here, we ...	2013	23405200
terrestrial ecosystem recovery following removal of a pcb point source at a former pole vault line radar station in northern labrador.	saglek bay (lab-2), located on the northeast coast of labrador is a former polevault station that was operated by the u.s. air force from 1953 to 1971 when it was abandoned. an environmental assessment carried out in 1996 determined that the site was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) with concentrations in soils far exceeding the canadian environmental protection agency (cepa) regulation of 50 μg/g in three areas of the site (beach, site summit, antenna hill). this led to remedi ...	2013	23712118
improved technique for induction and monitoring of audiogenic seizure in deer mice.	epilepsy is a debilitating disease characterized by recurring seizures. epilepsy can be studied using animal models, such as rodents prone to audiogenic seizure (ags), which experience generalized seizures (loss of consciousness accompanied by rhythmic muscle spasms and rigid muscle stiffness) after intense sound stimulation. in 1933, a spontaneous mutation resulting in sensitivity to ags was observed among laboratory stocks of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae) at the university of m ...	2013	23604158
phenotypic plasticity in blood-oxygen transport in highland and lowland deer mice.	in vertebrates living at high altitude, arterial hypoxemia may be ameliorated by reversible changes in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (regulated by erythropoiesis) and/or changes in blood-oxygen affinity (regulated by allosteric effectors of hemoglobin function). these hematological traits often differ between taxa that are native to different elevational zones, but it is often unknown whether the observed physiological differences reflect fixed, genetically based differences or envir ...	2013	23239893
contributions of phenotypic plasticity to differences in thermogenic performance between highland and lowland deer mice.	small mammals face especially severe thermoregulatory challenges at high altitude because the reduced o2 availability constrains the capacity for aerobic thermogenesis. adaptive enhancement of thermogenic performance under hypoxic conditions may be achieved via physiological adjustments that occur within the lifetime of individuals (phenotypic plasticity) and/or genetically based changes that occur across generations, but their relative contributions to performance differences between highland a ...	2013	23197099
sex and dose-dependent effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol a on anxiety and spatial learning in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) offspring.	bisphenol a (bpa) is a widely produced, endocrine disrupting compound that is pervasive in the environment. data suggest that developmental exposure to bpa during sexual differentiation of the brain leads to later behavioral consequences in offspring. outbred deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) are an excellent animal model for such studies as they exhibit well-defined sex- and steroid-dependent behaviors. here, dams during gestation and lactation were fed with a phytoestrogen-free contro ...	2013	23051835
sex differences in the effects of tyr-mif-1 on morphine- and stress-induced analgesia.	there is evidence suggesting that the endogenous tetrapeptide, tyr-mif-1 (tyr-prol-leu-gly-amide), has antagonistic or modulatory effects on opioid-mediated analgesia. there is also substantial evidence for sex differences in opioid effects, whereby male rodents display greater levels of opioid-mediated analgesia than females. in the present study, determinations were made of the effects of tyr-mif-1 on morphine- and restraint stress-induced opioid analgesia in adult male and female deer mice, p ...	2013	1362981
sex differences in magnetic field inhibition of morphine-induced responses of wild deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus triangularis.	an exposure for 60 min to a 0.5 hz weak rotating magnetic field (1.5-90 g) reduced the day-time locomotory and analgesic effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) in a wild population of deer mice. peromyscus maniculatus triangularis. females displayed significantly lower levels of morphine-induced responses and sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of the magnetic fields than did the males. these responses indicate that there are sex differences in the effects of weak magnetic fields on the opiate-mediate ...	2013	3671517
retinal cone photoreceptors of the deer mouse peromyscus maniculatus: development, topography, opsin expression and spectral tuning.	a quantitative analysis of photoreceptor properties was performed in the retina of the nocturnal deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus, using pigmented (wildtype) and albino animals. the aim was to establish whether the deer mouse is a more suitable model species than the house mouse for photoreceptor studies, and whether oculocutaneous albinism affects its photoreceptor properties. in retinal flatmounts, cone photoreceptors were identified by opsin immunostaining, and their numbers, spectral types ...	2013	24260509
expression profiling of lymph node cells from deer mice infected with andes virus.	deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the principal reservoir hosts of sin nombre virus (snv), the cause of the great majority of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) cases in north america. snv, like all hantaviruses with their reservoirs, causes persistent infection without pathology in deer mice and appear to elicit a regulatory t cell response. deer mice are also susceptible to andes virus (andv), which causes the great majority of hcps cases in south america, but they clear infection ...	2013	23570545
establishment of a european-type strain of echinococcus multilocularis in canadian wildlife.	in 2009, a haplotype closely related to european strains of echinococcus multilocularis was detected in a dog from the quesnel region of british columbia, canada. we now report the establishment of this same haplotype in 7 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped within 40 km of quesnel, bc. in addition, 3 coyotes and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes) harboured adult cestodes morphologically compatible with that of e. multilocularis (overall prevalence 33% in 33 carnivores). none of 156 potential intermediate ho ...	2013	23714582
a new intermediate host for echinococcus multilocularis: the southern red-backed vole (myodes gapperi) in urban landscape in calgary, canada.	human alveolar echinococcosis (hae) is a potentially fatal parasitic disease caused by echinococcus multilocularis, a cestode characterized by a sylvatic life-cycle involving several species of rodents and lagomorphs as intermediate hosts and canids as definitive hosts. despite the wide distribution of the parasite in north america, the number of competent intermediate host species identified to date is still relatively small, and mainly includes the northern vole (microtus oeconomus), brown lem ...	2013	23608104
deer mouse hemoglobin exhibits a lowered oxygen affinity owing to mobility of the e helix.	the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus, exhibits altitude-associated variation in hemoglobin oxygen affinity. to examine the structural basis of this functional variation, the structure of the hemoglobin was solved. recombinant hemoglobin was expressed in escherichia coli and was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. recombinant hemoglobin was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. the obtained orthorhombic crystal contained two sub ...	2013	23545644
identification of rodent homologs of hepatitis c virus and pegiviruses.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) and human pegivirus (hpgv or gb virus c) are globally distributed and infect 2 to 5% of the human population. the lack of tractable-animal models for these viruses, in particular for hcv, has hampered the study of infection, transmission, virulence, immunity, and pathogenesis. to address this challenge, we searched for homologous viruses in small mammals, including wild rodents. here we report the discovery of several new hepaciviruses (hcv-like viruses) and pegiviruses ( ...	2013	23572554
experimental andes virus infection in deer mice: characteristics of infection and clearance in a heterologous rodent host.	new world hantaviruses can cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome with high mortality in humans. distinct virus species are hosted by specific rodent reservoirs, which also serve as the vectors. although regional spillover has been documented, it is unknown whether rodent reservoirs are competent for infection by hantaviruses that are geographically separated, and known to have related, but distinct rodent reservoir hosts. we show that andes virus (andv) of south america, carried by the long ...	2013	23383148
fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild rodents in a major agricultural region of the central california coast.	recent outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of produce have increased concern over wildlife reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. wild rodents are ubiquitous, and those living close to agricultural farms may pose a food safety risk should they shed zoonotic microorganisms in their feces near or on agricultural commodities. fecal samples from wild rodents trapped on 13 agricultural farms (9 produce, 3 cow-calf operations, and 1 beef cattle feedlot) in monterey and san ben ...	2013	23934490
indirect and mitigated effects of pulsed resources on the population dynamics of a northern rodent.	pulsed resources have significant effects on population and community dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. mast seeding is an important resource pulse in deciduous forests; these boom and bust cycles of seed production generate strong lagged population responses by post-dispersal seed predators such as rodents, which then cascade through multiple trophic levels and regulate population dynamics of their predators and prey. however, similar interactions in another major pulsed system, coniferous fo ...	2013	23461538
the role of behavioural heterogeneity on infection patterns: implications for pathogen transmission.	animals infected with pathogens often differ in behaviour from their uninfected counterparts, and these differences may be key to understanding zoonotic pathogen transmission. to explore behavioural heterogeneity and its role in pathogen transmission, we studied deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, under field conditions. deer mice are the natural host of sin nombre virus (snv), a zoonotic pathogen with high human mortality. we live-trapped mice in may, july and september of 2009 and 2010, marked ...	2013	24319292
increased detection of sin nombre hantavirus rna in antibody-positive deer mice from montana, usa: evidence of male bias in rna viremia.	hantaviruses are widespread emergent zoonotic agents that cause unapparent or limited disease in their rodent hosts, yet cause acute, often fatal pulmonary or renal infections in humans. previous laboratory experiments with rodent reservoir hosts indicate that hantaviruses can be cleared from host blood early in the infection cycle, while sequestered long term in various host organs. field studies of north american deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), the natural reservoir of sin nombre hantaviru ...	2013	24064796
association between movement and sin nombre virus (bunyaviridae: hantavirus) infection in north american deermice (peromyscus maniculatus) in colorado.	capture data from long-term, mark-recapture studies were used to evaluate movements of north american deermice (peromyscus maniculatus) on mark-recapture webs in colorado with respect to sin nombre virus (snv) infection status, age, sex, and trapping site. latitude and longitude coordinates for each capture during the approximately 12-yr study were used to produce an individual minimum convex polygon (mcp) area representing the movements (not home range) of an individual mouse over time. these m ...	2013	23307379
hepatotoxicity due to allyl alcohol in deermice depends on alcohol dehydrogenase.	the role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hepatic necrosis due to allyl alcohol was studied in two strains of the deermouse, peromyscus maniculatus. mice of the alcohol dehydrogenase-negative (adhn) strain which lack alcohol dehydrogenase activity were resistant to allyl alcohol toxicity. in contrast, dose-dependent necrosis of periportal regions of the liver and increases in plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and sgot were observed in plasma from alcohol dehydrogenase ...	2013	2933316
regulatory changes contribute to the adaptive enhancement of thermogenic capacity in high-altitude deer mice.	in response to hypoxic stress, many animals compensate for a reduced cellular o(2) supply by suppressing total metabolism, thereby reducing o(2) demand. for small endotherms that are native to high-altitude environments, this is not always a viable strategy, as the capacity for sustained aerobic thermogenesis is critical for survival during periods of prolonged cold stress. for example, survivorship studies of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) have demonstrated that thermogenic capacity is unde ...	2012	22586089
transmission ecology of sin nombre hantavirus in naturally infected north american deermouse populations in outdoor enclosures.	sin nombre hantavirus (snv), hosted by the north american deermouse (peromyscus maniculatus), causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in north america. most transmission studies in the host were conducted under artificial conditions, or extrapolated information from mark-recapture data. previous studies using experimentally infected deermice were unable to demonstrate snv transmission. we explored snv transmission in outdoor enclosures using naturally infected deermice. deermice acquiring snv ...	2012	23110096
population density and seasonality effects on sin nombre virus transmission in north american deermice (peromyscus maniculatus) in outdoor enclosures.	surveys of wildlife host-pathogen systems often document clear seasonal variation in transmission; conclusions concerning the relationship between host population density and transmission vary. in the field, effects of seasonality and population density on natural disease cycles are challenging to measure independently, but laboratory experiments may poorly reflect what happens in nature. outdoor manipulative experiments are an alternative that controls for some variables in a relatively natural ...	2012	22768034
prediction of peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) population dynamics in montana, usa, using satellite-driven vegetation productivity and weather data.	deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the main reservoir host for sin nombre virus, the primary etiologic agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in north america. sequential changes in weather and plant productivity (trophic cascades) have been noted as likely catalysts of deer mouse population irruptions, and monitoring and modeling of these phenomena may allow for development of early-warning systems for disease risk. relationships among weather variables, satellite-derived vegetation product ...	2012	22493110
impacts of an introduced forest pathogen on the risk of lyme disease in california.	global changes such as deforestation, climate change, and invasive species have the potential to greatly alter zoonotic disease systems through impacts on biodiversity. this study examined the impact of the invasive pathogen that causes sudden oak death (sod) on the ecology of lyme disease in california. the lyme disease bacterium, borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in the far western united states by a suite of animal reservoirs including the dusky-footed woodrat (neotoma fuscipes) and deer mo ...	2012	22607076
microsatellite genetic structure and cytonuclear discordance in naturally fragmented populations of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	the great lakes impose high levels of natural fragmentation on local populations of terrestrial animals in a way rarely found within continental ecosystems. although separated by major water barriers, woodland deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus gracilis) populations on the islands and on the upper peninsula (up) and lower peninsula (lp) of michigan have previously been shown to have a mitochondrial dna contact zone that is incongruent with the regional landscape. we analyzed 11 microsatellite lo ...	2012	21976772
modeling paternal attentiveness: distressed pups evoke differential neurobiological and behavioral responses in paternal and nonpaternal mice.	with the exception of parturition and lactation, male california deer mice (peromyscus californicus) exhibit the same parental responses toward offspring as conspecific females. a closely related species, peromyscus maniculatus, however, rarely exhibits paternal responses. in the current study, a comparative species approach was used to assess paternal responses in both peromyscus species with varying levels of paternal experience (biological fathers, pup-exposed virgins, and pup-naïve virgins). ...	2012	23262236
postdispersal seed predation limits the abundance of a long-lived perennial forb (lithospermum ruderale).	loss of seeds to consumers is common in plant communities, but the degree to which these losses influence plant abundance or population growth is often unclear. this is particularly the case for postdispersal seed predation by rodents, as most studies of rodent seed predation have focused on the sources of spatiotemporal variation in seed loss but not quantified the population consequences of this loss. in previous work we showed that seed predation by deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) substant ...	2012	22624208
buffering and plasticity in vital rates of oldfield rodents.	1. under the hypothesis of environmental buffering, populations are expected to minimize the variance of the most influential vital rates; however, this may not be a universal principle. species with a life span <1 year may be less likely to exhibit buffering because of temporal or seasonal variability in vital rate sensitivities. further, plasticity in vital rates may be adaptive for species in a variable environment with reliable cues. 2. we tested for environmental buffering and plasticity in ...	2012	22375923
biotic resistance via granivory: establishment by invasive, naturalized, and native asters reflects generalist preference.	escape from specialist natural enemies is frequently invoked to explain exotic plant invasions, but little attention has been paid to how generalist consumers in the recipient range may influence invasion. we examined how seed preferences of the widespread generalist granivore peromyscus maniculatus related to recruitment of the strongly invasive exotic centaurea stoebe and several weakly invasive exotics and natives by conducting laboratory feeding trials and seed addition experiments in the fi ...	2011	21939071
persistent infection or successive reinfection of deer mice with bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis.	bartonella infections are common in rodents. from 1994 to 2006, longitudinal studies of a rodent community, consisting mainly of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), were conducted in southwestern colorado to study hantaviruses. blood samples from deer mice captured one or more times during the period 2003 to 2006 (n = 737) were selected to study bartonellae in deer mice. bartonellae were found to be widely distributed in that population, with an overall prevalence of 82.4% (607/737 mice). no cor ...	2011	21239553
delayed density-dependent prevalence of sin nombre virus infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) in central and western montana.	understanding how transmission of zoonoses takes place within reservoir populations, such as sin nombre virus (snv) among deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), is important in determining the risk of exposure to other hosts, including humans. in this study, we examined the relationship between deer mouse populations and the prevalence of antibodies to snv, a system where the effect of host population abundance on transmission is debated. we examined the relationship between abundance of deer mice ...	2011	21269997
promiscuity in mice is associated with increased vaginal bacterial diversity.	differences in the number of sexual partners (i.e., mating system) have the potential to exert a strong influence on the bacterial communities present in reproductive structures like the vagina. because this structure serves as a conduit for gametes, bacteria present there may have a pronounced, direct effect on host reproductive success. as a first step towards the identification of the relationship between sexual behavior and potentially pathogenic bacterial communities inhabiting vital reprod ...	2011	21964973
population delimitation across contrasting evolutionary clines in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	despite current interest in population genetics, a concrete definition of a "population" remains elusive. multiple ecologically and evolutionarily based definitions of population are in current use, which focus, respectively, on demographic and genetic interactions. accurate population delimitation is crucial for not only evolutionary and ecological population biology, but also for conservation of threatened populations. along the pacific coast of north america, two contrasting patterns of geogr ...	2011	22393480
estimating duration of infection with avidity assays: potential limitations and recommendations for improvement.	recent infections often have higher pathogen loads. the number of recent infections can therefore be used to estimate transmission rates in a host population. antibody avidity assays are an emerging technique to infer infection age in both domestic and wild animals. these assays have the potential to supplant intensive mark-recapture efforts for identification of recent infections, but their results may be confounded by antibody titer. we examined the effectiveness of an avidity assay for identi ...	2011	22311097
a history of the behavior program at the jackson laboratory: an overview.	the behavior program at the jackson laboratory in bar harbor, me, flourished from 1945 through the late 1960s and was unique in the history of comparative psychology. the canine project was conducted on ~300 dogs of five purebred breeds reared under controlled conditions and tested on a predetermined schedule. this enabled a detailed study of genetic and environmental effects and their interaction as well as a variety of other problems in midsized mammals. i provide a comprehensive, though brief ...	2011	21341910
peromyscus maniculatus, a possible reservoir host of borrelia garinii, at the gannet islands, newfoundland and labrador.	abstract thirty-five deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, were trapped on gannet cluster 2 (gc-2), one of a group of islands numbered by convention, of the gannet island archipelago and examined for ectoparasites. one species each of acari (ixodes uriae) and siphonaptera (orchopeas leucopus) were recovered. samples of mice favored males to females (3.4:1). twenty-nine percent (10) of the mice were free of ectoparasites. males were more heavily parasitized than females when both parasites were cons ...	2011	21506809
expression and purification of recombinant hemoglobin in escherichia coli.	recombinant dna technologies have played a pivotal role in the elucidation of structure-function relationships in hemoglobin (hb) and other globin proteins. here we describe the development of a plasmid expression system to synthesize recombinant hbs in escherichia coli, and we describe a protocol for expressing hbs with low intrinsic solubilities. since the α- and β-chain hbs of different species span a broad range of solubilities, experimental protocols that have been optimized for expressing ...	2011	21625463
temporal patterns of tick-borne granulocytic anaplasmosis in california.	granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) is a tick-borne emerging infectious disease caused by the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. from fall 2005 to spring 2007, a. phagocytophilum infection prevalence in small mammals and tick abundance were monitored at 4 study sites in coastal california. the abundance of different life stages of questing ixodes pacificus ticks fluctuated seasonally with the number of adults peaking december to february, nymphs peaking may to july, and larvae peaking april to june ...	2011	21771541
genetic correlation between resting metabolic rate and exploratory behaviour in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	according to the 'pace-of-life' syndrome hypothesis, differences in resting metabolic rate (rmr) should be genetically associated with exploratory behaviour. a large number of studies reported significant heritability for both rmr and exploratory behaviour, but the genetic correlation between the two has yet to be documented. we used a quantitative genetic approach to decompose the phenotypic (co)variance of several metabolic and behavioural measures into components of additive genetic, common e ...	2011	21696480
disruption of adult expression of sexually selected traits by developmental exposure to bisphenol a.	exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (edcs), such as bisphenol a (bpa), may cause adverse health effects in wildlife and humans, but controversy remains as to what traits are most sensitive to edcs and might serve as barometers of exposure. expression of sexually selected traits that have evolved through intrasexual competition for mates and intersexual choice of mating partner are more dependent on developmental and physical condition of an animal than naturally selected traits and thus m ...	2011	21709224
the biology and methodology of assisted reproduction in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).	although laboratory-reared species of the genus peromyscus-including deer mice-are used as model animals in a wide range of research, routine manipulation of peromyscus embryogenesis and reproduction has been lagging. the objective of the present study was to optimize conditions for oocyte and/or embryo retrieval and for in vitro culturing. on average, 6.4 oocytes per mouse were recovered when two doses of 15 iu of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (pmsg) were given 24 h apart, followed by 15 iu ...	2011	21924468
altitudinal variation at duplicated β-globin genes in deer mice: effects of selection, recombination, and gene conversion.	spatially varying selection on a given polymorphism is expected to produce a localized peak in the between-population component of nucleotide diversity, and theory suggests that the chromosomal extent of elevated differentiation may be enhanced in cases where tandemly linked genes contribute to fitness variation. an intriguing example is provided by the tandemly duplicated β-globin genes of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), which contribute to adaptive differentiation in blood-oxygen affinity ...	2011	22042573
Using a comparative species approach to investigate the neurobiology of paternal responses.	A goal of behavioral neuroscience is to identify underlying neurobiological factors that regulate specific behaviors. Using animal models to accomplish this goal, many methodological strategies require invasive techniques to manipulate the intensity of the behavior of interest (e.g., lesion methods, pharmacological manipulations, microdialysis techniques, genetically-engineered animal models). The utilization of a comparative species approach allows researchers to take advantage of naturally oc ...	2011	21968462
grazing effects on deer mice with implications to human exposure to sin nombre virus.	we examined the effects of grazing on deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) movements into buildings using passive integrated transponder (pit) technology and small simulated buildings located on 0.6-ha treatment (grazing) and control (no grazing) plots. twelve experimental 9-day trials were conducted over the course of the study. during these trials, mouse movements into buildings were monitored during three time periods (each 3 days in length). in the treatment plots these time periods correspon ...	2011	24910509
effect of rock cover on small mammal abundance in a montana grassland.	we examined the influence of rock cover, as an indicator of presumable retreat site availability on the abundance of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and prevalence of sin nombre virus (snv) using long-term live trapping and habitat data from three live trapping grids and a short-term (three month), spatially replicated study across three slopes in cascade county, montana. in our long-term study, we found that deer mice were more abundant at a live-trapping grid with greater rock cover, than t ...	2011	24817814
apparent competition with an invasive plant hastens the extinction of an endangered lupine.	invasive plants may compete with native plants by increasing the pressure of native consumers, a mechanism known as "apparent competition." apparent competition can be as strong as or stronger than direct competition, but the role of apparent competition has rarely been examined in biological invasions. we used four years of demographic data and seed-removal experiments to determine if introduced grasses caused elevated levels of seed consumption on native plant species in a coastal dune system ...	2010	20836448
counterintuitive effects of large-scale predator removal on a midlatitude rodent community.	historically, small mammals have been focal organisms for studying predator-prey dynamics, principally because of interest in explaining the drivers of the cyclical dynamics exhibited by northern vole, lemming, and hare populations. however, many small-mammal species occur at relatively low and fairly stable densities at temperate latitudes, and our understanding of how complex predator assemblages influence the abundance and dynamics of these species is surprisingly limited. in an intact grassl ...	2010	21302842
the effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for sin nombre hantavirus.	1. since sin nombre virus was discovered in the u.s. in 1993, longitudinal studies of the rodent reservoir host, the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) have demonstrated a qualitative correlation among mouse population dynamics and risk of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in humans, indicating the importance of understanding deer mouse population dynamics for evaluating risk of hps. 2. using capture-mark-recapture statistical methods on a 15-year data set from montana, we estimated deer mous ...	2010	20015212
competition drives cooperation among closely related sperm of deer mice.	among the extraordinary adaptations driven by sperm competition is the cooperative behaviour of spermatozoa. by forming cooperative groups, sperm can increase their swimming velocity and thereby gain an advantage in intermale sperm competition. accordingly, selection should favour cooperation of the most closely related sperm to maximize fitness. here we show that sperm of deer mice (genus peromyscus) form motile aggregations, then we use this system to test predictions of sperm cooperation. we ...	2010	20090679
modeling susceptible infective recovered dynamics and plague persistence in california rodent-flea communities.	plague persists as an enzootic in several very different rodent-flea communities around the world. in california, a diversity of rodent-flea communities maintains the disease, and a single-host reservoir seems unlikely. logistic regression of plague presence on climate and topographic variables predicts plague in many localities where it is absent. thus, a dynamic community-based analysis was needed. deterministic susceptible infective recovered (sir) models were adapted for plague and analyzed ...	2010	20158333
indirect basal ganglia pathway mediation of repetitive behavior: attenuation by adenosine receptor agonists.	repetitive behaviors are diagnostic for autism and common in related neurodevelopmental disorders. despite their clinical importance, underlying mechanisms associated with the expression of these behaviors remain poorly understood. our lab has previously shown that the rates of spontaneous stereotypy in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) were negatively correlated with enkephalin content, a marker of striatopallidal but not striatonigral neurons. to investigate further the role of the indirect b ...	2010	20178817
microbial ecological response of the intestinal flora of peromyscus maniculatus and p. leucopus to heavy metal contamination.	heavy metal contamination negatively affects natural systems including plants, birds, fish and bacteria by reducing biodiversity at contaminated sites. at the tri-state mining district, efforts have been made to remediate sites to mitigate the detrimental effects that contamination has caused on human health. while the remediation effort has returned the site to within federal safety standards, it is unclear if this effort is sufficient to restore floral and faunal communities. intrinsic to ecos ...	2010	20331771