Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a comparison of two tests for filarial antigenemia in areas in sri lanka and indonesia with low-level persistence of lymphatic filariasis following mass drug administration. | filarial antigen tests are key tools for mapping the distribution of bancroftian filariasis and for detecting areas with persistent infections following mass drug administration (mda). a recent study showed that the new alere filariasis test strip (fts) has better analytical sensitivity than the binaxnow filariasis card test (card test) for detecting circulating filarial antigen, and the fts detected more positive results than the card test in a field study performed in a highly endemic area in ... | 2015 | 26168919 |
| genome filtering for new dna biomarkers of loa loa infection suitable for loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | loa loa infections have emerged as a serious public health problem in patients co-infected with onchocerca volvulus or wuchereria bancrofti because of severe adverse neurological reactions after treatment with ivermectin. accurate diagnostic tests are needed for careful mapping in regions where mass drug administration is underway. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has become a widely adopted screening method because of its operational simplicity, rapidity and versatility of visual d ... | 2015 | 26414073 |
| the impact of residual infections on anopheles-transmitted wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration. | many countries have made significant progress in the implementation of world health organization recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (lf). however, pertinent challenges such as the existence of areas of residual infections in disease endemic districts pose potential threats to the achievements made. thus, this study was undertaken to assess the importance of these areas in implementation units (districts) where microfilaria (mf) positive individuals co ... | 2015 | 26399968 |
| the impact of six annual rounds of mass drug administration on wuchereria bancrofti infections in humans and in mosquitoes in mali. | wuchereria bancrofti prevalence and transmission were assessed in six endemic villages in sikasso, mali prior to and yearly during mass drug administration (mda) with albendazole and ivermectin from 2002 to 2007. microfilaremia was determined by calibrated thick smear of night blood in adult volunteers and circulating filarial antigen was measured using immunochromatographic card test in children < 5 years of age. mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch from july to december. none of th ... | 2015 | 26033027 |
| xenomonitoring of different filarial nematodes using single and multiplex pcr in mosquitoes from assiut governorate, egypt. | wuchereria bancrofti, dirofilaria immitis, and dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to culex, aedes, and anopheles genera. screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. we aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex pcr and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex pcr as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. female mosquitoes were collected fro ... | 2015 | 25748712 |
| sibling species of the anopheles funestus group, and their infection with malaria and lymphatic filarial parasites, in archived and newly collected specimens from northeastern tanzania. | studies on the east african coast have shown a recent dramatic decline in malaria vector density and change in composition of sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex, paralleled by a major decline in malaria incidence. in order to better understand the ongoing changes in vector-parasite dynamics in the area, and to allow for appropriate adjustment of control activities, the present study examined the composition, and malaria and lymphatic filarial infection, of sibling species of the an ... | 2015 | 25885457 |
| evaluation of traps and lures for mosquito vectors and xenomonitoring of wuchereria bancrofti infection in a high prevalence samoan village. | elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) in samoa continues to be challenging despite multiple annual mass drug campaigns aimed at stopping transmission by reducing the prevalence and density of microfilaraemia. the persistence of transmission may be partly related to the highly efficient aedes vectors. the assessment of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors and of vector control relies on the ability to capture mosquitoes efficiently. the aims of this study are to compare trapping methods t ... | 2015 | 26016830 |
| comparison of methods for xenomonitoring in vectors of lymphatic filariasis in northeastern tanzania. | monitoring wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquitoes (xenomonitoring) can play an important role in determining when lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated, or in focusing control efforts. as mosquito infection rates can be low, a method for collecting large numbers of mosquitoes is necessary. gravid traps collected large numbers of culex quinquefasciatus in tanzania, and a collection method that targets mosquitoes that have already fed could result in increased sensitivity in detecting w. ... | 2015 | 26350454 |
| loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ict) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures. | diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (mda) are required, and determining when to stop mda. the prevalence and burden of lf have been drastically reduced following mass treatments, and the evaluation of the performance of circulating filarial antigen (cfa)-based assays was acknowledged to be of high interest in areas with low residual lf endemicity rates after mu ... | 2015 | 26700472 |
| cross-reactivity of filariais ict cards in areas of contrasting endemicity of loa loa and mansonella perstans in cameroon: implications for shrinking of the lymphatic filariasis map in the central african region. | immunochromatographic card test (ict) is a tool to map the distribution of wuchereria bancrofti. in areas highly endemic for loaisis in drc and cameroon, a relationship has been envisaged between high l. loa microfilaria (mf) loads and ict positivity. however, similar associations have not been demonstrated from other areas with contrasting levels of l. loa endemicity. this study investigated the cross-reactivity of ict when mapping lymphatic filariasis (lf) in areas with contrasting endemicity ... | 2015 | 26544042 |
| treatment of w. bancrofti (wb) in hiv/wb coinfections in south india. | the disease course of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is often altered by existing or newly acquired coincident infections. | 2015 | 25793933 |
| elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the gambia. | the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti, which causes lymphatic filariasis (lf) in the gambia was among the highest in africa in the 1950s. however, surveys conducted in 1975 and 1976 revealed a dramatic decline in lf endemicity in the absence of mass drug administration (mda). the decline in prevalence was partly attributed to a significant reduction in mosquito density through the widespread use of insecticidal nets. based on findings elsewhere that vector control alone can interrupt lf, we ask ... | 2015 | 25785587 |
| evaluation of mass drug administration in the program to control imported lymphatic filariasis in thailand. | migration plays a major role in the emergence and resurgence of lymphatic filariasis (lf) in many countries. because of the high prevalence of imported bancroftian filariasis (ibf) caused by nocturnally periodic wuchereria bancrofti and the intensive movement of immigrant workers from endemic areas, thailand has implemented two doses of 6 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine (dec) with interval of 6 months to prevent ibf. in areas where immigrants are very mobile, the administration of dec may be compromise ... | 2015 | 26415693 |
| rapid differentiation of filariae in unstained and stained paraffin-embedded sections by a high-resolution melting analysis pcr assay. | apart from infection with human filariae, zoonotic filariasis also occurs worldwide, and the numbers of cases have been increasing steadily. diagnosis of intact filariae in tissues or organs depends on histological identification. the morphology of parasites in tissue-embedded sections is poor and shows high levels of homoplasy. thus, the use of morphological characteristics in taxonomic studies is difficult and may not allow a specific diagnosis. | 2015 | 26273808 |
| evaluation of human and mosquito based diagnostic tools for defining endpoints for elimination of anopheles transmitted lymphatic filariasis in ghana. | the decision to stop mass drug administration (mda) and monitor recrudescence has to be made when endpoints for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) have been achieved. highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools are required to do this. the main objective of this study was to determine most effective diagnostic tools for assessing interruption of lf transmission. | 2015 | 26385935 |
| a bibliometric profile of lymphatic filariasis research in india. | tropical and vector borne diseases have always been a challenge for the medical science and society and exerted high impact on society in terms of financial, economical and psychological relevance. lymphatic filariasis (lf) is one of the tropical diseases which is prevalent in under developing and developed countries. the objective of this study is to analyze the literature published in the area of filariasis research. the focus is to see the indian contribution and its impact in terms of global ... | 2015 | 25815870 |
| targeting filarial abl-like kinases: orally available, food and drug administration-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors are microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal. | elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis is targeted for 2020. given the coincident loa loa infections in central africa and the potential for drug resistance development, the need for new microfilaricides and macrofilaricides has never been greater. with the genomes of l. loa, onchocerca volvulus, wuchereria bancrofti, and brugia malayi available, new drug targets have been identified. | 2015 | 25657255 |
| effect of cdnb on filarial thioredoxin reductase : a proteomic and biochemical approach. | thioredoxin reductase plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. in this study, we have targeted trxr in setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite using its inhibitor cdnb. it caused significant decrease in the motility and viability of these parasites leading to their death. inhibition of trxr leads to the downregulation of the antioxidant system followed by generation of oxidative stress in these parasites. the increased ros level induced lipid peroxidation and prot ... | 2015 | 25463268 |
| protection against filarial infection by 45-49 kda molecules of brugia malayi via ifn-γ-mediated inos induction. | nitric oxide (no) mediated mechanisms have been implicated in killing of some life-stages of brugia malayi/wuchereria bancrofti and protect the host through type 1 responses and ifn-γ stimulated toxic mediators' release. however, the identity of no stimulating molecules of the parasites is not known. three predominantly no-stimulating sds-page resolved fractions f8 (45.24-48.64 kda), f11 (33.44-38.44 kda) and f12 (28.44-33.44 kda) from b. malayi were identified and their proteins were analyzed b ... | 2015 | 25454090 |
| distribution and risk factors for plasmodium and helminth co-infections: a cross-sectional survey among children in bagamoyo district, coastal region of tanzania. | plasmodium and soil transmitted helminth infections (sth) are a major public health problem, particularly among children. there are conflicting findings on potential association between these two parasites. this study investigated the plasmodium and helminth co-infections among children aged 2 months to 9 years living in bagamoyo district, coastal region of tanzania. | 2015 | 25837022 |
| identification and biochemical characterization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (mif-2) homologue of human lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti. | homologues of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (hmif) have been reported from vertebrates, invertebrates and prokaryotes, as well as plants. filarial parasites produce two homologues of hmif viz., mif-1 and mif-2, which play important role in the host immune modulation. earlier, we have characterized mif-1 (wba-mif-1) from wuchereria bancrofti, the major causal organism of human lymphatic filariasis. here, we are reporting the molecular and biochemical characterization of mif-2 from ... | 2015 | 25446175 |
| more progress in eliminating transmission of onchocerca volvulus and wuchereria bancrofti in the americas: a portent of global eradication. | 2015 | 26503272 | |
| rapid point-of-contact tool for mapping and integrated surveillance of wuchereria bancrofti and onchocerca volvulus infection. | elimination programs for wuchereria bancrofti and onchocerca volvulus are in critical need of sensitive, specific, and point-of-contact (poc) tools that can be used for surveillance years beyond cessation of mass drug administration when infection intensities are low. previously, wb123 and ov16 were identified individually as potential filarial antigens for an antibody-based poc test. the present study compares single-antigen wb123- and ov16-based poc tests with an integrated configuration to de ... | 2015 | 26018537 |
| macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden. | parasitic helminth infections can be associated with lifelong morbidity such as immune-mediated organ failure. a better understanding of the host immune response to helminths could provide new avenues to promote parasite clearance and/or alleviate infection-associated morbidity. murine resistin-like molecules (relm) exhibit pleiotropic functions following helminth infection including modulating the host immune response; however, the relevance of human relm proteins in helminth infection is unkno ... | 2015 | 25568944 |
| microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti in plasma cell myeloma: a case report. | 2015 | 26714518 | |
| wuchereria bancrofti infection in rural tropical guinea savannah communities: rapid epidemiological assessment using immunochromatographic card test and prevalence of hydrocoele. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) caused by the nematode wuchereria bancrofti is a major public health concern in endemic communities worldwide. among tropical diseases it is second to malaria in terms of disability adjusted life years. the nigerian lf elimination programme has been slated for 2015. currently, there is paucity of published data on the problem in rural ebonyi state. this survey was conducted in six rural communities of southwestern ebonyi state to assess its prevalence among the populati ... | 2015 | 26691265 |
| enhanced efficacy of sequential administration of albendazole for the clearance of wuchereria bancrofti infection: double blind rct. | till today, there is no effective treatment protocol for the complete clearance of wuchereria bancrofti (w.b) infection that causes secondary lymphoedema. in a double blind randomized control trial (rct), 146 asymptomatic w. b infected individuals were randomly assigned to one of the four regimens for 12 days, dec 300 mg + doxycycline 100 mg coadministration or dec 300 mg + albendazole 400 mg co-administration or dec 300 mg + albendazole 400 mg sequential administration or control regimen dec 30 ... | 2015 | 26691247 |
| cytological diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis presented as a subcutaneous swelling in the cubital fossa: an unusual presentation. | filariasis is a disabling parasitic disease and the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti is quite high in india. however, w. bancrofti presenting as a subcutaneous swelling and a demonstration of microfilariae in cytological smears from upper extremity lesions is extremely rare. we report a case of 20-year-old male who presented with a small subcutaneous swelling near medial aspect of the left cubital fossa. the wet mount preparation showed many motile microfilariae. ... | 2015 | 26634138 |
| filarial hydropneumothorax: a strange journey. | filarial infection can have varied manifestations, but hydropneumothorax at presentation has not yet been reported. a 28-year-old man presented to our hospital with heaviness of the left chest for the past 10 days, which was preceded by a sudden, short stabbing pain in the left chest after straining. chest x-ray revealed left-sided hydropneumothorax. a peripheral blood picture revealed significant eosinophilia. a pleural fluid report also showed eosinophilia and a few motile microfilaria of wuch ... | 2015 | 26604240 |
| breast filariasis or inflammatory breast carcinoma? reaching a diagnosis. | lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite wuchereria bancrofti. involvement of the breast is relatively uncommon and may affect only 10% of individuals with lymphatic filariasis. we present a case of an elderly woman with breast pathology. the condition clinically appeared as a malignancy. routine diagnostic tests including tissue histopathological studies failed to clinch a diagnosis. however, a serological test helped in identifying the pathology, which turned ... | 2015 | 26567240 |
| modelling the distribution and transmission intensity of lymphatic filariasis in sub-saharan africa prior to scaling up interventions: integrated use of geostatistical and mathematical modelling. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is one of the neglected tropical diseases targeted for global elimination. the ability to interrupt transmission is, partly, influenced by the underlying intensity of transmission and its geographical variation. this information can also help guide the design of targeted surveillance activities. the present study uses a combination of geostatistical and mathematical modelling to predict the prevalence and transmission intensity of lf prior to the implementation of large ... | 2015 | 26496983 |
| seasonal prevalence and blood meal analysis of filarial vector culex quinquefasciatus in coastal areas of digha, west bengal, india. | filariasis is one of the major vector-borne diseases causing serious health problem in the tropics and subtropics. the coastal areas of digha are known to be a filariasis prone region of west bengal, india. the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus, the established filarial vector in west bengal, india. the present work was aimed to determine the abundance of different mosquito species; and the frequency, distribution and blood meal analysis of cx. quinq ... | 2015 | 26418657 |
| microfilarial periodicity of wuchereria bancrofti in assam, northeast india. | wuchereria bancrofti has shown nocturnal periodicity in india and other endemic countries of the world except pacific regions where non-periodic or diurnal sub-periodic forms have been reported. presence of sub-periodic form of w. bancrofti in andaman and nicobar islands, india and a case report of sub- periodic form of w. bancrofti from mysore, india provide basis for exploring the periodicity pattern of microfilaria of w. bancrofti prevalent in assam, northeastern region of india. state of ass ... | 2015 | 26418650 |
| an unusual presentation of filariasis in a nonendemic country. | filariasis is an endemic disease with worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. it is uncommon in qatar. the conventional diagnostic procedure is the demonstration of microfilaria in blood smears. even with its high incidence, it is unusual to detect microfilaria in fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) smears. although the 'filarial dance sign' is rarely documented, it remains a classical ultrasonographic sign in lymphatic filariasis. | 2015 | 26865993 |
| randomised controlled clinical trial of increased dose and frequency of albendazole and ivermectin on wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial clearance in northern malawi. | in africa, albendazole and ivermectin are currently used in combination for annual mass drug administration (mda) for lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination. rapid and sustained clearance is desirable for public health impact and elimination of lf. increasing the dose and/or frequency of albendazole and ivermectin treatment may be more effective in clearing microfilariae than standard mda. | 2015 | 25877874 |
| a randomized controlled trial of increased dose and frequency of albendazole with standard dose dec for treatment of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremics in odisha, india. | although current programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis have made significant progress it may be necessary to use different approaches to achieve the global goal, especially where compliance has been poor and 'hot spots' of continued infection exist. in the absence of alternative drugs, the use of higher or more frequent dosing with the existing drugs needs to be explored. we examined the effect of higher and/or more frequent dosing with albendazole with a fixed 300 mg dose of diethylcarba ... | 2015 | 25781977 |
| blastic phase of cml with microfilaria: a rare case report. | filariasis is a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries including india. there have been very few case reports of incidental filariasis in the bone marrow aspirate smears in patients with hematological malignancies. we present a case of blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) with associated filariasis with monocytosis. such an association, to the best of our knowledge, is hitherto unreported. moreover, eosinophilia was not a feature in our case. a 37-year-old m ... | 2015 | 25737999 |
| chyluria: a scourge of our region. | chyluria is endemic in the gangetic belt of india with an average of 90 cases treated annually at our institute. it is almost exclusively caused by wuchereria bancrofti in tropical areas. chylomicrons and triglycerides are lost in the urine from an abnormal lymphourinary fistula due to obstructive lymphatic stasis, most commonly at the renal pelvis. it is a distressingly recurrent condition with multiple exacerbations and remissions over years. severe weakness, weight loss and haematuria occur i ... | 2015 | 26150622 |
| epidemiology of elephantiasis with special emphasis on podoconiosis in ethiopia: a literature review. | elephantiasis is a symptom of a variety of diseases that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs, male genitals and female breasts. some conditions having this symptom include: elephantiasis nostras, due to longstanding chronic lymphangitis; elephantiasis tropica or lymphatic filariasis, caused by a number of parasitic worms, particularly wuchereria bancrofti; non-filarial elephantiasis or podoconiosis, an immune disease caused by heavy metal ... | 2015 | 26119541 |
| refractory chyluria due to filariasis. | 2015 | 26048257 | |
| epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping. | although podoconiosis is one of the major causes of tropical lymphoedema and is endemic in ethiopia its epidemiology and risk factors are poorly understood. individual-level data for 129,959 individuals from 1,315 communities in 659 woreda (districts) were collected for a nationwide integrated survey of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis. blood samples were tested for circulating wuchereria bancrofti antigen using immunochromatographic card tests. a clinical algorithm was used to reach a diag ... | 2015 | 25404069 |
| [lymphatic filariasis transmission assessment survey in schools three years after stopping mass drug treatment with albendazole and ivermectin in the 7 endemic districts in togo]. | the aim of this study is to verify the level of transmission of lymphatic filariasis three years after stopping mass drug treatment in the 7 endemic districts in togo. the survey was conducted in 2012 in togo's 7 endemic districts grouped into four evaluation units (eu) using the who-recommended transmission assessment survey (tas) protocol. children aged 6-7 years were screened for wuchereria bancofti antigen using the immunochromatographic card (ict) method. a cluster sampling method was used ... | 2015 | 25476256 |
| detection of wuchereria bancrofti dna in paired serum and urine samples using polymerase chain reaction-based systems. | the global program for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) aims to eliminate this disease by the year 2020. however, the development of more specific and sensitive tests is important for the success of the gpelf. the present study aimed to standardise polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based systems for the diagnosis of filariasis in serum and urine. twenty paired biological urine and serum samples from individuals already known to be positive for wuchereria bancrofti were collected dur ... | 2014 | 25424447 |
| lymphatic filariasis and associated morbidities in rural communities of ogun state, southwestern nigeria. | lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti is a serious public health problem in rural communities of nigeria. the study assessed the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and associated clinical morbidities in ado-odo ota local government area of ogun state. microscopic examination of thick blood smears of 500 participants of both sexes and age ranging from 1 to 79 years was conducted. visual observations of clinical manifestations of chronic infection were also conducted. the overall pre ... | 2014 | 23518235 |
| diversity of anopheles species and trophic behavior of putative malaria vectors in two malaria endemic areas of northwestern thailand. | we determined the species diversity, blood-feeding behavior, and host preference of anopheles mosquitoes in two malaria endemic areas of tak (mae sot district) and mae hong son (sop moei district) provinces, located along the thai border with myanmar, during a consecutive two-year period. anopheline mosquitoes were collected using indoor and outdoor human-landing captures and outdoor cow-baited collections. mosquitoes were initially identified using morphological characters, followed by the appr ... | 2014 | 25424272 |
| incidental detection of microfilariae in a lymph node aspirate: a case report. | lymphatic filariasis is a global health problem endemic in nigeria. peripheral blood smears are frequently negative for microfilariae in a significant number of infected patients in whom conventional diagnostic methods may also fail to identify the disease. in such cases, fine needle aspiration cytology may play an important role in disease identification. a 49-year-old south-western male nigerian farmer, presented with a one-year history of a right groin swelling, which became painful 2 weeks b ... | 2014 | 25298612 |
| hydrocele fluid: can it be used for immunodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis? | diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis using serum has been established but the utility of hydrocele fluid for the purpose is not exactly known. since, hydrocele is a chronic form of the disease manifestation in a variety of situations and often poses difficulty in diagnosing its origin, we have evaluated the usefulness usage of hydrocele fluid for diagnosis of filarial origin of hydrocele in this study. | 2014 | 25253211 |
| filarial chyluria as a rare cause of urinary retention. | we herein describe a case of wuchereria bancrofti infection in a previously healthy 37-year-old nepalese man. the patient presented with a history of milky urine with subsequent acute urinary retention lasting for a few days. the presence of microfilariae was confirmed on both peripheral blood and urine smears obtained at midnight. he was conservatively treated with diethylcarbamazine combined with doxycycline. filariasis was previously endemic in southern parts of japan, although it has been er ... | 2014 | 25175138 |
| integrated mapping of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis: lessons learnt from ethiopia. | the world health organization (who), international donors and partners have emphasized the importance of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases (ntds). integrated mapping of ntds is a first step for integrated planning of programmes, proper resource allocation and monitoring progress of control. integrated mapping has several advantages over disease specific mapping by reducing costs and enabling co-endemic areas to be more precisely identified. we designed and conducted integrated ma ... | 2014 | 25164687 |
| filariasis asymptomatically infected donors have lower levels of disialylated igg compared to endemic normals. | helminths induce strong regulatory and t helper 2-type responses, whereby antibody-derived host protection and regulation are essential components. lymphatic filariasis is an immune-mediated spectral disease that manifests as two main clinical outcomes: chronic pathology or asymptomatic infection. these outcomes depend on a multitude of factors, including parasite-induced immunoregulation and host genetic background; antibody responses contribute to this outcome. n-glycosylation of the fc region ... | 2014 | 25124516 |
| human monocyte subsets at homeostasis and their perturbation in numbers and function in filarial infection. | to characterize the function and plasticity of the major human circulating monocyte populations and to explore their role in systemic helminth infection, highly purified (by flow-based sorting) human monocyte subsets (cd14(hi)/cd16(neg) [classical], cd14(+ or hi)/cd16(med) [intermediate], and cd14(neg)/cd16(hi) [nonclassical]) were examined at homeostasis and after activation. among these three subsets the classical and intermediate subsets were found to be the major sources of inflammatory and ... | 2014 | 25114121 |
| evaluation of diagnostic tests for wuchereria bancrofti infection in brazilian schoolchildren. | since the launch of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, more than 70% of the endemic countries have implemented mass drug administration (mda) to interrupt disease transmission. the monitoring of filarial infection in sentinel populations, particularly schoolchildren, is recommended to assess the impact of mda. a key issue is choosing the appropriate tools for these initial assessments (to define the best intervention) and for monitoring transmission. | 2014 | 25075488 |
| immunological characterization of recombinant wuchereria bancrofti cuticular collagen (col-4) as putative vaccine candidate for human lymphatic filariasis. | to elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant wuchereria bancrofti (w. bancrofti) cuticular collagen (col-4) in balb/c mice and filarial clinical samples. | 2014 | 25063277 |
| filarial excretory-secretory products induce human monocytes to produce lymphangiogenic mediators. | the nematodes wuchereria bancrofti and brugia spp. infect over 120 million people worldwide, causing lymphedema, elephantiasis and hydrocele, collectively known as lymphatic filariasis. most infected individuals appear to be asymptomatic, but many exhibit sub-clinical manifestations including the lymphangiectasia that likely contributes to the development of lymphedema and elephantiasis. as adult worm excretory-secretory products (es) do not directly activate lymphatic endothelial cells (lec), w ... | 2014 | 25010672 |
| antifilarial effect of ursolic acid from nyctanthes arbortristis: molecular and biochemical evidences. | a bio-assay guided fractionation and purification approach was used to examine in vitro antifilarial activities of the crude methanolic extract of nyctanthes arbortristis as well as fractions and isolated compound. from ethyl-acetate fraction we isolated and identified a triterpenoid compound which has been characterized as ursolic acid (ua) by hplc and nmr data. we are reporting for the first time isolation and identification of ua from the leaves of n. arbortristis. the crude extract and ua sh ... | 2014 | 25009078 |
| wuchereria bancrofti 20/22 a homologue of abundant larval transcript l3 stage filarial antigen: molecular and immunological characterization. | the chromadorea abundant larval transcript (alt) family of proteins contains alt one of the most studied putative vaccine candidate in experimental filariasis. this study reports the characterization of wuchereria bancrofti 20/22 (wb20/22) as a member of chromadorea, the alt family of proteins from the l3 stage of w. bancrofti. the high reactivity with serum from the endemic normal (en) population suggests that wb20/22 could be a target of elicit protective immunity. the glutamic acid-rich regio ... | 2014 | 24888320 |
| testicular swelling due to lymphatic filariasis after brief travel to haiti. | after 6 months of a trip to haiti, a 25-year-old healthy man presented with a 6-week history of a very slow progressive intermittent bilateral testicular pain and swelling. the biopsies in both testicles revealed the presence of a dead filarial parasite. polymerase chain reaction products of the dna from the biopsy were shown to have a 100% identity to wuchereria bancrofti. despite being uncommon in travelers, this presentation of w. bancrofti highlights the possibility of acquiring w. bancrofti ... | 2014 | 24865674 |
| molecular evidence on the occurrence of co-infection with pichia guilliermondii and wuchereria bancrofti in two filarial endemic districts of india. | lymphatic filariasis (lf), a vector-borne parasitic disease, is endemic in several parts of india and mostly affects the poor or those with a low-income. the disease results in huge numbers of morbidities, disabilities, and deaths every year. association of co-infection with other pathogens makes the condition more severe. although co-infection is becoming a growing area of research, it is yet to emerge as a frontier research topic in filarial research specifically. this study reports the occurr ... | 2014 | 24708881 |
| lymphatic filariasis disseminating to the upper extremity. | lymphatic filariasis is the most common cause of acquired lymphedema worldwide (szuba and rockson, 1998). it is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, and its effects are devastating. with over 100 million infected persons, it ranks second only to leprosy as the leading cause of permanent and long-term disability. wuchereria bancrofti is the etiologic agent in 90% of cases. there is a dearth of published mri findings with pathologically proven active infections, making this entity even mor ... | 2014 | 24707427 |
| microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti in a patient of chylous haematuria: report of an unusual finding in urine cytology. | filariasis is a disabling parasitic disease and it constitutes as a major health problem in most of the tropical and sub-tropical countries. one hundred and twenty million people in at least 80 tropical and sub-tropical countries are infected with lymphatic filarial parasite, with one billion people being at risk of the disease. the laboratory diagnosis of filariasis is conventionally made by demonstrating microfilaria in peripheral blood smear. however, microfilaria have been incidentally detec ... | 2014 | 24596752 |
| lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy infected with wuchereria bancrofti in sierra leone: a case report. | we present a case of congenital lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy in sierra leone with active filarial infection and penile edema. the genital edema with onset at 6 months of age may have been due to a congenital abnormality in lymphatic drainage. other possible causes of childhood lymphedema, including milroy's disease, are discussed. | 2014 | 24561072 |
| impact of mda and the prospects of elimination of the lone focus of diurnally sub periodic lymphatic filariasis in nicobar islands, india. | mass drug administration is being carried out in andaman and nicobar islands, india since 2004. cross sectional microfilaria (mf) survey was conducted in nancowry group of islands, the lone foci of diurnally sub periodic form of bancroftian filariasis in nicobar district, to examine its eligibility for transmission assessment survey (tas). a total of 2561 individuals (coverage: 23.9%) were screened from five islands. the overall mf prevalence was 3.28%. except one island, all other islands recor ... | 2014 | 24556139 |
| ongoing surveillance for lymphatic filariasis in togo: assessment of alternatives and nationwide reassessment of transmission status. | tremendous progress has been made towards the goal of global elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) transmission by 2020. the number of endemic countries reducing lf transmission through mass drug administration continues to increase, and therefore, the need for effective post-intervention surveillance also continues to increase. togo is the first sub-saharan african country to implement lf surveillance, and it has 6 years of experience with this passive surveillance system. we herein report t ... | 2014 | 24189363 |
| functional analysis of genetic polymorphism in wuchereria bancrofti glutathione s-transferase antioxidant gene: impact on protein structure and enzyme catalysis. | wuchereria bancrofti glutathione s-transferase (wb-gst) is referred as a promising chemotherapeutic target for lymphatic filariasis. gst represents the major class of detoxifying enzymes of the tissue dwelling parasitic helminths. though many inhibition studies were carried out for wb-gst, understanding its genetic distribution in parasite population is necessary to develop ideal inhibitor. our genetic polymorphic studies exposed the existence of three variant wb-gst alleles in the four endemic ... | 2014 | 24188745 |
| incidental diagnosis of filariasis in superficial location by fnac: a retrospective study of 10 years. | filariasis, transmitted by the bite of various species of mosquito, is a common disease of tropical belt of the world. in south east asia, including india, it is a major public health problem. the parasite is primarily confined to lymphatic channel or lymph nodes where it can remain viable for more than two decades. the most common presentation of the disease is asymptomatic/ subclinical microfilaremia, hydrocele, acute adeno-lymphangitis (adl) and chronic lymphatic disease. however, the disease ... | 2014 | 25653954 |
| in silico characterization of a rna binding protein of cattle filarial parasite setaria digitata. | human lymphatic filariasis (hlf) is a neglected tropical disease which threatens nearly 1.4 billion people in 73 countries worldwide. wuchereria bancrofti is the major causative agent of hlf and it closely resembles cattle filarial parasite setaria digitata. due to difficulties in procuring w. bancrofti parasite material, s. digitata cdna library has been constructed to identify novel drug targets against hlf and many of the cdna sequences are yet to be assigned structure and function. in this s ... | 2014 | 25258487 |
| filarial antigenemia and loa loa night blood microfilaremia in an area without bancroftian filariasis in the democratic republic of congo. | implementation of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis (lf) has been delayed in central africa because of incomplete mapping and coendemic loiasis. we mapped two regions in eastern democratic republic of congo that were suspected to have lf. night blood samples were collected from 2,724 subjects in 30 villages. filarial antigenemia rates by card test exceeded 1% in 28 villages (range = 0-14%). prevalence rates for large sheathed microfilariae (mf) ranged from 4% to 40%; mansonella p ... | 2014 | 25223938 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid and semiquantitative detection of loa loa infection. | rapid and accurate tests are currently needed to identify individuals with high levels of loa loa microfilaria (mf), so that these individuals may be excluded from mass ivermectin administration campaigns against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis being conducted in areas where onchocerca volvulus, wuchereria bancrofti, and l. loa are coendemic. to address this need, colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays targeting the l. loa-specific gene sequences llmf72 and llm ... | 2014 | 24696020 |
| loa loa-does it deserve to be neglected? | more than 10 million people in western and central africa are estimated to be infected with loa loa filarial nematodes. like most other infectious diseases, l loa filariasis (loiasis) covers a wide range of symptoms. severe complications have been reported; however, most observations are anecdotal, typically in travellers. the widespread use of filaricidal drugs within eradication programmes of onchocerca volvulus and wuchereria bancrofti led to the observation that concomitant l loa infection i ... | 2014 | 24332895 |
| filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of human monocytes through toll-like receptor 4. | apoptosis of several host cells induced by parasites/parasite products has been investigated in human filariasis to understand immune hyporesponsiveness. however, apoptosis of monocytes-one of the major antigen presenting cells in peripheral circulation, which are chronically exposed to filarial antigens in infected subjects-is yet to be understood. | 2014 | 24737802 |
| occurrence of immature forms of culicids (insecta: diptera) in the northeastern region of brazil. | the culicidae family is represented by approximately 3,610 species, among which many are involved in transmission of pathogens and parasites, thus presenting great medical-veterinary importance. in brazil, the state of pernambuco is considered an endemic area for many diseases vectored by mosquitoes, such as human and canine filariasis, caused by wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis, respectively. the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of immature forms of culicids, over an ... | 2014 | 25054499 |
| serological surveillance development for tropical infectious diseases using simultaneous microsphere-based multiplex assays and finite mixture models. | a strategy to combat infectious diseases, including neglected tropical diseases (ntds), will depend on the development of reliable epidemiological surveillance methods. to establish a simple and practical seroprevalence detection system, we developed a microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay system and evaluated utility using samples obtained in kenya. | 2014 | 25078404 |
| [evaluation of the diagnostic value of the elisa tests developed by using eghf, em2 and emii/3-10 antigens in the serological diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis]. | alveolar echinococcosis (ae), caused by larva stage of echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the lethal parasitic diseases of man and a major public health problem in many countries in the northern hemisphere. when the living conditions and habits in turkey were considered in terms of relation with the life cycle of the parasite, it was suggested that ae has been much more common than reported mainly from the eastern anatolia region of turkey. since in vitro serologic diagnosis tests with high ... | 2014 | 25052112 |
| evaluation of brugia malayi sheath protein (shp-1) as a diagnostic antigen for human lymphatic filariasis. | lymphatic filariasis is the second leading cause of permanent long-term disability globally and control of this disease needs efficient diagnostic methods. in this study, abundantly expressing microfilarial sheath protein (shp-1) from brugia malayi was characterized as a filarial diagnostic candidate using samples from different clinical population. monoclonal antibodies were developed against e. coli expressed recombinant shp-1 in order to assess its efficiency in filarial antigen detection ass ... | 2014 | 24389369 |
| tandem antioxidant enzymes confer synergistic protective responses in experimental filariasis. | helminth parasites use antioxidant defence strategies for survival during oxidative stress due to free radicals in the host. accordingly, tissue-dwelling filarial parasites counteract host responses by releasing a number of antioxidants. targeting these redox regulation proteins together, would facilitate effective parasite clearance. here, we report the combined effect of protective immune responses trigged by recombinant wuchereria bancrofti thioredoxin (wbtrx) and thioredoxin peroxidase (wbtp ... | 2014 | 23676147 |
| novel parasitic nematode-specific protein of bovine filarial parasite setaria digitata displays conserved gene structure and ubiquitous expression. | setaria digitata is an animal filarial parasite, which can cause fatal diseases to livestock such as cattle, sheep, goat, buffaloes, horses etc. inflicting considerable economic losses to livelihood of livestock farmers. in spite of this, the biology and parasitic nature of this organism is largely unknown. as a step towards understanding these, we screened the cdna library of s. digitata and identified an open reading frame that code for parasitic nematode-specific protein, which showed a signi ... | 2014 | 25382479 |
| single molecule sequencing and genome assembly of a clinical specimen of loa loa, the causative agent of loiasis. | more than 20% of the world's population is at risk for infection by filarial nematodes and >180 million people worldwide are already infected. along with infection comes significant morbidity that has a socioeconomic impact. the eight filarial nematodes that infect humans are wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, brugia timori, onchocerca volvulus, loa loa, mansonella perstans, mansonella streptocerca, and mansonella ozzardi, of which three have published draft genome sequences. since all have hu ... | 2014 | 25217238 |
| virtual screening of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) database: identification of fragment-like lead molecules for filariasis target asparaginyl-trna synthetase. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a vector borne infectious disease caused by the nematode wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. over 120 million people are affected by lf in the world, of which two-thirds are in asia. the infection restricts the normal flow of lymph from the infected area resulting in swelling of the extremities and causing permanent disability. as the available drugs for the treatment of lf are becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance, there is an ... | 2014 | 24842326 |
| the epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in ghana, explained by the possible existence of two strains of wuchereria bancrofti. | lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by the filarial worm wuchereria bancrofti. it is earmarked for elimination by the year 2020 through the global program for the elimination of lf (gpelf). in ghana, mass treatment has been on-going since the year 2000. earlier studies have revealed differing epidemiology of lf in the north and south of ghana. this study was therefore aimed at understanding the possible impacts of w. bancrofti diversity on the epidemiology and control of lf in ... | 2014 | 25374638 |
| diversity of anopheles mosquitoes in binh phuoc and dak nong provinces of vietnam and their relation to disease. | human malaria is still a burden in dak nong and binh phuoc provinces in south-central vietnam that border cambodia. several anopheles species that transmit human malarial plasmodium may also transmit wuchereria bancrofti, the nematode that causes bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of anopheles species in the transmission of these two pathogens in the two highly malaria endemic provinces of vietnam. | 2014 | 25008314 |
| molecular xenomonitoring using mosquitoes to map lymphatic filariasis after mass drug administration in american samoa. | mass drug administration (mda) programs have dramatically reduced lymphatic filariasis (lf) incidence in many areas around the globe, including american samoa. as infection rates decline and mda programs end, efficient and sensitive methods for detecting infections are needed to monitor for recrudescence. molecular methods, collectively termed 'molecular xenomonitoring,' can identify parasite dna or rna in human blood-feeding mosquitoes. we tested mosquitoes trapped throughout the inhabited isla ... | 2014 | 25122037 |
| a case study of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in the republic of congo. | little is known regarding risk factors for lymphatic filariasis (lf) in central africa. we studied the epidemiology of lf in an endemic village in the republic of congo. | 2014 | 24984769 |
| iron necessity: the secret of wolbachia's success? | the bacterium wolbachia (order rickettsiales) is probably the world's most successful vertically-transmitted symbiont, distributed among a staggering 40% of terrestrial arthropod species. wolbachia has great potential in vector control due to its ability to manipulate its hosts' reproduction and to impede the replication and dissemination of arboviruses and other pathogens within haematophagous arthropods. in addition, the unexpected presence of wolbachia in filarial nematodes of medical and vet ... | 2014 | 25329055 |
| implications of low-density microfilariae carriers in anopheles transmission areas: molecular forms of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus populations in perspective. | previous studies have shown a general reduction in annual transmission potential (atp) of anopheles species after mass drug administration (mda) in lymphatic filariasis endemic communities. whereas results obtained from a monitoring programme after three years of mda revealed a decrease in atp of anopheles funestus this was not the same for an. gambiae s.s. in ghana. in this study, the ability of these vectors in transmitting wuchereria bancrofti in nine lymphatic filariasis endemic communities ... | 2014 | 24690378 |
| molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode wuchereria bancrofti. | wuchereria bancrofti (wb) is the most widely distributed of the three nematodes known to cause lymphatic filariasis (lf), the other two being brugia malayi and brugia timori. current tools available to monitor lf are limited to diagnostic tests targeting dna repeats, filarial antigens, and anti-filarial antibodies. while these tools are useful for detection and surveillance, elimination programs have yet to take full advantage of molecular typing for inferring infection history, strain fingerpri ... | 2014 | 25176600 |
| no evidence for lymphatic filariasis transmission in big cities affected by conflict related rural-urban migration in sierra leone and liberia. | in west africa, the principal vectors of lymphatic filariasis (lf) are anopheles species with culex species playing only a minor role in transmission, if any. being a predominantly rural disease, the question remains whether conflict-related migration of rural populations into urban areas would be sufficient for active transmission of the parasite. | 2014 | 24516686 |
| brugia malayi microfilariae induce a regulatory monocyte/macrophage phenotype that suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses. | monocytes and macrophages contribute to the dysfunction of immune responses in human filariasis. during patent infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. | 2014 | 25275395 |
| helminth infections coincident with active pulmonary tuberculosis inhibit mono- and multifunctional cd4+ and cd8+ t cell responses in a process dependent on il-10. | tissue invasive helminth infections and tuberculosis (tb) are co-endemic in many parts of the world and can trigger immune responses that might antagonize each other. we have previously shown that helminth infections modulate the th1 and th17 responses to mycobacterial-antigens in latent tb. to determine whether helminth infections modulate antigen-specific and non-specific immune responses in active pulmonary tb, we examined cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cell responses as well as the systemic (plasma) cy ... | 2014 | 25211342 |
| real-time pcr detection of the hhai tandem dna repeat in pre- and post-patent brugia malayi infections: a study in indonesian transmigrants. | lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti or brugia spp. is a public health problem in developing countries. to monitor bancroftian filariasis infections, circulating filarial antigen (cfa) test is commonly used, but for brugian infections only microfilariae (mf) microscopy and indirect igg4 antibody analyses are available. improved diagnostics for detecting latent infections are required. | 2014 | 24685183 |
| wolbachia lipoproteins: abundance, localisation and serology of wolbachia peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein and the type iv secretion system component, virb6 from brugia malayi and aedes albopictus. | lipoproteins are the major agonists of wolbachia-dependent inflammatory pathogenesis in filariasis and a validated target for drug discovery. here we characterise the abundance, localisation and serology of the wolbachia lipoproteins: wolbachia peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein and the type iv secretion system component, virb6. | 2014 | 25287420 |
| lymphatic filariasis in luangwa district, south-east zambia. | past case reports and recent data from lf mapping surveys indicate that lf occurs in zambia, but no studies have been carried out to document its epidemiology and health implications. the present study assessed infection, disease, transmission and human perception aspects of lf in an endemic area of luangwa district, south-east zambia, as a background for planning and implementation of control. | 2013 | 24499525 |
| lymphatic filariasis in nigeria; micro-stratification overlap mapping (mom) as a prerequisite for cost-effective resource utilization in control and surveillance. | nigeria has a significant burden of lymphatic filariasis (lf) caused by the parasite wuchereria bancrofti. a major concern to the expansion of the lf elimination programme is the risk of serious adverse events (saes) associated with the use of ivermectin in areas co-endemic with loa filariasis. to better understand this, as well as other factors that may impact on lf elimination, we used micro-stratification overlap mapping (mom) to highlight the distribution and potential impact of multiple dis ... | 2013 | 24040432 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of a new rapid test for detecting wuchereria bancrofti antigen in human blood. | global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) guidelines call for using filarial antigen testing to identify endemic areas that require mass drug administration (mda) and for post-mda surveillance. we compared a new filarial antigen test (the alere filariasis test strip) with the reference binaxnow filariasis card test that has been used by the gpelf for more than 10 years. laboratory testing of 227 archived serum or plasma samples showed that the two tests had similar high rates of s ... | 2013 | 23690552 |
| recent advances on the use of biochemical extracts as filaricidal agents. | lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that causes a devastating public health and socioeconomic burden with an estimated infection of over 120 million individuals worldwide. the infection is caused by three closely related nematode parasites, namely, wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and b. timori, which are transmitted to human through mosquitoes of anopheles, culex, and aedes genera. the species have many ecological variants and are diversified in terms of their genetic fingerprint. ... | 2013 | 24298292 |
| genomics of loa loa, a wolbachia-free filarial parasite of humans. | loa loa, the african eyeworm, is a major filarial pathogen of humans. unlike most filariae, l. loa does not contain the obligate intracellular wolbachia endosymbiont. we describe the 91.4-mb genome of l. loa and that of the related filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti and predict 14,907 l. loa genes on the basis of microfilarial rna sequencing. by comparing these genomes to that of another filarial parasite, brugia malayi, and to those of several other nematodes, we demonstrate synteny among f ... | 2013 | 23525074 |
| semi-quantitative scoring of an immunochromatographic test for circulating filarial antigen. | abstract. the value of a semi-quantitative scoring of the filarial antigen test (binax now filariasis card test, ict) results was evaluated during a field survey in the republic of congo. one hundred and thirty-four (134) of 774 tests (17.3%) were clearly positive and were scored 1, 2, or 3; and 11 (1.4%) had questionable results. wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mf) were detected in 41 of those 133 individuals with an ict test score ≥ 1 who also had a night blood smear; none of the 11 indivi ... | 2013 | 24019435 |
| wuchereria bancrofti transmission pattern in southern mali prior to and following the institution of mass drug administration. | the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) was launched in 2000 with the goal of stopping transmission of lymphatic filariasis (lf) through yearly mass drug administration (mda). although preliminary surveys of the human population in mali suggested that wuchereria bancrofti infection was highly endemic in the sikasso district, baseline entomological data were required to confirm high levels of transmission prior to the selection of villages in this region for a study of the ... | 2013 | 23981378 |
| parasitic diseases of the pleura. | parasitic infections are prevalent in certain parts of the world and may cause pleural involvement, which often goes unrecognized. common parasites involving the pleura include entamoeba histolytica, echinococcus granulosus and paragonimus westermani. amebiasis can cause empyema with "anchovy sauce" pus, reactive pleural effusions and bronchopleural fistula with hydropneumothorax. echinococcosis may result in pleural thickening, pneumothorax, secondary pleural hydatidosis and pleural effusions. ... | 2013 | 22990049 |
| rapid detection and identification of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, b. pahangi, and dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples by high resolution melting real-time pcr. | a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for detection and identification of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, and dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples was developed using a real-time pcr combined with high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis. amplicons of the 4 filarial species were generated from 5s rrna and spliced leader sequences by the real-time pcr and their melting temperatures were determined by the hrm method. melting of amplicons from w. bancro ... | 2013 | 24516268 |
| histological and pcr xenomonitoring of culicine mosquitoes for filarial infestation in sohag governorate, upper egypt. | the nematodes wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi; the principal etiologic agents of lymphatic filariasis are mosquito dependant in the biological transmission. dirofilariasis is essentially a disease of canines which can also be transmitted to humans by culicine mosquitoes. the present work studied the histological and pcr xenomonitoring filarial infestation in culicine mosquitoes in sohag governorate. one hundred female mosquitoes of the 5 culicine spesies present in the selected localities ... | 2013 | 24640859 |