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antissaliva antibodies of lutzomyia longipalpis in area of visceral leishmaniasis.the aim of the present study was to assess the presence of antissaliva antibodies of lutzomyia longipalpis in human hosts living in area of visceral leishmaniasis, located in the center-west region of brazil. the presence of antissaliva antibodies of l. longipalpis exhibited a strong correlation with the protection and development of antibodies against leishmania sp. of the 492 children studied, elevated antissaliva antibodies of l. longipalpis were detected in 38.4% of the participants. there w ...201627093167
xenodiagnosis on dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: canine and sand fly aspects related to the parasite transmission.one of the main limitations for the effective control of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas is the difficulty in identifying infectious dogs. the objective of this study was to determine factors, related to dogs and to parasite detection in sand flies, which are associated with the positive xenodiagnosis of leishmania infantum using the vector lutzomyia longipalpis. the xenodiagnosis was performed in 50 owned dogs residing in endemic areas, which were divided into three different groups: g1-2 ...201627198788
[in vitro insecticidal activity of seed neem oil on lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae)].lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil. the objective was to evaluate the effect of oil from (azadirachta indica) neem seeds on eggs, larvae and adults of the vector. the insects were captured in the field and kept in the laboratory at +/- 27 °c and 80% relative humidity. five treatments with different concentrations were performed using two negative controls (distilled water and tween 80) and a positive control. the eggs were sprayed with the oil at differe ...201620385053
association between leishmania infantum dna in the hair of dogs and their infectiousness to lutzomyia longipalpis.diagnosis of infection with leishmania infantum by dna detection in the hair has been recently demonstrated in dogs and wild animals. our objective was to investigate if polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in hair might be used to identify infectious dogs. thus, we assessed the infectiousness to lutzomyia longipalpis by xenodiagnosis in comparison with the detection of l. infantum dna by pcr in the hair, and with serology for anti-leishmania igg by elisa in 15 positive dogs for l. infantum infection ...201627890081
presence of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) in the parque estadual da serra da tiririca, state of rio de janeiro, southeastern brazil.the sand fly, lutzomyia longipalpis, is the main vector of leishmania infantum in the americas, primarily occurring in areas of apparent anthropomorphic modifications in several regions of brazil.201627812657
parasite load in the blood and skin of dogs naturally infected by leishmania infantum is correlated with their capacity to infect sand fly vectors.the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is primarily responsible for the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the new world, and dogs are considered to be the main urban reservoir of this disease. in order to improve the efficacy of control measures, it is essential to assess the transmission capacity of leishmania infantum to the sand fly vector by naturally infected dogs. the present study investigated the existence of correlations between canine clinical presentation and the intensity of ...201627809965
field evaluation of a new strategy to control lutzomyia longipalpis, based on simultaneous application of an adulticide-larvicide mixture.leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in argentina, and the phlebotomine fly lutzomyia longipalpis is its main vector. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dragon max(®), an emulsifiable concentrate formulation containing the pyrethroid permethrin and the larvicide pyriproxyfen, for lu. longipalpis control under field conditions. the work was conducted in the city of posadas (misiones province, argentina). comparisons were ...201627802395
ecology of lutzomyia longipalpis and lutzomyia migonei in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis.the main vector for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in brazil is lutzomyia longipalpis. however, the absence of l. longipalpis in a region of autochthonous vl demonstrates the participation of other species in the transmission of the parasite. studies conducted in la banda, argentina, and são vicente férrer, pernambuco state, brazil, have correlated the absence of l. longipalpis and the presence of l. migonei with autochthonous cases of vl. in são vicente férrer, pernambuco, there was evidence for t ...201625271451
nycthemeral rhythm of phlebotominae (diptera: psychodidae) in a craggy region, transitioning between the wetland and the plateau, brazil.recording the nycthemeral rhythm of sand flies allows the evaluation of the daily activity in different ecotypes, the period of greatest activity, and their degree of anthropophily. we investigated the fauna and the rhythm of sand fly activity in an ecotourism region in mato grosso do sul (ms) state, brazil. sand flies were captured monthly, using a shannon trap for 24 h periods between july 2012 and june 2014. we collected 1,815 sand flies, in which lutzomyia whitmani (=nyssomyia whitmani, sens ...201627688269
anthropophily of lutzomyia wellcomei (diptera: psychodidae) in an atlantic forest conservation unit in northeast brazil.lutzomyia wellcomei (fraiha, shaw & lainson) (diptera: psychodidae) can act as an important vector of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis this study presents the results of collections carried out in a fragment of atlantic forest in a conservation unit of rio grande do norte state. collections occurred over 12 consecutive months using shannon and cdc traps. a total of 777 sand flies from eight species were collected: lutzomyia walkeri (newstead), lutzomyia evandroi (costa lima & antunes), lutzomyi ...201627330100
molecular identification of lutzomyia migonei (diptera: psychodidae) as a potential vector for leishmania infantum (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae).visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in brazil is caused by the protozoan leishmania infantum. this parasite is transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly. the most important sand fly species in vl transmission is lutzomyia longipalpis. in fortaleza, the capital of ceará state, brazil, the simultaneous occurrence of lutzomyia migonei and l. longipalpis was detected in localities where vl transmission is observed. the purpose of this study was to determine conclusively if l. migonei can be found natural ...201626995718
diffuse and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical cases experienced in ecuador and a brief review.in ecuador, cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is prevalent countrywide, but only one case of diffuse-cl and two cases of disseminated-cl were experienced during our research activities more than 30 years from 1982 to date. these three patients suffered from multiple lesions distributed at a wide range of the body surface, revealing difficulty to clinically differentiate each other.201627398061
epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-visceral leishmaniasis-co-infection.in brazil, the rates of mother-to-child-transmission (mtct) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) decreased from 20% to 1-2% in some regions. however, the country contains 90% of individuals infected with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in latin america, and the west region of são paulo state faces an alarming expansion of the disease. we describe the epidemiological aspects of the expanding infection of vl and a case report of an hiv-vl-co-infected child from the west region of são paulo state. the ...201623834783
comparative analysis of carbohydrate residues in the midgut of phlebotomines (diptera: psychodidae) from colony and field populations from amazon, brazil.leishmaniasis are worldwide diseases that occur in 98 countries including brazil, transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomines during blood feeding. in brazil it is known that some species of sand flies as lutzomyia longipalpis sensun latum (vector of leishmania infantum chagasi), lutzomyia flaviscutellata (vector of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis) and lutzomyia antunesi [suspected vector of leishmania (viannia) lindenbergi] are incriminated of transmitting the parasite leishmania for th ...201627264642
far beyond phagocytosis: phagocyte-derived extracellular traps act efficiently against protozoan parasites in vitro and in vivo.professional mononuclear phagocytes such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn), monocytes, and macrophages are considered as the first line of defence against invasive pathogens. the formation of extracellular traps (ets) by activated mononuclear phagocytes is meanwhile well accepted as an effector mechanism of the early host innate immune response acting against microbial infections. recent investigations showed evidence that etosis is a widely spread effector mechanism in vertebrates and inve ...201627445437
the site of the bite: leishmania interaction with macrophages, neutrophils and the extracellular matrix in the dermis.leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are intracellular parasites, transmitted to humans via the bite of their sand fly vectors. once inoculated, the promastigotes are exposed to the dermis, which is composed of extracellular matrix (ecm), growth factors and its resident cells. promastigote forms are phagocytosed by macrophages recruited to the site of the sand fly bite, either directly or after interaction with neutrophils. since leishmania is an intracellular parasite, its in ...201627146515
decentralized control of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban areas of brazil: a literature review.human migration and concomitant hiv infections are likely to bring about major changes in the epidemiology of some parasitic infections in brazil. human visceral leishmaniasis (hvl) control is particularly fraught with intricacies. it is against a backdrop of decentralized health care that the complex hvl control initiatives are brought to bear. this comprehensive review aims to explore the obstacles facing decentralized hvl control in urban endemic areas in brazil.201627433128
cutaneous leishmaniasis vaccination: a matter of quality.there have been exhaustive efforts to develop an efficient vaccine against leishmaniasis. factors like host and parasite genetic characteristics, virulence, epidemiological scenarios, and, mainly, diverse immune responses triggered by leishmania species make the achievement of this aim a complex task. it is already clear that the induction of a th1, pro-inflammatory response, is important in the protection against leishmania infection. however, many questions must still be answered to fully unde ...201627148270
visceral leishmaniasis in petrolina, state ofpernambuco, brazil, 2007-2013.visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease of great public health relevance in brazil. the municipality of petrolina is an endemic area in the state of pernambuco, brazil. this study was designed to assess the recent expansion of vl in the municipality of petrolina, pernambuco. patients data were obtained from the brazilian national information system for notifiable diseases (sinan). a total of 111 records from 2007 to 2013 were investigated, of which 69 were residents in petrolina. th ...201627074323
leishmania infantum genetic diversity and lutzomyia longipalpis mitochondrial haplotypes in brazil.leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the americas with domestic dogs being its major reservoir hosts. the main vl vector is the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis, while other lutzomyia species may play a role in disease transmission. although the genetic structure of l. infantum populations has been widely evaluated, only a few studies have addressed this subject coupled to the genetic structure of the respective sandfly vectors. in this study, we analyzed t ...201627119085
lutzomyia migonei is a permissive vector competent for leishmania infantum.leishmania infantum is the most widespread etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the world, with significant mortality rates in human cases. in latin america, this parasite is primarily transmitted by lutzomyia longipalpis, but the role of lutzomyia migonei as a potential vector for this protozoan has been discussed. laboratory and field investigations have contributed to this hypothesis; however, proof of the vector competence of l. migonei has not yet been provided. in this study ...201626988559
characterization of a digestive α-amylase in the midgut of pieris brassicae l. (lepidoptera: pieridae).the current study deals with a digestive α-amylase in the larvae of pieris brassicae l. through purification, enzymatic characterization, gene expression, and in vivo effect of a specific inhibitor, acarbose. although α-amylase activity was the highest in the whole gut homogenate of larvae but compartmentalization of amylolytic activity showed an equal activity in posterior midgut (pm) and anterior midgut (am). a three step purification using ammonium sulfate, sepharyl g-100 and deae-cellulose f ...201627014094
identification of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a previously unaffected area by conventional diagnostic techniques and cell-block fixation.after the report of a second case of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) in são bento da lagoa, itaipuaçu, in the municipality of maricá, rio de janeiro state, an epidemiological survey was carried out, through active search, totaling 145 dogs. indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and rapid chromatographic immunoassay based on dual-path platform (dpp) were used to perform the serological examinations. the parasitological diagnosis of cutaneous fragm ...201626910449
understanding the transmission dynamics of leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in bihar, india.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a neglected vector-borne disease. in india, it is transmitted to humans by leishmania donovani-infected phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. in 2005, vl was targeted for elimination by the governments of india, nepal and bangladesh by 2015. the elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of vl cases and vector control using indoor residual spraying (irs). however, to achieve sustained elimination of vl, an appropriate post elimination surveillanc ...201626812963
pac1r agonist maxadilan enhances hadsc viability and neural differentiation potential.pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) is a structurally endogenous peptide with many biological roles. however, little is known about its presence or effects in human adipose-derived stem cells (hadscs). in this study, the expression of pacap type i receptor (pac1r) was first confirmed in hadscs. maxadilan, a specific agonist of pac1r, could increase hadsc proliferation as determined by cell counting kit-8 and cell cycle analysis and promote migration as shown in wound-heali ...201626798992
new insights into the transmissibility of leishmania infantum from dogs to sand flies: experimental vector-transmission reveals persistent parasite depots at bite sites.canine leishmaniasis (canl) is a chronic fatal disease of dogs and a major source of human infection through propagation of parasites in vectors. here, we infected 8 beagles through multiple experimental vector transmissions with leishmania infantum-infected lutzomyia longipalpis. canl clinical signs varied, although live parasites were recovered from all dog spleens. splenic parasite burdens correlated positively with leishmania-specific interleukin 10 levels, negatively with leishmania-specifi ...201626768257
salo, a novel classical pathway complement inhibitor from saliva of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis.blood-feeding insects inject potent salivary components including complement inhibitors into their host's skin to acquire a blood meal. sand fly saliva was shown to inhibit the classical pathway of complement; however, the molecular identity of the inhibitor remains unknown. here, we identified salo as the classical pathway complement inhibitor. salo, an 11 kda protein, has no homology to proteins of any other organism apart from new world sand flies. rsalo anti-complement activity has the same ...201626758086
prevalence of american trypanosomiasis and leishmaniases in domestic dogs in a rural area of the municipality of são joão do piauí, piauí state, brazil.chagas disease and the leishmaniases are endemic zoonoses of great importance to public health in the state of piauí, brazil. the domestic dog (canis familiaris) is a major reservoir, host of trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. in both urban and rural areas, playing an important role in the transmission of these parasites. the present study evaluated the prevalence of both infectious diseases in dogs of a rural area in the municipality of são joão do piauí, piauí state. one hundred twenty-nine ...201627828620
leishmania infantum infection in dogs from the southern region of minas gerais state, brazil.visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic and chronic disease and dogs are the main reservoir of the etiologic agent, leishmania infantum (syn l. chagasi). a serological and molecular investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) was performed in the municipality of alfenas, located in the southern region of minas gerais, where the disease is not endemic. samples from 87 dogs were submitted to serological tests including the dual path platform (dpp (r) ) cvl bio-manguinhos rapid test, an in-ho ...201627828616
differences in immune responses against leishmania induced by infection and by immunization with killed parasite antigen: implications for vaccine discovery.the leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by different species of the protozoan genus leishmania and transmitted by sand fly vectors. they are a major public health problem in almost all continents. there is no effective control of leishmaniasis and its geographical distribution is expanding in many countries. great effort has been made by many scientists to develop a vaccine against leishmaniasis, but, so far, there is still no effective vaccine against the disease. the only way to gener ...201627600664
circulating biomarkers of immune activation, oxidative stress and inflammation characterize severe canine visceral leishmaniasis.clinical manifestations in canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) have not been clearly associated with immunological status or disease progression. we simultaneously assessed biomarkers of inflammation, immune activation, oxidative stress, and anti-sand fly saliva igg concentrations in dog sera with different clinical manifestations to characterize a biosignature associated with cvl severity. in a cross-sectional exploratory study, a random population of 70 dogs from an endemic area in brazil was ...201627595802
crosstalk between purinergic receptors and lipid mediators in leishmaniasis.leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people around the world caused by organisms of the genus leishmania. parasite escape mechanisms of the immune system confer the possibility of resistance and dissemination of the disease. a group of molecules that has become a target for leishmania survival strategies are lipid mediators. among them, leukotriene b4 (ltb4) has been described as a pro-inflammatory molecule capable of activating cells of the immune system to combat ...201627595742
impact of lbsapsal vaccine in canine immunological and parasitological features before and after leishmania chagasi-challenge.dogs represent the most important domestic reservoir of l. chagasi (syn. l. infantum). a vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) would be an important tool for decreasing the anxiety related to possible l. chagasi infection and for controlling human visceral leishmaniasis (vl). because the sand fly salivary proteins are potent immunogens obligatorily co-deposited during transmission of leishmania parasites, their inclusion in an anti-leishmania vaccine has been investigated in past d ...201627556586
visceral leishmaniasis in the state of sao paulo, brazil: spatial and space-time analysis.to perform both space and space-time evaluations of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the state of sao paulo, brazil.201627533364
two in one: cryptic species discovered in biological control agent populations using molecular data and crossbreeding experiments.there are many examples of cryptic species that have been identified through dna-barcoding or other genetic techniques. there are, however, very few confirmations of cryptic species being reproductively isolated. this study presents one of the few cases of cryptic species that has been confirmed to be reproductively isolated and therefore true species according to the biological species concept. the cryptic species are of special interest because they were discovered within biological control ag ...201627648231
canine-based strategies for prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonosis found worldwide. its incidence has increased in brazil in recent years, representing a serious public and animal health problem. the strategies applied in brazil are questionable and are not sufficient to control the disease. thus, we have compared the efficacy of some of the currently available strategies focused on dogs to prevent and control zoonotic vl in endemic areas by optimizing a mathematical model. the simulations showed that the elimination of ...201627471852
dispersal of lutzomyia longipalpis and expansion of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in são paulo state, brazil.visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a neglected disease, is a serious public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. the objectives of the study were to evaluate the sensitivity of lutzomyia longipalpis and canine vl (cvl) autochthony early detection and describe the spatial and temporal dispersal of vector and expansion of vl in a brazilian state. we obtained data on the leishmaniasis vector and vl cases in são paulo state (sp), brazil, from the division of endemic disease control an ...201627640322
nestedness patterns of sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) species in a neotropical semi-arid environment.a common pattern in neotropical leishmania spp. transmission is the co-occurrence of several sand fly (sf) species at endemic foci. we collected 13 sf spp. by direct aspiration in natural resting places (nrp) and 10 sf spp. with shannon traps (st), totaling 15 spp. with both methods, at 6 locations within a semi-arid region with endemic visceral leishmaniasis transmission in falcón state, northwestern venezuela. we used null model testing of species co-occurrence and nestedness metrics estimated ...201626456179
argentinian phlebotomine fauna, new records of phlebotominae (diptera: psychodidae) for the country and the province of chaco.sand flies are insects of medical and veterinary importance, because some species are able to transmit several pathogens such as bartonella spp., phlebovirus spp., and protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania (ross). they are widely distributed in the americas, with recordings ranging from canada to argentina. approximately 500 phlebotominae species are known in the americas, of which it is considered that at least 56 are involved in the transmission of leishmaniasis (maroli et al. 2012). pre ...201627470814
occurrence of lutzomyia longipalpis andhuman and canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis and evaluation of their expansion in the northwest region of the state of são paulo, brazil.introduction this paper aims to describe the dispersion of lutzomyia longipalpis and the autochthonous occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the northwest region of the state of são paulo between 2007 and 2013 and to analyze their expansion. methods information about the vector and associated cases was described using maps. the incidence, mortality, and lethality of human visceral leishmaniasis (hvl) were calculated. in municipalities in which more than one hvl case occurred, incidences w ...201627163563
leishmania infantum infection in blood donors, northeastern brazil. 201626982482
the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis ll5 embryonic cell line has active toll and imd pathways and shows immune responses to bacteria, yeast and leishmania.lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in latin america. sandfly immune responses are poorly understood. in previous work we showed that these vector insects respond to bacterial infections by modulating a defensin gene expression and activate the imd pathway in response to leishmania infection. aspects of innate immune pathways in insects (including mosquito vectors of human diseases) have been revealed by studying insect cell lines, and we have previously demonstrat ...201627098567
structural differences in gut bacteria communities in developmental stages of natural populations of lutzomyia evansi from colombia's caribbean coast.lutzomyia evansi, a phlebotomine insect endemic to colombia's caribbean coast, is considered to be the main vector of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. although insects of this species can harbor pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms in their intestinal microbiota, there is little information available about the diversity of gut bacteria present in lutzomyia evansi. in this study, conventional microbiological methods and molecular tools were used to assess the compositio ...201627618991
digestion of yeasts and beta-1,3-glucanases in mosquito larvae: physiological and biochemical considerations.aedes aegypti larvae ingest several kinds of microorganisms. in spite of studies regarding mosquito digestion, little is known about the nutritional utilization of ingested cells by larvae. we investigated the effects of using yeasts as the sole nutrient source for a. aegypti larvae. we also assessed the role of beta-1,3-glucanases in digestion of live yeast cells. beta-1,3-glucanases are enzymes which hydrolyze the cell wall beta-1,3-glucan polyssacharide. larvae were fed with cat food (control ...201627007411
selective factors associated with the evolution of codon usage in natural populations of arboviruses.arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses) have life cycles that include both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with substantial differences in vector and host specificity between different viruses. most arboviruses utilize rna for their genetic material and are completely dependent on host trnas for their translation, suggesting that virus codon usage could be a target for selection. in the current study we analyzed the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) patterns of 26 arboviruses together with ...201627455096
an increase of larval rearing temperature does not affect the susceptibility of phlebotomus sergenti to leishmania tropica but effectively eliminates the gregarine psychodiella sergenti.in mosquitoes, it has previously been shown that rearing conditions of immature stages have an effect on the vector competence of adults. here, we studied the impact of different larval rearing temperatures (27 °c versus 32 °c) on the sand fly phlebotomus sergenti parrot, 1917 and its susceptibility to two parasites: leishmania tropica wright, 1903, a dixenous trypanosomatid transmissible from sand flies to humans, and psychodiella sergenti lantova, volf & votypka, 2010, a monoxenous sand fly gr ...201627756429
recombinant salivary proteins of phlebotomus orientalis are suitable antigens to measure exposure of domestic animals to sand fly bites.certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. these antibodies can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (elisas) using salivary gland homogenates (sghs) as the source of antigens and serve as a markers for exposure to biting sand flies. large-scale screening for anti-sand fly saliva antibodies requires replacement of sgh with ...201626986566
exposure to leishmania spp. and sand flies in domestic animals in northwestern ethiopia.human visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in l. donovani foci, and the role of these animals as reservoirs for human l. donovani infection remains unclear.201526152578
comparison of bloodmeal digestion and the peritrophic matrix in four sand fly species differing in susceptibility to leishmania donovani.the early stage of leishmania development in sand flies is closely connected with bloodmeal digestion. here we compared various parameters of bloodmeal digestion in sand flies that are either susceptible (phlebotomus argentipes and p. orientalis) or refractory (p. papatasi and sergentomyia schwetzi) to leishmania donovani, to study the effects on vector competence. the volume of the bloodmeal ingested, time of defecation of bloodmeal remnants, timing of formation and degradation of the peritroph ...201526030610
immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species.tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ...201526313460
wolbachia and the insect immune system: what reactive oxygen species can tell us about the mechanisms of wolbachia-host interactions.wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of arthropod species, making them one of the most prevalent endosymbionts in the world. wolbachia's stunning evolutionary success is mostly due to their reproductive parasitism but also to mutualistic effects such as increased host fecundity or protection against pathogens. however, the mechanisms underlying wolbachia phenotypes, both parasitic and mutualistic, are only poorly understood. moreover, it is unclear how the insect immune ...201526579107
sequence-independent characterization of viruses based on the pattern of viral small rnas produced by the host.virus surveillance in vector insects is potentially of great benefit to public health. large-scale sequencing of small and long rnas has previously been used to detect viruses, but without any formal comparison of different strategies. furthermore, the identification of viral sequences largely depends on similarity searches against reference databases. here, we developed a sequence-independent strategy based on virus-derived small rnas produced by the host response, such as the rna interference ...201526040701
genetic divergence between populations of feral and domestic forms of a mosquito disease vector assessed by transcriptomics.culex pipiens, an invasive mosquito and vector of west nile virus in the us, has two morphologically indistinguishable forms that differ dramatically in behavior and physiology. cx. pipiens form pipiens is primarily a bird-feeding temperate mosquito, while the sub-tropical cx. pipiens form molestus thrives in sewers and feeds on mammals. because the feral form can diapause during the cold winters but the domestic form cannot, the two cx. pipiens forms are allopatric in northern europe and, altho ...201525755934
arthropod vectors and disease transmission: translational aspects. 201526583380
bacterial infection and immune responses in lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly larvae midgut.the midgut microbial community in insect vectors of disease is crucial for an effective immune response against infection with various human and animal pathogens. depending on the aspects of their development, insects can acquire microbes present in soil, water, and plants. sand flies are major vectors of leishmaniasis, and shown to harbor a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. sand fly larval stages acquire microorganisms from the soil, and the abundance and distribution of ...201526154607
expression, purification, crystallization and crystallographic study of lutzomyia longipalpis ljl143.leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease with a global prevalence of over 12 million cases and 59,000 annual deaths. transmission of the parasite requires salivary proteins, including ljl143 from the new world sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. ljl143 is a known marker of sandfly exposure in zoonotic hosts. ljl143 was crystallized from soluble protein expressed using pichia pastoris. x-ray data were collected to 2.6 å resolution from orthorhombic crystals belonging to space group p2(1)2(1)2 ...201526144240
aerobic bacterial flora of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) focus.identification of the microflora of the sand fly gut and the environmental distribution of these bacteria are important components for paratransgenic control of leishmania transmission by sand flies.201525630498
identification and function analysis of enolase gene nleno1 from nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera:delphacidae).the enolase [ec 4.2.1.11] is an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-pge) to phosphoenolpyruvate (pep). in this study, a full-length cdna encoding α-enolase was cloned from rice brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens) and is provisionally designated as nleno1. the cdna sequence of nleno1 was 1,851 bp with an open reading frame (orf) of 1,305 bp and encoding 434 amino acids. the deduced protein shares high identity of 80-87% with eno1-like p ...201526056319
first report of the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in america, lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz, neiva, 1912) (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae), in southern minas gerais state, brazil. 201526611979
performance of light-emitting diode traps for collecting sand flies in entomological surveys in argentina.the performance of two light-emitting diode traps with white and black light for capturing phlebotomine sand flies, developed by the argentinean leishmaniasis research network (redila-wl and redila-bl traps), were compared with the traditional cdc incandescent light trap. entomological data were obtained from six sand fly surveys conducted in argentina in different environments. data analyses were conducted for the presence and the abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis, migonemyia migonei, and nyss ...201526611973
morphometric analysis of longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) complex populations in mato grosso do sul, brazil.owing to the existence of cryptic species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically, the search for new taxonomic characters and methods for identifying and classifying sand flies continues. lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) and lutzomyia cruzi (mangabeira, 1938) (diptera: psychodidae) are two such species that occur in sympatry in some regions of mato grosso do sul state (ms). twenty females and twenty males from each of the five populations of lu. longipalpis and one populatio ...201526334809
in vitro activity of phospholipase a2 and of peptides from crotalus durissus terrificus venom against amastigote and promastigote forms of leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi.american visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the intracellular parasite leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi, and transmitted by the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. since treatment is based on classical chemotherapeutics with significant side effects, the search for new drugs remains the greatest global challenge. thus, this in vitro study aimed to evaluate the leishmanicidal effect of crotalus durissus terrificus venom fractions on promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania (l.) infantum chaga ...201526609302
a novel molecular test to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis at the point of care.dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl) but current serological methods are not sensitive enough to detect all subclinically infected animals, which is crucial to vl control programs. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods have greater sensitivity but require expensive equipment and trained personnel, impairing its implementation in endemic areas. we developed a diagnostic test that uses isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) to detect leish ...201526240156
the shadows of a ghost: a survey of canine leishmaniasis in presidente prudente and its spatial dispersion in the western region of são paulo state, an emerging focus of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil.visceral leishmaniasis is an emerging zoonosis and its geographic distribution is restricted to tropical and temperate regions. most of the individuals infected in latin america are in brazil. despite the control measures that have been adopted, the disease is spreading throughout new regions of the country. domestic dogs are involved in the transmission cycle and are considered to be the main epidemiologic reservoir of leishmania infantum (syn. l. chagasi). our aim was to determine the prevalen ...201526503368
exosome secretion by the parasitic protozoan leishmania within the sand fly midgut.despite several studies describing the secretion of exosomes by leishmania in vitro, observation of their formation and release in vivo has remained a major challenge. herein, we show that leishmania constitutively secretes exosomes within the lumen of the sand fly midgut through a mechanism homologous to the mammalian pathway. through egestion experiments, we demonstrate that leishmania exosomes are part of the sand fly inoculum and are co-egested with the parasite during the insect's bite, pos ...201526565909
infectiousness of sylvatic and synanthropic small rodents implicates a multi-host reservoir of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.the possibility that a multi-host wildlife reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis causing human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is tested by comparative analysis of infection progression and infectiousness to sandflies in rodent host species previously shown to have high natural infection prevalences in both sylvatic or/and peridomestic habitats in close proximity to humans in northeast brazil.201526448187
clocks do not tick in unison: isolation of clock and vrille shed new light on the clockwork model of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis.behavior rhythms of insect vectors directly interfere with the dynamics of pathogen transmission to humans. the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in america and concentrates its activity around dusk. despite the accumulation of behavioral data, very little is known about the molecular bases of the clock mechanism in this species. this study aims to characterize, within an evolutionary perspective, two important circadian clock genes, clock and vrille.201526438221
correction: lutzomyia longipalpis presence and abundance distribution at different micro-spatial scales in an urban scenario. 201526407075
an insight into the sialome of the horse fly, tabanus bromius.blood feeding animals face their host's defenses against tissue injury and blood loss while attempting to feed. one adaptation to surmount these barriers involves the evolution of a salivary potion that disarms their host's inflammatory and anti-hemostatic processes. the composition of the peptide moiety of this potion, or sialome (from the greek sialo = saliva), can be deducted in part by proper interpretation of the blood feeder' sialotranscriptome. in this work we disclose the sialome of the ...201526369729
first description of migonemyia migonei (frança) and nyssomyia whitmani (antunes & coutinho) (psychodidae: phlebotominae) natural infected by leishmania infantum in argentina.leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) disease in america, with lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sandflies as its proven vectors in argentina, and infected dogs as its main urban reservoir. in puerto iguazú city (misiones province, argentina), human and canine cases of vl were recorded. additionally, in the rural area known as "2000 hectáreas", less than 10km away from the city, several human cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (tl) were registered deter ...201526409011
epidemiological aspects of vector, parasite, and domestic reservoir in areas of recent transmission and no reported human cases of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil.about 97% of the human cases of the american visceral leishmaniasis (vl) occur in brazil. in the last few years, the disease expanded to medium- and large-sized cities, in which surveillance and control actions have been intensified, in an effort to control vl spreading. our two-year study was conducted in belo horizonte, the sixth most populous city in brazil, which is endemic for vl. we focused in two particular districts of recent transmission of the disease, with no reported human cases and ...201525882769
successful isolation of leishmania infantum from rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) collected from naturally infected dogs.the main transmission route of leishmania infantum is through the bites of sand flies. however, alternative mechanisms are being investigated, such as through the bites of ticks, which could have epidemiological relevance. the objective of this work was to verify the presence of leishmania spp. in rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected from naturally infected dogs in the federal district of brazil.201526452666
antibodies to leishmania spp. in domestic felines.leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by protozoa in the genus leishmania, typical of rural and peri-urban environments. the causative agent of american visceral leishmaniasis is leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi and the main insect vector in brazil is lutzomyia longipalpis. dogs (canis familiaris) are important in the transmission of the disease, as a reservoir closely related to humans and an infection source for phlebotomine vectors. since 1990, an increasing number o ...201526689182
description of six autochthonous cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed in pedregulho (são paulo, brazil).visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious disease of chronic, emerging and zoonotic nature that presents various degrees of severity. in brazil, this illness is caused by leishmania infantum (leishmania chagasi), which is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, and dogs are its main reservoir. given the increasing spread of this disease across brazil, the aim of this study was to report on six cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis, diagnosed in june 2013, in the city of ped ...201526154962
laboratory validation of the sand fly fever virus antigen assay.sandfly fever group viruses in the genus phlebovirus (family bunyaviridae) are widely distributed across the globe and are a cause of disease in military troops and indigenous peoples. we assessed the laboratory sensitivity and specificity of the sand fly fever virus antigen assay, a rapid dipstick assay designed to detect sandfly fever naples virus (sfnv) and toscana virus (tosv) against a panel of phleboviruses. the assay detected sfnv and tosv, as well as other phleboviruses including aguacat ...201526675463
transmissibility of leishmania infantum from maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dogs (speothos venaticus) to lutzomyia longipalpis.leishmania (leishmania) infantum is the cause of visceral leishmaniasis in the americas. the disease is transmitted mostly through the bite of the invertebrate vector, the phlebotomine lutzomyia longipalpis in the new world. although the domestic dog is considered the most important reservoir of the disease, other mammalian, including wildlife, are susceptible to infection. the goal of this study was to perform xenodiagnosis to evaluate the capacity of naturally infected maned wolves (chrysocyon ...201526342623
studies on phlebotominae (diptera: psychodidae) in the campus fiocruz mata atlântica, jacarepaguá, in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil.the presence of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in the communities of the campus fiocruz mata atlântica (cfma) in the city of rio de janeiro initiated the investigation of the phlebotominae fauna in the atlantic forest to determine the occurrence of putative acl vectors associated with the enzootic cycle.201525860460
techniques to improve the maintenance of a laboratory colony of nyssomyia neivai (diptera: psychodidae).the most critical phase in sand fly colonization is the high mortality in the larval instars. in this study, we sought out strategies for improving the colonization of nyssomyia neivai, one of the vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in south america.201526276040
geographic distribution of phlebotomine sandfly species (diptera: psychodidae) in central-west brazil.this study updates the geographic distributions of phlebotomine species in central-west brazil and analyses the climatic factors associated with their occurrence. the data were obtained from the entomology services of the state departments of health in central-west brazil, scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1962-2014. ecological niche models were produced for sandfly species with more than 20 occurrences using the maxent algorithm and eight climate variables. in all, ...201526018450
survey of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in an environmentally protected area in brazil.brazil is one of the most important endemic areas for leishmaniasis worldwide. protected areas that are tourist attractions likely present an important risk of transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). furthermore, with the geographical expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), several studies have recorded the occurrence of its vector, lutzomyia longipalpis, and cases of human and canine vl in such tourist areas. the parque estadual do sumidouro is an environmentally protected area located ...201526267484
colonization of lutzomyia verrucarum and lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) by bartonella bacilliformis, the etiologic agent of carrión's disease.bartonella bacilliformis is a pathogenic bacterium transmitted to humans presumably by bites of phlebotomine sand flies, infection with which results in a bi-phasic syndrome termed carrión's disease. after constructing a low-passage gfp-labeled strain of b. bacilliformis, we artificially infected lutzomyia verrucarum and l. longipalpis populations, and subsequently monitored colonization of sand flies by fluorescence microscopy. initially, colonization of the two fly species was indistinguishabl ...201526436553
natural transmission of leishmania infantum through experimentally infected phlebotomus perniciosus highlights the virulence of leishmania parasites circulating in the human visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in madrid, spain.a human leishmaniasis outbreak is occurring in the madrid region, spain, with the parasite and vector involved being leishmania infantum and phlebotomus perniciosus respectively. the aim of this study was to investigate the virulence of l. infantum isolates from the focus using a natural transmission model. hamsters were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation (ip) or by bites of sand flies experimentally infected with l. infantum isolates obtained from p. perniciosus collected in the outbreak a ...201526645907
natural hybrid of leishmania infantum/l. donovani: development in phlebotomus tobbi, p. perniciosus and lutzomyia longipalpis and comparison with non-hybrid strains differing in tissue tropism.infection caused by parasites from l. donovani complex can manifest as a serious visceral disease or a self-healing milder cutaneous form. the different tropism and pathology in humans is caused by the interaction between parasites, host and vector determinants but the mechanisms are not well understood. in cukurova region in turkey we previously identified a major focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. donovani/infantum hybrids (cuk strain) and isolated this parasite from the locally abu ...201526608249
kinetics of anti-phlebotomus perniciosus saliva antibodies in experimentally bitten mice and rabbits.sand flies are hematophagous arthropods that act as vectors of leishmania parasites. when hosts are bitten they develop cellular and humoral responses against sand fly saliva. a positive correlation has been observed between the number of bites and antibody levels indicating that anti-saliva antibody response can be used as marker of exposure to sand flies. little is known about kinetics of antibodies against phlebotomus perniciosus salivary gland homogenate (sgh) or recombinant salivary protein ...201526569103
de novo assembly and sex-specific transcriptome profiling in the sand fly phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera, phlebotominae), a major old world vector of leishmania infantum.the phlebotomine sand fly phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera: psychodidae, phlebotominae) is a major old world vector of the protozoan leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases in humans and dogs, a worldwide re-emerging diseases of great public health concern, affecting 101 countries. despite the growing interest in the study of this sand fly species in the last years, the development of genomic resources has been limited so far. to increase the available ...201526493315
validation of recombinant salivary protein ppsp32 as a suitable marker of human exposure to phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of leishmania major in tunisia.during a blood meal, female sand flies, vectors of leishmania parasites, inject saliva into the host skin. sand fly saliva is composed of a large variety of components that exert different pharmacological activities facilitating the acquisition of blood by the insect. importantly, proteins present in saliva are able to elicit the production of specific anti-saliva antibodies, which can be used as markers for exposure to vector bites. serological tests using total sand fly salivary gland extracts ...201526368935
canine antibodies against salivary recombinant proteins of phlebotomus perniciosus: a longitudinal study in an endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis.phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of leishmania parasites. during blood feeding, sand flies deposit into the host skin immunogenic salivary proteins which elicit specific antibody responses. these anti-saliva antibodies enable an estimate of the host exposure to sand flies and, in leishmaniasis endemic areas, also the risk for leishmania infections. however, the use of whole salivary gland homogenates as antigen has several limitations, and therefore, recombinant salivary proteins have been te ...201526111018
xenodiagnosis of leishmania donovani in balb/c mice using phlebotomus orientalis: a new laboratory model.in areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (vl), the majority of infected hosts remain asymptomatic but potentially infectious to biting sand flies. their infectiousness for sand fly vectors is crucial for the transmission of the disease and can be quantified only by xenodiagnosis. however, in the case of human hosts, xenodiagnosis can be problematic for ethical and logistic reasons. the balb/c mouse model described in this paper was designed to enable xenodiagnostic studies on vl hosts circumv ...201525881258
leishmania amazonensis dna in wild females of lutzomyia cruzi (diptera: psychodidae) in the state of mato grosso do sul, brazil.studies on natural infection by leishmania spp of sandflies collected in endemic and nonendemic areas can provide important information on the distribution and intensity of the transmission of these parasites. this study sought to investigate the natural infection by leishmaniain wild female sandflies. the specimens were caught in the city of corumbá, state of mato grosso do sul (brazil) between october 2012-march 2014, and dissected to investigate flagellates and/or submitted to molecular analy ...201526602870
ecological niche modelling predicts southward expansion of lutzomyia (nyssomyia) flaviscutellata (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae), vector of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis in south america, under climate change.vector borne diseases are susceptible to climate change because distributions and densities of many vectors are climate driven. the amazon region is endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis and is predicted to be severely impacted by climate change. recent records suggest that the distributions of lutzomyia (nyssomyia) flaviscutellata and the parasite it transmits, leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, are expanding southward, possibly due to climate change, and sometimes associated with new human inf ...201526619186
natural infection of phlebotomines (diptera: psychodidae) by leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis in an area of ecotourism in central-western brazil.bonito municipality, known as an area of ecoturism, in mato grosso do sul state, brazil, is also a focus of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases, with cases registered in both human and canine populations. this study sought to investigate natural infection by flagellate forms of leishmania in phlebotomines of the urban area of bonito.201526435708
the biting midge culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) is capable of developing late stage infections of leishmania enriettii.despite their importance in animal and human health, the epidemiology of species of the leishmania enriettii complex remains poorly understood, including the identity of their biological vectors. biting midges of the genus forcipomyia (lasiohelea) have been implicated in the transmission of a member of the l. enriettii complex in australia, but the far larger and more widespread genus culicoides has not been investigated for the potential to include vectors to date.201526367424
molecular detection of leishmania in phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) from a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus atxakriabá indigenous reserve, brazil.autochthonous cases of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) have been reported since 2001 in the xakriabá indigenous reserve located in the municipality of são joão das missões in northern minas gerais state, brazil. in order to study the presence of leishmania dna in phlebotomine sand flies, six entomological collections were carried out from july 2008 through july 2009, using 40 light traps placed in peridomicile areas of 20 randomly selected houses. from october 2011 through august 2012, an ...201525853254
dna barcoding of neotropical sand flies (diptera, psychodidae, phlebotominae): species identification and discovery within brazil.dna barcoding has been an effective tool for species identification in several animal groups. here, we used dna barcoding to discriminate between 47 morphologically distinct species of brazilian sand flies. dna barcodes correctly identified approximately 90% of the sampled taxa (42 morphologically distinct species) using clustering based on neighbor-joining distance, of which four species showed comparatively higher maximum values of divergence (range 4.23-19.04%), indicating cryptic diversity. ...201526506007
spatial distribution of sand fly vectors and eco-epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in colombia.leishmania is transmitted by phlebotominae insects that maintain the enzootic cycle by circulating between sylvatic and domestic mammals; humans enter the cycles as accidental hosts due to the vector's search for blood source. in colombia, leishmaniasis is an endemic disease and 95% of all cases are cutaneous (cl), these cases have been reported in several regions of the country where the intervention of sylvatic areas by the introduction of agriculture seem to have an impact on the rearrangemen ...201526431546
phenotypic and genotypic variations among three allopatric populations of lutzomyia umbratilis, main vector of leishmania guyanensis.in south america, lutzomyia umbratilis is the main vector of leishmania guyanensis, one of the species involved in the transmission of american tegumentary leishmaniasis. in brazil, l. umbratilis has been recorded in the amazon region, and in the state of pernambuco, northeastern region, where an isolated population has been identified. this study assessed the phylogeographic structure and size and shape differences of the wing of three brazilian populations.201526338469
an ecological study of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in the vicinity of lençóis maranhenses national park, maranhão, brazil.the lençóis maranhenses national park, located in maranhão, brazil, is a region of exceptional beauty and a popular tourist destination. the adjoining area has suffered from the impact of human activity and, consequently, has experienced outbreaks of leishmaniasis. this study aimed to evaluate the composition, abundance, species richness and seasonal distribution of sand flies in the region and to determine the constancy of the insect population.201526315017
comparison of the phlebotomine (diptera: psychodidae) fauna of urban, transitional, and wild areas in northern minas gerais, brazil.phlebotomines are directly related to the study of leishmaniases, and so the study of their distribution plays an important role in the epidemiology of these diseases. collections of phlebotomines were made with the intent of comparing the distribution, richness, diversity, and abundance of species in three distinct environments in an area endemic for tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in minas gerais state, brazil.201526286135
lutzomyia longipalpis presence and abundance distribution at different micro-spatial scales in an urban scenario.the principal objective of this study was to assess a modeling approach to lu. longipalpis distribution in an urban scenario, discriminating micro-scale landscape variables at microhabitat and macrohabitat scales and the presence from the abundance of the vector. for this objective, we studied vectors and domestic reservoirs and evaluated different environmental variables simultaneously, so we constructed a set of 13 models to account for micro-habitats, macro-habitats and mixed-habitats. we cap ...201526274318
an integrated approach using spatial analysis to study the risk factors for leishmaniasis in area of recent transmission.some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of formiga, brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. the most captured species included lutzomyia longipalpis (35.3%), lutzomyia cortelezzii (33.5%), and lutzomyia whitmani (18.3%). a significant correlation bet ...201526229961
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