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influence of different types of lamps on the reproductive development of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).reproductive tract development during puberty is critical to reproductive performance, and the light is crucial in this process in birds. however, in male quail, there is little information on the effects of types of lamps, more specifically the wavelength emitted. thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of types of lamps on the reproductive performance of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). two hundred and forty male quail were exposed to six different types of lamp (incan ...201728407861
pathology and tissue distribution of an lpai h5n8 of north american lineage isolated from an outbreak in commercial japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica) in the central valley of california.this report describes the pathology and tissue distribution of avian influenza (ai) antigens by immunohistochemistry (ihc) in the tissues of commercial layer quail from a natural outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n8. lpai virus h5n8 of north american lineage was diagnosed in commercial japanese quail hens ( coturnix coturnix japonica) in california based on serology, reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and sequencing. the sudden increase ...201728301241
first genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails (coturnix coturnix) intended for human consumption in china.toxoplasma gondii is widely distributed in humans and other animals including birds throughout the world. however, little is known of the molecular epidemiology and genotypes of t. gondii infecting quails in china. therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize t. gondii genotypes in common quails in china. during december 2014 to october 2015, a total of 390 muscle tissue samples of common quails were collected and the t. gondii b1 gene was amplified using a nested pcr, and the posi ...201728043887
modulation of digestive enzyme activities in the avian digestive tract in relation to diet composition and quality.in nature, birds are faced with variable food sources that may differ in composition (protein vs. carbohydrates) and quality (highly digestible material vs. indigestible fiber). studies in passerine birds and some commercial poultry demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract can respond to varying diet composition and quality by changing morphology and/or activities of digestive enzymes. however, studies in additional avian species are warranted to understand generalities of these trends. we fi ...201727695931
evaluation of quail and turkey egg yolk for cryopreservation of nili-ravi buffalo bull semen.egg yolk is used as a cryoprotectant for semen in different mammalian species including buffalo. egg yolk from different sources may affect freezability of buffalo bull semen. quail egg yolk (qey) and turkey egg yolk (tey) in tris-citric acid extender was evaluated for post-thaw quality and in vivo fertility rate of cryopreserved buffalo bull semen. ejaculates were collected on weekly basis from six nili-ravi buffalo bulls (12 ejaculates/bull) for a period of 6 weeks and diluted at 37 °c with tr ...201727720400
wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of d1-like receptors.during amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. this can be assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant in particular functional circuits. in all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. here we show that the brain regions that recei ...201728267787
effects of selenium supplementation on the oxidative state of acute heat stress-exposed quails.this study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat stress (hs) and selenium supplementation on markers of stress, meat quality and gene expression. for this, meat quails of 42 days of age were fed a diet that either met [0.33 mg/kg, nutritional demand for selenium (ss)] or did not meet [0.11 mg/kg, selenium deficient (sd)] the nutritional demands for selenium during the 7 days of evaluation. in addition, the animals were kept at either a thermal comfort temperature (25 °c) or exposed to hs (38 °c f ...201726849471
evaluation of some heavy metals residues in batteries and deep litter rearing systems in japanese quail meat and offal in egypt.the main objectives of this study were for comparing the effect of batteries and deep litter rearing systems of domesticated japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica, on the concentration levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc from the quail meat and offal in ismailia, egypt.201728344413
semen characteristics and biochemical composition of cloacal foam of male japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed diet incorporated with selenium.an attempt was made to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (se) on physical and cloacal gland size, foam production, biochemical composition of foam and semen biochemical characteristics of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). two hundred twenty-five (225)-day-old male japanese quail were randomly distributed to three dietary treatment groups for a period of 20 weeks. each treatment comprised of three replicates, each containing 25 chicks. three experimental diets were supple ...201727486071
neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).neurotrophins (ngf, bdnf and nt-3) and their specific receptors (trka, trkb and trkc) were studied in the oviduct of egg laying quails. neurotrophins (nts) are mainly involved in the development and maintenance of neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous system, but also in reproductive system. in this survey, we first studied the morphological organization of the quail oviduct, distinguished in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina, and then we analyzed the expressi ...201727235870
normal ultrasonographic images of reproductive organs of female japanese quails ( coturnix coturnix japonica): a laboratory animal model.certain special biological characteristics of japanese quails ( coturnix coturnix japonica) could enable quicker and less expensive laboratory experiments than similar studies using mice or chickens. moreover, due to some physiological similarities with humans, quails have been recognized as an ideal laboratory model for experiments in some fields such as immunology, endocrinology, and reproductive biology. the aim of this study was to acquire normal ultrasonographic images of reproductive organ ...201726763492
an evaluation of inorganic toxicity reference values for use in assessing hazards to american robins (turdus migratorius).when performing screening-level and baseline risk assessments, assessors usually compare estimated exposures of wildlife receptor species with toxicity reference values (trvs). we modeled the exposure of american robins (turdus migratorius) to 10 elements (as, cd, cr, cu, hg, mn, pb, se, zn, and v) in spring and early summer, a time when earthworms are the preferred prey. we calculated soil benchmarks associated with possible toxic effects to these robins from 6 sets of published trvs. several o ...201727155981
effect of different light sources on reproductive anatomy and physiology of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).artificial lights are essential for controlling the reproductive tract development of birds during puberty and therefore influence reproductive quality. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different light sources on reproductive anatomic and physiological characteristics of female japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). a total of 270 birds from one day of age were housed in a masonry shed divided into six rooms with light isolation. each room was equipped with a different t ...201626949140
the effects of transportation stress on japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed corn-based diet in comparison with wheat-based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase.harvesting, handling and transporting quails to the slaughterhouses, other farms and laboratories might covertly reduce their welfare. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two major sources of energy in poultry nutrition on reducing transportation stress in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). male quails (n = 60) were divided into two groups. the first group was fed corn-based diet, and the second was fed wheat-based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase. at the en ...201626459218
subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos affects energy expenditure and detoxification capacity in juvenile japanese quails.effects of pesticides on non-target organisms have been studied in several taxa at different levels of biological organization, from enzymatic to behavioral responses. although the physiological responses may be associated with higher energy costs, little is known about metabolic costs of pesticide detoxification in birds. to fill this gap, we exposed orally (diet) 15-d old coturnix coturnix japonica individuals to sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos (10 and 20 mg active ingredient/kg dry food) for ...201626414738
use of transcutaneous ultrasonography to characterize ovarian status, size distribution, and hierarchical status of follicles in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ovarian status of matured breeding female japanese quail by means of b mode portable ultrasound scanning. active ovaries in various stages of hierarchical development and different morphological structure were observed. the large yellow follicles appeared as a cluster of dark circles with various intensity of hyperechoic concentric ring. sonographically, these follicles were classified into f1, f2, and f3 measuring 16.20 ± 0.06 mm, 12.48 ± 0.09 mm ...201627233352
apoptosis-mediated testicular alteration in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in response to temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations.reproductive performance of many avian species, including japanese quail, is reported to be modulated by specific temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations. accordingly, it has been shown that the serotonin precursor 5-htp and the dopamine precursor l-dopa given 8 h apart induce gonadal suppression and given 12 h apart lead to gonadal stimulation, while other temporal relationships were found to be ineffective. in the present study, we investigated the effects of 8- a ...201627207953
neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).neurotrophins (ngf, bdnf and nt-3) and their specific receptors (trka, trkb and trkc) were studied in the oviduct of egg laying quails. neurotrophins (nts) are mainly involved in the development and maintenance of neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous system, but also in reproductive system. in this survey, we first studied the morphological organization of the quail oviduct, distinguished in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina, and then we analyzed the expressi ...201627167968
black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: apparent digestibility, excreta microbial load, feed choice, performance, carcass and meat traits.in order to expand with validated scientific data the limited knowledge regarding the potential application of insects as innovative feed ingredients for poultry, the present study tested a partial substitution of soya bean meal and soya bean oil with defatted black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) larvae meal (h) in the diet for growing broiler quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) on growth performance, mortality, nutrients apparent digestibility, microbiological composition of excreta, feed choi ...201627339654
the effects of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on the health status and tissue lipid profiles of male, japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the current study aimed to investigate the impact of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on serum metabolic health markers in japanese quail, as well as the overall lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the edible bird tissues following significantly increased dietary lipid supplementation.201627764914
a survey of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) farming in selected areas of bangladesh.to investigate the status, problems and prospects of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) farming in selected areas of bangladesh.201627733793
body weight, egg production, and egg quality traits of gray, brown, and white varieties of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in coastal climatic condition of odisha.the present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of gray, brown, and white varieties of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) with respect to body weight, egg production, and egg quality traits in the coastal climatic condition of odisha.201627651670
[histochemical and histoenzymatic aspects of the aorta of coturnix coturnix (quail) (phasianides)]. 20164321805
a novel mechanism underlies atrazine toxicity in quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix): triggering ionic disorder via disruption of atpases.the widely used atrazine has been reported to exhibit extensive ecological hazards. due to the biological accumulation, atrazine elicits widespread toxic effects on different organisms. however, true proof for the mechanism of atrazine-induced toxicity is lacking. to determine the potential mechanism by which atrazine exerted toxic effects, quails were treated with atrazine (0, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) by gavage administration for 45 days. atrazine significantly increased the histological alterati ...201627924060
effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of growing french meat quails (france coturnix coturnix).a dose-response experiment with 5 analyzed dietary crude protein (cp) levels (17.61, 19.73, 21.58, 23.24, and 25.32%) was conducted to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of french meat quails from 15 to 42 d of age. all diets were formulated to contain a similar dietary energy level and amino acid profile. a total of 400 fifteen-day-old french quails were divided into 5 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 4 replicate pens of 20 ...201627702918
sirt1/atg5/autophagy are involved in the antiatherosclerosis effects of ursolic acid.the purpose of this study was to investigate the antiatherosclerosis effects of ursolic acid (ua) in high-fat diet-fed quails (coturnix coturnix) and potential mechanism. quails were treated with high-fat diet (14 % pork oil, 1 % cholesterol w/w) with or without ua (50, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. serum lipid profile was assessed at 0, 4.5, and 10 weeks. after 10 weeks, serum antioxidant status and morphology of aorta were assessed. additionally, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( ...201627514536
sensitivity of breeding values for carcass traits of meat-type quail to changes in dietary (methionine + cystine):lysine ratio using reaction norm models.our objective was to evaluate changes in breeding values for carcass traits of two meat-type quail (coturnix coturnix) strains (lf1 and lf2) to changes in the dietary (methionine + cystine):lysine ([met + cys]:lys) ratio due to genotype by environment (g × e) interaction via reaction norm. a total of 7000 records of carcass weight and yield were used for analyses. during the initial phase (from hatching to day 21), five diets with increasing (met + cys):lys ratios (0.61, 0.66, 0.71, 0.76 and 0.8 ...201627501367
anatomical atlas of the quail's ear (coturnix coturnix).this study aims to enhance the anatomical knowledge of the ear of the adult quail (coturnix coturnix) through the creation of a scaled 3d model utilizing data from micro-ct images. in addition, 17 annotated histological sections of the quail's ear are aligned to their 3d position in the model. the resulting anatomical atlas provides an intuitive insight into the 3d anatomy and can be used for medical education. the model also allows measuring anatomical structures and can thus serve as reference ...201626396065
chicken cathelicidins as potent intrinsically disordered biocides with antimicrobial activity against infectious pathogens.this study was performed to identify the expression patterns of the cathelicidin genes in a local chicken breed and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the cathelicidin peptides against pathogenic bacteria. this analysis revealed that the coding regions of cath-1, -2, and -3 genes contain 447 bp, 465 bp, and 456 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 148, 154, 151 amino acids, respectively. the complete amino acid sequences of the cathelicidin peptides are similar to those found in mel ...201627328070
identification and comparative proteomic study of quail and duck egg white protein using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis.a proteomic study of egg white proteins from 2 major poultry species, namely quail (coturnix coturnix) and duck (anas platyrhynchos), was performed with comparison to those of chicken (gallus gallus) through 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-de) analysis. by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms/ms), 29 protein spots representing 10 different kinds of proteins as well as 17 protein spots designating 9 proteins we ...201626957635
protective effects of arctium lappa l. root extracts (ares) on high fat diet induced quail atherosclerosis.this study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of arctium lappa l. root extracts (ares) from different extraction methods (aqueous, ethanol, chloroform and flavone) on atherosclerosis.201626746431
gamma and deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from northern italy.in view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of northern italy. to this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from european quail (coturnix coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (phasianus colchicus) and partridge (perdix perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. avian coronavi ...201627738120
effect of catechins on fattening performance, meat quality, some antioxidant and blood parameters and fattening costs in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of green tea (camellia sinensis) catechins in quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). quail were fed with a basal diet, and the treatment groups were fed on the basal diet with 1.25 or 2.50 g/kg catechin supplementation for 30 d. fattening performance and meat quality of the quail were estimated. serum total antioxidant status (tas), plasma and liver malondialdehyde (mda) and some serum biochemical parameters were measure ...201627186659
in vivo micronucleus test in the assessment of cytogenotoxicity of landfill leachates in three animal models from various ecological habitats.the in vivo micronucleus (mn) test, a standard test for the genotoxicity screening of xenobiotics, was used to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of landfill leachates in clarias gariepinus, coturnix coturnix japonica and rattus norvegicus. these organisms were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations (1-50%) of olusosun and aba eku landfill leachates. at post exposure, peripheral erythrocytes from catfish and quail, and bone marrow cells of quail and rat were subjected to mn an ...201626589948
[origin and ultrastructure of secretory cells of the embryonic ovary of quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)]. 20164994406
retinoids, lrat and reh activities in eggs of japanese quail following maternal and in ovo exposures to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.environmental monitoring for the effects of organochlorine contaminants has identified changes in egg yolk retinoid concentrations, however underlying mechanisms are unknown. breeding female japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica, received 3 bimonthly injections of a low dose (5 microg/g) of the coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. no overt maternal toxicity or embryotoxicity was detected. for the exposed females, oocytes (yolk deposition nearly completed) a ...201612739853
[effect of hypoxic argon-containing gas mixtures on developing organism].experimental data on the impact of argon-containing hypoxic breathing mixtures on the early embryonic growth of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica dom.) are presented. the results showed that after 4-day incubation of eggs in an oxygen-nitrogen breathing mixture (13.8-15.0% o2, 86.2-85.0% n2) only 16.7% embryos reached the stage of 3.5-d development. introduction in the hypoxic mixture of argon (55% of the total volume) increased the number of embryos on the stage of 3.5-4 day of normal ...201619140472
effects of multi-trait selection on phenotypic and genetic changes in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the present study in japanese quail was aimed to develop multi-trait genetic selection program for a meat type sire line utilizing the mixed-model methodology. in total, 2000 pedigreed quail were formed the basis of the research where a multi-trait animal model was performed. a flock consisting of a total of 160 families (1 male: 3 female) was developed from the initial flock (base population of sire line), so as to obtain a selection flock sire line. body weight at 5 weeks of age was chosen as ...201632908371
single nucleotide polymorphism mining and nucleotide sequence analysis of mx1 gene in exonic regions of japanese quail.an attempt has been made to study the myxovirus resistant (mx1) gene polymorphism in japanese quail.201527047057
diagnosis and control of a lpai h5n8 outbreak in a japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) commercial flock in the central valley of california.in april 2014 an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 north american genetic lineage was diagnosed in a commercial quail operation in stanislaus county, california. sudden increase in mortality prompted the submission of 20 japanese quail hens (coturnix c. japonica) to the california animal health and food safety laboratory, turlock branch. oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs tested positive for influenza a virus h5n8 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the virus ...201526473689
[action of estroprogestative agents in the quail (coturnix-coturnix)]. 20154663047
blockade of photoperiodically induced testicular growth by hypothalamic deafferentation in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). 20154442691
occurrence of giardia and cryptosporidium in wild birds in galicia (northwest spain).faecal samples were obtained from 433 wild birds being treated in wildlife recovery centres in galicia (northwest spain), between february 2007 and september 2009. the birds belonged to 64 species representing 17 different orders. giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test and identified at the molecular level by established pcr-sequencing methods. the overall prevalence of giardia was 2·1% and that of cryptosporidium, 8·3%. to our knowledge, t ...201525669618
effects of recombinant lycopene dietary supplement on the egg quality and blood characteristics of laying quails.this study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplement of bacterial lycopene (bl) produced by escherichia coli on the egg quality and blood characteristics of laying quails. the antioxidant activity measurement showed that bl exhibited 100% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) scavenging capacity at a concentration of 4.65 μg/ml, which was more effective than butylated hydroxytoluene (bht) and commercial lycopene (cl). moreover, seven dietary groups of laying quails consisting of ...201526100321
laying date, incubation and egg breakage as determinants of bacterial load on bird eggshells: experimental evidence.exploring factors guiding interactions of bacterial communities with animals has become of primary importance for ecologists and evolutionary biologists during the last years because of their likely central role in the evolution of animal life history traits. we explored the association between laying date and eggshell bacterial load (mesophilic bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, and enterococci) in natural and artificial magpie (pica pica) nests containing fresh commercial quail (cotu ...201525912895
differentiated evolutionary relationships among chordates from comparative alignments of multiple sequences of myod and myog myogenic regulatory factors.myod and myog are transcription factors that have essential roles in myogenic lineage determination and muscle differentiation. the purpose of this study was to compare multiple amino acid sequences of myogenic regulatory proteins to infer evolutionary relationships among chordates. protein sequences from mus musculus (p10085 and p12979), human homo sapiens (p15172 and p15173), bovine bos taurus (q7ys82 and q7ys81), wild pig sus scrofa (p49811 and p49812), quail coturnix coturnix (p21572 and p34 ...201526505406
coccidia of gallinaceous meat birds in brazil.coccidiosis is a disease that limits the production and marketing of gallinaceous birds in north america, especially quails, pheasants and chukar partridges. virtually no research has been conducted in south america on the causative agents of diseases among these birds, including coccidia. the aim of this work was to make first observations on eimeria spp. in the chukar partridge alectoris chukar and the grey quail coturnix coturnix, which are reared for meat in brazil. fecal and tissue samples ...201526154966
[acute toxicity of lds, a molluscicide, to non-target organisms].to evaluate the acute toxicity of 10% lds, a new molluscicide, to non-target organisms.201527097472
molecular phylogeny of some avian species using cytochrome b gene sequence analysis.veritable identification and differentiation of avian species is a vital step in conservative, taxonomic, forensic, legal and other ornithological interventions. therefore, this study involved the application of molecular approach to identify some avian species i.e. chicken (gallus gallus), muskovy duck (cairina moschata), japanese quail (coturnix japonica), laughing dove (streptopelia senegalensis), and rock pigeon (columba livia). genomic dna was extracted from blood samples and partial sequen ...201527175180
immune neuroendocrine phenotypes in coturnix coturnix: do avian species show lewis/fischer-like profiles?immunoneuroendocrinology studies have identified conserved communicational paths in birds and mammals, e.g. the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by glucocorticoids. immune neuroendocrine phenotypes (inps) have been proposed for mammals implying the categorization of a population in subgroups underlying divergent immune-neuroendocrine interactions. these phenotypes were studied in the context of the lewis/fischer paradigm (rats expressing high or low pr ...201525793369
using multiple regression, bayesian networks and artificial neural networks for prediction of total egg production in european quails based on earlier expressed phenotypes.the prediction of total egg production (tep) potential in poultry is an important task to aid optimized management decisions in commercial enterprises. the objective of the present study was to compare different modeling approaches for prediction of tep in meat type quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix) using phenotypes such as weight, weight gain, egg production and egg quality measurements. phenotypic data on 30 traits from two lines (l1, n=180; and l2, n=205) of quail were modeled to predict te ...201525713397
genetic parameters for body weight in meat quail.the aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for bw in meat quail at different ages. a total of 24,382 weight records from 3,652 quail, born between 2009 and 2011, were evaluated. weekly bw was measured from hatch until 42 d of age. the genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method using a multivariate animal model. heritability of bw ranged from 0.03 to 0.23. genetic correlations were mainly high and positive. selection for bw at 28 d of age yielded g ...201525589082
modulation of oxidized-ldl receptor-1 (lox1) contributes to the antiatherosclerosis effect of oleanolic acid.oleanolic acid (oa) is a bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid. the current work studied the effects and possible mechanisms of oa in atherosclerosis. quails (coturnix coturnix) were treated with high fat diet with or without oa. atherosclerosis was assessed by examining lipid profile, antioxidant status and histology in serum and aorta. human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) were exposed to 200μg/ml ox-ldl for 24h, then cell viability was assessed with mtt assay; reactive oxygen species ( ...201526510581
atrazine triggers developmental abnormality of ovary and oviduct in quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix) via disruption of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis.there has been a gradual increase in production and consumption of atrazine (atr) in agriculture to meet the population rising demands. female reproduction is necessary for growth and maintenance of population. however, atr impact on females and particularly ovarian developmental toxicity is less clear. the aim of this study was to define the pathways by which atr exerted toxic effects on ovarian development of ovary and hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian (hpo) axis. female quails were dosed by oral ...201526432752
[histochemical studies of some enzyme activities of the brain of testuda graeca and coturnix coturnix]. 20155517164
comparison of growth curve parameters of organs and body components in meat- (coturnix coturnix coturnix) and laying-type (coturnix coturnix japonica) quail show interactions between gender and genotype.1. the objective of this study was to estimate growth parameters of carcass components (wing, thighs and drumsticks, back and breast) and organs (heart, liver, gizzard and gut) in males and females of one meat-type quail strain (coturnix coturnix coturnix) and two laying strains (coturnix coturnix japonica) designated either yellow or red. 2. a total of 1350 quail from 1 to 42 d old were distributed in a completely randomised design, with 5 replicates of each strain. the carcass component weight ...201525490970
[effects of hypoxia and growth factors on the angiogenic activity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells].the effects of fetal calf serum (fcs) growth factor concentration and cell growth phase on production of angiogenic mediators by mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) at different o2 levels (20 and 5%) was studied. for this purpose vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf-a) production was measured in msc-conditioned medium (cm); besides, branching vessels as well as vessel end points (ramification) in the chorioallantoic membrane of japanese quail eggs (coturnix coturnix japonica) were counted follo ...201526738305
comparison of two 4.7-milligram to one 9.4-milligram deslorelin acetate implants on egg production and plasma progesterone concentrations in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).reproductive disease in captive avian species is common, and medical management is often chosen over surgical removal of the reproductive tract. in a previous study with japanese quail, a single 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant reversibly decreased egg production in 6 out 10 birds for 70 days. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants versus one 9.4-mg implant on egg production and plasma progesterone concentrations in japanese quai ...201526667535
modelling inhibition of avian aromatase by azole pesticides.the potential effects of pesticides and their metabolites on the endocrine system are of major concern to wildlife and human health. in this context, the azole pesticides have earned special attention due to their cytochrome p450 aromatase inhibition potential. cytochrome p450 aromatase (cyp19) catalyses the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone into oestrone and oestradiol, respectively. thus, aromatase modulates the oestrogenic balance essential not only for females, but also for male ...201526535448
nesfatin-1: localization and expression in avian gonads and its modulation by temporal phase relation of neural oscillations in female japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.in a search for new appetite-controlling signals, the peptide nesfatin-1, expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues of rodents and humans has been reported to regulate feeding by reducing food intake. recently it has also been reported that nesfatin-1 might be involved in regulating the reproductive axis in fishes and mammals, but its expression and physiological role if any, is not yet known in birds. in the present study, localization and expression of nesfatin-1 was observed in the testis ...201526319133
immunohistochemical localization of epidermal growth factor system in the lung of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) during the post-hatching period.the purpose of this study is to determine the possible changes in the localization of the four epidermal growth factor receptors and three ligands in quail lungs from the first day of hatching until the 125th after hatching using immunohistochemical methods. immunohistochemical results demonstrated that four egfrs and their ligands are chiefly located in the cytoplasm of cells. additionally, erbb4, areg, and nrg1 are localized to the nucleus and nucleolus, but egf is present in the nucleolus. er ...201526179370
comprehensive identification of sexual dimorphism-associated differentially expressed genes in two-way factorial designed rna-seq data on japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) reach sexual maturity earlier, breed rapidly and successfully, and cost less and require less space than other birds raised commercially. given the value of this species for food production and experimental use, more studies are necessary to determine chromosomal regions and genes associated with gender and breed-differentiation. this study employed trinity and edger for transcriptome analysis of next-generation rna-seq data, which included 4 tissues o ...201526418419
the metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells from hybrid coturnix quail is intermediate to that of muscle cells from fast-growing and slow-growing coturnix quail.growth rate is a fundamental parameter of an organism's life history and varies 30-fold across bird species. to explore how whole-organism growth rate and the metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells are connected, two lines of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), one that had been artificially selected for fast growth for over 60 generations and a control line were used to culture myoblasts. in line with previous work, myoblasts from the fast growth line had significantly higher rates of ...201526002518
effects of preincubation application of low and high frequency ultrasound on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, supply organ weights at hatch, and chick performance in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) hatching eggs.the aim of the current study was to establish the effects of preincubation application of low and high frequency ultrasound on egg weight loss, hatchability, supply organ weights, chick performance, and eggshell microbial activity in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). a total of 630 fresh eggs were randomly divided into 3 groups. treatments were no ultrasound but eggs were sprayed with benzalkonium chloride solution (b), 35 khz ultrasound applied for 30 min (u35), and 130 khz ultrasoun ...201525971949
biochemical parameters in japanese quails coturnix coturnix japonica infected with coccidia and treated with toltrazuril.the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels were determined in the blood serum of japanese quails infected with coccidia and treated with baycox (active ingredient: toltrazuril). lower levels of ast and alt activity were noted in treated birds regardless of the applied baycox dose. the biochemical changes observed in the blood serum of japanese quails point to coccidia-induced damage of digestive sy ...201525928913
interaction of specific temporal phase relations of circadian neural oscillations and long term photoperiodic responses in japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.specific temporal phase relations of neural oscillations are reported to regulate gonadal activity in many avian species but their interaction with photo-sexual response are still unclear. hence in the present study, 3week old japanese quail maintained in short days (experiment 1) received normal saline (sd control) or serotonin precursor 5-htp and dopamine precursor l-dopa injections at the interval of 12h (sd 12-h) for 13days. at 37week of age, one subgroup of sd 12-h received these drugs at t ...201525801549
biology and pathology of caecal nematode subulura brumpti in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the occurrence of caecal nematode, subulura brumpti has become more common in quails being maintained in commercial farms in tamil nadu, india. two trials were carried out to study the biology and pathology of s. brumpti in quails. in the first trial, eight grower quails were divided into two groups (t1 and t2) comprising of four birds each. the birds belonged to the group t1 was infected with 20 cysts collected from beetle and birds of t2 group were kept as control. the beetle was identified as ...201525801262
chromium-histidinate ameliorates productivity in heat-stressed japanese quails through reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting heat-shock protein expression.an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a histidine complex of chromium (chromium histidinate, crhis) on egg production, lipid peroxidation and the expression of hepatic nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (nf-κb) and heat-shock proteins (hsps) in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to heat stress (hs). a total of 180 5-week-old female quails were reared either at 22°c for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, tn) or 34°c for 8 h/d (heat stress, hs) fo ...201525622754
the effect of different high-fat diets on erythrocyte osmotic fragility, growth performance and serum lipid concentrations in male, japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).poultry diets are formulated with additional animal fat or vegetable oils to improve growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. high-fat diet feeding in rats and fish has been shown to result in alterations in the phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of the erythrocyte membrane, in turn affecting erythrocyte osmotic fragility. in contrast, the few studies performed using high-fat diet feeding in avian species show no changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility. this study made use of t ...201525244110
supplementary dietary nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside) or inhibitor (ng-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) depressed growth performance and ovarian primordial and primary follicles in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in a dose-dependent manner.1. the aim of the study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with sodium nitroprusside (snp), a nitric oxide (no) exogenous donor, and n(g)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-name), a no inhibitor, on growth performance, some biochemical parameters and ovarian primordial and primary follicles of quail. 2. a total of 480 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), one-day-old, including both males and females, were randomly allocated into one control group and 4 treatment groups ...201525421145
toltrazuril (baycox) treatment against coccidiosis caused by eimeria sp. in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).coccidiosis is the most predominant parasitic disease affecting japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) in commercial farms. coccidiosis as a subclinical infection is difficult to diagnose without parasitological examinations. oocysts of two eimeria species, e. bateri and e. tsunodai, were determined in the analysed quail flock. infected birds were administered baycox 2.5% at the dose of: group i--7 mg toltrazuril/kg bw per day provided in drinking water (1.5 ml/0.5 1 h2o) that was availabl ...201425286655
the ossification of the pelvic girdle and leg skeleton of the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the onset of ossification centres of the pelvic girdle and leg skeleton of the quail in embryos and juvenile birds were studied. specimens, which were cleared and were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red s, were examined at the stereomicroscope. the ilium and the pubis began to ossify at the 8th day (e8), whereas the ischium at e9. perichondral ossification was observed at e6 in the femur, tibia and fibula. a secondary ossification centre was detected in the proximal epiphysis of the tibio ...201423834034
prenatal visual experience induces postnatal motor laterality in japanese quail chicks (coturnix coturnix japonica).species-typical prenatal visual stimulation in avian species is a necessary component in the development of population level lateralized behaviors. this relationship suggests that species-typical developmental outcomes result from organismic and environmental constraints and experiences shared by members of a species. we examined the effects of prenatal visual experience on the development of turning bias and footedness in japanese quail chicks, a species which does not demonstrate a naturally o ...201423775638
morphometric identification, gross and histopathological lesions of eimeria species in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) in zaria, nigeria.the objective of the study was to identify the species, gross and histopathological lesions of eimeria in japanese quails in zaria. a total of 400 fresh faecal samples were collected and 10 quail birds were purchased from a quail farm. the faecal samples were processed using simple floatation technique. oocysts shape indices of sporulated oocysts were determined. the intestines were observed for gross lesions and segments were analyzed using giemsa stain and haematoxylin and eosin stain and then ...201426464933
[comparative evaluation of the effects of hypoxic gaseous mixtures varying in oxygen concentration on japanese quail embryogenesis].the paper presents the results of comparative characterization of the effects of low oxygen levels (10 ± 0.5 and 14.5 ± 0.5%) on developing organism. four-day old embryos of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were chosen for the object of investigation as this is the age when avians acquire their organs and systems. acute hypoxia (10 ± 0.5% oxygen) caused a general death of the embryos, and serious abnormalities of the eye and brain, and ectopy. embryos that developed in the low-oxy ...201426035993
post-testicular sperm maturation and identification of an epididymal protein in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the role of the avian epididymis in post-testicular development and capacitation was examined to assess whether avian spermatozoa undergo any processes similar to those characteristic of mammalian sperm development. we found no evidence of a need for quail sperm to undergo capacitation and 90% of testicular sperm could bind to a perivitelline membrane and acrosome react. however, computer-assisted sperm analysis showed that 20% of testicular sperm from the quail were capable of movement and only ...201424298048
prenatal sensory experience affects hatching behavior in domestic chicks (gallus gallus) and japanese quail chicks (coturnix coturnix japonica).species-typical developmental outcomes result from organismic and environmental constraints and experiences shared by members of a species. we examined the effects of enhanced prenatal sensory experience on hatching behaviors by exposing domestic chicks (n = 95) and japanese quail (n = 125) to one of four prenatal conditions: enhanced visual stimulation, enhanced auditory stimulation, enhanced auditory and visual stimulation, or no enhanced sensory experience (control condition). in general, acr ...201424122703
effects of dietary inclusion of lentil byproduct on performance and oxidative stability of eggs in laying quail.one hundred and sixty-eight 11-week-old laying quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed one of the following three diets: (1) control: basal diet with no lentil (lens culinaris l.) byproduct; (2) inclusion of 10% lentil byproduct; (3) inclusion of 20% lentil byproduct. in the recent years, colour sorting machines are used in order to separate red lentils according to their colours. the goal is to select the items which are discoloured, not as ripe as required, or still with hull even after d ...201425180206
temporal dynamic of adrenocortical and gonadal photo-responsiveness in male japanese quail exposed to short days.the study evaluated whether different short-term endocrine testicular and adrenocortical responses to short photoperiod exposure can persist over time and particularly when birds exhibit spontaneous cloacal gland recovery. at 11 wk of age, 33 male japanese quail exposed to long photoperiod were switched to short photoperiod (8l:16d). another group of males was kept under long photoperiod (n = 11; ld quail). after 5 wk of short photoperiod exposure, quail were classified as nonresponsive or respo ...201425104133
the effects on steroidogenesis and histopathology of adult male japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) testis following pre-pubertal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (dbp).in the present study, we have investigated the effects of 30-day dietary (pre-pubertal) exposure to different doses (0 (control), 1, 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) of di(n-butyl) phthalate (dbp) on leydig cells of adult male japanese quails by quantifying the transcript levels for p450 side-chain cleavage (p450scc), p450c17 (cyp17), and 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd) using quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr). in addition, the plasma testosteron ...201424983780
internal coincidence of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations modulates photo sexual responses of japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.specific temporal phase relation of neural oscillations appears to be the regulator of gonadal development in many seasonally breeding species. to find out the specific phase angle of two neural oscillations that triggers gonado-inhibitory or gonado-stimulatory response, and to test the internal coincidence model, sexually immature male japanese quail were administered with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan and the dopamine precursor, l-dihydroxyphenylalanine at hourly intervals of 6, ...201424851411
cellular metabolic rates in cultured primary dermal fibroblasts and myoblast cells from fast-growing and control coturnix quail.fibroblast cells have been extensively used in research, including in medicine, physiology, physiological-ecology, and conservation biology. however, whether the physiology of fibroblasts reflects the physiology of other cell types in the same animal is unknown. dermal fibroblasts are responsible for generating connective tissue and involved in wound healing, but generally, this cell type is thought to be metabolically inactive until it is required at the site of tissue damage. thus, one might q ...201424530798
a method for fast assessment of op/cb exposure in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) using combined esterases enzyme activity as biomarkers.the aims of this study were to investigate the presence of different esterase activities in plasma and liver for japanese quail and to combine determination of both carboxylesterase and cholinesterase as biochemical biomarker in order to identify the effects of carbamate and organophosphate compounds exposure. carboxylesterase exhibits larger sensitivity to carbamate and organophosphate compounds than to cholinesterase and is present at higher levels. this permitted nature and distribution of ca ...201424527206
non-coding rna derived from a conservative subtelomeric tandem repeat in chicken and japanese quail somatic cells.subtelomeres are located close to the ends of chromosomes and organized by tandemly repetitive sequences, duplicated copies of genes, pseudogenes and retrotransposons. transcriptional activity of tandemly organized dna at terminal chromosomal regions and the distribution of subtelomere-derived non-coding rnas are poorly investigated. here we aimed to analyze transcriptional activity of subtelomeric tandem repeat in somatic tissues and cultured cells of birds. we focused on tissue-specific differ ...201425610495
fowl typhoid (salmonella gallinarum) outbreak in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).a fowl typhoid (ft) outbreak is reported in a flock of 400 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) at 91 days of age. of these, 222 died suddenly, and necropsy revealed swollen liver and spleen with off-white to yellowish granules and reddish small intestine mucosa. histopathology showed severe multifocal necrosis of liver and spleen (5/5), pulmonary congestion with macrophage infiltration in air capillaries (5/5), discrete interstitial nephritis (2/2), superficial necrosis of the intestinal ...201425518448
morinda citrifolia l. leaf extract as antibacterial salmonella typhimurium to increase productivity of quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the objective of this study was to apply effect of morinda citrifolia l. citrifolia l. leaf extract as antibacterial of salmonella typhimurium on mortality of day old quail (doq), egg production and hen day, hatchability of layer quail. this research was conducted at laboratory of microbiology and laboratory of poultry nutrition, faculty of animal science, bogor agricultural university and slamet quail farms cilangkap, sukabumi, west java, indonesia on march-july 2012. two hundred and forty head ...201425911847
immunolocalization of intermediate filaments and laminin in the oviduct of the immature and mature japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).this study describes the distribution of vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (sma) and laminin in the oviduct of the immature and mature japanese quail. the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, desmin and sma have been shown to be involved in cellular support, differentiation, migration and contractility. laminin is a major component of basement membranes. luminal epithelia in the infundibular and magnal regions of immature and mature birds exhibited strong vimentin immunoreactivity. luminal epithe ...201423731061
egg drop syndrome-76 (eds-76) in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica): an experimental study revealing pathology, effect on egg production/quality and immune responses.egg drop syndrome-76 (eds-76) is a recognized disease of chickens and japanese quails, which is of high economic importance due to its drastic negative effects on egg production in laying birds. the aim of the present study was to better understand the eds-76 viral disease process in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica), since very limited studies have been conducted in this species of birds. for this purpose, an experimental study was conducted with infection of eds-76 virus in laying j ...201426035955
droppings from captive coturnix coturnix (galliformes: phasianidae) as a fly breeding resource.the aim of this study was to describe the fauna of flies associated with captive coturnix coturnix (l.) (galliformes: phasianidae) droppings. samples of 150 g of quail droppings were exposed in the quail house for 48 h in plastic containers to promote eventual access of flies, and then placed in emergence traps. the number of adults and species emerging was recorded daily. this procedure was carried out in spring 2008 and spring and autumn 2009. in total, 2,138 adults belonging to muscidae, call ...201425347840
planar covariation of limb elevation angles during bipedal locomotion in common quails (coturnix coturnix).in human bipedal walking, temporal changes in the elevation angle of the thigh, shank and foot segments covary to form a regular loop within a single plane in three-dimensional space. in this study, we quantified the planar covariation of limb elevation angles during bipedal locomotion in common quails to test whether the degree of planarity and the orientation of the covariance plane differ between birds, humans and japanese macaques as reported in published accounts. five quails locomoted on a ...201425267852
influence of juniper (juniperus communis) oil on growth performance and meat quality as a natural antioxidant in quail diets.1. this study aimed to evaluate the effects of juniper oil on growth performance and meat quality in quails to determine its use as a safe and natural method to reduce overdependence on the use of antibiotic. 2. a total of 1000 1-d-old pharaoh (coturnix coturnix pharaoh) quails, including both males and females, were divided into 4 groups containing 250 quails and treated as follows: (1) a control group with 0 mg volatile oil/kg diet; (2) 100 mg/kg juniper oil; (3) 150 mg/kg juniper oil and (4) ...201424919952
effects of methionine supplementation on the redox state of acute heat stress-exposed quails.the aims of the present study were to evaluate the possible effects of heat stress (hs) on h2o2 production and to evaluate whether methionine supplementation (ms) could mitigate the deleterious effects on cell metabolism and the redox state induced by oxidative stress. meat quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix) were fed a diet that either met the nutritional demands for methionine or did not meet this demand (methionine deficient [md] diet) for 7 d. the animals were either kept at a thermal comfor ...201424664568
sleep characteristics in the quail coturnix coturnix.as mammals, birds exhibit two sleep phases, slow wave sleep (sws) and rem (rapid eye movement) sleep characterized by presenting different electrophysiological patterns of brain activity. during sws a high amplitude slow wave pattern in brain activity is observed. this activity is substituted by a low amplitude fast frequency pattern during rem sleep. common quail (coturnix coturnix) is an animal model that has provided information related to different physiological mechanisms present in man. th ...201424582668
thermoregulatory behavior is widespread in the embryos of reptiles and birds.recent studies have demonstrated that thermoregulatory behavior occurs not only in posthatching turtles but also in turtles prior to hatching. does thermoregulatory behavior also occur in the embryos of other reptile and bird species? our experiments show that such behavior is widespread but not universal in reptile and bird embryos. we recorded repositioning within the egg, in response to thermal gradients, in the embryos of three species of snakes (xenochrophis piscator, elaphe bimaculata, and ...201424561606
effect of hempseed (cannabis sativa l.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).1. this study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (hs) on performance, egg traits, serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). 2. a total of 120 eight-week-old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. the treatments were as follows: (1) control diet (c, no hs in the diet); (2) 5% hs in the diet (hs5); (3) 10% hs in the diet (hs10); and (4) 20% hs in the diet (hs20). the quail were fed the experimental ...201425333932
effect of hempseed (cannabis sativa sp.) inclusion to the diet on performance, carcass and antioxidative activity in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).this study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (h) on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). a total of 192 quail with seven-days old were divided into four experimental groups with four replicates. the treatments were; i) control diet (c, no hempseed); ii) 5% hempseed in diet (h5); iii) 10% hempseed in diet (h10); and iv) 20% hempseed in diet (h20). the body weight (bw) and feed intake (fi) of quail was determined at ...201426760931
prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in common quail (coturnix coturnix).the study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria (i.e. campylobacter spp., shigatoxin-producing escherichia coli, salmonella spp.) in common quail (coturnix coturnix). to achieve this goal, 70 common quails were collected during the hunting season in the campania region (southern italy). from each bird, cloacal swab samples were collected and subjected to culture methods, polymerase chain reaction and serotyping. the results of the present study showed a prevalence o ...201425245588
complete genome sequence of a newcastle disease virus from a coturnix coturnix japonica (japanese quail) covey in india.the genome of a newcastle disease virus isolated from a japanese quail in 2003 is reported here. the genome is 15,192 nucleotides (nt) long, as found in the recent genotypes, and grouped as genotype viib, with a 6-nt insertion. this is the first report on the sequence of a genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) from india.201424831141
phylogenetic analysis and positive-selection site detecting of vascular endothelial growth factor family in vertebrates.vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), known to play an important role in vascular homeostasis, vascular integrity and angiogenesis, is little known about the evolutionary relationship of its five members especially the role of gene duplication and natural selection in the evolution of the vegf family. in this study, seventy-five full-length cdna sequences from 33 vertebrate species were extracted from the ncbi's genbank, uniprot protein database and the ensembl database. by phylogenetic ana ...201424200960
tissue distribution, gender- and genotype-dependent expression of autophagy-related genes in avian species.as a result of the genetic selection of broiler (meat-type breeders) chickens for enhanced growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio, it has become necessary to restrict feed intake. when broilers are fed ad libitum, they would become obese and suffer from several health-related problems. a vital adaptation to starvation is autophagy, a self-eating mechanism for recycling cellular constituents. the autophagy pathway has witnessed dramatic growth in the last few years and extensively studied in ...201425386921
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