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serological evidence of exposure to globally relevant zoonotic parasites in the estonian population.we investigated estonian population and its selected subgroups for serological evidence of exposure to ascaris lumbricoides, echinococcus spp., taenia solium, toxocara canis, toxoplasma gondii, and trichinella spiralis. serum samples from 999 adults representing general population, 248 children aged 14-18, 158 veterinarians, 375 animal caretakers, and 144 hunters were tested for specific immunoglobulin g antibodies against the selected parasites using commercial enzyme immunoassays (elisa). sera ...201627723790
trichinella spiralis: adaptation and parasitism.publication of the genome from the clade i organism, trichinella spiralis, has provided us an avenue to address more holistic problems in parasitology; namely the processes of adaptation and the evolution of parasitism. parasitism among nematodes has evolved in multiple, independent events. deciphering processes that drive species diversity and adaptation are keys to understanding parasitism and advancing control strategies. studies have been put forth on morphological and physiological aspects ...201627425574
oral vaccination with attenuated salmonella typhimurium-delivered tspmy dna vaccine elicits protective immunity against trichinella spiralis in balb/c mice.our previous studies showed that trichinella spiralis paramyosin (tspmy) is an immunomodulatory protein that inhibits complement c1q and c8/c9 to evade host complement attack. vaccination with recombinant tspmy protein induced protective immunity against t. spiralis larval challenge. due to the difficulty in producing tspmy as a soluble recombinant protein, we prepared a dna vaccine as an alternative approach in order to elicit a robust immunity against trichinella infection.201627589591
anti-arthritic activity of schistosoma mansoni and trichinella spiralis derived-antigens in adjuvant arthritis in rats: role of foxp3+ treg cells.a growing body of evidence supports the concept of helminths therapy in a variety of autoimmune diseases. here, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of autoclaved schistosoma mansoni antigen (asma) and trichinella spiralis antigen (atsa) on the clinical and immunopathological features of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). adjuvant arthritis was induced by subcutaneous and intradermal injections of complete freund's adjuvant into the plantar surface of the right hind paw and the root of the tai ...201627802332
endemicity of zoonotic diseases in pigs and humans in lowland and upland lao pdr: identification of socio-cultural risk factors.in lao people's democratic republic pigs are kept in close contact with families. human risk of infection with pig zoonoses arises from direct contact and consumption of unsafe pig products. this cross-sectional study was conducted in luang prabang (north) and savannakhet (central-south) provinces. a total of 59 villages, 895 humans and 647 pigs were sampled and serologically tested for zoonotic pathogens including: hepatitis e virus (hev), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and trichinella spira ...201627070428
hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with trichinella spp. in wildlife.nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. hunting activities play an important role in trichinella spp.201626984402
serine proteases of parasitic helminths.serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. a number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. in this review, we de ...201525748703
demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california.american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ...201525700042
draft genome of neurotropic nematode parasite angiostrongylus cantonensis, causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a bursate nematode parasite that causes eosinophilic meningitis (or meningoencephalitis) in humans in many parts of the world. the genomic data from a. cantonensis will form a useful resource for comparative genomic and chemogenomic studies to aid the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. we have sequenced, assembled and annotated the genome of a. cantonensis. the genome size is estimated to be ∼260 mb, with 17,280 genomic scaffolds, 91x coverage, 81.45% for ...201525910624
characterisation of a high-frequency gene encoding a strongly antigenic cystatin-like protein from trichinella spiralis at its early invasion stage.the intestinal phase is the early invasion stage of trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis), in which muscle larvae invade intestine epithelial cells and then develop into adult worms to breed newborn larvae. thus, intestinal infective larvae are first exposed to the immune system of the host, and antigens from the worms may be the earliest marker in the diagnosis of trichinellosis and may contribute to vaccine development to prevent trichinella infections in pigs.201525653126
molecular identification and characterization of trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7.previous study showed that trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7 (tspst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml), which was screened by using suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) and confirmed by real-time pcr. tspst may be related to the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (iecs). the aim of this study was to identify tspst and to investigate its immune protection against intestinal t. spiralis infection.201525582125
phylum-level conservation of regulatory information in nematodes despite extensive non-coding sequence divergence.gene regulatory information guides development and shapes the course of evolution. to test conservation of gene regulation within the phylum nematoda, we compared the functions of putative cis-regulatory sequences of four sets of orthologs (unc-47, unc-25, mec-3 and elt-2) from distantly-related nematode species. these species, caenorhabditis elegans, its congeneric c. briggsae, and three parasitic species meloidogyne hapla, brugia malayi, and trichinella spiralis, represent four of the five maj ...201526020930
genome mining offers a new starting point for parasitology research.parasites including helminthes, protozoa, and medical arthropod vectors are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting one-sixth of the world's population, which are responsible for enormous levels of morbidity and mortality important and remain impediments to economic development especially in tropical countries. prevalent drug resistance, lack of highly effective and practical vaccines, as well as specific and sensitive diagnostic markers are proving to be challenging problems in p ...201525563615
occurrence and prevalence of selected zoonotic agents: echinococcus multilocularis, trichinella spiralis and hepatitis e virus (hev) in the population of polish hunters--results of the study conducted in 2010-2012.in poland the development of the knowledge concerning zoonotic pathogens, of which free-living animals are the reservoir of is gaining in importance both in epidemiological aspect as well as in the context of prevention for improving public health. dietary habits such as the consumption of forest undergrowth products and wild game meat, and the way of those products being prepared (in the process of barbequing) pose a risk factors of infection with the foodborne pathogens such as echinococcus mu ...201527139343
evaluation of newly isolated probiotics in the protection against experimental intestinal trichinellosis.the potential use of probiotics in controlling enteric infections has generated tremendous interest in the last decade. the protective efficacy of seven oral doses of two newly isolated egyptian probiotic strains; lactobacillus acidophilus p110 (l. acidophilus) and lactobacillus plantarum p164 (l. plantarum) versus lactobacillus casei atcc 7469 (l. casei) - against experimental intestinal trichinellosis - was assessed via parasitological, immunological and histopathological parameters, after ver ...201526386829
properties of phosphorylated thymidylate synthase.thymidylate synthase (ts) may undergo phosphorylation endogenously in mammalian cells, and as a recombinant protein expressed in bacterial cells, as indicated by the reaction of purified enzyme protein with pro-q® diamond phosphoprotein gel stain (pgs). with recombinant human, mouse, rat, trichinella spiralis and caenorhabditis elegans tss, expressed in escherichia coli, the phosphorylated, compared to non-phosphorylated recombinant enzyme forms, showed a decrease in vmax(app), bound their cogna ...201526315778
immunoproteomic profile of trichinella spiralis adult worm proteins recognized by early infection sera.trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is regarded as an emerging or reemerging disease. effective treatment and prognosis of trichinellosis depends on early diagnosis of the infection. the objective of this study was to identify sensitive and specific antigens for early diagnosis or effective vaccine antigens for preventing infection.201525582511
characterization of a trichinella spiralis 31 kda protein and its potential application for the serodiagnosis of trichinellosis.the trichinella spiralis 31 kda protein (ts31) was screened from the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of muscle larvae (ml) by immunoproteomics using serum from mice infected with t. spiralis at 18 days post infection (dpi). the aim of this study was to characterize the ts31 protein and to evaluate the potential of the recombinant ts31 protein (rts31) for serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. ts31 gene was cloned and rts31 was produced in an e. coli expression system. an anti-rts31serum recogn ...201525447831
a physicochemical and pharmacological study of the newly synthesized complex of albendazole and the polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch wood.inclusion complexes of albendazole (abz) with the polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch wood larix sibirica and larix gmelinii were synthesized using a solid-state mechanochemical technology. we investigated physicochemical properties of the synthesized complexes in the solid state and in aqueous solutions as well as their anthelmintic activity against trichinella spiralis, hymenolepis nаna, fasciola hepatica, opisthorchis felineus, and mixed nematodoses of sheep. formation of the complexes ...201525981412
selective nematocidal effects of essential oils from two cultivated artemisia absinthium populations.essential oils (eos) obtained from two crops and populations of thujone-free cultivated artemisia absinthium were tested against two nematode models, the mammalian parasite trichinella spiralis, and the plant parasitic root knot nematode meloidogyne javanica. the eos were characterized by the presence of (z)-epoxyocimene and chrysanthenol as major components and showed time and population dependent quantitative and qualitative variations in composition. the eos showed a strong ex vivo activity a ...201526444350
parasites transmitted to human by ingestion of different types of meat, el-minia city, el-minia governorate, egypt.meat-borne parasites are sarcocystis species, toxoplasma gondii, taenia saginata, taenia solium and trichinella spiralis. a total of 300 animals including 100 cattle, 100 goat, and 100 pigs, slaughtered in el-minia governmental slaughterhouses. from each animal, five samples were taken from different muscles (esophageal, tongue and cardiac) and different organs (liver and brain). meat samples were examined macroscopic and microscopic (direct, homogenization and h&e staining) for detection of the ...201526939246
toxocara canis, trichinella spiralis and taenia solium helminthozoonoses: seroprevalence among selected populations in north india.helminthozoonoses are being considered as a research priority in india and many other tropical and subtropical countries. taenia solium and trichinella spiralis are emerging public health and food safety issues in the country and the developing world. the asymptomatic ta. solium carriers act as important risk for neurocysticercosis, leading to adult onset epilepsy in the country. human toxocariasis is another common zoonosis which occurs due to larvae of toxocara canis or t. cati. the current st ...201526345057
genetic evidence of interspecies introgression of mitochondrial genomes between trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi under natural conditions.trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by trichinella muscle larvae (ml) through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. to date, 12 taxa are recognized in this genus, of which four are circulating in europe (trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis). t. spiralis and t. britovi circulate in european wildlife and occur simultaneously in the same host species. the possibility of hybrid formation between t. britovi and t. spiralis has hardly be ...201526458526
a large-scale study of the trichinella genus in the golden jackal (canis aureus) population in serbia.over the last decades the golden jackal (canis aureus) has significantly expanded its range throughout southeast and central europe, and the balkan peninsula is considered to be a core area of the species distribution in this part of the range. due to its increasing number, ability of long distance movement through a wide range of landscapes and opportunistic feeding habits, the golden jackal may represent an important reservoir and transmitter of a variety of zoonotic agents, including parasite ...201526260409
new insights into the molecular epidemiology of trichinella infection in domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears in romania.trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode trichinella, characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. in romania, it is recognized as one of the most serious zoonotic diseases. a cross-sectional study, covering all regions of romania, was conducted in 2014 to investigate and update the prevalence of trichinella infection among domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears. additional, molecular identification of trichinella species circulating ...201526238657
trichinella pseudospiralis in the iberian peninsula.nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites circulating in most continents, including europe. in spain, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are highly prevalent in wildlife but seldom in domestic pigs. in portugal, only t. britovi was documented in wild carnivores. in the period 2006-2013 in spain, 384 (0.0001%) pigs and 1399 (0.20%) wild boars (sus scrofa) were positive for trichinella spp. larvae, which were identified as t. spiralis or t. britovi. in 2014, trichine ...201525913596
[analysis of the diagnostic efficiency of excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis and trichinella nativa with sera from rats experimentally infected with arctic trichinella, by using elisa].the diagnostic efficiency of excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis and trichinella nativa with sera from wistar rats experimentally infected with arctic trichinella was comparatively tested. trichinella derived from the muscles of wild carnivorous mammals inhabiting the biocenoses of chukotka were used to infest animals and to obtain the antigen. there was a considerable excess of the effectiveness of enzyme immunoassay when the antigen derived from t. native larvae was used to an ...201523088143
eosinophils and il-4 support nematode growth coincident with an innate response to tissue injury.it has become increasingly clear that the functions of eosinophils extend beyond host defense and allergy to metabolism and tissue regeneration. these influences have strong potential to be relevant in worm infections in which eosinophils are prominent and parasites rely on the host for nutrients to support growth or reproduction. the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the observation that eosinophils promote growth of trichinella spiralis larvae in skeletal muscle. ou ...201526720604
trichinella spiralis paramyosin binds human complement c1q and inhibits classical complement activation.trichinella spiralis expresses paramyosin (ts-pmy) as a defense mechanism. ts-pmy is a functional protein with binding activity to human complement c8 and c9 and thus plays a role in evading the attack of the host's immune system. in the present study, the binding activity of ts-pmy to human complement c1q and its ability to inhibit classical complement activation were investigated.201526720603
molecular characterization of a cathepsin f-like protease in trichinella spiralis.trichinellosis is a re-emerging infectious disease, caused by trichinella spp. cathepsin f belongs to cysteine protease that is a major virulence factor for parasitic helminths, and it may be a potential anti-helminth drug target and vaccine candidate. the aim of this study was to clone, express and identify a cathepsin f-like protease in trichinella spiralis and to investigate its biochemical characteristics.201526692208
effect of myrrh and thyme on trichinella spiralis enteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice.trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. we aimed to assess the effect of myrrh (commiphora molmol) and, for the first time, thyme (thymus vulgaris l.) against enteral and encysted (parenteral) phases of trichinella spiralis in mice compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (7 ...201526676322
[inhibitory effect of the excretory/scretory proteins of trichinella spiralis on proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cell line].human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cell line were cultured with different concentrations of excretory/secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis, and mtt assay was used to evaluate the cell inhibition rate. after co-cultured with 300 µg/ml excretory/secretory proteins for 24 h, the hepg2 cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope with ao and eb staining. when co-cultured with 75 µg/ml excretory/secretory proteins for 24 h, the hepg2 cells were quantified by flow cytometry using anne ...201526672230
comparative studies between four chemicals for long-term preservation of trichinella spiralis larvae's.a comparative evaluation of four conservation chemicals (96% ethanol, 1% sodium benzoate, 10% formalin and glycerol), used to preserve trichinella spiralis larvae's over 120 days, was performed. the results obtained after conservation with 96% ethanol, 1% sodium benzoate and glycerol showed no statistically significant differences in both the shape and the diameter in coiled trichinella spiralis larvae's over the tested period. additional advantage of glycerol as conservation liquid toward forma ...201526623364
trichinella spiralis: mere co-existence or carcinogenic parasite for oral squamous cell carcinoma?trichinella spiralis is a parasite which is usually seen in pork-eaters. most of the trichinosis infections cause little or no symptoms. we report a rare case of a middle aged north indian male who presented with a painless ulcer in right buccal mucosa which was biopsied and reported as squamous cell carcinoma. wide local excision was done subsequently which showed encysted larvae of trichinella spiralis in the deeper skeletal muscle bundles. this article supports the carcinogenic potential of t ...201526557527
impact of the alterations in the interstitial cells of cajal on intestinal motility in post-infection irritable bowel syndrome.the interstitial cells of cajal (icc) are basic components of gastrointestinal motility. however, changes in icc and their role in post‑infection irritable bowel syndrome (pi‑ibs) remain to be elucidated. to observe the impact of alterations in the icc on intestinal motility in a pi‑ibs mouse model, female c57bl\6 mice were infected by the oral administration of 400 trichinella spiralis larvae. the abdominal withdrawal reflex, intestine transportation time (itt), grain numbers, bristol scores, w ...201525484117
immunomodulatory effects of trichinella spiralis-derived excretory-secretory antigens.helminth-derived products, either released into the circulation during the course of the infection or isolated after in vitro cultivation of the parasite and applied by the injection, are able to suppress the host immune response to autoantigens and allergens, but mechanisms could differ. prophylactic application of trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory muscle larvae (es l1) products ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) with the same success as infection did. however, a ...201525616617
trichinella spiralis newborn larvae: characterization of a stage specific serine proteinase expression, nbl1, using monoclonal antibodies.trichinella spiralis is an intracellular parasitic nematode of mammalian skeletal muscle, causing a serious zoonotic disease in humans and showing a high economic impact mainly in pig breeding. serine proteinases of t. spiralis play important roles in the host-parasite interactions mediating host invasion. in this study, we have focused on newborn larvae (nbl-1), the first identified serine proteinase from the nbl stage of t. spiralis. five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against the c-ter ...201525597315
the immature stages of dermestes maculatus, sarcophaga sp. and phaenicia sericata as potential paratenic hosts for trichinella spiralis in nature.the role of some insect populations in the transmission of trichinella sp. has been demonstrated. however, most of the studies have been conducted under controlled conditions which may influence the real role that they could play as a paratenic host in nature. to enlight this issue, a series of studies to determine the infective capability of the muscle larva of trichinella spiralis recovered from immature stages of insect populations that fed on infected tissues exposed to natural conditions we ...201525346194
preinduction of heat shock protein 70 protects mice against post-infection irritable bowel syndrome via nf-κb and nos/no signaling pathways.this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of preinduction of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) on trichinella spiralis infection-induced post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) in mice. trichinella spiralis infection significantly reduced hsp70 abundance, ileal villus height and crypt depth, expression of tight junctions, serum lysine and arginine concentrations, and ileal scl7a6 and scl7a7 mrna levels, induced inflammatory response, and activated nf-κb signaling pathway. mean ...201526215736
the red fox (vulpes vulpes) plays a minor role in the epidemiology of the domestic cycle of trichinella in romania.nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites with a worldwide distribution. the majority of the biomass of these nematodes circulates among wildlife, but when humans fail in the proper management of domestic animals and wildlife, trichinella infections are transmitted from the sylvatic to the domestic environment. such failures occur in romania, where a high prevalence of trichinella spiralis has been detected in domestic pigs. the aim of the present study was to provide data a ...201526185060
comparative proteomic analysis of surface proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and intestinal infective larvae.the critical step for trichinella spiralis infection is that muscle larvae (ml) are activated to intestinal infective larvae (iil) and invade intestinal epithelium to further develop. the iil is its first invasive stage, surface proteins are directly exposed to host environment and are crucial for larval invasion and development. in this study, shotgun lc-ms/ms was used to analyze surface protein profiles of ml and iil. totally, 41 proteins common to both larvae, and 85 ml biased and 113 iil bia ...201526184560
sleep deprivation induces changes in immunity in trichinella spiralis-infected rats.sleep is considered an important predictor of immunity. a lack of sleep may reduce immunity, which increases susceptibility to any type of infection. moreover, sleep deprivation in humans produces changes in both, the percent of circulating immune cells (t cells and nk cells) and cytokine levels (il-1, ifnγ, tnφ-αα, il-6 and il-17). the aim of our study was to investigate whether sleep deprivation produces deregulation on immune variables during the immune response generated against the helminth ...201526157345
necrosis and apoptosis in trichinella spiralis-mediated tumour reduction.it is known that infection with different pathogens, including helminths, can alter the progression of malignant or other diseases. we studied the effect of chronic trichinella spiralis infection or muscle larvae excretory-secretory (es l1) antigens on the malignant tumour growth in the mouse melanoma model system in vivo and in vitro. our results confirmed that chronic infection with t. spiralis possesses the capacity to slow down the progression of tumour growth, resulting in an impressive red ...201526155183
secretory products of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and immunomodulation: implication for autoimmune diseases, allergies, and malignancies.trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself "at home" by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. from this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (es l1). those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing ...201526114122
outbreak of trichinellosis due to wild boar meat and evaluation of the effectiveness of post exposure prophylaxis, germany, 2013.food safety authorities discovered that wild boar meat products contaminated with trichinella spiralis had entered the food chain in germany in march 2013. public health authorities issued guidelines for health professionals including post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) using mebendazole and advised the public to seek medical advice if exposed. our objective was to identify factors associated with the development of trichinellosis and to evaluate post exposure prophylaxis.201525770171
induction of protection in murine experimental models against trichinella spiralis: an up-to-date review.the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis, an aetiological agent of the disease known as trichinellosis, infects wild and domestic animals through contaminated pig meat, which is the major source for trichinella transmission. prevention of this disease by interrupting parasite transmission includes vaccine development for livestock; however, major challenges to this strategy are the complexity of the t. spiralis life cycle, diversity of stage-specific antigens, immune-evasion strategies and th ...201525761655
biochemical and functional characterization of the glutathione s-transferase from trichinella spiralis.glutathione-s-transferase (gst) is a family of multifunctional enzymes catalyzing detoxification reactions. our previous study showed that trichinella spiralis gst (tsgst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml) and vaccination of mice with rtsgst displayed a partial protection against challenge infection. the purified rtsgst showed the maximum enzymatic activity at ph 6.5 and 40 °c. the enzymatic k m values for gsh and cdnb were 457 and 1 ...201525758588
trichinella spiralis: low vaccine potential of glutathione s-transferase against infections in mice.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis glutathione-s-transferase (tsgst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml). in this study, the tsgst gene was cloned, and recombinant tsgst (rtsgst) was produced. anti-rtsgst serum recognized the native tsgst by western blotting in crude antigens of ml, adult worm (aw) and newborn larvae (nbl) of t. spiralis, but not in ml excretory-secretory (es) antigens. expression of tsgst was observ ...201525757368
oral vaccination of mice with trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella elicited protective immunity.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and the vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) produced a partial protective immunity against challenge infection in mice. in this study, the full-length cdna sequence of tsnd gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pcdna3.1, and the recombinant tsnd dna was transformed into attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain ⊿cyasl1344. oral immunizati ...201525733024
treatment with recombinant trichinella spiralis cathepsin b-like protein ameliorates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by promoting a switch from m1 to m2 macrophages.intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injury, in which macrophages play a key role, can cause high morbidity and mortality. the switch from classically (m1) to alternatively (m2) activated macrophages, which is dependent on the activation of stat6 signaling, has been shown to protect organs from i/r injuries. in the current study, the effects of recombinant trichinella spiralis cathepsin b-like protein (rtscpb) on intestinal i/r injury and the potential mechanism related to macrophage phenotypes ...201525987744
proteomic analysis of potential immunoreactive proteins from muscle larvae and adult worms of trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected pigs.the present study was undertaken to identify potentially immunoreactive proteins of the muscle larvae (ml) and adult stage (ad) of the nematode trichinella spiralis owen, 1835. to identify immunoreactive proteins that are specifically recognised by anti-trichinella antibodies, ml and ad crude extracts and their excretory-secretory (e-s) products were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblot with serum samples from pigs experimentally infect ...201525960566
protective immunity against trichinella spiralis infection induced by tsnd vaccine in mice.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) produced a partial protective immunity. the aim of this study was to investigate the immune protection induced by tsnd dna vaccine.201525889976
changes of cytokine levels in a mouse model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder. post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) is caused by an acute gastrointestinal infection preceding the onset of symptoms. however, the pathophysiology of pi-ibs is not clear, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the probable immune mechanisms of pi-ibs.201525886744
[immunochemical properties of the excretory-secretory antigen of trichinella spiralis].in vitro cultivation of trichinella spiralis provided data on the structure of somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of t. spiralis larvae, their immunochemical properties were studied. the findings suggest that work should be continued to produce monoclonal antibodies and to develop highly sensitive and specific elisa test systems for the diagnosis of human and animal trichinosis.201525850317
trichinellosis in vietnam.trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. the aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five outbreaks of trichinellosis, which affected ethnic minorities living in remote mountainous areas of northwestern vietnam from 1970 to 2012. trichinellosis was diagnosed in 126 patients, of which 11 (8.7%) were hospitalized and 8 (6.3%) died. all infected people had consumed raw pork from backyard and roaming pigs or wild boar at wedding, ...201525846295
mast cell-dependent mesenteric afferent activation by mucosal supernatant from different bowel segments of guinea pigs with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.mesenteric afferent nerves (mans) play a pivotal role in the visceral-nociceptive perception. inappropriate activation of mans may be involved in the pathogenesis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. we assessed the effects of mucosal mediators from different bowel segments of guinea pigs with pi-ibs on man firing and the role of mast cells.201525843076
changes in epithelial barrier function in response to parasitic infection: implications for ibd pathogenesis.mast cells [mcs] are implicated in epithelial barrier alterations that characterize inflammatory and functional bowel disorders. in this study, we describe mast cell proteinases [chymases and tryptases] and tight junction [tj] proteins kinetics in a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction.201525820018
efficacy of albendazole:β-cyclodextrin citrate in the parenteral stage of trichinella spiralis infection.albendazole-β-cyclodextrin citrate (abz:c-β-cd) inclusion complex in vivo antiparasitic activity was evaluated in the parenteral phase of trichinella spiralis infection in mice. an equimolar complex of abz:c-β-cd was prepared by spray-drying and tested in cbi-ige male mice orally infected with l1 infective larvae. infected animals were treated with 50 or 30mg/kg albendazole, (abz) equivalent amounts of the abz:c-β-cd complex and non treated (controls). mice received a daily dose on days 28, 29 a ...201525790725
increased vglut3 involved in visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome.to investigate the activity of vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (vglut3) in a visceral hyperalgesia rat model of irritable bowel syndrome, and the role of mast cells (mcs).201525780293
early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by elisa using excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis adult worms.the excretory-secretory (es) antigens of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis. their main disadvantage for the detection of anti-trichinella igg is false-negative results during the early stage of infection. additionally, there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology.201526394626
increased sialylation as a phenomenon in accommodation of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835) in skeletal muscle fibres.the biology of sialic acids has been an object of interest in many models of acquired and inherited skeletal muscle pathology. the present study focuses on the sialylation changes in mouse skeletal muscle after invasion by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835). asynchronous infection with t. spiralis was induced in mice that were sacrificed at different time points of the muscle phase of the disease. the amounts of free sialic acid, sialylated glycoproteins and total sialyltra ...201526373236
new diagnostic antigens for early trichinellosis: the excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae.the excretory-secretory (es) antigens from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, but anti-trichinella igg antibodies cannot be detected until 2-3 weeks after infection; there is an obvious window period between trichinella infection and antibody positivity. intestinal infective larvae (iil) are the first invasive stage during trichinella infection, and their es antigens are firstly exposed to the immune system and might be the ...201526342828
toll-like receptor gene expression during trichinella spiralis infection.in trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper t (th2) cell-related and regulatory t (treg) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. in order to clarify which toll-like receptors (tlrs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse tlr genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during t. spiralis infection. in addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to th2 and treg cell media ...201526323841
partially protective immunity induced by a 20 kda protein secreted by trichinella spiralis stichocytes.trichinella spiralis infection induces protective immunity against re-infection in animal models. identification of the antigens eliciting acquired immunity during infection is important for vaccine development against trichinella infection and immunodiagnosis.201526288365
[in vitro killing of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by exogenous nitric oxide from snp].to study the lethal effect of exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (snp) on the muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis in vitro cultivation.201526263778
the sirna-mediated silencing of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase results in reduction of larval infectivity.previous studies showed that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and vaccination of mice with rtsnd or tsnd dna produced a partial protective immunity against t. spiralis infection. in this study, three tsnd specific small interfering rna (sirna) were designed to silence the expression of tsnd in t. spiralis larvae. sirnas were delivered to the larvae by electroporation. silencing effect of tsnd transcription and expression was determined by r ...201526231837
characterization and functional analysis of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase.trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) was identified by screening a t7 phage display cdna library from t. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (iil), and vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) or tsnd dna vaccine produced a partial protective immunity. the aim of this study was to identify the characteristics and biological functions of tsnd in the process of invasion and development of t. spiralis larvae. transcription and expression of tsnd gene at all developmental st ...201526545353
cloning, identification, and bioinformatics analysis of a putative aquaporin tsaqp from trichinella spiralis.vaccination as a preventative strategy against trichinella spiralis infection is an ongoing effort, although no ideal vaccine candidates have been identified until now. identification of more effective antigens that have a role in essential life stages of the parasite and that may be effective vaccine candidates is therefore of importance. in the present study, we identified a novel aquaporin gene (tsaqp) from t. spiralis, and the potential antigenicity of tsaqp was evaluated by epitope predicti ...201526505421
molecular differentiation of trichinella spiralis, t. pseudospiralis, t. papuae and t. zimbabwensis by pyrosequencing.nematodes of the genus trichinella which infect wildlife and domestic animals show a cosmopolitan distribution. these zoonotic parasites are the aetiological agents of a severe human disease, trichinellosis. twelve taxa are recognized in the trichinella genus, but they cannot be identified by morphology since they are sibling species/genotypes. for epidemiological studies, it is extremely important to identify each taxon since they have different distribution areas and host ranges. in the presen ...201523663306
eosinophils mediate protective immunity against secondary nematode infection.eosinophils are versatile cells that regulate innate and adaptive immunity, influence metabolism and tissue repair, and contribute to allergic lung disease. within the context of immunity to parasitic worm infections, eosinophils are prominent yet highly varied in function. we have shown previously that when mice undergo primary infection with the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis, eosinophils play an important immune regulatory role that promotes larval growth and survival in skeletal mus ...201525429065
trichinella spiralis: killing of newborn larvae by lung cells.the migratory stage of trichinella spiralis, the newborn larva (nbl), travels along the pulmonary microvascular system on its way to the skeletal muscle cells. the present work studies the capability of lung cells to kill nbl. for this purpose, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed using nbl, lung cell suspensions from wistar rats, rat anti-nbl surface sera, and fresh serum as complement source. the cytotoxic activity of lung cells from rats infected on day 6 p.i. was compared with that fr ...201525416332
characterization of albendazole-randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and in vivo evaluation of its antihelmitic activity in a murine model of trichinellosis.albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate extensively used in oral chemotherapy against intestinal parasites, due to its broad spectrum activity, good tolerance and low cost. however, the drug has the disadvantage of poor bioavailability due to its very low solubility in water; as a consequence, a very active area of research focuses on the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to increase its solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. the primary objective of this study was to p ...201425406084
trichinella infection in wild boars and synanthropic rats in northwest vietnam.trichinellosis is an emerging parasitic zoonosis in north vietnam. in this survey, hunted and farm-bred wild boars as well as synanthropic rats were sampled in two provinces of northwest vietnam where outbreaks of trichinellosis have recently occurred. evidence of trichinella infection was studied by parasitological, serological and molecular methods. the results showed relatively low prevalence of trichinella spiralis in hunted wild boars (2/62 (3.2%; 95% ci: 0.8- 4.8)) and rats (23/820 (2.8%; ...201424360291
myeloid-derived suppressor cells enhance ige-mediated mast cell responses.mast cells and mdscs are increased by parasitic infection and tumor growth. we previously demonstrated that enhanced mdsc development in adam10 transgenic mice yielded resistance to nb infection and that coculturing mdscs and mast cells enhanced cytokine production. in the current work, we show that mdsc-mast cell coculture selectively enhances ige-mediated cytokine secretion among mast cells, without increasing mdsc cytokine production. this effect was independent of cell contact and elicited b ...201424338630
interactions between trichinella spiralis infection and induced colitis in mice.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic relapsing inflammation afflicting any part of the bowel wall as a result of a deregulated and inappropriate immune response. in recent years, experimental and clinical evidence has demonstrated that infection with parasitic worms could protect hosts from ibd. the aims of this study were to determine if the underlying mechanism of the host immune regulation inherent to trichinella spiralis infection involves foxp3-expressing regulatory t cells, and to ...201423402295
mast cell chymase degrades the alarmins heat shock protein 70, biglycan, hmgb1, and interleukin-33 (il-33) and limits danger-induced inflammation.during infection and tissue damage, virulence factors and alarmins are pro-inflammatory and induce activation of various immune cells including macrophages and mast cells (mcs). activated mcs instantly release preformed inflammatory mediators, including several proteases. the chymase mouse mast cell protease (mcpt)-4 is thought to be pro-inflammatory, whereas human chymase also degrades pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that chymase instead limits inflammation. here we explored the contribu ...201424257755
synthesis of modified trichinella spiralis disaccharide epitopes and a comparison of their recognition by chemical mapping and saturation transfer difference nmr.a rat monoclonal antibody 9d4 raised against the cell surface n-glycan of the parasite trichinella spirallis protects rats against further infection. the terminal disaccharide β-d-tyvp(1→3)β-d-galnacp (2) represents the immunodominant portion of the antigenic determinant. chemical mapping of the antibody binding site by functional group modification employing monodeoxy and mono-o-methyl congeners identified key polar contacts and topography of the bound disaccharide. we report here a comparison ...201424239604
identification of surface proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using immunoproteomics.trichinella spiralis surface proteins are directly exposed to the host's immune system, making them the main target antigens which induce the immune responses and may play an important role in the larval invasion and development process. the analysis and characterization of t. spiralis surface proteins could provide useful information to elucidate the host-parasite interaction, identify the early diagnostic antigens and the targets for vaccine. the purpose of this study was to identify the surfa ...201425776583
consumption of untested pork contributed to over two-thousand clinical cases of human trichinellosis in romania.trichinellosis is an important zoonosis that is difficult to diagnose and that can lead to disability, death and economic losses for the meat processing industry. the outbreaks are related to the consumption of insufficiently cooked pork containing larvae of trichinella spiralis (owen, 1833). here, we describe epidemiological features of the disease in a region where incidence rates are typically elevated (brasov county, romania). our descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study spanned a pe ...201425651698
protective immunity against enteral stages of trichinella spiralis elicited in mice by live attenuated salmonella vaccine that secretes a 30-mer parasite epitope fused to the molecular adjuvant c3d-p28.the development of a veterinary vaccine against t. spiralis infection is an alternative strategy to control trichinellosis. in an effort to develop an efficient vaccine, balb/c mice were immunized with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl3261 that expresses a 30-mer peptide (ag30) derived from the gp43 of t. spiralis muscle larvae fused to three copies of the molecular adjuvant p28 (ag30-p283) and it was either displayed on the surface or secreted by recombinant salmonella strai ...201425311159
plasticity of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of post-infectious gut dysfunction: potential implication of nerve growth factor.intestinal infections are suggested as a risk factor for the development of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)-like visceral hypersensitivity. the mechanisms implicated might involve long-term changes in visceral afferents, with implication of nerve growth factor (ngf). we explored plastic changes in dorsal root ganglia (drgs) receiving innervation from the gut and the potential implication of ngf in a rat model of ibs-like post-infectious gut dysfunction.201425259719
enhanced bioavailability and anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in redispersible microparticles with low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose.mebendazole (mbz) is an extremely insoluble and therefore poorly absorbed drug and the variable clinical results may correlate with blood concentrations. the necessity of a prolonged high dose treatment of this drug increases the risk of adverse effects.201425258515
protective effect of a prime-boost strategy with the ts87 vaccine against trichinella spiralis infection in mice.trichinellosis is a widespread zoonosis primarily caused by trichinella spiralis. mucosal immunity is crucial for preventing trichinella spiralis infection. in our previous study, a dna vaccine with the trichinella antigen ts87 delivered by an attenuated salmonella typhimurium elicited partial protection against trichinella spiralis infection in mice. in the current study, to elicit a more robust immune response and develop a potent vaccination strategy against trichinellosis, a heterologous pri ...201425250316
outbreak of trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in iowa.rates of trichinellosis have declined significantly in the united states due to improved pork production practices and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork. in april 2011, the minnesota department of health received a report of presumptive trichinellosis in a 50-year-old man with a history of wild boar consumption. a public health investigation was initiated.201425214511
eosinophil-derived il-10 supports chronic nematode infection.eosinophilia is a feature of the host immune response that distinguishes parasitic worms from other pathogens, yet a discrete function for eosinophils in worm infection has been elusive. the aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the striking and unexpected observation that eosinophils protect intracellular, muscle-stage trichinella spiralis larvae against no-mediated killing. our findings indicate that eosinophils are specifically recruited to sites of infection at the ear ...201425210122
[recombinant trichinella spiralis-53000 protein alleviates liver damage due to lipopolysaccharides via m2 macrophage activation].to evaluate if recombinant trichinella spiralis-53 000 protein (rtsp53) could alleviate liver damage caused by lipopolysaccharides (lps) via m2 macrophage activation.201425124899
european mustelids occupying pristine wetlands in the danube delta are infected with trichinella likely derived from domesticated swine.abstract we analyzed 32 specimens from nine species of mustelidae for trichinella; six infections from two trichinella species were observed from three host species. this provides documentation of trichinella in mustela erminea and martes foina in romania and trichinella spiralis in a mustelid host from europe. trichinella spiralis continues to be a public challenge characterized by a wide host range and geographical distribution ( pozio 2007 ). during the past 20 yr, romania has had the most re ...201425121406
anti-trichinella igg in ethnic minorities living in trichinella-endemic areas in northwest vietnam: study of the predictive value of selected clinical signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of trichinellosis.the objective of this study was to assess the presence of anti-trichinella igg in the serum of persons from ethnic minorities from northwest vietnam with clinical signs and symptoms that are compatible with trichinellosis. a total of 645 persons were enrolled, of which 200 people lived in two villages where outbreaks of human trichinellosis had been documented in 2004 and 2008, and 445 people who were hospitalized in the dien bien and son la provincial hospitals without a definitive diagnosis. p ...201425076109
trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products protect against polymicrobial sepsis by suppressing myd88 via mannose receptor.trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) or its excretory-secretory products (tses) protect hosts from autoimmune diseases, which depend on inducing host t helper (th) 2 immune response and inhibiting inflammatory factors. sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) evoked by infection. little is known about the effects of helminths or their excretory-secretory products on sepsis. here, we investigated the effects of tses in a mice model of polymicrobial sepsis. tses improved survival, ...201425054155
monoclonal antibody targeting complement c9 binding domain of trichinella spiralis paramyosin impairs the viability of trichinella infective larvae in the presence of complement.trichinella spiralis expresses paramyosin (ts-pmy) not only as a structural protein but also as an immunomodulator that inhibits host complement as a survival strategy. previous studies demonstrated that ts-pmy bound to complement components c8 and c9 and inhibited the polymerization of c9 during the formation of the membrane attack complex (mac). the c9 binding domain of ts-pmy was identified within 14 amino acid residues at the c-terminus of ts-pmy. the production of a monoclonal antibody that ...201424996670
endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis is activated in intestines of mice with trichinella spiralis infection.gastrointestinal helminth infection, including trichinella spiralis, initiates a series of intestinal structural, cellular and physiological changes. intestinal invasion is an important stage of trichinellosis because it determines the development and subsequent course of the disease and its consequences. apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ers) plays a key role in infectious diseases, but the effect of t. spiralis infection on inducing apoptosis in the small intestine has been n ...201424996067
heat shock protein 70 from trichinella spiralis induces protective immunity in balb/c mice by activating dendritic cells.trichinella spiralis heat shock protein 70 (ts-hsp70) is a protective antigen that induces partial protective immunity against t. spiralis infection in mice. to determine whether dendritic cells are involved in the mechanism responsible for the protection induced by ts-hsp70, mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (dcs) were incubated with recombinant ts-hsp70 (rts-hsp70), and the dc-secreted cytokines and expressed surface markers were measured. the results demonstrated that rts-hsp70 activa ...201424962751
operons are a conserved feature of nematode genomes.the organization of genes into operons, clusters of genes that are co-transcribed to produce polycistronic pre-mrnas, is a trait found in a wide range of eukaryotic groups, including multiple animal phyla. operons are present in the class chromadorea, one of the two main nematode classes, but their distribution in the other class, the enoplea, is not known. we have surveyed the genomes of trichinella spiralis, trichuris muris, and romanomermis culicivorax and identified the first putative operon ...201424931407
in vivo time-lapse imaging shows diverse niche engagement by quiescent and naturally activated hematopoietic stem cells.hematopoietic stem cells (hscs) maintain the turnover of mature blood cells during steady state and in response to systemic perturbations such as infections. their function critically depends on complex signal exchanges with the bone marrow (bm) microenvironment in which they reside, but the cellular mechanisms involved in hsc-niche interactions and regulating hsc function in vivo remain elusive. we used a natural mouse parasite, trichinella spiralis, and multipoint intravital time-lapse confoca ...201424850759
parasitic nematode-induced cd4+foxp3+t cells can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation.the recruitment of cd4+cd25+foxp3+t (treg) cells is one of the most important mechanisms by which parasites down-regulate the immune system.201425522145
[effect of the excretory/scretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells].to investigate the effect of excretory/secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells.201425518596
glycans expressed on trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens are important for anti-inflamatory immune response polarization.trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory antigens (es l1) are most likely responsible for the induction of immune response during infection by this parasitic. the antigens bear carbohydrate structures that may contribute to immune system activation resulting in a th2/anti-inflammatory immune response. we show that t. spiralis glycans affect the expression and the production of il-4 and il-10 in vivo. alteration of carbohydrate structures on es l1 altered dendritic cell (dc) maturat ...201425467036
excretory/secretory products from trichinella spiralis adult worms ameliorate dss-induced colitis in mice.many evidences show the inverse correlation between helminth infection and allergic or autoimmune diseases. identification and characterization of the active helminth-derived products responsible for the beneficial effects on allergic or inflammatory diseases will provide another feasible approach to treat these diseases.201424788117
oral administration with attenuated salmonella encoding a trichinella cystatin-like protein elicited host immunity.trichinellosis is a public health problem and is regarded as an emergent/re-emergent disease in various countries. the cdna encoding a cystatin-like protein (ts-cystatin) was identified by immunoscreening intestinal muscle larvae cdna libraries with serum from pigs experimentally infected with 20,000 trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. to study its impact on host immunity, we chose a eukaryotic expression system based on several comparisons of immunogenicity between the two salmonella typhimuriu ...201424636891
are there any different effects of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and streptococcus on intestinal sensation, barrier function and intestinal immunity in pi-ibs mouse model?research has increasingly suggested that gut flora plays an important role in the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). studies of the curative effect of probiotics for ibs have usually been positive but not always. however, the differences of treatment effects and mechanisms among probiotic stains, or mixture of them, are not clear. in this study, we compared the effects of different probiotics (befidobacterium, lactobacillus, streptococcus or mixture of the three) o ...201424595218
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