Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs of palampur, himachal pradesh. | a total of 246 faecal/scat samples of the dogs were screened by direct and floatation concentration technique to study the gastrointestinal (gi) tract parasitism in dogs of palampur, himachal pradesh, india. detailed coprological examination targeting different seasons, age groups and living styles of the dogs revealed an overall 28.04 % of gi parasitism with highest prevalence in summer season (37.87 %). stray dogs harbored 47.29 % gi parasites in comparison to 19.19 % of pet dogs. highest prev ... | 2016 | 27413283 |
| serological evidence of exposure to globally relevant zoonotic parasites in the estonian population. | we investigated estonian population and its selected subgroups for serological evidence of exposure to ascaris lumbricoides, echinococcus spp., taenia solium, toxocara canis, toxoplasma gondii, and trichinella spiralis. serum samples from 999 adults representing general population, 248 children aged 14-18, 158 veterinarians, 375 animal caretakers, and 144 hunters were tested for specific immunoglobulin g antibodies against the selected parasites using commercial enzyme immunoassays (elisa). sera ... | 2016 | 27723790 |
| seroepidemiology of human toxocara and ascaris infections in the netherlands. | toxocara canis, toxocara cati and ascaris suum are worldwide-distributed zoonotic roundworms of dogs, cats and pigs, respectively. the epidemiology of these parasites in developed countries is largely unclear. two countrywide cross-sectional serosurveys were therefore conducted in the netherlands in 1995/1996 and 2006/2007 to investigate the prevalence, trends and risk factors for human toxocara and ascaris infections in the general population. the netherlands is characterized by high pig produc ... | 2016 | 27234034 |
| identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system. | a system was developed to identify and quantify up to seven species of helminth eggs (ascaris lumbricoides -fertile and unfertile eggs-, trichuris trichiura, toxocara canis, taenia saginata, hymenolepis nana, hymenolepis diminuta, and schistosoma mansoni) in wastewater using different image processing tools and pattern recognition algorithms. the system was developed in three stages. version one was used to explore the viability of the concept of identifying helminth eggs through an image proces ... | 2016 | 27113138 |
| efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs. | the efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination chewables against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs was evaluated in six separate studies. two studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the product against toxocara canis, two studies evaluated the efficacy against toxascaris leonina, one study evaluated the efficacy against ancylostoma braziliense, and one study evaluated the efficacy against ancylostoma caninum. in the a. caninum study, the efficacy ... | 2016 | 27369586 |
| efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets against naturally acquired intestinal nematodes in dogs. | the efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination chewable tablets (nexgard spectra, merial) against naturally acquired intestinal nematode infections in dogs was evaluated in six negative control, blinded studies including a total of 114 dogs. dogs were selected based on a pre-treatment fecal examination indicating patent infections with hookworms (two studies), toxocara or toxascaris ascarids (one study each) or trichuris whipworms (two studies). in each study, dogs were assign ... | 2016 | 26827857 |
| parasite species of the endangered iberian wolf (canis lupus signatus) and a sympatric widespread carnivore. | parasites have a profound impact on wildlife population dynamics. however, until some years ago, studies on the occurrence and prevalence of wildlife parasites were neglected comparatively with the studies on humans and domestic animals. in this study, we determined the parasite prevalence of two sympatric wild canids: the endangered iberian wolf (canis lupus signatus) and the widespread red fox (vulpes vulpes), in central portugal. from november 2014 to july 2015, fresh fecal samples from both ... | 2016 | 27358768 |
| characterisation of a new, highly effective method for detecting nematode eggs (ascaris spp., toxocara spp., trichuris spp.) in sewage sludge containing flocculants. | because traditional methods used for sewage sludge parasitological examinations have low sensitivity, a new, highly effective method (own method - om) was devised. the principle of this method is to eliminate the flocculent effect on the structure of sewage sludge by mechanically damaging floccules in the presence of surfactants and to increase the effectiveness of egg isolation processes in large volumes of liquids. the objective of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of the om in dete ... | 2016 | 27688120 |
| optimal elisa antigen for the diagnosis of ascaris suum infection in humans. | ascarid nematodes, ascaris suum, toxocara canis and toxocara cati, are the most important causative species of larva migrans syndrome (lms) in humans. although the diagnosis of ascarid lms is generally based on serological tests, specific serological tests for a. suum infection have not been fully developed. in the present study, the sensitivity and specificity of three a. suum antigen preparations, i.e., the somatic adult worm antigen (as-swap), larval excretory-secretory (es) antigens derived ... | 2016 | 27604123 |
| domestic dog as a human health hazard in north of iran. | an epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminthic parasites of domestic dogs using stool samples in north of iran in 2013. stool samples (n = 100) were collected from domestic dogs of different ages and genders. different techniques including wet smear, formalin-ether sedimentation method and flotation technique in saturated zinc chloride solution were performed on collected stools to detect eggs and larval stage of helminthes parasites. the overall prevalence of h ... | 2016 | 27605812 |
| helminth infections in domestic dogs from russia. | dogs are the hosts for a wide helminth spectrum including tapeworms, flatworms, and nematodes. these parasites affect the dog health and cause morbidity and mortality, especially in young and old animals. some species, as toxocara canis, ancylostoma caninum, dipylidium caninum, and echinococcus spp. are well-known zoonotic parasites worldwide, resulting in high public health risks. poor data about canine helminth species and prevalence are available in russia, mainly due to the absence of offici ... | 2016 | 27956777 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of coyotes (canis latrans) from southeast nebraska and shenandoah area of iowa. | this survey was carried out on the carcasses of 29 coyotes from southeastern nebraska and shenandoah area of iowa to document the helminths present in the intestinal track of these carnivorous animals. | 2016 | 27733798 |
| neotropical zoonotic parasites in bush dogs (speothos venaticus) from upper paraná atlantic forests in misiones, argentina. | wildlife remains an important source of zoonotic diseases for the most vulnerable groups of humans, primarily those living in rural areas or coexisting with forest. the upper paraná atlantic forest of misiones, argentina is facing ongoing environmental and anthropogenic changes, which affect the local biodiversity, including the bush dog (speothos venaticus), a small canid considered near threatened globally and endangered locally. this project aimed to expand the knowledge of zoonotic parasites ... | 2016 | 27603553 |
| sensitivity and efficiency of selected coproscopical methods-sedimentation, combined zinc sulfate sedimentation-flotation, and mcmaster method. | coproscopical methods used in veterinary-parasitological diagnostics were validated according to their sensitivity (se) and egg recovery rate [efficiency (ef)]. validation of the combined sedimentation-flotation method and the modified mcmaster method was performed by using feces spiked with eggs of ancylostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala, cooperia oncophora, cyathostomins, ascaris suum, toxascaris leonina, toxocara canis, trichuris vulpis, moniezia expansa, and anoplocephala perfoliata. for ... | 2016 | 26997342 |
| echinococcus multilocularis and other zoonotic parasites in red foxes in estonia. | red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the most widely distributed canid in the world and an important source of multiple zoonotic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening diseases, such as rabies and alveolar echinococcosis. informing general public of potential risks related to foxes is becoming more important since the fox densities have increased in many countries and the species is colonizing urban areas in europe and around the world with increasing pace, bringing zoonotic pathogens to the immedi ... | 2016 | 27279259 |
| endoparasitic fauna of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (canis aureus) in serbia. | wild canides have a high epizootiological - epidemiological significance, considering that they are hosts for some parasites which spread vector born diseases. increased frequency of certain interactions between domestic and wild canides increases the risk of occurrence, spreading and maintaining the infection of parasitic etiology in domestic canides. the research was conducted in 232 wild canides (172 red foxes and 60 golden jackals). the examined material was sampled from foxes and jackals, w ... | 2016 | 27078664 |
| hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with trichinella spp. in wildlife. | nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. hunting activities play an important role in trichinella spp. | 2016 | 26984402 |
| the role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in europe. part ii: helminths and arthropods. | over the last few decades, ecological factors, combined with everchanging landscapes mainly linked to human activities (e.g. encroachment and tourism) have contributed to modifications in the transmission of parasitic diseases from domestic to wildlife carnivores and vice versa. in the first of this two-part review article, we have provided an account of diseases caused by protozoan parasites characterised by a two-way transmission route between domestic and wild carnivore species. in this secon ... | 2015 | 26049678 |
| intestinal helminth parasites of the grey wolf (canis lupus l.) in serbia. | the grey wolf (canis lupus l.) is the most widespread large carnivore in europe with large populations in the eastern part of europe and the balkan peninsula. in this study, a total of 102 wolves were examined for intestinal helminth parasites. the carcasses were collected within the serbian part of the wolf's range during the period 2009-2014. nine helminth species were found: one nematode, toxocara canis (3.9%), one trematode, alaria alata (1.0%), and seven cestodes, taenia pisiformis (1.0%), ... | 2015 | 26051257 |
| new hosts and localities for helminths of carnivores in argentina. | a total of 111 samples (43 faeces and 79 gastrointestinal tracts) of 14 wild carnivore species from 12 argentine provinces were analyzed. helminth eggs were identified in 73% of the faecal samples and adult worms were recovered from 81% of the gastrointestinal tracts. we found 19 helminth species. among the most frequent findings were parasites of domestic carnivores, namely toxocara canis, toxocara cati, toxascaris leonina, ancylostoma caninum, ancylostoma tubaeforme and uncinaria stenocephala. ... | 2015 | 26701468 |
| larva migrans in india: veterinary and public health perspectives. | despite an important public health problem in developing world like india, larva migrans remains a neglected zoonosis. cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, and ocular larva migrans are the important clinical manifestations seen in humans in india. although many nematode parasites have the ability to cause the infection, the disease primarily occurs due to ancylostoma caninum and toxocara canis. presence of the infection in dogs is an indirect indication of its incidence in humans in ... | 2015 | 26688621 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic dogs in tabasco, southeastern mexico. | the overall goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal (gi) parasites in dogs in the city of villahermosa in tabasco, mexico. the study population consisted of 302 owned dogs that had limited access to public areas. a fecal sample was collected from each animal and examined for gi parasites by conventional macroscopic analysis and centrifugal flotation. fecal samples from 80 (26.5%) dogs contained gi parasites. of these, 58 (19.2%) were positive for helminths and 22 (7 ... | 2015 | 26648011 |
| prevalence of endoparasitic infections of non descript dogs in mathura, uttar pradesh. | the objective of this study was to investigate, through cross-sectional survey, the distribution, types and prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites affecting stray dogs in and around mathura, india. freshly voided faecal samples of 108 identified, stray, non descript dogs of either sex and different age groups were collected and examined for coprological examination by direct faecal smear method; simple flotation and sedimentation techniques to detect parasitic oocysts and/or eggs. a total of ... | 2015 | 26345058 |
| an epidemiological survey on intestinal helminths of stray dogs in mashhad, north-east of iran. | this research was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in stray dogs in the northeast of iran, with special attention to those parasites that can be transmitted to human. in this experiment, a total of 72 adult and 18 juvenile stray dogs were collected and necropsied for the presence of helminth parasites from october 2011 to august 2012. the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was 86 % (95 % ci: 79.2-92.8 %). the observed helminths of the gastrointest ... | 2015 | 26064015 |
| zoonotic parasites in feces and fur of stray and private dogs from italy. | the present study evaluated the occurrence of zoonotic parasites in feces and on fur of stray and private dogs living in italy. individual fecal samples collected from 117 and 385 kenneled (i.e., rescue shelter) and privately owned dogs, respectively, were examined by conventional copromicroscopy. samples positive for giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. were subjected to further genetic characterization. additionally, 174 fur samples of private and kenneled dogs living in the same area, ... | 2015 | 25773179 |
| spatial distribution of canine zoonotic enteroparasites in bahía blanca, argentina. | the objectives of this research were: (1) to determine the occurrence of zoonotic enteroparasites in dog feces from bahía blanca, argentina; (2) to characterize the spatial distribution of the parasites found in association with the quality of life index (qli) in neighborhoods of bahía blanca; and (3) to determine if the presence of a particular parasite genus in a stool sample was facilitated or impeded by the presence of other parasite genera. samples of dog stools (n=475) were collected betwe ... | 2015 | 25705047 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasites in breeding kennel dogs in japan. | the present study is the first to show overall prevalences of intestinal parasites among breeding kennel dogs in japan. a total of 573 fresh fecal samples were collected from dogs at 12 breeding kennels. giardia-specific coproantigen was examined by elisa kit (snap(®) giardia, idexx laboratories, inc., maine, usa). other intestinal parasites were determined microscopically using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. overall prevalences of two genera of protists, giardia spp. and cy ... | 2015 | 25627028 |
| levels of infection of intestinal helminth species in the golden jackal canis aureus from serbia. | during the past decade, golden jackal populations have substantially increased, yet little is known of their potential for transmitting parasites within animal and human hosts. in the present study, between 2005 and 2010, 447 jackals from six localities in serbia were examined for intestinal parasites. two species of trematodes (alaria alata, pseudamphistomum truncatum), three nematodes (toxocara canis, ancylostoma caninum, gongylonema sp.), and seven cestodes (taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatige ... | 2015 | 23941681 |
| field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a combination of spinosad and milbemycin oxime in the treatment and prevention of naturally acquired flea infestations and treatment of intestinal nematode infections in dogs in europe. | two separate randomised, blinded, multicentre field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of spinosad and milbemycin oxime (mo) (trifexis(®), elanco animal health) in the treatment and prevention of naturally acquired flea infestations and intestinal nematode infections in european dogs. treatments using trifexis(®) and each control veterinary product (cvp) were administered once on day 0 in both field studies. in the flea field trial, 11 veterinary clinics i ... | 2015 | 25465736 |
| parasites of wild animals as a potential source of hazard to humans. | the decline in wild animal habitats and the uncontrolled growth of their population make these animals come closer to human settlements. the aim of the study was to identify parasitic infections in wild animals in the selected area, and to specify the hazards they create for humans. in more than 66% of the analysed faecal samples from wild boar, hares, roe deer, deer and fallow deer various developmental forms of parasites were found. these included parasites dangerous for humans: toxocara canis ... | 2015 | 26342506 |
| [a case strongly suspected of being pulmonary toxocariasis showing multiple pulmonary nodules with a disappearing and reappearing halo sign]. | we report herein on a case strongly suspected of being pulmonary toxocariasis. a 22-year-old indonesian man referred to our hospital presented with abnormal chest shadows upon medical examination. he had no symptoms. he did not have any pets nor did he eat raw beef or chicken. hematological examination revealed eosinophilia and elevation of ige. chest computed tomography revealed 3 pulmonary nodules with the halo sign. we suspected a parasite infection and performed antiparasite antibody testing ... | 2015 | 26552124 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of arginine kinase gene of toxocara canis. | toxocara canis is an important gastrointestinal nematode of dogs and also a causative agent of visceral larva migrans in humans. arginine kinase (ak) gene is one of the important biomolecule of phosphagen kinase of t. canis which is emerging as an exciting novel diagnostic target in toxocarosis. the present study was carried out to clone and characterize ak gene of t. canis for future utilization as a diagnostic molecule. total rna was extracted from intact adult worms and reverse transcription ... | 2015 | 26064002 |
| seropositivity for ascariosis and toxocariosis and cytokine expression among the indigenous people in the venezuelan delta region. | the present study aimed at measuring seropositivities for infection by ascaris suum and toxocara canis using the excretory/secretory (e/s) antigens from ascaris suum (aes) and toxocara canis (tes) within an indigenous population. in addition, quantification of cytokine expressions in peripheral blood cells was determined. a total of 50 warao indigenous were included; of which 43 were adults and seven children. in adults, 44.1% were seropositive for both parasites; whereas children had only serop ... | 2015 | 25651326 |
| [role of helminth antigens in the abnormal mitosis of bone marrow cells in laboratory animals]. | the intraabdominal administration of somatic extracts of the cestodes hydatigera taeniaformis batsch 1786, lamarck, 1816 and diphyllobothrium latum linnaeus, 1758 and the nematodes anisakis simplex larva rudolphi 1809, toxocara canis railliet et henry, 1912 in albino mice proved that these helminths had a karyopathic effect on the bone marrow cells of the animals. the antigenic composition of these extracts was investigated using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. the antigenic composition of th ... | 2015 | 25924282 |
| natural infection of free-range chickens with the ascarid nematode toxocara sp. | human toxocariasis may be acquired by eating raw chicken liver. however, there are no reports on the prevalence of natural infection of chickens with toxocara. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of anti-toxocara antibodies as indicators of natural infection with toxocara, in free-range chickens from espírito santo state, brazil. an elisa test with secretory and excretory toxocara canis antigens was used. negative controls were 20 industrial chickens reared in a high hygiene stand ... | 2015 | 26319520 |
| sequence variability in three mitochondrial genes among four roundworm species from wild animals in china. | sequence variability in three mitochondrial dna (mtdna) regions, namely portions of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1), nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 (pnad4), for toxocara canis. baylisacaris transfuga. ascaris suum and parascaris equorum from canis lupus. ursus thibetanus. sus scrofa and equus burchelli in china were examined. the lengths of the sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 were 711 bp, 648 bp and 666 bp, respectively. no intra-species differen ... | 2015 | 24041450 |
| presence of anti-toxocara canis antibodies and risk factors in children from the amecameca and chalco regions of méxico. | toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. this disease primarily affects children and is caused by the presence in the digestive tract of a common roundworm of dogs, toxocara canis, or cats, toxocara cati. toxocara is responsible for the presentation of various syndromes in humans depending on the affected organs. | 2015 | 26024905 |
| immunoblot for the detection of ascaris suum-specific antibodies in patients with visceral larva migrans (vlm) syndrome. | visceral larva migrans (vlm) syndrome caused by toxocara canis larvae was first described in the 1950s. the role of other nematode larvae, i.e. the pig roundworm ascaris suum as a causative agent of visceral larva migrans-associated symptoms like general malaise, cough, liver dysfunction, hypereosinophilia with hepatomegaly and/or pneumonia, was discussed controversially during the last decades. recent serological screening studies for specific a. suum antibodies carried out in the netherlands a ... | 2015 | 25367210 |
| cerebral toxocariasis: silent progression to neurodegenerative disorders? | toxocara canis and t. cati are highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. in paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. the presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology. toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased de ... | 2015 | 26062575 |
| copromicroscopic and molecular investigations on intestinal parasites in kenneled dogs. | intestinal parasites are common in dogs worldwide, and their importance has recently increased for a renewed awareness on the public health relevance that some of them have. in this study, the prevalence of helminths and protozoa was evaluated by microscopy in 318 canine faecal samples collected from eight rescue shelters in the north-eastern italy; 285 of them were also submitted to the molecular characterization of giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. isolates. an analysis was performed ... | 2015 | 25687526 |
| zoonotic enteric parasites transmitted from dogs in egypt with special concern to toxocara canis infection. | this work aimed to study the role played by dogs in transmitting zoonotic enteric parasites to humans in egypt and to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of such infection in dogs. serodiagnosis of anti-toxocara immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies among human beings as well as analyzing risk factors predispose to toxocara canis infection in human beings are another objectives of this study. | 2015 | 27047182 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and management practices for dogs in the greater accra region of ghana. | toxocariosis and ancylostomosis remain the most important parasitic infections affecting companion animals worldwide and pose a risk to animal and human health. information on these infections in dogs in ghana is inadequate. a cross sectional study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths infections and management practices of dogs in the greater accra region (gar) of ghana. faecal samples were obtained from 380 dogs from communities in 11 out of 16 districts in t ... | 2015 | 27441216 |
| development of a luminex bead based assay for diagnosis of toxocariasis using recombinant antigens tc-ctl-1 and tc-tes-26. | the clinical spectrum of human disease caused by the roundworms toxocara canis and toxocara cati ranges from visceral and ocular larva migrans to covert toxocariasis. the parasite is not typically recovered in affected tissues, so detection of parasite-specific antibodies is usually necessary for establishing a diagnosis. the most reliable immunodiagnostic methods use the toxocara excretory-secretory antigens (tes-ag) in elisa formats to detect toxocara-specific antibodies. to eliminate the need ... | 2015 | 26485145 |
| identification of immunodominant antigens for the laboratory diagnosis of toxocariasis. | to identify immunodominant antigens of toxocara canis recognised by toxocara-infected sera as recombinant reagents for immunodiagnosis of toxocariasis. | 2015 | 26426162 |
| parasite prevalence in fecal samples from shelter dogs and cats across the canadian provinces. | in canada, surveys of enteric parasites in dogs and cats have been reported sporadically over the past 40 years, mostly focusing on a specific region. the present work was performed to determine the current prevalence of various parasites in fecal samples from shelter dogs and cats across the canadian provinces. | 2015 | 26013283 |
| protective effect of the probiotic saccharomyces boulardii in toxocara canis infection is not due to direct action on the larvae. | in a previous study our group found that the probiotic saccharomyces boulardii was capable of reducing the intensity of infection in mice with toxocariasis. in order to assess whether the mechanism involved would be a direct action of the probiotic on toxocara canis larvae, this study was designed. both probiotics were singly cultivated in plates containing rpmi 1640 medium and t. canis larvae. s. boulardii and b. cereus var. toyoi cultures presented 97.6% and 95.7% of larvae with positive motil ... | 2015 | 24037293 |
| toxocara canis mucins among other excretory-secretory antigens induce in vitro secretion of cytokines by mouse splenocytes. | the effect of toxocara larval antigens on cytokine secretion by mouse splenocytes was studied in vitro. recombinant mucins were produced in pichia pastoris yeast, and toxocara excretory-secretory (tes) antigens were collected from in vitro culture of l2 larvae. tc-muc-2, tc-muc-3, tc-muc-4, and tc-muc-5 were expressed as glycoproteins and were specifically recognized by toxocara canis-infected dog serum antibodies. mouse splenocytes stimulated with recombinant mucins produced il-5, il-6, and tgf ... | 2015 | 26044883 |
| fungi predatory activity on embryonated toxocara canis eggs inoculated in domestic chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) and destruction of second stage larvae. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the infectivity of toxocara canis eggs after interacting with isolated nematophagous fungi of the species duddingtonia flagrans (ac001) and pochonia chlamydosporia (vc4), and test the predatory activity of the isolated ac001 on t. canis second stage larvae after 7 days of interaction. in assay a, 5000 embryonated t. canis eggs previously in contact with the ac001 and vc4 isolated for 10 days were inoculated into domestic chickens (gallus gallus domesti ... | 2015 | 26032943 |
| prevalence of zoonotic intestinal parasites in household and stray dogs in rural areas of hamadan, western iran. | zoonotic parasitic infections are a major global public and veterinary health problem and widespread among dogs. the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray and household dogs in the rural areas of hamadan district. during 2012, 1,500 fresh fecal samples from 243 household and 1,257 stray dogs were examined by using direct wet mount, simple zinc sulfate flotation, and lugol's solution staining. of 1,500 dogs, 20.4% were positive for intestinal parasi ... | 2015 | 26691252 |
| cross-reactivity of toxocariasis with crude antigen of toxascaris leonina larvae by elisa. | roundworms of toxocara canis and toxascaris leonina are common gastrointestinal helminths of canids over the world. humans are infected with t. canis larvae through ingestion of infective eggs in contaminated environments or larvae by consumption of raw or uncooked meat or livers. recently, patients of clinically diagnosed toxocariasis are increasing and require correct diagnosis in korea. the present study investigated serological cross-reactivity between crude antigens of t. canis (tcla) and t ... | 2015 | 25931784 |
| sequence variation in mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes of ascaridoid nematodes in cats and dogs from iran. | the study was conducted to determine the sequence variation in two mitochondrial genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase 1 (pcox1) and nadh dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) within and among isolates of toxocara cati, toxocara canis and toxascaris leonina. genomic dna was extracted from 32 isolates of t. cati, 9 isolates of t. canis and 19 isolates of t. leonina collected from cats and dogs in different geographical areas of iran. mitochondrial genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequen ... | 2015 | 24717402 |
| toxocara canis, trichinella spiralis and taenia solium helminthozoonoses: seroprevalence among selected populations in north india. | helminthozoonoses are being considered as a research priority in india and many other tropical and subtropical countries. taenia solium and trichinella spiralis are emerging public health and food safety issues in the country and the developing world. the asymptomatic ta. solium carriers act as important risk for neurocysticercosis, leading to adult onset epilepsy in the country. human toxocariasis is another common zoonosis which occurs due to larvae of toxocara canis or t. cati. the current st ... | 2015 | 26345057 |
| short communication: experimental toxocarosis in chinese kun ming mice: dose-dependent larval distribution and modulation of immune responses. | toxocarosis is an important parasitic zoonosis which is mainly caused by the infective larvae of toxocara canis. to identify whether there are correlations among the infectious dose, the larval migrans and immune modulation in inbred chinese kun ming (km) mice, experimental infections were carried out with a range of dosages of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 embryonated eggs (ee). pathogenic reactions were observed in terms of physical and central nervous symptoms. distributions of t. canis larv ... | 2015 | 26679790 |
| toxocara canis igg seropositivity in patients with chronic urticaria. | we aimed to investigate igg antibody levels specific to toxocara canis (t. canis), a parasite which subsists in dog's intestine, on serum samples obtained from patients with chronic urticaria (cu) to evaluate effective risk in cu etiopathogenesis. in this study, 73 patients diagnosed with cu and 109 healthy individuals as control group, were included. various factors such as sex, age, education and income, daily hand washing habits, history of dog owning and soil eating were questioned in patien ... | 2015 | 26547714 |
| toxocara canis and the allergic process. | the protective effect of infectious agents against allergic reactions has been thoroughly investigated. current studies have demonstrated the ability of some helminths to modulate the immune response of infected hosts. the objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between toxocara canis infection and the development of an allergic response in mice immunised with ovalbumin (ova). we determined the total and differential blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells using b ... | 2015 | 26517650 |
| hepatic visceral larva migrans due to toxocara canis in a 72-year-old man. | hepatic toxocariasis is visceral larva migrans caused by toxocara. we report a case of hepatic toxocariasis detected incidentally during a health checkup. the patient had elevated levels of eosinophils, total ige, and anti-toxocara igg antibodies. on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (ct) imaging he had a single, 2.16 cm, oval, ill-defined, low-attenuation hepatic nodule which was best appreciated during the portal venous phase of the scan. clinicians should consider hepatic toxocariasis as ... | 2015 | 26513919 |
| immunodiagnostic approaches for the detection of human toxocarosis. | human toxocarosis is an important zoonosis caused by larvae of toxocara canis/cati. the objective was to evaluate the role of igg anti-toxocara antibody detection and the specific igg avidity in diagnostics of human toxocarosis. anti-toxocara igg antibodies and igg avidity were evaluated by excretory-secretory (es)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the igg anti-toxocara seroprevalence in people (n = 7678) from western slovakia was 15.3% and found to be highest in the oldest age groups. ... | 2015 | 26505549 |
| association between toxocariasis and cognitive function in young to middle-aged adults. | the ascarid nematodes toxocara canis (werner, 1782) and toxocara cati (schrank, 1788) may infect humans resulting in toxocariasis. a prior study associated species of toxocara stiles, 1905 with cognitive deficits in children. to determine if a similar association between toxocariasis and cognition exists in adults, we analysed a large dataset from the united states' center for disease control's national health and nutrition examination survey. we used linear-regression and multivariate models to ... | 2015 | 26374832 |
| sero-epidemiology of toxocara canis infection in children attending four selected health facilities in the central region of ghana. | the study determined the seroprevalence of toxocara canis infection among children attending four selected health facilities in the central region of ghana. | 2015 | 26339090 |
| successful early diagnosis and treatment in a case of toxocara canis-induced eosinophilic myocarditis with eosinophil-rich pericardial effusion. | fulminant myocarditis can become fatal if left untreated. treatments for most types of myocarditis, including mechanical support, are limited. however, immediate systemic corticosteroids are known to be effective against eosinophilic myocarditis; therefore, prompt diagnosis of this disease is crucial. unfortunately, the standard diagnostic tool for myocarditis, endomyocardial biopsy, does not provide immediate histopathological findings. thus, a rapid diagnostic tool for identifying types of myo ... | 2015 | 26338242 |
| determination of anthelmintic efficacy against toxocara canis in dogs by use of capsule endoscopy. | industry guidelines for anthelmintic testing call for postmortem inspection of animals to verify treatment efficacy. a previous study showed that capsule endoscopy (ce) can be performed on dogs in vivo to quantify hookworms in the small intestine. adoption of a minimally invasive procedure such as this could reduce the need for necropsy in efficacy trials. the present study employed ce to enumerate toxocara canis in dogs, with two main goals: to determine if multiple capsule examinations improve ... | 2015 | 26321133 |
| deglycosylation of toxocara excretory-secretory antigens improves the specificity of the serodiagnosis for human toxocariasis. | serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis is difficult in tropical areas where other helminthiasis are endemic. many studies have shown that glycans from helminths may be the responsible for cross-reactions in the immunoassays. in this study, we have evaluated the deglycosylation of the toxocara canis excretory-secretory (tes) antigens for the detection of igg antibodies using a panel of 228 serum samples (58 patients with toxocariasis, 75 patients with other helminth infections and 95 healthy individ ... | 2015 | 26315805 |
| genetic blueprint of the zoonotic pathogen toxocara canis. | toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. in humans, this nematode causes disease (toxocariasis) mainly in the under-privileged communities in developed and developing countries. although relatively well studied from clinical and epidemiological perspectives, to date, there has been no global investigation of the molecular biology of this parasite. here we use next-generation sequencing to produce a draft genome and transcriptome of t. canis to support fu ... | 2015 | 25649139 |
| toxocara canis in household dogs: prevalence, risk factors and owners' attitude towards deworming. | the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and risk factors for shedding of toxocara eggs were determined for 916 dutch household dogs older than 6 months. additionally, the owners answered a questionnaire about their dogs and their attitude towards routine deworming was assessed. faecal samples were examined using the centrifugal sedimentation flotation method. the overall prevalence of dogs shedding toxocara eggs was 4.6 %. multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk fo ... | 2015 | 25468379 |
| toxocara canis-associated visceral larva migrans of the liver. | 2015 | 25462181 | |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of toxocariasis in preschool children in aragua state, venezuela. | toxocariasis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the nematode toxocara canis. in venezuela, the magnitude of the disease is unknown and seroepidemiological studies have not been previously carried out in aragua state. | 2015 | 26217045 |
| study of toxocara seropevalence among patients with allergy and healthy individuals in bulgaria. | data in the literature addressing the ability of toxocara infection in humans to induce development of atopic disease are controversial. aim of our study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-toxocara antibodies in three groups of people: subjects with allergic symptoms and presence of allergen-specific ige, subjects with allergic symptoms and absence of allergen-specific ige, and clinically healthy blood donors. serum samples from all subjects were tested by elisa and western blot for pre ... | 2015 | 26216158 |
| anthelmintic activity of lapachol, β-lapachone and its derivatives against toxocara canis larvae. | anthelmintics used for intestinal helminthiasis treatment are generally effective; however, their effectiveness in tissue parasitosis (i.e. visceral toxocariasis) is moderate. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of lapachol, β-lapachone and phenazines in relation to the viability of toxocara canis larvae. a concentration of 2 mg/ml (in duplicate) of the compounds was tested using microculture plates containing toxocara canis larvae in an rpmi-1640 environment, incubated a ... | 2015 | 26200958 |
| toxocariasis: a rare cause of multiple cerebral infarction. | toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms toxocara canis or toxocara cati, mostly due to accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs. clinical manifestations vary and are classified as visceral larva migrans or ocular larva migrans according to the organs affected. central nervous system involvement is an unusual complication. here, we report a case of multiple cerebral infarction and concurrent multi-organ involvement due to t. canis infestation of a previous healthy 39-year-o ... | 2015 | 26157596 |
| elisa-confirmed bilateral ocular toxocariasis with different features. | to report a rare case of bilateral ocular toxocariasis with a different clinical presentation in each eye. | 2015 | 26154694 |
| [the development and survival of toxocara canis eggs in the natural climatic conditions of gorno-altaisk]. | the time of development and survival of toxocara canis eggs in the soil of gorno-altaisk was experimen- tally investigated in 2011-2014. in july 2011, t.canis eggs matured at 3-5-cm soil depths from the stage of 1-2 blastomeres to invading larva within 12 days at a daily average temperature of +23°c and at a relative humidity of 82%. at 3-5-cm soil depths, more than 70% of invaded t. canis eggs preserved their viability through- out the experimental period (4 years). the paper gives evidence for ... | 2015 | 26152039 |
| toxocara canis infection: unusual trigger of systemic lupus erythematosus. | infection by toxocara canis can cause systemic vasculitis. we report here a unique case of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) triggered by t. canis infection. an 8-year-old girl was treated with albendazole therapy for common toxocariasis, but she developed two weeks later, asthenia, fever, infiltrated maculopapular eruption of the face, peripheral vascular disease with necrosis of the fingers and inflammatory anemia with proteinuria. anti-nuclear, anti-dna and anti-sm antibodies positivity, tog ... | 2015 | 26147636 |
| new insights into the immunopathology of early toxocara canis infection in mice. | nematodes of the genus toxocara are cosmopolitan roundworms frequently found in dogs and cats. toxocara spp. can accidentally infect humans and cause a zoonosis called human toxocariasis, which is characterized by visceral, ocular or cerebral migration of larval stages of the parasite, without completing its life cycle. in general, chronic nematode infections induce a polarized th2 immune response. however, during the initial phase of infection, a strong pro-inflammatory response is part of the ... | 2015 | 26135397 |
| seroepidemiology of toxocariasis and its clinical implications in gwangju and jeonnam-province, korea. | we investigated the seroepidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients suspected to have toxocariasis in gwangju and jeonnam-province, korea. in total, 228 specimens were analyzed for anti-toxocara canis igg at two university hospitals from 2010 to 2012. the overall seropositive rate was 67.1%, and the seropositive rates among the eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic groups were 76.1% (105/138) and 53.3% (48/90), respectively. risk factors for eosinophilia and toxocariasis we ... | 2015 | 26131418 |
| a comparison of mini-flotac and flotac with classic methods to diagnosing intestinal parasites of dogs from brazil. | dogs may be affected by different species of gastrointestinal parasites which present great importance in veterinary medicine and public health. several techniques to diagnosing these parasites have been proposed, but different performances achieved by each method make difficult the choice of the best technique to be used. in this study, the performance of two classic methods (i.e., willis and hoffman techniques) and two recent techniques (i.e., flotac and mini-flotac) to diagnosing gastrointest ... | 2015 | 26122998 |
| the prevalence of toxocariasis and diagnostic value of serologic tests in asymptomatic korean adults. | toxocariasis is the most common cause of peripheral blood eosinophilia in korea and produces eosinophilic infiltration in various organs, including the lung. however, the prevalence of toxocariasis in the general population is rarely reported. | 2015 | 26122506 |
| effects of toxocara larvae on brain cell survival by in vitro model assessment. | neuroinvasive larvae of the common dog and cat roundworms, toxocara canis and toxocara cati, may cause severe neurological and neuropsychological disturbances in humans. despite their pathogenic potential and high prevalence worldwide, little is known about their cell-specific influences and cerebral host-pathogen interactions in neurotoxocarosis. to address this discrepancy, a co-culture system of viable larvae with murine neuronal (cad), oligodendrocytal (bo-1) and microglial (bv-2) cell lines ... | 2015 | 26080924 |
| an alternative method for producing toxocara canis second stage larvae from a paratenic host (pigeon) for mrna extraction purpose. | toxocara canis is a prevalent zoonotic parasite which can cause serious disease in puppies and humans. excretory-secretory and coating antigens of the second stage larvae (l2) are the best targets for performing immunodiagnostic and also immunoprophylactic tests. various hatching methods have been described to bring out l2 from the resistant infective egg shell; but these methods are difficult to do and have had different results when performed by different practitioners. in this study, second s ... | 2015 | 26063997 |
| production of toxocara cati tes-120 recombinant antigen and comparison with its t. canis homolog for serodiagnosis of toxocariasis. | toxocariasis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by the infective larvae of toxocara canis and t. cati. diagnosis in humans is usually based on clinical symptoms and serology. immunoglobulin g (igg)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits using t. canis excretory-secretory (tes) larval antigens are commonly used for serodiagnosis. differences in the antigens of the two toxocara species may influence the diagnostic sensitivity of the test. in this study, t. cati recombinant tes-120 (rtes-120 ... | 2015 | 26033026 |
| molecular mechanism of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (pp1cα-pp1r7) in spermatogenesis of toxocara canis. | toxocariasis is one of the most important, but neglected, zoonoses, which is mainly caused by toxocara canis. to better understand the role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (pp1) in reproductive processes of male adult t. canis, differential expression analysis was used to reveal the profiles of pp1 catalytic subunit α (pp1cα) gene tc-stp-1 and pp1 regulatory subunit 7 (pp1r7) gene tcm-1309. indirect fluorescence immunocytochemistry was carried out to determine the subcellular distribut ... | 2015 | 26026715 |
| successful capture of toxocara canis larva antigens from human serum samples. | toxocara canis is a nematode that parasitizes dogs, while humans are paratenic hosts. when humans are infected the migrating larvae damage the liver, lungs and even the nervous system. larva migrans diagnosis is based on immunological techniques; however, the commercial immunodiagnostic kits detect anti-t. canis antibodies which may cross-react with other parasites, mainly nematodes with extra-intestinal migration. moreover, antibodies do not necessarily reflect an active infection; so detection ... | 2015 | 25952316 |
| field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis. | human toxocariasis which is caused mainly by the larvae of toxocara canis and toxocara cati, is a worldwide zoonotic disease that can be a potentially serious human infection. the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using t. canis excretory-secretory (tes) antigens harvested from t. canis larvae is currently the serological test for confirming toxocariasis. an alternative to producing large amounts of toxocara tes and improved diagnosis for toxocariasis is through the development of highly ... | 2015 | 25910623 |
| enhanced resolution of eosinophilic liver abscess associated with toxocariasis by albendazole treatment. | visceral larva migrans, caused by toxocara canis and toxocara cati, has emerged as a significant cause of eosinophilic liver abscess (ela). differentiation of ela associated with toxocariasis (ela-t) from metastasis or primary liver malignancy is sometimes difficult. however, the role of albendazole treatment remains uncertain in this condition. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether albendazole can enhance the radiologic resolution of ela-t. | 2015 | 25896156 |
| toxocariasis: an unusual cause of pleural effusion. | toxocara canis, one of the most frequent parasites worldwide, rarely triggers respiratory symptoms. we report the case of a 5-year-old girl hospitalized for a unilateral eosinophilic pleural effusion due to toxocara canis. besides the fact that she was living in a squat, no other medical condition was reported. there was no other site of infection caused by the parasite and she was successfully treated with albendazole. this case report is obviously unique as very few cases of pleural effusion d ... | 2015 | 25847394 |
| microarray gene expression analysis reveals major differences between toxocara canis and toxocara cati neurotoxocarosis and involvement of t. canis in lipid biosynthetic processes. | toxocara canis and toxocara cati are globally occurring intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats with a high zoonotic potential. migrating larvae in the cns of paratenic hosts, including humans, may cause neurotoxocarosis resulting in a variety of neurological symptoms. toxocara canis exhibits a stronger affinity to the cns than t. cati, causing more severe neurological symptoms in the mouse model. pathomechanisms of neurotoxocarosis as well as host responses towards the respective parasite are mos ... | 2015 | 25843806 |
| seroprevalence, disease awareness, and risk factors for toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in makoko, an urban slum community in nigeria. | in this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of toxocara canis infection in southern nigeria, which previously was unknown, in addition to evaluating disease awareness and potential risk factors for schoolchildren in an urban slum community. in total, 366 primary schoolchildren were investigated for the presence of anti-toxocara igg antibodies. blood was collected and screened by a western blot analysis based on the excretory-secretory antigens of larval t. canis (tces), targeting low molec ... | 2015 | 25812836 |
| vasculitis secondary to anti-c1q antibodies induced by toxocariasis. | vasculitides occurring during parasitic infection are rare and may imply different mechanisms. | 2015 | 25808264 |
| epidemiology of human toxocariasis in poland - a review of cases 1978-2009. | toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis due to the infection of humans with larvae belonging to the toxocara genus. humans become infected as a result of accidental consumption of infected eggs containing third stage larvae (l3) nematodes from toxocara canis or toxocara cati species. toxocariasis was recognized for the first time in the early 1950s, and the first cases of toxocariasis in poland were described a few years later. toxocariasis is clinically classified into several types: classic and in ... | 2015 | 25780823 |
| neurotoxocarosis alters myelin protein gene transcription and expression. | neurotoxocarosis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by migrating larvae of the common dog and cat roundworms (toxocara canis and toxocara cati), which are zoonotic agents. as these parasites are prevalent worldwide and neuropathological and molecular investigations on neurotoxocarosis are scare, this study aims to characterise nerve fibre demyelination associated with neurotoxocarosis on a molecular level. transcription of eight myelin-associated genes (cnp, mag, mbp, mog, mrf- ... | 2015 | 25773181 |
| immunopathological changes in the brain of immunosuppressed mice experimentally infected with toxocara canis. | toxocariasis is a soil-transmitted helminthozoonosis due to infection of humans by larvae of toxocara canis. the disease could produce cognitive and behavioral disturbances especially in children. meanwhile, in our modern era, the incidence of immunosuppression has been progressively increasing due to increased incidence of malignancy as well as increased use of immunosuppressive agents. the present study aimed at comparing some of the pathological and immunological alterations in the brain of n ... | 2015 | 25748709 |
| toxocariasis diagnosed in international travelers at the institute of tropical medicine, antwerp, belgium, from 2000 to 2013. | although infection with toxocara canis or t. catis (commonly referred as toxocariasis) appears to be highly prevalent in (sub)tropical countries, information on its frequency and presentation in returning travelers and migrants is scarce. in this study, we reviewed all cases of asymptomatic and symptomatic toxocariasis diagnosed during post-travel consultations at the reference travel clinic of the institute of tropical medicine, antwerp, belgium. toxocariasis was considered as highly probable i ... | 2015 | 25746418 |
| [toxocara canis eggs as bait for soil fungus in a subtropical city]. | the use of different isolation techniques allows the recovery of fungi based on their ability to use selective substrates. the sprinkle method is a technique for the recovery of nematophagous fungi in the soil. these fungi are natural predators of nematodes and are widely distributed in nature. | 2015 | 25728877 |
| differential serodiagnostics of toxocara canis and toxocara cati--is it possible? | one of the most common zoonotic helminth infections is caused by species in the genus toxocara, particularly toxocara canis and t. cati (syn. t. mystax). however, their relative contribution to toxocarosis in humans remains largely unknown because causative larvae are seldom recovered and uncertainties regarding the validity of existing serological assays. in this study, we used sera from a pig model experimentally infected with t. canis and t. cati to evaluate whether a western blot could discr ... | 2015 | 25711956 |
| [adult toxocariasis]. | epidemiological study on a statistically significant population for determining the true degree of toxocara canis infections in the adults from moldova, romania. | 2015 | 23077932 |
| [disinvasive activity of briz 25% e.c. against toxocara canis eggs (experimental studies)]. | the insectoacaricid briz 25% e.c. was tested for its effects on toxocara canis eggs in pure culture. in the solar-illuminated laboratory at 22-23°c, t. canis eggs of pure culture were destroyed on days 17-18 when in 1.25% aqueous emulsion of the insectoacaricid briz 25% e.c. (0.313% with reference to the active ingredient cypermethrin). within the egg, the parasite failed to die not only in the stage of protoblast (5-6 days), but also in the stages of semiformed (4 days) and mobile larva (7-8 da ... | 2015 | 25924285 |
| the hamster (mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model of toxocariasis: histopathological, immunohistochemical, and immunoelectron microscopic findings. | toxocariasis is a globally distributed parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of toxocara spp. the typical natural hosts of the parasite are dogs and cats, but humans can be infected by the larval stage of the parasite after ingesting embryonated eggs in soil or from contaminated hands or fomites. the migrating larvae are not adapted to complete their life cycle within accidental or paratenic hosts like humans and laboratory animals, respectively, but they are capable of invading viscera ... | 2015 | 25518818 |
| transmammary infection in balb/c mice with chronic toxocariasis. | human toxocariasis is a neglected public health problem. infection of humans generally results from the accidental ingestion of embryonated toxocara canis eggs, but it is important to broaden knowledge about other forms of transmission. this study aimed to demonstrate the prevalence of transmammary transmission in mice with chronic toxocariasis. balb/c mice in groups 1 (g1) and 3 (g3) were inoculated with 1200 t. canis eggs 60days before mating, whereas those of group 2 (g2) were not infected. a ... | 2015 | 24837181 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara canis among patients with uveitis. | to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara canis in patients with uveitis. | 2015 | 24131311 |
| behavioral and memory changes in mus musculus coinfected by toxocara canis and toxoplasma gondii. | several researchers have stated that parasites can alter the behavior of their hosts, in order to increase the transmission rate, principally when prey-predator relationships are a reliable way of infection transmission. the aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of changes in anxiety and short-term memory patterns in experimentally infected mus musculus by toxocara canis and/or toxoplasma gondii. forty male mus musculus (balb/c) eight-week-old were divided into four groups of 10 mice ea ... | 2015 | 25076438 |
| behavioural changes and muscle strength in rattus norvegicus experimentally infected with toxocara cati and t. canis. | toxocara canis and toxocara cati are nematode parasites in dogs and cats, respectively, transmitted by ingestion of embryonated eggs, transmammary and transplacental (t. canis) routes and paratenic host predation. many parasites use mechanisms that change the behaviour of their hosts to ensure continued transmission. several researchers have demonstrated behavioural changes in mouse models as paratenic hosts for t. canis. however, there have been no studies on behavioural changes in laboratory r ... | 2015 | 24725503 |