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prevalence of zoonotic bartonella species among rodents and shrews in thailand.we investigated the prevalence of bartonella species in 10 rodent and one shrew species in thailand. from february 2008 to may 2010, a total of 375 small animals were captured in 9 provinces in thailand. bartonella strains were isolated from 57 rodents (54 from rattus species and 3 from bandicota indica) and one shrew (suncus murinus) in 7 of the 9 provinces, and identified to the species level. sequence analysis of the citrate synthase and rna polymerase β subunit genes identified the 58 isolat ...201424393304
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma bovis in small wild mammals from taichung and kinmen island, taiwan.a total of 138 animals from 7 species (apodemus agrarius, bandicota indica, crocidura suaveolens, mus caroli, mus formosanus, rattus losea, and suncus murinus) captured in taichung, located in central taiwan, and kinmen island, an island off the shore of china, were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. the presence of the bacteria, which causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, was examined by nested pcr targeting the16s rdna. twelve animals (8.7%) from m. caroli and r. losea, ...201424647253
resting-associated vocalization emitted by captive asian house shrews (suncus murinus): acoustic structure and variability in an unusual mammalian vocalization.shrews have rich vocal repertoires that include vocalizations within the human audible frequency range and ultrasonic vocalizations. here, we recorded and analyzed in detail the acoustic structure of a vocalization with unclear functional significance that was spontaneously produced by 15 adult, captive asian house shrews (suncus murinus) while they were lying motionless and resting in their nests. this vocalization was usually emitted repeatedly in a long series with regular intervals. it showe ...201425390304
thermoregulatory correlates of nausea in rats and musk shrews.nausea is a prominent symptom and major cause of complaint for patients receiving anticancer chemo- or radiation therapy. the arsenal of anti-nausea drugs is limited, and their efficacy is questionable. currently, the development of new compounds with anti-nausea activity is hampered by the lack of physiological correlates of nausea. physiological correlates are needed because common laboratory rodents lack the vomiting reflex. furthermore, nausea does not always lead to vomiting. here, we repor ...201424728971
the differential antiemetic properties of glp-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. previous studies using suncus murinus revealed that the glp-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, induces emesis via the brainstem and/or hypothalamus. the present study investigated the mechanism of exendin-4-induced emesis in more detail. ondansetron (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and cp-99,994 (10 mg/kg, s.c) failed to reduce emesis induced by exen ...201424726308
the effect of 5-ht and electrical field stimulation on the contractility of the whole isolated urinary bladder of suncus murinus.the present study used the whole isolated urinary bladder of suncus murinus, to investigate the effect of exogenously added serotonin (5-ht) and electrical field stimulation (efs) in the absence and presence of methysergide, a 5-ht1/2/7 receptor antagonist or the selective 5-ht7 receptor antagonist, sb269970. further experiments investigated the involvement of potassium channel, cholinergic and purinergic systems in mediating the contractile response to efs. pre-treatment with methysergide reduc ...201424513135
incidence of dental lesions in musk shrews (suncus murinus) and their association with sex, age, body weight and diet.both wild and laboratory strains of the musk shrew (suncus murinus) have a high incidence of periodontitis. the authors completed necropsy examinations in 51 shrews to identify dental lesions including tooth loss, mobility and fractures. dental lesions were identified in significantly more females than males, and older animals were more likely to have lesions present. shrews with one or more dental lesions weighed significantly less than those without lesions present. dietary supplementation wit ...201324150169
anandamide transport inhibition by arn272 attenuates nausea-induced behaviour in rats, and vomiting in shrews (suncus murinus).to understand how anandamide transport inhibition impacts the regulation of nausea and vomiting and the receptor level mechanism of action involved. in light of recent characterization of an anandamide transporter, fatty acid amide hydrolase-1-like anandamide transporter, to provide behavioural support for anandamide cellular reuptake as a facilitated transport process.201323991698
2-arachidonoylglycerol interferes with lithium-induced vomiting in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus.the role of the endocannabinoid system in vomiting has been previously studied using several animal species. these investigations have clearly demonstrated an anti-emetic role for the ecb, anandamide, in these animal models; however, research concerning the role of 2-arhachidonoylglycerol (2ag) has been less clear. the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of exogenous 2ag administration in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus. in experiment 1, shrews were injected with vehicle or 2 ...201323958470
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in suncus murinus.we evaluated the anti-emetic and anti-nausea properties of the acid precursor of δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (thca), and determined its mechanism of action in these animal models.201323889598
peculiar tonsil-like structure near vagina of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus.after finding tonsil-like structures near the entrance of vagina of a laboratory shrew (suncus murinus), which we subsequently designated as vaginal tonsils, we performed detailed immunohistochemical and developmental studies. the location of t and b cells in the vaginal tonsils differed from that in the palatine tonsils or that in the lymphoid nodes of other animals. the boundary between the germinal center region and the region encompassing follicular interfollicular tissue was not clear. b ce ...201323614982
mechanism of ghrelin-induced gastric contractions in suncus murinus (house musk shrew): involvement of intrinsic primary afferent neurons.here, we have reported that motilin can induce contractions in a dose-dependent manner in isolated suncus murinus (house musk shrew) stomach. we have also shown that after pretreatment with a low dose of motilin (10(-10) m), ghrelin also induces gastric contractions at levels of 10(-10) m to 10(-7) m. however, the neural mechanism of ghrelin action in the stomach has not been fully revealed. in the present study, we studied the mechanism of ghrelin-induced contraction in vitro using a pharmacolo ...201323565235
separation of emetic and anorexic responses of exendin-4, a glp-1 receptor agonist in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. therefore, the present studies investigated the potential of glp-1 receptor ligands to modulate emesis and feeding in suncus murinus. exendin-4, a selective glp-1 receptor agonist, was administered subcutaneously (1-30 nmol/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.03-3 nmol) after 12-h of fasting. in other studies, animals were pretre ...201323357334
anti-emetic effect of mosapride citrate hydrate, a 5-ht4 receptor agonist, on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris)-induced emesis in experimental animals.although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris) are widely used to treat depression, they frequently cause gastrointestinal adverse effects, such as nausea and emesis. in the present study, we investigated the anti-emetic effect of mosapride, a 5-ht(4) receptor agonist, on ssris-induced emesis in suncus murinus and dogs. we also examined the effect of mosapride on ssris-induced delay in gastric emptying and increase in gastric vagal afferent activity in rats. oral administration of paro ...201323257657
anti-emetic and emetic effects of erythromycin in suncus murinus: role of vagal nerve activation, gastric motility stimulation and motilin receptors.paradoxically, erythromycin is associated with nausea when used as an antibiotic but at lower doses erythromycin activates motilin receptors and is used to treat delayed gastric emptying and nausea. the aim of this study was to characterise pro- and anti-emetic activity of erythromycin and investigate mechanisms of action. japanese house musk shrews (suncus murinus) were used. erythromycin was administered alone or prior to induction of emesis with abnormal motion or subcutaneous nicotine (10mg/ ...201323201066
cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-ht1a receptor activation.to evaluate the ability of cannabidiolic acid (cbda) to reduce nausea and vomiting and enhance 5-ht(1a) receptor activation in animal models.201323121618
testosterone propionate induced changes in testicular phosphatases of musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).in order to investigate the role of testosterone (tp) on the physiology of the testis of the musk shrew, activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase, and dna, protein and phospholipid contents ot the testis were compared under high and suppressed testosterone conditions. the result indicates that testosterone propionate administration to intact shrews resulted in a significant increase in the activities of testicular enzymes. following tp the testis phosphol ...20132528927
study of the endoparasitic fauna of commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.rats live in close proximity to human populations. feral rodents are known to transmit diseases and act as reservoir hosts to many zoonotic parasites that pose health risks to humans. the aim of this study is to investigate endoparasitic infections in commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.201322516746
[morphological study on the development of cheek tooth germs in the suncus murinus fetus (soricidae, insectivora)]. 20133869784
social variables influence female sexual behavior in the musk shrew (suncus murinus).the role of social variables in the mediation of sexual behavior was examined in the female musk shrew (suncus murinus). two social variables were manipulated: amount of reproductive experience and exposure to male-related chemical cues. virgin females took significantly longer to achieve receptivity than did sexually experienced females. in addition, exposure to soiled bedding taken from a male's cage for 24-hr prior to testing reduced receptivity latencies in all females. even a brief (30 min) ...20133568606
failure of hcg treatment in depleting testicular cholesterol content of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l) in different seasons. 20133583336
asian musk shrew as a reservoir of rat hepatitis e virus, china. 201323876489
[predictors for abundance of rattus tanezumi in households of commensal rodent plague foci].to explore the predictors on the abundance of rattus (r.) tanezumi in households of commensal rodent plague foci.201323751472
dmba-induced intestinal tumors in the japanese house musk shrew, suncus murinus (insectivora).intestinal tumors were induced in the japanese house musk shrew, suncus murinus (family: soricidae, order: insectivora) with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (dmba). the animals were divided into 10 groups: groups 1-4 received gastric intubation of dmba, groups 5-8 received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of this agent, and groups 9 (female) and 10 (male) were untreated and served as controls. group 1 (females) and group 2 (males) received 10 mg dmba at 50 days of age; group 3 (females) and grou ...20131391692
fecal pellets from a commensal shrew (suncus murinus) and a house gecko (gekkonidae).examination of excreta pellets from commensal shrew (suncus murinus) and tropical house geckos (gekkonidae) showed several characteristics that were useful in distinguishing these pellets from those of commensal rodents. commensal shrew pellets contained a large number of embedded insect fragments but no embedded hairs. each shrew pellet was associated with a distinctive circular stain on the floor or container surface where it was found. gecko pellets were composed entirely of tightly packed in ...20136520076
absence of salivary toxin in chhachhundar the indian shrew. suncus murinus. 20134435943
small mammal investigation in spotted fever focus with dna-barcoding and taxonomic implications on rodents species from hainan of china.although mammals are a well-studied group of animals, making accurate field identification of small mammals is still complex because of morphological variation across developmental stages, color variation of pelages, and often damaged osteological and dental characteristics. in 2008, small mammals were collected for an epidemiological study of a spotted fever outbreak in hainan, china. ten species of small mammals were identified by morphological characters in the field, most using pelage color ...201222952689
staphylococcal enterotoxin a has potent superantigenic and emetic activities but not diarrheagenic activity.staphylococcal enterotoxins (ses) produced by staphylococcus aureus are pyrogenic superantigenic toxins that are involved in human diseases including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. although the superantigenic activity of ses has been well characterized, its role and mechanism in clinical symptoms of food poisoning remain poorly understood. in this study, house musk shrews (suncus murinus), a small emetic animal model, were used to study the role of ses in clinical manifestations of foo ...201222424598
molecular identification of ghs-r and gpr38 in suncus murinus.we previously identified ghrelin and motilin genes in suncus murinus (suncus), and also revealed that motilin induces phase iii-like strong contractions in the suncus stomach in vivo, as observed in humans and dogs. moreover, repeated migrating motor complexes were found in the gastrointestinal tract of suncus at regular 120-min intervals. we therefore proposed suncus as a small laboratory animal model for the study of gastrointestinal motility. in the present study, we identified growth hormone ...201222579813
coordination of motilin and ghrelin regulates the migrating motor complex of gastrointestinal motility in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin are the gastrointestinal (gi) hormones released in a fasting state to stimulate the gi motility of the migrating motor complex (mmc). we focused on coordination of the ghrelin/motilin family in gastric contraction in vivo and in vitro using the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. to measure the contractile activity of the stomach in vivo, we recorded gi contractions either in the free-moving conscious or anesthetized s. murinus and exam ...201222383491
submucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract are a target of staphylococcal enterotoxin type a.staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) is a leading causative toxin of staphylococcal food poisoning. however, it remains unclear how this toxin induces emesis in humans, primates, and certain experimental animals. to understand the mechanism of sea-induced emesis, we investigated the behavior of sea in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract in vivo using the house musk shrew (suncus murinus). immunofluorescence of gi sections showed that perorally administered sea translocated from the lumen to the interi ...201222211567
leptospira and rodents in cambodia: environmental determinants of infection.we investigated infection of rodents and shrews by leptospira spp. in two localities of cambodia (veal renh, kaev seima) and in four types of habitat (forests, non-flooded lands, lowland rain-fed paddy fields, houses) during the wet and the dry seasons. habitat preference was common, and rodent and shrew species were found only in houses or in rain-fed paddy fields or in forests. among 649 small mammals trapped belonging to 12 rodent species and 1 shrew species, 71 of 642 animals tested were car ...201222665613
scent marking in the musk shrew (suncus murinus).the hormonal regulation of scent marking was examined in male and female musk shrews. in males castration depressed flank, perineal, and throat marking frequencies, and a physiological dose of testosterone restored perineal and throat marking to intact levels. females exhibited high levels of marking whether tested in a non-pregnant state, late in gestation, or when post-partum. moreover, ovariectomy had no influence on marking behavior. adrenalectomy, in addition to ovariectomy, caused a signif ...20123602119
experimental infection of three laboratory mouse stocks with a shrew origin bartonella elizabethae strain: an evaluation of bacterial host switching potential.bartonella elizabethae has been reported as a causative agent of human illnesses and strains of this bacterium are commonly isolated from commensal small mammals in asia.201222957127
novel serological tools for detection of thottapalayam virus, a soricomorpha-borne hantavirus.we developed serological tools for the detection of hantavirus-specific antibodies and hantavirus antigens in shrews. the work was focussed to generate thottapalayam virus (tpmv)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and anti-shrew immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies. the mabs against tpmv nucleocapsid (n) protein were produced after immunization of balb/c mice with recombinant tpmv n proteins expressed in escherichia coli, baculovirus and saccharomyces cerevisiae-mediated expression systems. in t ...201222828778
studies on hantavirus infection in small mammals captured in southern and central highland area of vietnam.to investigate the distribution of hantaviruses among animals in southern and central highland area of vietnam, a total of 1311 serum samples were obtained from rats and asian house shrews (suncus murinus) captured at 11 locations between 2006 and 2009. a total of 1066 serum samples from rats were examined for igg antibodies against hantaan virus, and there were 30 antibody-positive serum samples from rats that had been captured mainly in a port area and urban area in ho chi minh city (hcmc) (2. ...201222673720
ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement.ghrelin is a potent stimulant for gastric emptying and gastrointestinal (gi) movement. clinically, it has been reported that the intravenous administration of ghrelin accelerates the rate of gastric emptying and induces gastric phase iii contractions of the migrating motor complex in healthy volunteers. recent technical advances in the measurement of gi motility in conscious small animals, including rats, mice, and the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), have helped to elucidate the precise mecha ...201222975060
conditioned flavor preference and the us postexposure effect in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the house musk shrew (suncus murinus) is the only species of mammalian insectivore that can be domesticated and used as a laboratory animal, and is an interesting subject in terms of evolutionary and comparative aspects. the present study on the learning faculties of shrews examines the possibility of acquiring a conditioned flavor preference and the effects of us postexposure. subjects were allowed to a drink sucrose solution with flavor a and tap water with flavor b during training. two extinc ...201222811673
neural regulation of esophageal striated muscle in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).in the present study, we characterized the neural regulation of esophageal striated muscle in suncus murinus (a house musk shrew; "suncus" used as a laboratory name), which was compared with that in the rat. the tunica muscularis consists of striated muscle in the suncus esophagus. an isolated segment of the suncus esophagus was placed in an organ bath and the contractile responses were recorded using a force transducer. electrical stimulations to vagus nerves induced contractile responses in th ...201222285704
the effects of cannabidiolic acid and cannabidiol on contractility of the gastrointestinal tract of suncus murinus.cannabidiol (cbd) has been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal (gi) transit in pathophysiologic in vivo models, while having no effect in physiologic controls. the actions of the precursor of cbd, cannabidiolic acid (cbda), have not been investigated in the gi tract. the actions of these phytocannabinoids on the contractility of the gi tract of suncus murinus were investigated in the current study. the effects of cbda and cbd in resting state and pre-contracted isolated intestinal segments, and on ...201121975813
the distribution of t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and dendritic-like cells of the anal tonsil in the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus.we investigated the distribution of t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and s-100 protein-immunoreactive dendritic-like in the anal tonsil of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus. in adult animals, t lymphocytes were located mainly at the periphery of the anal tonsil, especially around small blood vessels. b lymphocytes were located in the central and subepithelial region of the anal tonsil, which includes primary lymphoid follicles, and in which there are small numbers of scattered t lymphocytes. b a ...201123939669
a physiological role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in the central nervous system of suncus murinus (house musk shrew).glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) is released from the gut as an incretin hormone to stimulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. glp-1 is also produced in the central nervous system (cns) as a neurotransmitter that regulates feeding behaviour. by using polyclonal antiserum against glp-1 and glp-1 receptors, we identified the distribution of glp-1 immunoreactive fibres and glp-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamus of suncus murinus (house musk shrew). in func ...201121756894
effect of daily linear acceleration training on the hypergravity-induced vomiting response in house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the effects of repeated linear acceleration training and the antimotion sickness drug, promethazine, on hypergravity-induced motion sickness were examined in musk shrew (suncus murinus), which is known to show a vomiting response to motion stimulation. animals were assigned into five groups: vestibular intact, untreated animals (sham), vestibular lesioned (vl) animals, vestibular intact animals with promethazine hydrochloride administered as daily drinking water (prom), vestibular intact animals ...201121741451
guamanian suncus murinus responsiveness to emetic stimuli and the antiemetic effects of 8-oh-dpat.the japanese suncus murinus, the house musk shrew, is a small insectivore commonly used in emetic research. the guamanian s. murinus has not had extensive testing as an emetic model, but it is readily available for use in emetic experiments in the united states, unlike the japanese suncus. this study determined that guamanian s. murinus is an acceptable model for emesis research and its differences from the japanese strain were examined. motion and nicotine were used as emetic stimuli and compar ...201121624388
immunolocalization of the pp family and its receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of house musk shrew, suncus murinus.to investigate the immunolocalization of the pancreatic polypeptide (pp)-fold peptide family, important regulatory factors for food intake, in the gastrointestinal tract of suncus murinus, and to discuss the relation with the obesity-resistance, visceral fat accumulation-resistance phenomenon in suncus murinus.201121552195
interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (cbg) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (cbd) in rats and shrews.the interaction between two non-psychotropic cannabinoids, cannabidiol (cbd) and cannabigerol (cbg), which have been reported to act as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1a (5-ht(1a)) agonist and antagonist, respectively, was evaluated.201121243485
epidemiological survey of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the west-central region of guangdong province, china.the study was to understand the angiostrongylus cantonensis infectious situation of rodent definitive host, snail intermediate host, and local residents in the west-central region of guangdong province in china. the snails achatina fulica and pomacea canaliculata collected from the survey place were digested with artificial gastric juice, and the third-stage larvae of a. cantonensis in the snails were examined under microscope. the heart and lung of rats captured from the survey place were taken ...201121301874
predictors for abundance of host flea and floor flea in households of villages with endemic commensal rodent plague, yunnan province, china.from 1990 to 2006, fifty-five natural villages experienced at least one plague epidemic in lianghe county, yunnan province, china. this study is aimed to document flea abundance and identify predictors in households of villages with endemic commensal rodent plague in lianghe county.201121468306
the magl inhibitor, jzl184, attenuates licl-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus and 2ag attenuates licl-induced nausea-like behavior in rats.background and purpose: to evaluate the role of 2ag in the regulation of nausea and vomiting using a shrew (suncus murinus) model of vomiting and a rat model of nausea-like behavior, conditioned gaping. experimental approach: shrews were pretreated with jzl184, a selective magl inhibitor which elevates endogenous 2ag activity, one hr prior to treatment with the emetogenic drug, licl. the potential of exogenously administered 2ag, as well as its downstream metabolite arachadonic acid (aa), to reg ...201121470205
immunolocalization of spetex-1 at the connecting piece in spermatozoa of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).spetex-1, which has been isolated by differential display and rat cdna library screening as a haploid spermatid-specific gene, encodes a protein with two coiled-coil motifs that locates at both the segmented column in the connecting piece and outer dense fibers-affiliated satellite fibrils in rat sperm flagella. orthologs of spetex-1 are identified in many animal species, including human, chimpanzee, macaque, cow, dog, african clawed frog, green spotted puffer, and zebrafish. in this study, we u ...201121627455
a new subtype of thottapalayam virus carried by the asian house shrew (suncus murinus) in china.recently, many novel hantavirus species carried by insectivore had been found. in order to know whether the insectivore-associated hantaviruses exist in china, asian house shrew (suncus murinus) were analyzed for the presence of hantaviruses. 362 asian house shrews were captured in wenzhou of zhejiang province. hantavirus-specific rna was detected by rt-pcr in lung tissue samples of six shrews. the complete hantavirus s and m segment sequences and also partial l segment sequences were successful ...201121801855
molecular evolution of azagny virus, a newfound hantavirus harbored by the west african pygmy shrew (crocidura obscurior) in cote d'ivoire.abstract: background: tanganya virus (tgnv), the only shrew-associated hantavirus reported to date from sub-saharan africa, is harbored by the therese's shrew (crocidura theresae), and is phylogenetically distinct from thottapalayam virus (tpmv) in the asian house shrew (suncus murinus) and imjin virus (mjnv) in the ussuri white-toothed shrew (crocidura lasiura). the existence of myriad soricid-borne hantaviruses in eurasia and north america would predict the presence of additional hantaviruses ...201121798050
cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-ht(1a) somatodendritic: autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus.background and purpose: to evaluate the hypothesis that agonism of somatodentdritic 5-ht(1a) autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) produces the anti-emetic/anti-nausea effects of cannabidiol (cbd), a primary non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. experimental approach: the potential of systemic and intra-drn administration of 5-ht(1a) receptor antagonists (way100135 or way100635) to prevent the anti-emetic effect of cbd (in shrews-suncus murinus) and the anti-nausea-like effec ...201121827451
First provincial survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangdong Province, China.The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic nematode with a wide distribution. We report the first provincial survey of the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection among wild rodents and snails in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 2929 Pomacea canaliculata and 1354 Achatina fulica were collected from fields in 22 survey sites with a larval infection rates ranging from 0-26.6% to 0-45.4%. In addition, 114 Cipangopaludina sp and 252 Bellamya sp were bought from markets; larvae we ...201121906215
Kisspeptin neurons mediate reflex ovulation in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus).The present study investigated whether kisspeptin-G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) signaling plays a role in mediating mating-induced ovulation in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), a reflex ovulator. For this purpose, we cloned suncus Kiss1 and Gpr54 cDNA from the hypothalamus and found that suncus kisspeptin (sKp) consists of 29 amino acid residues (sKp-29). Injection of exogenous sKp-29 mimicked the mating stimulus to induce follicular maturation and ovulation. Administration of several ki ...201121987818
Emergence of Schoengastiella ligula as the vector of scrub typhus outbreak in Darjeeling: has Leptotrombidium deliense been replaced?Following a suspected outbreak of scrub typhus in Kurseong, Darjeeling, the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune was requested by the National Institute of Epidemiology and the State authorities to undertake investigation of the ongoing scrub typhus outbreak and suggest containment measures.201121941043
Short report: Genetic diversity of Thottapalayam virus, a Hantavirus harbored by the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) in Nepal.Despite the recent discovery of genetically divergent hantaviruses in shrews of multiple species in widely separated geographic regions, data are unavailable about the genetic diversity and phylogeography of Thottapalayam virus (TPMV), a hantavirus originally isolated from an Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) captured in southern India more than four decades ago. To bridge this knowledge gap, the S, M, and L segments of hantavirus RNA were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain rea ...201121896819
myenteric neural network activated by motilin in the stomach of suncus murinus (house musk shrew).it has been shown in human and canine studies that motilin, a gastroprokinetic hormone, induces gastric phase iii contractions via the enteric nervous; however, the center of motilin action in the stomach has not been clearly revealed. in the present study, we investigated the neural pathway of motilin-induced gastric contraction by using suncus murinus, a new animal model for motilin study.201122029733
the pituitary gland of the musk shrew. suncus murinus l. (insectivora), with special reference to the cytology of the adenohypophysis. 20114114309
emesis induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents in the suncus murinus: a new experimental model.acute emetic responses to seven cancer chemotherapeutic agents (adriamycin, bleomycin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, mitomycin c) were studied in the suncus murinus. intravenous injection of the drugs caused vomiting with various latency. cisplatin-induced emesis was prevented by the pretreatment with metoclopramide or chlorpromazine but not with domperidone. these results indicate that the suncus murinus is a useful animal for testing emetic activities of cancer che ...20113210455
two new eimerians (apicomplexa) from insectivorous mammals in madagascar.fecal samples from 126 insectivorous mammals in madagascar were collected between spring 1999 and fall 2001. in the afrosoricida, 21 species in 5 genera were sampled, including 17 species of microgale (31/96, 32% infected), hemicentetes semispinosus (1/2, 50%), oryzorictes hova (1/5, 20%), setifer setosus (8/13, 61.5%), and tenrec ecaudatus (5/8, 62.5%); in the soricomorpha, only suncus murinus was examined and 1/2 (50%) were infected. two morphotypes of eimeriid oocysts, representing 2 presumpt ...201121506791
suncus murinus as a new experimental model for motion sickness.characteristics of motion sickness and effects of possible prophylactic drugs were studied using suncus murinus (house musk shrew) for its potential use as an experimental model in motion sickness. mild reciprocal shaking (amplitude: 10-40 mm; frequency: 0.5-3.0 hz) induced vomiting in most of suncus murinus within 2 min. adaptation was observed when the motion stimulus was repeated with an interval of 2 to 3 days. during the repetitive motion training, both the ratio of sensitive animals and th ...20102899827
telemetry in a motion-sickness model implicates the abdominal vagus in motion-induced gastric dysrhythmia.in humans, motion sickness is associated with disruption of normal gastric myoelectric activity, and it has been proposed that this results from an imbalance of autonomic nervous system activity. we used the established suncus murinus (house musk shrew) model of motion-induced emesis to investigate the effect of horizontal motion on gastric myoelectric activity (recorded using telemetry) and the involvement of the abdominal vagi. surgical vagotomy increased baseline dysrhythmia and reduced the d ...201020360423
epidemiology of bartonella infection in rodents and shrews in taiwan.during the period of august 2002 and november 2004, an epidemiological investigation for bartonella infection was conducted in small mammals in taiwan. using whole blood culture on chocolate agar plates, bartonella species were successfully isolated from 41.3% of the 310 animals tested. the isolation rate of bartonella species varied among different animal species, including 52.7% of the 169 rattus norvegicus, 28.6% of the 126 sucus murinus, 10% of the 10 rattus rattus and 66.7% of the three rat ...201019538457
morphological and sequence analysis of mycoplasma sp. isolated from the oral cavity of a house musk shrew (suncus murinus).mycoplasma sp. strain eds-4 was isolated from the oral cavity of eds line of a house musk shrew (suncus murinus) originated from bangladesh, and was distinguished from all previously described mollicutes. it lacks a cell wall; ferments glucose; does not produce film and spots; and does not hydrolyse arginine and urea. the strain could be distinguished from all previously described mollicutes by 16s rrna gene sequence comparisons. the results suggest that the isolate is new species of mollicutes ...201019915329
detection of bartonella species in small mammals from zhejiang province, china.to estimate the prevalence of bartonella in small mammals of different species, during different seasons, and at different study sites, and to provide baseline data for the risk assessment of human bartonella infection, we captured small mammals using snap traps in zhejiang province, china. bartonella species were detected in small-mammal samples by polymerase chain reaction and positive amplicons were sequenced. bartonella dna was detected in 47% (90/192) of apodemus agrarius, 31% (14/45) of ra ...201020090031
development of deciduous and permanent dentitions in the upper jaw of the house shrew (suncus murinus).the diphyodont tooth replacement in mammals is characterized by a single replacement of a deciduous dentition by a permanent dentition. despite its significance in mammalian biology and paleontology, little is known about the developmental mechanisms regulating the diphyodont replacement. because the mouse never replaces its teeth, this study used the house shrew, suncus murinus, as a model to investigate the control of the diphyodont replacement of a deciduous dentition by successions and addit ...201020303065
[survey on the focus of angiostrongylus cantonensis in guangdong province].to understand the distribution of angiostrongylus cantonensis foci in guangdong province for making surveillance program.201020411741
hantaviruses in small mammals and humans in the coastal region of zhejiang province, china.to gain more insights into the epidemiology of hantaviruses in the coastal region of zhejiang province, china, the morbidity and mortality of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) were analyzed in two coastal areas: cixi (hilly terrain) and wenzhou (mountainous terrain). more hfrs cases have been reported in cixi than in wenzhou. annual incidence rate of hfrs in cixi had been on the level of approximately 1.5/100,000 from 1968 (when the first hfrs case was reported) to 2007, with the high ...201020419812
sex difference in onuf's nucleus homologue in the asian musk shrew.perineal muscles essential for copulatory functioning are innervated by onuf's nucleus in humans and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (snb) and dorsolateral nucleus (dln) in rats. these structures sexually differentiate as a result of developmental androgen exposure in most species examined. the homologous structure in the asian musk shrew (suncus murinus) is a single cluster in the lateral dln/onuf's position in the ventral horn of the spinal cord; these motoneurons innervate both the ...201020510680
physiological characteristics of gastric contractions and circadian gastric motility in the free-moving conscious house musk shrew (suncus murinus).although many studies have demonstrated the physiological action of motilin on the migrating motor complex, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. to obtain new insights into the mechanisms, we focused on the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, suncus used as a laboratory name) as a small model animal for in vivo motilin study, and we studied the physiological characteristics of suncus gastrointestinal motility. strain gauge transducers were implanted on the serosa of the gastric body and duodenum ...201020686171
first isolation and direct evidence for the existence of large small-mammal reservoirs of leptospira sp. in madagascar.leptospirosis has long been a major public health concern in the southwestern indian ocean. however, in madagascar, only a few, old studies have provided indirect serological evidence of the disease in humans or animals.201021124843
rickettsial infections of fleas collected from small mammals on four islands in indonesia.ectoparasites were sampled from small mammals collected in west java, west sumatra, north sulawesi, and east kalimantan, indonesia, in 2007-2008 and were screened for evidence of infection from bacteria in the rickettsaceae family. during eight trap nights at eight sites, 208 fleas were collected from 96 of 507 small mammals trapped from four orders (379 rodentia; 123 soricomorpha; two carnivora; three scandentia). two species of fleas were collected: xenopsylla cheopis (n = 204) and nosopsyllus ...201021175069
effects of prolactin and bromocriptine on physiological status of testis of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).this investigation was undertaken to study the effects of prolactin and bromocriptine on the testis of the musk shrew. none of these treatments had any effect on the weight of testis or on the accessory sex organs. treatment of prolactin or bromocriptine failed to induce any change in esterified and free cholesterol content of the testis. no significant alterations were also recorded in the levels of macromolecules and in the levels of enzymes of the testis and the prostate gland. on the other h ...20102974686
microchip-associated sarcoma in a shrew (suncus murinus).a 16-mo-old female house musk shrew (suncus murinus) with a 1-wk history of a rapidly growing subcutaneous mass in the interscapsular region was euthanized and submitted for necropsy. macroscopic examination identified an irregular, well-demarcated, solid, tan-white subcutaneous mass. a small cavity containing a microchip device was present at the center of the mass. in addition, massive splenomegaly was evident grossly. histologically, the subcutaneous mass comprised spindle cells arranged in a ...201020858367
distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in stomach and the effects of ghrelin administration in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).to investigate the distribution of ghrelin, an important appetite regulatory factor related to obesity, in the stomach of suncus murinus, and attempted to elucidate the ghrelin-mediated regulatory effect in this animal.201020588248
simultaneous determination of amino acids in discrete brain areas in suncus murinus by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.an improved and simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method with electrochemical detection for the simultaneous determination of amino acids in brain tissue of suncus murinus was developed. homogenates from 5 different brain areas were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of sodium sulphite. subsequent separation was achieved using linear gradient elution over 30 min. the derivatives were stable for up to 20 h at 4 degrees c. the method was accurate, reproduc ...201020427143
systematic relationships and taxonomy of suncus montanus and s. murinus from sri lanka.here we use nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequence data, combined with morphometric analyses, to clarify the systematic relationships and taxonomy of two complex species of shrews, suncus montanus and s. murinus, in sri lanka. we find that subspecies of s. murinus, suncus murinus murinus from anuaradhapura and s. m. caerulescens from colombo, show little or no genetic difference in the mitochondrial (cytochrome-b and 16srrna) and nuclear (rag 1, aldolase c and ef-1 alpha intron) genes, confirmin ...201020138225
identification of ghrelin in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus): cdna cloning, peptide purification and tissue distribution.ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (gh) secretagogue receptor, and the sequence of ghrelin has been determined in many species from fish to mammals. in the present study, to reveal the production of ghrelin in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora, suncus is used as a laboratory name), we determined the cdna sequence and structure of suncus ghrelin and also demonstrated the ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract. results of cdna cloning and ...200919428777
involvement of hypothalamic glutamate in cisplatin-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).we investigated the effect of cisplatin on glutamate release in the hypothalamus of suncus murinus measured by brain microdialysis. dialysis samples were collected every 20 min for 1 h before and 3 h after the cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) administration with the animals also being observed for the development of emesis. cisplatin increased glutamate levels within 1 h and this was closely associated with the occurrence of emesis. pretreatment with the 5-ht(3)-receptor antagonist ondansetron (2 mg/k ...200919352072
the faah inhibitor urb-597 interferes with cisplatin- and nicotine-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus (house musk shrew).considerable evidence implicates the endocannabinoid system as a neuromodulator of nausea and vomiting. the action of anandamide (aea) can be prolonged by inhibiting its degradation, through the use of urb597 (urb), a fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah) enzyme inhibitor. here we present evidence that the faah inhibitor, urb, interferes with cisplatin- and nicotine-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus. in experiment 1, shrews were injected with urb (0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle 120 min prior to the beha ...200919239915
effect of tzp-201, a novel motilin receptor antagonist, in the colon of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).motilin is the main gut peptide that stimulates propulsive motility in the upper gastrointestinal (gi) tract. motilin receptors exist in the colon but little is known about their functional role, and species-dependent differences present a major obstacle to understanding the physiological significance and potential therapeutic implications of motilin receptors in the colon. our study aimed to define whether a motilin receptor is functionally expressed in the colon of the asian musk (or house) sh ...200919222910
[study on the prevalence and genotypes of bartonella species in rodent hosts from fujian coastal regions].to investigate bartonella infection in rodent hosts from different environments and types of climate in fujian coastal regions. genetypes of the bartonella strains was also studied to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of the correlated diseases.200920193373
enteric co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle fibers: a phylogenetic study.enteric co-innervation of striated muscle fibers in the esophagus occurs in several mammalian species including humans. however, the functional significance is still unknown. phylogenetic data may be instrumental in gaining further insight. we examined the bat glossophaga soricina and the shrew suncus murinus as representatives for phylogenetically old mammals. as ruminants the antelope tragelaphus imberbis, the he-goat capra falconeri and the sheep ovis aries were selected. as non-mammals the c ...200919748835
house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora) as a new model animal for motilin study.although many studies have demonstrated the action of motilin on migrating motor complex by using human subjects and relatively large animals, the precise physiological mechanisms of motilin remain obscure. one reason for the lack of progress in this research field is that large animals are generally not suitable for molecular-level study. to overcome this problem, in this study, we focused on the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora, suncus named as laboratory strain) as a small ...200918996160
surveillance of endoparasitic infections and the first report of physaloptera sp. and sarcocystis spp. in farm rodents and shrews in central taiwan.a total of 95 rodents and shrews including 82 rattus norvegicus, 7 rattus rattus, and 6 suncus murinus were trapped from different localities of taichung, taiwan. the overall prevalence of parasites was 93.7%. the infection rates for r. norvegicus, r. rattus, and s. murinus were 93.9%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively. the rats were infected with four cestodes, taenia taeniaeformis (48.4%), hymenolepis diminuta (38.9%), hymenolepis nana (5.3%), and raillietina celebensis (45.3%); ten nematodes, ang ...200919194075
chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).cancer chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, potently produce nausea and vomiting. acute effects of these treatments are partly controlled by antiemetic drugs, but the delayed effects (>24 h), especially nausea, are more difficult to treat. it is unknown what brain pathways produce this delayed sickness. our prior data show that brain fos expression is increased for at least 48 h after cisplatin treatment in the rat, a nonvomiting species. here, we extend these observations by using house musk ...200919225146
characterization of imjin virus, a newly isolated hantavirus from the ussuri white-toothed shrew (crocidura lasiura).until recently, the single known exception to the rodent-hantavirus association was thottapalayam virus (tpmv), a long-unclassified virus isolated from the asian house shrew (suncus murinus). robust gene amplification techniques have now uncovered several genetically distinct hantaviruses from shrews in widely separated geographic regions. here, we report the characterization of a newly identified hantavirus, designated imjin virus (mjnv), isolated from the lung tissues of ussuri white-toothed s ...200919357167
oculocutaneous albinism in suncus murinus: establishment of a strain and identification of its responsible gene.the house musk shrew suncus murinus (insectivora, soricidae) is referred to as suncus in a laboratory context. although the capture of albino-like shrews (wild suncus) has been reported previously, albino-like strains have never been established, and the molecular basis of the character has remained elusive. we have established an ocao mutant strain (oculocutaneous albinism okinawa), from a wild suncus with a white coat and red eyes, which was captured in 2002. during the course of establishing ...200919151509
lung development of monotremes: evidence for the mammalian morphotype.the reproductive strategies and the extent of development of neonates differ markedly between the three extant mammalian groups: the monotremata, marsupialia, and eutheria. monotremes and marsupials produce highly altricial offspring whereas the neonates of eutherian mammals range from altricial to precocial. the ability of the newborn mammal to leave the environment in which it developed depends highly on the degree of maturation of the cardio-respiratory system at the time of birth. the lung s ...200919051249
gonadotropin-releasing hormone ii: a multi-purpose neuropeptide.close to 30 forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) and at least five gnrh receptors have been identified in a wide variety of vertebrates and some invertebrates. one form, now called gnrh ii, has the broadest distribution and the most ancient and conserved phylogeny. the distribution of the neurons that produce this peptide are completely nonoverlapping with any other gnrh forms. fibers that project from these neurons overlap with gnrh i cells and/or fibers in a few regions, but are prim ...200821669818
predictors for presence and abundance of small mammals in households of villages endemic for commensal rodent plague in yunnan province, china.ninety-one rodent plague epidemics have occurred in lianghe county, yunnan province, china, between 1990 and 2006. this study aimed to identify predictors for the presence and abundance of small mammals in households of villages endemic for rodent plague in lianghe county.200819068139
recent discoveries of new hantaviruses widen their range and question their origins.hantaviruses belong to the bunyaviridae family. while usually hosted by wild mammals, they are potentially pathogenic for humans, and several serologically distinct groups associated with different syndromes have been identified. yet, investigations have mostly been conducted where human infections by hantaviruses constitute a real and well-identified public health problem, i.e., the holarctic and neotropical areas. some hantaviruses have also been described from a suncus murinus in india and a ...200819120180
postnatal lung and metabolic development in two marsupial and four eutherian species.two marsupial species (monodelphis domestica, macropus eugenii) and four eutherian species (mesocricetus auratus, suncus murinus, tupaia belangeri and cavia aperea) were examined to compare and contrast the timing of lung and metabolic development during the postnatal maturation of the mammalian respiratory apparatus. using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the lung structural changes were correlated with indirect calorimetry to track the metabolic development. marsupial and ...200818179474
numerical variation of teeth in the wild house musk shrew suncus murinus captured from nagasaki, japan.wild populations of suncus murinus from nagasaki were thought to be extinct, although specimens from nagasaki are kept at the national science museum, tokyo. variation in the number of teeth, including both congenital and postnatal absence, was observed in 25 of 85 individuals. all 25 abnormal individuals were checked using a micro-ct unit to document the presence or absence of embedded teeth and any traits of postnatal absence. four of these had congenitally absent teeth, whereas the rest showe ...200818314092
relationships of basal metabolic rate, relative testis size and cycle length of spermatogenesis in shrews (mammalia, soricidae).the aim of the present study was to determinate the cycle length of spermatogenesis in three species of shrew, suncus murinus, sorex coronatus and sorex minutus, and to assess the relative influence of variation in basal metabolic rate (bmr) and mating system (level of sperm competition) on the observed rate of spermatogenesis, including data of shrew species studied before (sorex araneus, crocidura russula and neomys fodiens). the dynamics of sperm production were determined by tracing 5-bromod ...200818402763
[study on the epidemiological significance related to community-structural difference of the rat plague host and vectors in western yunnan, china].to study the epidemiological significance of community-structural difference regarding both small mammal and flea communities on rattus flavipectus in dehong and baoshan areas, yunnan province, during 1982 to 1996.200818843991
development of a laboratory line (sri line) derived from the wild house musk shrew, suncus murinus, indigenous to sri lanka.five male and 9 female house musk shrews (suncus murinus) captured in koralawella, sri lanka were acquired by our laboratory. one male and 3 females alone contributed to the development of a new laboratory line (sri line). the sri line has been maintained as a closed breeding colony consisting of more than 40 shrews. gestation period and litter size at birth averaged 31.2 days (43 cases) and 2.4 (43 litters), respectively. the sri line shrews were uniformly covered with light gray fur. the body ...20082792205
on the distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of suncus murinus.the distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 week-old and 6 month-old suncus (suncus murinus; insectivora) was examined by both weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method and ultrastructural means. in the adult suncus (6 months old), elastic fibers in the connective tissue core of the papillae were aligned perpendicularly to the epithelial surface and formed a palisade-like structure which encircled the margin of each connective tissue core. this characteristic structur ...20082519280
lower axial skeleton of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).macroscopic structure as well as pre- and postnatal development of the lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae of the musk shrew (suncus murinus, insectivora) were observed. the lumbar vertebrae possess two pairs of unusual processes, hyperapophyses and hypapophyses. the hyperapophyses are located on the dorsal surface of the caudal articular processes of all the lumbar vertebrae, whereas the hypapophyses are found on the caudal part of the ventral surface of the bodies in the first few lumbar vert ...20082275332
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