Publications

heritability of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis burden and its genetic correlation with development time in a population of common toad (bufo spinosus).	despite the important threat that emerging pathogens pose for the conservation of biodiversity as well as human health, very little is known about the adaptive potential of host species to withstand infections. we studied the quantitative genetic architecture responsible for the burden of the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a population of common toads in conjunction with other life-history traits (i.e., body size and development rate) that may be affected by common selective p ...	2016	27480345
phalangeal bone anomalies in the european common toad bufo bufo from polluted environments.	every spring, many of amphibians are killed by motor vehicles on roads. these road-killed animals can be used as valuable material for non-invasive studies showing the effect of environmental pollution on amphibian populations. the aims of our research were to check whether the phalanges of road-killed toads may be useful as material for histological analysis, and whether various degrees of human impact influence the level in bone abnormalities in the common toad. we also examined whether the se ...	2016	27535156
redescription of oswaldocruzia chambrieri (strongylida: molineidae) from rhinella margaritifera (anura: bufonidae) in caxiuanã national forest, brazil.	oswaldocruzia chambrieri ben slimane et durette-desset, 1993 is redescribed from specimens collected from the small intestine of the south american common toad, rhinella margaritifera, from caxiuanã national forest in pará, brazil, using light and scanning microscopy and molecular analysis of cytochrome oxidase i (coi) - coding regions of dna. the discovered nematodes are characterized by a type iii caudal bursa with two papillae, rays 4 with a median groove, and spicules divided into a blade, a ...	2016	27447222
adverse effect of agroecosystem pond water on biological endpoints of common toad (rhinella arenarum) tadpoles.	chemical prroducts used in farming and wastes from livestock can contaminate pond water in agroecosystems due to runoff. amphibians using these ponds for breeding are probably exposed to pollutants, and serious consequences might be observed afterward at the population level. assessment biological endpoints of anuran to water quality give a realistic estimate of the probability of occurrence of adverse effects and provide an early warning signal. in this study, the ecotoxicity of agroecosystem p ...	2016	27395360
on-line comprehensive two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography for preparative isolation of toad venom.	an on-line comprehensive preparative two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2d nplc×rplc) system was constructed with a newly developed vacuum evaporation assisted adsorption (veaa) interface, allowing fast removal of nplc solvent in the vacuum condition and successfully solving the solvent incompatibility problem between nplc and rplc. the system achieved on-line solvent exchange within the two dimensions and its performance was illustrated by g ...	2016	27328884
lethal and sub-lethal effects on the asian common toad duttaphrynus melanostictus from exposure to hexavalent chromium.	chromium discharged in industrial effluents frequently occurs as an environmental pollutant, but the lethal and sub-lethal effects the heavy metal might cause in animals exposed to it have been insufficiently investigated. selecting the amphibian duttaphrynus melanostictus, we carried out laboratory tests to investigate the effects of short and long term exposure to hexavalent chromium (cr(vi)) in both tadpoles and adult toads. the concentrations used were 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0mg/l, the ...	2016	27262939
experimental evidence for beneficial effects of projected climate change on hibernating amphibians.	amphibians are the most threatened vertebrates today, experiencing worldwide declines. in recent years considerable effort was invested in exposing the causes of these declines. climate change has been identified as such a cause; however, the expectable effects of predicted milder, shorter winters on hibernation success of temperate-zone amphibians have remained controversial, mainly due to a lack of controlled experimental studies. here we present a laboratory experiment, testing the effects of ...	2016	27229882
biological activities of skin and parotoid gland secretions of bufonid toads (bufo bufo, bufo verrucosissimus and bufotes variabilis) from turkey.	toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain numerous natural agents which may provide unique resources for novel drug development. especially the skin-parotoid gland secretions of toads from genus bufo contain as many as 86 different types of active compounds, each with the potential of becoming a potent drug. in the present study, crude skin-parotoid gland secretions from bufo bufo, bufo verrucosissimus and bufotes variabilis from turkey were screened against various cancer cells tog ...	2016	27133069
high genetic diversity of common toad (bufo bufo) populations under strong natural fragmentation on a northern archipelago.	the last decades have shown a surge in studies focusing on the interplay between fragmented habitats, genetic variation, and conservation. in the present study, we consider the case of a temperate pond-breeding anuran (the common toad bufo bufo) inhabiting a naturally strongly fragmented habitat at the northern fringe of the species' range: islands offshore the norwegian coast. a total of 475 individuals from 19 populations (three mainland populations and 16 populations on seven adjacent islands ...	2016	27087930
[influence of the concentration of dissolved oxygen on embryonic development of the common toad (bufo bufo)].	several series of experiments investigating the influence of dissolved oxygen concentrations on the growth rates and mortality in the embryogenesis of the common toad bufo bufo were carried out. the experiments showed that, when the eggs develop singly, the lack of oxygen does not lead to an increase in mortality by the time of hatching and results only in a change in the dynamics of mortality: mortality occurs at an earlier stage of development than in the conditions of normal access to oxygen. ...	2016	26859970
mapping the relative probability of common toad occurrence in terrestrial lowland farm habitat in the united kingdom.	the common toad (bufo bufo) is of increasing conservation concern in the united kingdom (uk) due to dramatic population declines occurring in the past century. many of these population declines coincided with reductions in both terrestrial and aquatic habitat availability and quality and have been primarily attributed to the effect of agricultural land conversion (of natural and semi-natural habitats to arable and pasture fields) and pond drainage. however, there is little evidence available to ...	2016	26841108
deep genetic structure and ecological divergence in a widespread human commensal toad.	the asian common toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a human commensal species that occupies a wide variety of habitats across tropical southeast asia. we test the hypothesis that genetic variation in d. melanostictus is weakly associated with geography owing to natural and human-mediated dispersal facilitated by its commensal nature. phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence variation, and predictive species distribution modelling, unexpectedly reco ...	2016	26763213
proliferative events and apoptotic remodelling in retinal development of common toad (bufo bufo).	proliferation and apoptosis are fundamental processes in the development of the retina, and a proper balance of the two phenomena is crucial to correct development of the organ. despite intense investigation in different vertebrates, only a few studies have analyzed the cell death and the cell division quantitatively in the same species during development. here we studied the time course of apoptosis and proliferation in the retina of common toad, bufo bufo, and discuss the findings in an evolut ...	2016	26541902
a new indole alkaloid from the toad venom of bufo bufo gargarizans.	a new indole alkaloid named bufobutarginine (1), along with three known bufotenines, namely, serotonin (2), bufotenidine (3), and bufotenine (4), were isolated from the water extract of toad venom. their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. this is the first time that arginine has been found to be involved in the biosynthesis of bufotenines in parotid of toad. the cytotoxic activities of these compounds have been assayed against a375 and a549 cell lines by the mtt method; however, the ...	2016	26999086
variation in chemical defense among natural populations of common toad, bufo bufo, tadpoles: the role of environmental factors.	defensive toxins are widespread in nature, yet we know little about how various environmental factors shape the evolution of chemical defense, especially in vertebrates. in this study we investigated the natural variation in the amount and composition of bufadienolide toxins, and the relative importance of ecological factors in predicting that variation, in larvae of the common toad, bufo bufo, an amphibian that produces toxins de novo. we found that tadpoles' toxin content varied markedly among ...	2016	27059330
[specific features of the melanophore system in different color morphs of larvae of the common toad (bufo bufo l.)].	in a natural pond among usual black larvae of the common toad (bufo bufo l.), a few unusual individuals of red-olive coloring were found out. in both morphs we investigated the melanophores of skin using different methods. the esr-spectrometric analysis has shown the absence of distinctions between morphs by the amount of melanin. analysis of total preparations of skin has shown the presence of various kinds of melanophore cells both in the derma and in the epidermis. among typical melanophores, ...	2016	22988753
[cloning, prokaryotic expression and function of the bufo bufo gargarizans tryptophan hydroxylase i gene].	tryptophan hydroxylase i（tph1） catalases the 5-hydroxylation reaction of l-trp, which is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin. serotonin, a major component of bufonis venenum, is involved in numerous physiological functions as an important neurotransmitter. in this study, bbgtph1 cdna was cloned from the parotid gland of bufo bufo gargarizans. genetic engineering techniques were used to construct a recombinant prokaryotic fusion expression plasmid pmal-bbgtph1, and the induced co ...	2016	29897692
[early stages of development of trypanosoma rotatorium (mayer, 1843) from peripheral blood and internal organs of anurans bufo bufo (linnaeus) and rana sp. (anura)].	the data on the fauna of trypanosomes of anura of the leningrad province are given. the initial development stages of trypanosoma rotatorium in peripheral blood and internal organs of the frog are described for the first time.	2015	25929108
asian common toads in madagascar: an urgent effort to inform surveys and eradication efforts.		2015	25044959
characterization and quantitative amino acids analysis of analgesic peptides in cinobufacini injection by size exclusion chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.	cinobufacini injection that comes from the water extract of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor skin is widely used for cancer treatment in china. peptide is one of its major types of constituents, however the biological effects and content of this injection are little reported. in present study, the analgesic effect of peptides was determined and evaluated by in-vivo models. to characterize and quantitatively analyze these peptides, a reliable and efficient method combining size exclusion chromatograp ...	2015	24924921
intramuscular single-dose toxicity test of bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture in sprague-dawley rats.	bufonis venonum (bv) is the dried white secretions of the auricular and skin glands of the toads bufo bufo gargarizans or bufo melanosticus schneider. this study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of intramuscularly- administered bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture (bvp) and to calculate its approximate lethality through a single-dose test with sprague-dawley (sd) rats.	2015	26998390
isocline analysis of competition predicts stable coexistence of two amphibians.	we investigated the interaction between larvae of two anuran amphibian species (rana temporaria and bufo bufo) to test models of two-species competition. the study had a response surface experimental design with four replicates, each consisting of 24 density combinations. larval performance-and, by assumption, change in population size-was defined by a linear combination of survival, growth, and development. we fit six competition models from the literature and discovered that density dependence ...	2015	25722192
assessing atrazine-induced toxicities in bufo bufo gargarizans cantor.	atrazine (az), a widely used herbicide has drawn attentions for its potential impacts on amphibians. this study aims to investigate the toxicity of az in bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (b. bufo gargarizans), a species of toad commonly found in china and countries in east asia. we treated tadpoles with 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/l az for 85 days and examined related parameters. the results showed that the mortality of the toads in the treatment group increased dramatically in a u-shaped dose-response re ...	2015	25533566
phenotypic divergence of the common toad (bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient: evidence for local adaptation.	variation in the environment can induce different patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations. both neutral processes and selection can influence phenotypic differentiation. altitudinal phenotypic variation is of particular interest in disentangling the interplay between neutral processes and selection in the dynamics of local adaptation processes but remains little explored. we conducted a common garden experiment to study the phenotypic divergence in larval life-histor ...	2015	25074572
acute toxicity of maneb in the tadpoles of common and green toad.	pesticides used in agriculture can have hazardous effects on aquatic organisms, and amphibians are even more threatened than other aquatic vertebrates. maneb is widely used to control fungal diseases on crops, fruits, and vegetables. the aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxic effects of maneb on the common (bufo bufo) and green toad (pseudepidalea viridis) tadpoles. tadpoles at the development stage 21 were exposed to maneb (0-5 mg l(-1)) for 120 h. maneb lc50 values at hour 120 we ...	2015	26444339
a new c23 steroid from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans.	a new c23 steroid, (3β,5β,14β)-methyl (3-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-20-oxo-21-norcholan-24-oate) (1), together with four known ones (2-5), were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the cytotoxicity of these compounds was also evaluated against human hepatocarcinoma hepg2 cells. compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity with an ic50 value of 16.8 +/- 0.7 μm.	2015	26434114
is huachansu beneficial in treating advanced non-small-cell lung cancer? evidence from a meta-analysis of its efficacy combined with chemotherapy.	background. huachansu, the sterilized water extract of bufo bufo gargarizans toad skin, is used in china to alleviate the side-effects and enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). we conducted a meta-analysis to assess huachansu's efficacy. methods. we extensively searched electronic databases (central, embase, medline, cbm, cochrane library, cnki, cebm, wfdp, cscd, cstd, and ipa) for randomized controlled trials containing huachansu plus che ...	2015	26347788
common toad rhinella arenarum (hensel, 1867) and its importance in assessing environmental health: test of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes.	anthropogenic activities may generate significant changes in the integrity of aquatic ecosystems, so long-term monitoring of populations that inhabit them is crucial. counting micronucleated erythrocytes (mn) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ena) in peripheral blood is a widely used method for detecting chromosomal damage due to chemical agents in the water. we analyzed mn and ena frequency in blood obtained from the common toad rhinella arenarum populations in sites with different degree ...	2015	26293892
bufadienolides with cytotoxic activity from the skins of bufo bufo gargarizans.	twelve new bufadienolides (1-12), along with fourteen known analogues (13-26) were isolated from the skins of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of nmr, hresims and x-ray diffraction analysis. compound 1 was an unusual bufadienolide with 3,19-epoxy moiety and a/b trans ring junction. compounds 2-4 were rare bufadienolides possessing 10-h or 10-carboxyl units. all the isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxic effects on hepg2, a549 and he ...	2015	26022446
bufadienolides and polyhydroxycholestane derivatives from bufo bufo gargarizans.	a new polyhydroxycholestane sulfate ester, 3α,12β,25,26-tetrahydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholestane 26-o-sulfate (1), was isolated from dried skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and its structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1d and 2d nmr as well as hr-esi-ms analysis. a comparison of steroidal metabolite profiles, based on hplc and lc-ms analyses, indicates that the chemical compositions of the various parts of toads, such as venom, skin and stratum corneum, are significantly different.	2015	25819343
[comparison of chemical composition between fresh and processed bufonis venenum by uplc-tq-ms].	toad venom is the bufo bufo gargarizans or b. melanostictus after the ears of the gland secretion, used in the treatment of various cancers in recent years. research shows that the main anti-tumor components in bufadienolide. bufadienolide have free type structure and conjunct type structure. to identify and clarify the difference between bufogenin and bufotoxin contained in bufonis venenum, which was from b. bufo gargarizans, an uplc-tq-ms method has been established. uplc-tq-ms method was used ...	2015	27062811
cinobufagin exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects through the modulation ros-mediated mapks signaling pathway.	cinobufagin (cbg) is a cardiotoxic bufanolide steroid secreted by the skin and parotid venom glands of the asiatic toad bufo bufo gargarizans (called chan-su). although cbg is known to exhibit anti-cancer activities, very little is known about its potential mechanism(s) of action. in this study, we investigated whether cbg mediates its effect through the modulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) signaling pathway in human multiple myeloma (mm) u266 cells. we found that cbg caus ...	2015	25982794
temperature-dependent acute toxicity of methomyl pesticide on larvae of 3 asian amphibian species.	relative to other animal taxa, ecotoxicological studies on amphibians are scarce, even though amphibians are experiencing global declines and pollution has been identified as an important threat. agricultural lands provide important habitats for many amphibians, but often these lands are contaminated with pesticides. the authors determined the acute toxicity, in terms of 96-h median lethal concentrations, of the carbamate pesticide methomyl on larvae of 3 asian amphibian species, the asian commo ...	2015	25959379
thallium in spawn, juveniles, and adult common toads (bufo bufo) living in the vicinity of a zinc-mining complex, poland.	a breeding population of the common toad bufo bufo living in the vicinity of a zn-pb smelting works in bukowno, poland was studied for the presence of thallium. tl concentration was measured in the bottom sediments of the spawning pond, in the laid eggs, in juveniles after metamorphosis, and in the selected tissues of the adult individuals. a very high concentration of tl was detected in the spawn (13.97 ± 8.90 mg/kg d.w.). in 50% of the spawn samples, levels exceeded 20 mgtl/kg d.w. the issue o ...	2015	25418553
screening breeding sites of the common toad (bufo bufo) in england and wales for evidence of endocrine disrupting activity.	anuran amphibians are often present in agricultural landscapes and may therefore be exposed to chemicals in surface waters used for breeding. we used passive accumulation devices (spmd and pocis) to sample contaminants from nine breeding sites of the common toad (bufo bufo) across england and wales, measuring endocrine activity of the extracts in a recombinant yeast androgen screen (yas) and yeast estrogen screen (yes) and an in vitro vitellogenin induction screen in primary culture of xenopus l ...	2015	25817886
death of a south american fur seal (arctocephalus australis) after the ingestion of toads--evaluation of toad poisoning by toxicological analysis.	animals in zoological gardens are at risk of severe and even lethal poisoning when they accidentally ingest toads. here we report the case of an eleven month old male south american fur seal (arctocephalus australis) which was found dead in its outdoor enclosure in the zoo of dortmund, germany. autopsy revealed the presence of two adult, partly digested common toads (bufo bufo) in the stomach. toxicological analysis of the stomach content using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to t ...	2015	26054232
a novel cathelicidin from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor showed specific activity to its habitat bacteria.	toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor is still used in china as traditional chinese medicine. however, present investigations on its skin secretions were mainly focused on the bufadienolides, the proteins/peptides contained in the secretions are largely unknown. a cdna encoding a novel cathelicidin termed bg-cath was identified by analysis of the toad skin transcriptome. the bg-cath precursor was predicted to have 2 possible cleavage sites following dibasic cleavage signals at its c-terminal, which ...	2015	26091834
toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.	toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. the dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) is named chansu, which has been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. the sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named huachansu (cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepati ...	2014	24734105
the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor blocks hepatitis b virus antigen secretion in hepg2.2.15 cells.	the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor has long been used for the treatment of hepatitis b in china and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (sc-co₂) is widely used in extracting active ingredients from natural products. the aim of present study was to assess the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) effect of the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (sce-bc). cytotoxicity of sce-bc was analyzed using an mtt [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium brom ...	2014	24647111
first detection of circovirus-like sequences in amphibians and novel putative circoviruses in fishes.	the negative samples of a collection, established originally for seeking new adeno- and herpesviruses in lower vertebrates, were screened for the pres-ence of circoviruses by a consensus nested pcr targeting the gene coding for the replication-associated protein. six fish samples representing five species, namely asp (aspius aspius), roach (rutilus rutilus), common bream (abramis brama), round goby (neogobius melanostomus) and monkey goby (neogobius fluviatilis), as well as three frog samples we ...	2014	24334078
chytridiomycosis risk among central european amphibians based on surveillance data.	the czech republic hosts a surprisingly rich biodiversity of amphibians representing the majority of amphibian species present in all of central and eastern europe. surveillance data of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) collected during 2008 to 2012 were analysed for basic patterns of prevalence and infection intensity among species, age groups and localities. in addition, an investigation was made into possible data bias due to varying pcr inhibition. infection prevalence in the genus pelophy ...	2014	25392037
detection of the emerging amphibian pathogens batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in russia.	in a population of the european common toad bufo bufo from a rural pond in the region of lake glubokoe regional reserve in moscow province, russia, unexplained mass mortality events involving larvae and metamorphs have been observed over a monitoring period of >20 yr. we tested toads from this and a nearby site for the emerging amphibian pathogens batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) and ranavirus (rv). both pathogens were detected, and at the rural pond site, with the above-noted losses and decl ...	2014	25114047
comparison of toad skins bufo bufo gargarizans cantor from different regions for their active constituents content and cytotoxic activity on lung carcinoma cell lines.	the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, rich in bufadienolides, peptides, and alkaloids, has approved pharmacological activity for preliminary anti-liver and lung tumor treatment. however, few studies have systematically focused on the influence of the producing regions on the content and antitumor activity of the active constituents in toad skins.	2014	25210305
[bufadienolides from venom of bufo bufo gargarizans].	twelve compounds were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and spectral data, their structures were identified as resibufagenin (1), bufotalin (2), desacetylcinobufagin (3), 19-oxodesacetylcinobufotalin (4), cinobufotalin (5), 1beta-hydroxylbufalin (6), 12alpha-hydroxybufalin (7), bufotalinin (8), hellebrigenin (9), telocinobufagin (10), hellebrigenol (11) and cinobufagin-3-hemisuberate methyl ester (12), respectively. compounds ...	2014	25204176
histochemical and structural characterization of egg extra-cellular matrix in bufonid toads, bufo bufo and bufotes balearicus: molecular diversity versus morphological uniformity.	the extra-cellular matrix of fertilized eggs in the bufonid toads bufo bufo and bufotes balearicus was studied to clear the relationships between structural and molecular diversity. histochemical (pas, ab ph 2.5 and ph 1.0, beta-elimination pas) and lectin-histochemical (con a, wga, succinyl-wga, pna, rca-1, dba, sba, aaa, uea-i, lta) techniques were used and the observations were made under light and electron microscopy. both species present a fertilization envelope (fe) and two jelly layers (j ...	2014	25091902
effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) tadpoles.	the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential effects of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation parameters as indicators of exposure to spirotetramat and effects of acute toxicity in the chinese toad bufo bufo gargarizans. the results of an acute toxicity test showed that the 72 and 96 h median lethal concentrations (lc(50)) of spirotetramat for tadpoles were 6.98 and 6.45 mg/l, respectively. it indicated that the spirotetramat was moderate toxicity to chinese toad tadpoles. in a sub-lethal tox ...	2014	24835551
efficient purification of active bufadienolides by a class separation method based on hydrophilic solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.	traditional chinese medicines (tcms) have played a significant role in the process of discovering natural bioactive compounds, especially in anticancer therapeutics. however, the components of tcms are complex mixtures with wide variation in polarity and content, which leads to inefficiency in the process of active compound discovery from tcms. in this paper, the popular strategy of utilizing "pre-fractionated natural product libraries" has been improved by a new class separation approach to acc ...	2014	24814996
bufalin inhibited the growth of human osteosarcoma mg-63 cells via down-regulation of bcl-2/bax and triggering of the mitochondrial pathway.	cinobufacini (huachansu), a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), has potent anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. however, the molecular mechanism of cell apoptosis induced by bufalin remains elusive. here, we investigated the apoptosis in bufalin-treated human osteosarcoma mg-63 cells. the results showed that bufalin could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. further investigation revealed that ...	2014	24570183
purification of bufadienolides from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor with positively charged c18 column.	as a kind of promising anticancer compounds, the preparation of bufadienolides is a hot study spot. however, due to the complexity of biological sample, the purification of bufadienolides from a crude sample (toad skin) is a tough work. in this paper, we reported a new way based on positively charged c18 material (xcharge c18) to quickly separate and purify bufadienolides from toad skin. by this method, the different ionic feature of the amino acid conjugated bufadienolides (aacbs) and the free ...	2014	24503198
migrating common toads (bufo bufo) in rural temperate regions: reservoirs of salmonella?	salmonella infections in amphibians are supposedly highly prevalent. migrating common amphibian species in cultivated areas such as common toads (bufo bufo) may thus promote spread and zoonotic transfer of salmonella to humans, both indirectly by crop and livestock contamination and by direct contact. between february and april 2011, the intestinal content of 1,740 samples of road-killed migrating common toads in five flemish provinces of belgium was examined for the presence of salmonella using ...	2014	24499330
[chemical constituents of bufadienolides in cinobufacino injection].	cinobufacino injection is purified from water extraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, which has been widely used for various cancers in clinic with significant anti-tumor effects. bufadienolides were regarded as the main active constituents of cinobufacino injection in previous reports. in present study, 6 bufadienolides were isolated and purified from cinobufacino injection. their structures were identified as 3-epi-ψ-bufarenogin (1), ψ-bufarenogin (2), 3-epi-arenobufagin (3), arenobuf ...	2014	25757284
presynaptic neuromuscular action of a methanolic extract from the venom of rhinella schneideri toad.	rhinella schneideri, previously known as bufo paracnemis, is a common toad in many regions of brazil. its venom exerts important cardiovascular effects on humans and other animals. although this toad venom has been the subject of intense investigations, little is known about its neuromuscular activity.	2014	25024696
body size, nuptial pad size and hormone levels: potential non-destructive biomarkers of reproductive health in wild toads (bufo bufo).	amphibians are declining and fertility/fecundity are major drivers of population stability. the development of non-destructive methods to assess reproductive health are needed as destructive measures are fundamentally at odds with conservation goals for declining species. we investigated the utility of body size, nuptial pad size and forelimb width as non-destructive biomarkers of internal reproductive physiology, by analysing correlations with commonly used destructive methods in adult male toa ...	2014	24935780
cyto-/genotoxic effects of the ethanol extract of chan su, a traditional chinese medicine, in human cancer cell lines.	chan su, an ethanolic extract from skin and parotid venom glands of the bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is widely used as a traditional chinese medicine for cancer therapy. although the anti-cancer properties of chan su have been investigated, no information exists regarding whether chan su has genotoxic effects in cancer cells. the aim of the present study was to examine the cyto-/genotoxic effect of chan su in human breast carcinoma (mcf-7 cells), human lung carcinoma (a-549 cells), human t cell ...	2014	24491644
two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography × high performance liquid chromatography for preparative isolation of toad venom.	in this work, a new on-line two-dimensional chromatography coupling of flow programming counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (2d ccc×hplc) was developed for preparative separation of complicated natural products. the ccc column was used as the first dimensional isolation and a preparative ods column operated in reversed-phase (rp) mode as the second dimension. the ccc was operated at a controlled flow rate to ensure that each fraction eluted within one hour, ...	2014	24484689
[individual variation in the development of the common toad, bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae): 3. limitations of individual variation and their causes].	the results of studies on the axial skeleton of the common toad (a model species) have been used to analyze factual limitations of individual variations. the results show that the states of the studied characters do not freely combine with each other but are subject to certain morphogenetic limitations. the causes of most these limitations have been revealed during the study. classification of the main factors limiting individual variation in the course of development is presented.	2014	24450175
induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in tadpoles of the common toad (rhinella arenarum) treated with the herbicides liberty® and glufosinate-ammonium.	the assessment of micronucleated erythrocytes (me) in blood represents a widely used method for the detection of chromosomal damage by chemical agents, such as herbicides that may occur as water contaminants. we investigated the changes in some circulating blood-cell parameters of tadpoles of the common toad (rhinella arenarum) that were exposed during 48 or 96 h to three sub-lethal concentrations (3.75, 7.5, and 15 mg/l) of a commercial formulation of a glufosinate-ammonium (gla)-based herbicid ...	2014	24769302
[identification of bufadienolides profiling in cinobufacino by hplc-dad-ft-icr-ms method].	cinobufacino injection is a significant anti-tumor medicine for the treatment of various tumors in clinic, which was made from water extraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans. in present paper, hplc-dad-ft-icr-ms method was used to identify the major bufadienolides in cinobufacino for the first time. solid-phase extraction with dichloromethane and silica was used to enrich the total bufadienolides in cinobufacino. based on the uv and high resolution ms/ms data, 33 bufadienolides were analy ...	2014	24761616
enthalpic consequences of reduced chloride binding in andean frog (telmatobius peruvianus) hemoglobin.	based on the exothermic nature of heme oxygenation, the o2 affinity of hemoglobin (hb) decreases with increasing temperature, which may be physiologically advantageous in augmenting o2 unloading from blood in warm tissues with elevated metabolic rates. this negative oxygenation enthalpy (∆h (o)) may, however, become maladaptive, as in cold-tolerant ungulates where it may hamper o2 unloading in cold extremities and commonly is mitigated by an 'additional' chloride-binding site that decreases the ...	2014	24677177
consequences of physical disturbance by tadpoles and snails on chironomid larvae.	indirect interactions among community members impact on organisms. the effects of two snails, banded pond snail, bellamya bengalensis (lamarck), and red-rimmed melania, melanoides tuberculata (müller), and tadpoles of asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider), on nonbiting midge larvae, chironomus striatipennis kieffer, were observed in experimental microcosm. decrease in tube number and tube length of midge larvae was observed compared to control condition due to introduction of ...	2014	24672384
[individual variation in the development of the common toad, bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae): 2. diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton].	analysis of individual variation in diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton has been performed in all offspring (1633 ind.) from the same spawn of one pair of common toads under conditions of laboratory rearing, with natural elimination being reduced to a minimum. more than 50 skeletal anomalies have been recorded. factual data are presented that characterize deviations from the species norm in the frequency of "background anomalies" (kovalenko, 2003). correlations between manifestations of ...	2014	24450174
[individual variation in the development of the common toad, bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae): i. timing of development and anomalies of external structure].	parameters of development have been analyzed in all offspring (1633 ind.) from the same spawn of one pair of common toads under conditions of laboratory rearing, with natural elimination being reduced to a minimum. the results show that the range of developmental options for the species is much wider than it follows from the standard tables of development. "background anomalies" (kovalenko, 2003) in the external structure of developing larvae are described and their probable frequencies under ne ...	2014	24450173
qualitative and quantitative analysis of cinobufacini injection using rapid separation liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hplc-photodiode array detection, a feasible strategy for the quality control of chinese medicine injections.	cinobufacini injection, prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, has presented its significant effects on the treatment of hepatitis and various cancers in the clinic. however, as an unclear complex chemical system, the optimization of its quality control markers has been a long-term challenge. in present study, a feasible strategy integrated markers screening, determination, and statistical analysis was efficiently proposed, especially for the undefined chinese medicine injection ...	2013	23292876
differences and similarities among parotoid macrogland secretions in south american toads: a preliminary biochemical delineation.	amphibians are known by cutaneous glands, spread over the skin, containing toxins (proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, steroidal bufadienolides, and alkaloids) used as chemical defense against predators and microbial infection. toads are characterized by the presence of parotoid macroglands. the common toads have lately been divided into two genera: bufo (europe, asia, and africa) and rhinella (south america). basal rhaebo genus is exclusively of central america and amazon region. although rhin ...	2013	23737734
exposure and post-exposure effects of endosulfan on bufo bufo tadpoles: morpho-histological and ultrastructural study on epidermis and inos localization.	endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant (pop) that has lethal and sublethal effects on non-target organisms, including amphibians. in a laboratory study, we investigated direct and post-exposure effects of endosulfan on bufo bufo tadpoles. for this purpose we exposed the tadpoles to a single short-term contamination event (96 h) at an environmentally-realistic concentration (200 μg endosulfan/l). this was followed by a recovery period of 10 days when the experimental animals were kept in pe ...	2013	24036433
effects of salinity stress on bufo balearicus and bufo bufo tadpoles: tolerance, morphological gill alterations and na(+)/k(+)-atpase localization.	freshwater habitats are globally threatened by human-induced secondary salinization. amphibians are generally poorly adapted to survive in saline environments. we experimentally investigated the effects of chronic exposure to various salinities (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% seawater, sw) on survival, larval growth and metamorphosis of tadpoles from two amphibian populations belonging to two species: the green toad bufo balearicus and the common toad bufo bufo. in addition, gill morphology ...	2013	23474321
malformations and mortality in the asian common toad induced by exposure to pleurolophocercous cercariae (trematoda: cryptogonimidae).	malformations and increased mortality due to infection by the digenetic trematode, riberioa ondatrae have been reported for many species of amphibians. severe malformations have also been reported in the common hourglass tree frog, polypedates cruciger induced by pleurolophocercous cercariae in sri lanka in addition to the changes in the behaviour, development and survival of the host. we exposed pre-limb bud stage tadpoles (gosner stages 25-26) of the asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostict ...	2013	23353759
how complex is the bufo bufo species group?	species delineation remains one of the most challenging tasks in the study of biodiversity, mostly owing to the application of different species concepts, which results in contrasting taxonomic arrangements. this has important practical consequences, since species are basic units in fields like ecology and conservation biology. we here review molecular genetic evidence relevant to the systematics of toads in the bufo bufo species group (anura, bufonidae). two studies recently published in this j ...	2013	23880535
[effect of the heart electric stimulation on repolarization of fish and amphibian ventricular myocardium].	by the method of synchronous multielectrode cartography (24-unipolar leads), distribution of durations and time of end of repolarization were studied on ventricular epicardium of pikes (esox lucius) and frogs (rana esculenta) and in ventricular intramural layers of toads (bufo bufo) at the ectopic heart excitation. the time of arrival of the excitation wave and of the end of repolarization in each lead was determined from the minimum of time derivative of potential at the period of the qrs compl ...	2013	23789398
population admixture and high larval viability among urban toads.	in terms of evolutionary biology, a population admixture of more than two distinct lineages may lead to strengthened genetic variation through hybridization. however, a population admixture arising from artificial secondary contact poses significant problems in conservation biology. in urban tokyo, a population admixture has emerged from two lineages of japanese common toad: native bufo japonicus formosus and nonnative b. japonicus japonicus, of which the latter was introduced in the early 20th ...	2013	23789077
efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis.	huachansu, a chinese medicine that comes from dried toad venom from the skin glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, has been used in treatment of cancers. we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.	2013	23692970
c23 steroids from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans.	five new c23 steroids (1-5) together with five known bufadienolides (6-10) were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans (chansu in chinese). the structures of the new steroids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with x-ray diffraction analysis. among these c23 steroids, only compound 3 showed cytotoxicities against hepg2 and a549 cancer cells, with respective ic50 values of 26.8 ± 8.3 and 45.6 ± 2.5 μm. in contrast, the bufadienolides (7-10) displayed poten ...	2013	24050254
farmed areas predict the distribution of amphibian ponds in a traditional rural landscape.	traditional rural landscapes of eastern europe are undergoing major changes due to agricultural intensification, land abandonment, change in agricultural practices and infrastructural development. small man-made ponds are important yet vulnerable components of rural landscapes. despite their important role for biodiversity, these ponds tend to be excluded from conservation strategies.	2013	23704928
treatment of amphibians infected with chytrid fungus: learning from failed trials with itraconazole, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, and heat therapy.	amphibian conservation goals depend on effective disease-treatment protocols. desirable protocols are species, life stage, and context specific, but currently few treatment options exist for amphibians infected with the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). treatment options, at present, include antifungal drugs and heat therapy, but risks of toxicity and side-effects make these options untenable in some cases. here, we report on the comparison of several novel treatments with a mo ...	2012	22422126
multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread bufo bufo species group (anura, bufonidae).	new analytical methods are improving our ability to reconstruct robust species trees from multilocus datasets, despite difficulties in phylogenetic reconstruction associated with recent, rapid divergence, incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgression. in this study, we applied these methods to resolve the radiation of toads in the bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae) species group, ranging from the iberian peninsula and north africa to siberia, based on sequences from two mitochondrial and four nuclea ...	2012	21964513
protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro.	in china, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. we studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-ind ...	2012	22150009
road-killed common toads (bufo bufo) in flanders (belgium) reveal low prevalence of ranaviruses and batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.		2012	22740561
cd, cu, zn, se, and metallothioneins in two amphibians, necturus maculosus (amphibia, caudata) and bufo bufo (amphibia, anura).	the accumulation of cadmium, its affinity for metallothioneins (mts), and its relation to copper, zinc, and selenium were investigated in the experimental mudpuppy necturus maculosus and the common toad bufo bufo captured in nature. specimens of n. maculosus were exposed to waterborne cd (85 μg/l) for up to 40 days. exposure resulted in tissue-dependent accumulation of cd in the order kidney, gills > intestine, liver, brain > pancreas, skin, spleen, and gonads. during the 40-day exposure, concen ...	2012	22700180
applying fuzzy logic to comparative distribution modelling: a case study with two sympatric amphibians.	we modelled the distributions of two toads (bufo bufo and epidalea calamita) in the iberian peninsula using the favourability function, which makes predictions directly comparable for different species and allows fuzzy logic operations to relate different models. the fuzzy intersection between individual models, representing favourability for the presence of both species simultaneously, was compared with another favourability model built on the presences shared by both species. the fuzzy union b ...	2012	22629142
rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. (nematoda: rhabdiasidae) from green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy: molecular evidence, morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads.	a new taxon, rhabdias esculentarum n. sp., is described based on dna sequence analysis at multiple loci (i.e. mtdna cox-1, 12s rrna, its-1 and partial its-2 regions of the nuclear rdna) and morphometric analysis carried out on specimens collected from the green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy (i.e. r. lessonae camerano and r. esculenta linnaeus, identified genetically by diagnostic allozyme loci). rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. was differentiated genetically, at both mitochond ...	2012	22581250
preventive effects of jiedu granules combined with cinobufacini injection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in post-surgical patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control trial.	to investigate the therapeutic effects of jiedu granules, a chinese medicine (cm) compound, plus cinobufacini injection, which was extracted from skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, to prevent the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) after surgical resection.	2012	22549390
hormonal induction of spermatozoa from amphibians with rana temporaria and bufo bufo as anuran models.	the use of hormonally induced spermatozoa expressed in urine (hisu) is a valuable component of reproduction technologies for amphibians. five protocols for sampling hisu from the european common frog (rana temporaria) were compared: (1) pituitary extracts, (2) 0.12 µg g⁻¹ luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue (lhrha), (3) 1.20 µg g⁻¹ lhrha, (4) 11.7 iu g⁻¹ human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) and (5) 23.4 iu g⁻¹ hcg (g⁻¹ = per gram bodyweight). from 1 to 24h after administration we asses ...	2012	22541548
biobanked amphibian samples confirmed to species level using 16s rrna dna barcodes.	the dna barcoding technique is often used as a tool for validating species identity in biobanks. in the case of amphibians, the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene is reported to fulfill the requirements of a universal dna barcoding marker. the 16s primers are designed to specifically bind to the 16s rrna gene, which is a very well-conserved mtdna gene sequence in amphibians. dna was extracted from thirteen known but different species of amphibians within the zoological socie ...	2012	24849750
bufalin increases sensitivity to akt/mtor-induced autophagic cell death in sk-hep-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.	bufalin is the major component of chan-su (a traditional chinese medicine, tcm) extracts from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizan. in the present study, we investigated the pharmacological mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and autophagic cell death induced by bufalin in sk-hep-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. bufalin inhibited cell survival by mtt assay and increased cell death by trypan blue exclusion assay in a concentration-dependent manner. in addition, bufalin induced g2/m phase ...	2012	22858649
prospective randomised evaluation of traditional chinese medicine combined with chemotherapy: a randomised phase ii study of wild toad extract plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinomas.	an intravenous formulated extract of the venom of the wild toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, huachansu, is currently used in china for the treatment of lung, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. we performed a randomised, single-blinded, phase ii clinical study of huachansu plus gemcitabine versus placebo plus gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinomas.	2012	22782343
use of stress-hormone levels and habitat selection to assess functional connectivity of a landscape for an amphibian.	the influence of landscape matrix on functional connectivity has been clearly established. now methods to assess the effects of different land uses on species' movements are needed because current methods are often biased. the use of physiological parameters as indicators of the level of resistance to animal movement associated with different land uses (i.e., matrix resistance) could provide estimates of energetic costs and risks to animals migrating through the matrix. to assess whether cortico ...	2012	22891816
developmental and polyamine metabolism alterations in rhinella arenarum embryos exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos.	organophosphorus pesticides (ops) are widely applied in the alto valle of río negro and neuquén, argentina, due to intensive fruit growing. amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental pollution, and ops may transiently accumulate in ponds and channels of the region during their reproductive season. organophosphorus pesticide exposure may alter amphibian embryonic development and the reproductive success of autochthonous species. in the present study, embryos of the common toad rhinell ...	2012	22714647
sink or swim: a test of tadpole behavioral responses to predator cues and potential alarm pheromones from skin secretions.	chemical signaling is a vital mode of communication for most organisms, including larval amphibians. however, few studies have determined the identity or source of chemical compounds signaling amphibian defensive behaviors, in particular, whether alarm pheromones can be actively secreted from tadpoles signaling danger to conspecifics. here we exposed tadpoles of the common toad bufo bufo and common frog rana temporaria to known cues signaling predation risk and to potential alarm pheromones. in ...	2012	22972229
[in vitro anti-proliferation effect of peptides from cinobufacini injection].	cinobufacini is an aqueous extract of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor dried skin, which has been widely used for cancer therapy in china. so far, its active components are still not very clear. in previous reports, bufadienolides with low-concentration were usually studied because of their anticancer effects. however, the high polarity constituents in cinobufacini are less investigated. the present study found that more than 50% contents of cinobufacini were water-soluble peptides. then, in vitro a ...	2012	22919734
post-meiotic intra-testicular sperm senescence in a wild vertebrate.	there is growing interest in sperm senescence, both in its underlying mechanisms and evolutionary consequences, because it can impact the evolution of numerous life history traits. previous studies have documented various types of sperm senescence, but evidence of post-meiotic intra-testicular sperm senescence in wild animals is lacking. to assess such senescence, we studied within-season changes in sperm motility in the common toad (bufo bufo), where males produce all sperm prior to the breedin ...	2012	23226542
comparative analysis of the bufonis venenum by using tlc, hplc, and lc-ms for different extraction methods.	toad venom, called chan-su, is a traditional oriental medicine secreted from the auricular and the skin glands of the bufo bufo gargarizanz cantor or b. melanosticus schneider and has been widely used in china, korea and other parts of asia for the treatment of pain, heart conditions, and cancer. we examined the concentrations of the main chemical constituents within a commerciallyavailable toad venom product and compared the levels for different extraction methods.	2012	25780654
high degree of mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the japanease common toad bufo japonicus in urban tokyo.	the japanese common toad bufo japonicus is widely distributed across mainland japan and is classified into two subspecies, b. japonicus japonicus and b. japonicus formosus, in the western and eastern regions, respectively. to investigate the genetic diversity of b. japonicus at the breeding pond (local population) level, we sequenced 831 base pairs of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) cytochrome b (cyt b) from 75 individuals collected from nine ponds in urban tokyo and the surrounding area. phylogenetic ...	2012	23030343
chemical constituents and bioactivities of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor.		2011	21480502
cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans.	to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, various chromatographic methods were used in the isolation procedures and the structures of isolated compounds were determined based on nmr and ms analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as n-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-n-methylurea (1) and 19-oxocinobufotalin 3-adipoylarginine ester (2), together with 11 known compounds. isolated bufadienolides showed sign ...	2011	21279874
bufalin and cinobufagin induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via fas- and mitochondria-mediated pathways.	bufadienolides bufalin and cinobufagin are cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. they have been shown to induce a wide spectrum of cancer cell apoptosis. however, the detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) are still unclear. in the present study, the apoptosis-inducing effect of bufalin and cinobufagin on hcc cell line hepg(2) was investigated. we found bufalin and cinobufagin ...	2011	21288283
a cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked dna markers in palearctic green toads.	in sharp contrast to birds and mammals, most cold-blooded vertebrates have homomorphic (morphologically undifferentiated) sex chromosomes. this might result either from recurrent x-y recombination (occurring e.g. during occasional events of sex reversal) or from frequent turnovers (during which sex-determining genes are overthrown by new autosomal mutations). evidence for turnovers is indeed mounting in fish, but very few have so far been documented in amphibians, possibly because of practical d ...	2011	21338434
magnetic orientation of the common toad: establishing an arena approach for adult anurans.		2011	21418651
agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the common toad (bufo bufo).	pollution was cited by the global amphibian assessment to be the second most important cause of amphibian decline worldwide, however, the effects of the agricultural environment on amphibians are not well understood. in this study, spawn from bufo bufo was taken from four sites in england and wales with varying intensities of arable agriculture. spawn was either placed in tanks containing aged tap water (ex-situ, five replicates) or in cages at the native site (caged, five replicates). hatching ...	2011	21448622
quantitative recommendations for amphibian terrestrial habitat conservation derived from habitat selection behavior.	conservation scientists have noted that conservation managers rarely use scientific information when making decisions. one of the reasons why managers rarely use scientific information may be that conservation scientists rarely provide their knowledge in a way that can directly be used by conservation practitioners. here we show how quantitative recommendations for conservation can be derived. previous research on terrestrial habitat selection behavior of toads (bufo bufo and bufo viridis) showe ...	2011	22073643
molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads (bufo bufo species complex).	in most pan-eurasiatic species complexes, two phenomena have been traditionally considered key processes of their cladogenesis and biogeography. first, it is hypothesized that the origin and development of the central asian deserts generated a biogeographic barrier that fragmented past continuous distributions in eastern and western domains. second, pleistocene glaciations have been proposed as the main process driving the regional diversification within each of these domains. the european commo ...	2011	22214922