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nurses and television as sources of information effecting behavioral improvement regarding liver flukes in nakhon ratchasima province, thailand.liver fluke infection with opisthorchis viverrini and its associated cholangiocarcinoma constitute a serious problem in thailand. healthy behavior can decrease infection, therefore, the investigation of knowledge, attitude, and practice is need required in high risk areas.201627039731
pipeline for the identification and classification of ion channels in parasitic flatworms.ion channels are well characterised in model organisms, principally because of the availability of functional genomic tools and datasets for these species. this contrasts the situation, for example, for parasites of humans and animals, whose genomic and biological uniqueness means that many genes and their products cannot be annotated. as ion channels are recognised as important drug targets in mammals, the accurate identification and classification of parasite channels could provide major prosp ...201626983991
reinfection by opisthorchis viverrini after treatment with praziquantel.the prevalence of infection by the liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini (o. viverrini), has remained high in northeast thailand where it is a major risk factor for the eventual development of cholangiocarcinoma (cca). the infection is acquired by the consumption of dishes containing unsafely prepared freshwater fish, a dietary tradition which has proved resistant to change. since many people are aware that dosing with praziquantel (pzq) is a successful treatment for an episode of the infection, t ...201626925692
proteomic characterization of the internalization of opisthorchis viverrini excretory/secretory products in human cells.the association between liver fluke infection caused by opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma (cca - hepatic cancer of the bile duct epithelium) has been well established. multiple mechanisms play a role in the development of cca, but the excretory/secretory products released by o. viverrini (oves) represent the major interface between the parasite and its host, and their uptake by biliary epithelial cells has been suggested to be responsible for proliferation of cholangiocytes, the cell ...201626873540
identification and characterization of protein 14-3-3 in carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini.protein 14-3-3s are abundant phospho-serine/threonine binding proteins, which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. members of this protein family mediate metabolism and signal transduction networks through binding to hundreds of other protein partners. protein 14-3-3s have been studied in other species of parasitic helminthes, but little is known about this protein in the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini. in this study, we identified and characterized protein 14-3-3s of o. viver ...201627989833
chronic opisthorchis viverrini infection changes the liver microbiome and promotes helicobacter growth.adults of opisthorchis viverrini reside in the biliary system, inducing inflammation of bile ducts and cholangitis, leading to hepatobiliary disease (hbd) including cholangiocarcinoma. o. viverrini infection also has major implications for the bacterial community in bile ducts and liver. to investigate this in chronic o. viverrini infection (≥ 8 months p.i.), bacterial genomic dna from livers of hamsters and from worms was investigated using culture techniques, pcr for helicobacter spp. and high ...201627806126
detection of the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini using a mini parasep sf faecal parasite concentrator.the mini parasep sf fecal parasite concentrator (mpsfc) is a new modification of the closed concentration system, which can easily be adopted in any routine clinical pathology laboratory. here we describe our experience with the system in diagnosing opisthorchis viverrini. a total of 199 fecal samples was submitted for routine examination in the clinical pathology laboratory of suranaree university of technology hospital, nakhon ratchasima province, thailand, during august to october 2015. out o ...201626838241
clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review.parasitic diseases remain an unarguable public health problem worldwide. liver fluke clonorchis sinensis is a high risk pathogenic parasitic helminth which is endemic predominantly in asian countries, including korea, china, taiwan, vietnam, and the far eastern parts of russia, and is still actively transmitted. according to the earlier 8th national survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in 2012, c. sinensis was revealed as the parasite with highest prevalence of 1.86% in ge ...201627418285
chromosome morphometry in opisthorchiid species (platyhelminthes, trematoda).few existing studies have dealt with cytogenetics in trematodes, largely due to the attendant technical difficulty of chromosome preparation. we performed a comparative analysis of chromosomes in five opistorchiid species, including opisthorchis felineus rivolta, 1884, opisthorchis viverrini poirier, 1886, clonorchis sinensis cobbold, 1875, metorchis xanthosomus creplin 1846, and metorchis bilis (braun, 1790) odening, 1962. for some of these species, no detailed morphometric description of their ...201627404484
characterization and localization of opisthorchis viverrini fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase.opisthorchis viverrini (ov) infection is a long-time public health problem in thailand that can lead to bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma (cca). characterization of the ov proteins at a molecular level will increase our knowledge of host-parasite interaction that can be applied to new drug, vaccine, or immunodiagnostic development. in this study, an important enzyme in the ov glycolytic pathway, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbpa), that had been obtained from a previous study was charac ...201627265876
characterization and functional analysis of fatty acid binding protein from the carcinogenic liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini.in the present study, the cdna encoding fabp (ov-fabp) was isolated from the adult stage of opisthorchis viverrini and characterized. the ov-fabp protein sequence (107 amino acids) was predicted to have a molecular mass of 12.26kda and an isoelectric point (pi) of 6.82. this sequence had a high identity and similarity to cs-fabp of the related opisthorchid clonorchis sinensis. multiple sequence alignment with fabps from other parasitic flatworms and mammals showed a number of conserved amino aci ...201627143603
carcinogenesis associated with parasites other than schistosoma, opisthorchis and clonorchis: a systematic review.only three helminths (schistosoma haematobium, opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis) are directly associated with carcinogenesis in humans whereas the role of other parasites in cancer remains unclear. this study aimed to perform a systematic review to identify recent insights in the role of other parasite infections in carcinogenesis. we conducted systematic searches of medline and embase on july 2015. our primary outcome was the association between parasitic infections and carcinogen ...201626840624
helicobacter species are possible risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma.several infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in human, mainly hepatitis b and c viruses, high-risk human pailloma viruses, helicobacter pylori, clonorchis sinensis, and opisthorchis viverrini. here we described the evident research and the association between helicobacter spp. and biliary tract cancer particularly cholangiocarcinoma (cca). global epidemiological studies have suggested that helicobacter spp. are possible risk factors for biliary tract diseases. molecular studie ...201626838240
hemozoin is a product of heme detoxification in the gut of the most medically important species of the family opisthorchiidae.many species of trematodes such as schistosoma spp., fasciola hepatica and echinostoma trivolvis are blood-feeding parasites. nevertheless, there is no consensus on the feeding habits of the family opisthorchiidae (opisthorchis felineus, opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis). previously, histological studies of o. felineus and c. sinensis revealed some dark stained material in their gut lumen. in this study we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the gut contents of three members of t ...201626812025
the complete mitochondrial genome of metorchis orientalis (trematoda: opisthorchiidae): comparison with other closely related species and phylogenetic implications.metorchis orientalis (trematoda: opisthorchiidae) is an important trematode infecting many animals and humans, causing metorchiasis. in the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of m. orientalis was sequenced. the complete mt genome of m. orientalis is 13,834 bp circular dna molecule and contains 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, and two ribosomal rna genes. the gene content and arrangement of m. orientalis is the same as those of opisthorchiidae trematodes (opistho ...201626805437
phylogenetic characterization of clonorchis sinensis proteins homologous to the sigma-class glutathione transferase and their differential expression profiles.glutathione transferase (gst) is one of the major antioxidant proteins with diverse supplemental activities including peroxidase, isomerase, and thiol transferase. gsts are classified into multiple classes on the basis of their primary structures and substrate/inhibitor specificity. however, the evolutionary routes and physiological environments specific to each of the closely related bioactive enzymes remain elusive. the sigma-like gsts exhibit amino acid conservation patterns similar to the pr ...201626792248
clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchis spp. in vietnam: current status and prospects.clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchis viverrini are clinically important small liver flukes because of their known association with development of cholangiocarcinoma. in vietnam, high prevalence of c. sinensis infection in humans was previously reported in northern provinces, and o. viverrini infection has been detected in several central provinces. however, diagnosis of c. sinensis and o. viverrini infections in the past was merely based on faecal egg examination. this method alone can lead to m ...201626740358
prevalence of trematode larvae in intermediate hosts: snails and fish in ko ae sub-district of khueang nai, ubon ratchathani province, thailand.ko ae sub-district of khueang nai, ubon ratchathani province, thailand is located in an endemic area for opisthorchis viverrini and other fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzt) infection. this study shows the status in ko ae sub-district of fzt infection based on availability of intermediate hosts and necessary requirements for the transmission of fzt. a cross-sectional survey of intermediate hosts of fzt, including bithynia siamensis goniomphalos and cyprinoid fish, was conducted from april 2013 ...201627405122
whole transcriptome profiling of adult and infective stages of the trematode opisthorchis felineus.opisthorchis felineus, the trematode belonging to the family opisthorchiidae, is a causative agent of the infection called opisthorchiasis or liver fluke infection. being a close relative of opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis (oriental liver flukes) it is encountered in northern eurasia, especially in russia, kazakhstan, belarus, ukraine, and baltic countries. whole genome data for oriental liver flukes revealed their adaptations for life in the bile duct but our knowledge of o. feli ...201626363139
hypothetical granulin-like molecule from fasciola hepatica identified by bioinformatics analysis.fasciola hepatica is considered an emergent human pathogen, causing liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, conditions that are known to be direct causes of cancer. some parasites have been categorized by who as carcinogenic agents such as opisthorchis viverrini, a relative of f. hepatica. although these two parasites are from the same class (trematoda), the role of f. hepatica in carcinogenesis is unclear. we hypothesized that f. hepatica might share some features with o. viverrini and to be responsible t ...201627386259
similarity of a 16.5kda tegumental protein of the human liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini to nematode cytoplasmic motility protein.opisthorchis viverrini is the causative agent of human opisthorchiasis in thailand and long lasting infection with the parasite has been correlated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. in this work we have molecularly characterized the first member of a protein family carrying two dm9 repeats in this parasite (ovdm9-1). interpro and other protein family databases describe the dm9 repeat as a protein domain of unknown function that has been first noted in drosophila melanogaster. two paral ...201627140280
genome mining offers a new starting point for parasitology research.parasites including helminthes, protozoa, and medical arthropod vectors are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting one-sixth of the world's population, which are responsible for enormous levels of morbidity and mortality important and remain impediments to economic development especially in tropical countries. prevalent drug resistance, lack of highly effective and practical vaccines, as well as specific and sensitive diagnostic markers are proving to be challenging problems in p ...201525563615
epidemiology of strongyloides stercoralis on mekong islands in southern laos.strongyloides stercoralis is a neglected helminth infection potentially that can lead to systemic infection in immunocompromised individuals. in lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr, laos), information on s. stercoralis infection is scarce. we assessed s. stercoralis infection and associated risk factors and symptoms on the mekong islands in southern laos. baermann and kato-katz techniques were performed on two stool samples from each individual to detect s. stercoralis larvae and concomita ...201525291044
repeated stool sampling and use of multiple techniques enhance the sensitivity of helminth diagnosis: a cross-sectional survey in southern lao people's democratic republic.intestinal parasitic infections are common in lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr). we investigated the accuracy of the kato-katz (kk) technique in relation to varying stool sampling efforts, and determined the effect of the concurrent use of a quantitative formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (fect) for helminth diagnosis and appraisal of concomitant infections. the study was carried out between march and may 2006 in champasack province, southern lao pdr. overall, 485 individual ...201525225157
comparative evaluation of strongyloides ratti and s. stercoralis larval antigen for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in an endemic area of opisthorchiasis.the use of strongyloides ratti as heterologous antigen for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis is preferable to strongyloides from humans due to the ease and safety of antigen preparation. in southeast asia where opisthorchis viverrini coexists with strongyloides stercoralis, there has been no report in using s. ratti for serodiagnosis of s. stercoralis. in this study, performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on s. ratti was compared with that based on s. stercoralis for d ...201525877389
intestinal helminths recovered from humans in xieng khouang province, lao pdr with a particular note on haplorchis pumilio infection.a survey of intestinal helminths was undertaken in riparian people in xieng khouang province, lao pdr. fecal specimens were collected from 643 people (289 males and 354 females) residing in 4 districts (nonghet, kham, phoukout, and pek) and were examined by the kato-katz technique. the overall helminth egg positive rate was 41.2%, and hookworms revealed the highest prevalence (32.7%) followed by trichuris trichiura (7.3%) and ascaris lumbricoides (5.6%). the positive rate for small trematode egg ...201526323842
genome-wide characterization of microsatellites and marker development in the carcinogenic liver fluke clonorchis sinensis.clonorchis sinensis is an important carcinogenic human liver fluke endemic in east and southeast asia. there are several conventional molecular markers that have been used for identification and genetic diversity; however, no information about microsatellites of this liver fluke is published so far. we here report microsatellite characterization and marker development for a genetic diversity study in c. sinensis, using a genome-wide bioinformatics approach. based on our search criteria, a total ...201525782682
infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in fishes from vientiane municipality and champasak province in lao pdr.the infection status of fishborne zoonotic trematode (fzt) metacercariae was investigated in fishes from 2 localities of lao pdr. total 157 freshwater fishes (17 species) were collected in local markets of vientiane municipality and champasak province in december 2010 and july 2011, and each fish was examined by the artificial digestion method. total 6 species of fzt metacercariae, i.e., opisthorchis viverrini, haplorchis taichui, haplorchis yokogawai, haplorchis pumilio, centrocestus formosanus ...201526323843
functional analysis of the unique cytochrome p450 of the liver fluke opisthorchis felineus.the basic metabolic cytochrome p450 (cyp) system is essential for biotransformation of sterols and xenobiotics including drugs, for synthesis and degradation of signaling molecules in all living organisms. most eukaryotes including free-living flatworms have numerous paralogues of the cyp gene encoding heme monooxygenases with specific substrate range. notably, by contrast, the parasitic flatworms have only one cyp gene. the role of this enzyme in the physiology and biochemistry of helminths is ...201526625139
why does infection with some helminths cause cancer?infections with opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis and schistosoma haematobium are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. these worms are metazoan eukaryotes, unlike the other group 1 carcinogens including human papilloma virus, hepatitis c virus, and helicobacter pylori. by contrast, infections with phylogenetic relatives of these helminths, also trematodes of the phylum platyhelminthes and major human pathogens, are not carcinogenic. these inconsist ...201526618199
immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis using parasite cathepsin f.opisthorchis viverrini, a food-borne trematode parasite endemic in the lower mekong countries, is conventionally diagnosed by stool examination. however, parasitological stool-based diagnosis can be unreliable in light infections. the goal of this study was to develop the immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis using cathepsin f cysteine protease of o. viverrini in both indirect and sandwich elisa assays. a recombinant o. viverrini cathepsin f (rov-cf) of 40 kda was expressed in e. coli strain bl21 ( ...201526344868
protection against fasciola gigantica infection in mice by vaccination with recombinant juvenile-specific cathepsin l.fasciola gigantica cathepsin l1h (fgcatl1h) is one of the major cathepsin l released by juveniles of f. gigantica to aid in the invasion of host's tissues. due to its high sequence similarity with other cathepsin l (catl) isoforms of late stage f. gigantica, it was considered to be a good vaccine candidate that can block all catl-mediated protease activities and affect juveniles as well as adult parasites. in this study, recombinant profgcatl1h protein expressed in yeast, pichia pastoris, system ...201525701317
specific diagnosis of opisthorchis viverrini using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting parasite microsatellites.opisthorchis viverrini and other food-borne trematode infections are major health problems in thailand, the lao people's democratic republic, vietnam and cambodia. differential diagnosis of o. viverrini based on the microscopic observation of parasite eggs is difficult in areas where clonorchis sinensis and minute intestinal flukes coexist. recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has been widely used for detection and identification of trematode for its simple method that is usef ...201525268466
malacological investigation of the fully operational nam theun 2 hydroelectric dam project in khammouane province, central lao pdr.we conducted a malacological investigation in four districts of the nam theun 2 (nt2) hydroelectric dam project area, khammouane province, central lao pdr (nakai, gnommalath, mahaxai and xe bang fai), after the first and second years of full operation in march 2010 and november 2011 to determine health risks for humans. a total 10,863 snail specimens (10 families/23 species) from 57 sampling stations and 12,902 snail specimens (eight families/21 species) from 66 sampling stations were collected ...201526863858
carcinogenic liver fluke secretes extracellular vesicles that promote cholangiocytes to adopt a tumorigenic phenotype.throughout asia, there is an unprecedented link between cholangiocarcinoma and infection with the liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini. multiple processes, including chronic inflammation and secretion of parasite proteins into the biliary epithelium, drive infection toward cancer. until now, the mechanism and effects of parasite protein entry into cholangiocytes was unknown.201525985904
re-examination of opisthorchis viverrini infection in northeast thailand.liver fluke infection caused by the parasite opisthorchis viverrini (o. viverrini), a human carcinogen, is endemic in north-eastern thailand and remains a major health problem.201525921154
diabetes mellitus: possible risk and promoting factors of cholangiocarcinoma: association of diabetes mellitus and cholangiocarcinoma.the highest incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (cca), a malignancy of bile duct epithelia, is in the northeast of thailand. the liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, is the known risk factor for cca development in this region. approximately 1% of o. viverrini infected individuals develop cca. there could be other factors that influence the cholangiocarcinogenesis particularly in the o. viverrini infected individuals. the global epidemiological studies of risk factors for cca in non-o. viverrini rela ...201525910864
anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of garcinia mangostana extract in hamster opisthorchiasis.administration of praziquantel for treatment of liver fluke infection may affect the host, with mild and severe effects after treatment caused by host immune response. therefore, we focused on the antioxidant property, inflammatory and anthelmintic effects of the traditional folk medicine, g. mangostana pericarp extract, in hamster opisthorchiasis. syrian hamsters were divided into four groups: normal (control) (n); administered g. mangostana alone (gm); infected with opisthorchis viverrini alon ...201525836376
gis-based spatial statistical analysis of risk areas for liver flukes in surin province of thailand.it is urgently necessary to be aware of the distribution and risk areas of liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, for proper allocation of prevention and control measures. this study aimed to investigate the human behavior, and environmental factors influencing the distribution in surin province of thailand, and to build a model using stepwise multiple regression analysis with a geographic information system (gis) on environment and climate data. the relationship between the human behavior, attitu ...201525824758
plasma igg autoantibody against actin-related protein 3 in liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini infection.opisthorchiasis secondary to opisthorchis viverrini infection leads to cholangiocellular carcinoma through chronic inflammation of the bile ducts and possibly inducing autoimmunity. it was hypothesized that plasma autoantibodies directed against self-proteins are biomarkers for opisthorchiasis. plasma from patients with opisthorchiasis was tested using proteins derived from immortalized cholangiocyte cell lines, and spots reacting with plasma were excised and subjected to lc-ms/ms. seven protein ...201525809205
the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini is a reservoir for species of helicobacter.there has been a strong, positive correlation between opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma and infection with helicobacter. here a rodent model of human infection with opisthorchis viverrini was utilized to further investigate relationships of apparent co-infections with o. viverrini and h. pylori. a total of 150 hamsters were assigned to five groups: i) control hamsters not infected with o. viverrini; ii) o. viverrini-infected hamsters; iii) non-o. viverrini infected hamsters treated w ...201525773821
genetics of opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma.we review the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional landscape of liver fluke (opisthorchis viverrini, ov)-related cholangiocarcinoma (cca). its distinct alterations, as compared with non-ov-related cca may help shed light on its underlying molecular mechanisms.201525693006
pathological characteristics of intraductal polypoid neoplasms of bile ducts in thailand.intraductal papillary or tubular neoplasms of the bile duct have recently been proposed as one of the pre-invasive lesions of cholangiocarcinoma. herein, a total of 50 cases of intraluminal polypoid neoplasms of the bile ducts experienced in khon kaen university hospital in thailand were pathologically examined. these cases presumably had a history of infection of opisthorchis viverrini. these neoplasms were histologically composed of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasm showing a tubular and/pap ...201526339398
data set from the proteomic analysis of bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails upon infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini.the snail bithynia siamensis goniomphalos acts as the first intermediate host for the human liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini, the major cause of cholangiocarcinoma (cca) in northeast thailand. this data article contains the results obtained from the analysis of the proteins differentially expressed in the snail b. siamensis goniomphalos upon infection with o. viverrini. it contains the data generated from iquantitator software including a pdf of each sample with a protein׳s relative expression ...201526217698
risk areas of liver flukes in surin province of thailand using geographic information system.opisthorchiasis, caused by opisthorchis viverrini, is of considerable public health importance in southeast asia, particularly in lao pdr and thailand.201526201130
localization of tubulin from the carcinogenic human liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini.opisthorchiasis caused by opisthorchis viverrini, is of considerable public health importance in southeast asia, particularly in lao people's democratic republic and thailand. the infection is associated with a number ofhepatobiliary diseases including cholangitis, obstructive jaundice, hepatomegaly, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma.201526201128
excretory/secretory products of the carcinogenic liver fluke are endocytosed by human cholangiocytes and drive cell proliferation and il6 production.liver fluke infection caused by opisthorchis viverrini remains a major public health problem in many parts of asia including thailand, lao pdr, vietnam and cambodia, where there is a strikingly high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (cca - hepatic cancer of the bile duct epithelium). among other factors, uptake of o. viverrini excretory/secretory products (oves) by biliary epithelial cells has been postulated to be responsible for chronic inflammation and proliferation of cholangiocytes, but the m ...201526187786
[a 55-year old thai male patient with acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain].we report on a 55-year-old thai male who presented during a visit to germany with acute abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant and signs of cholestasis. the diagnosis of liver fluke infection (opisthorchiasis) was confirmed by the detection of the characteristic eggs of opisthorchis viverrini in stool microscopy. the patient was treated with praziquantel. opisthorchiasis is a common parasitic disease and major public health problem in southeast asia and in eastern europe.201526116106
apoptosis of cholangiocytes modulated by thioredoxin of carcinogenic liver fluke.chronic infection with the food-borne liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, frequently induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma. opisthorchiasis is endemic in thailand, lao pdr, cambodia and vietnam, where eating undercooked freshwater fish carrying the juvenile stage of this pathogen leads to human infection. because inhibition of apoptosis facilitates carcinogenesis, this study investigated modulation by thioredoxin from o. viverrini of apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells, chola ...201526007234
increase in l-type amino acid transporter 1 expression during cholangiocarcinogenesis caused by liver fluke infection and its prognostic significance.l-type amino acid transporter 1 (lat1) is highly expressed in various human cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma (cca), the most common cancer in northeast thailand. chronic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, infection has been recognized as the major cause of cca in this area. we show here that an increased expression of lat1 and its co-functional protein cd98 are found during carcinogenesis induced by ov in hamster cca tissues. we also demonstrat ...201526657242
the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini among rural community people in northeast thailand: a cross- sectional descriptive study using multistage sampling technique.opisthorchis viverrini infection is a serious public health problem in southeast asia especially in the northeast and north of thailand. therefore, a cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling was conducted from the rural communities of surin province, thailand, during september 2013 to july 2014. o. viverrini infection was determined using kato's thick smear technique. socio-demographic, information resources, and history data were collected using predesigned semi-structured questionnaire ...201526625801
proteomic profile of bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails upon infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini.the snail bithynia siamensis goniomphalos acts as the first intermediate host for the human liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini, the major cause of cholangiocarcinoma (cca) in northeast thailand. the undisputed link between cca and o. viverrini infection has precipitated efforts to understand the molecular basis of host-parasite interactions with a view to ultimately developing new control strategies to combat this carcinogenic infection. to date most effort has focused on the interactions betwee ...201525284051
subtle to severe hepatobiliary morbidity in opisthorchis viverrini endemic settings in southern laos.evidence of severe hepatobiliary morbidity associated with opisthorchis viverrini liver fluke infection including cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is scarce in laos although o. viverrini infection is highly prevalent. we assessed hepatobiliary morbidity using abdominal ultrasonography (us) in o. viverrini adult patients in saravan province, southern laos. a random sample of 431 o. viverrini patients from 10 villages underwent abdominal us. mild, moderate and markedly advanced periductal fibrosis was dia ...201525275346
association between praziquantel treatment and cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital-based matched case-control study.infection by the liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, remains an important public health problem in thailand and has resulted in the highest prevalence of infection and incidence of subsequent cholangiocarcinoma (cca) in the world. praziquantel (pzq) is the antihelminthic drug of choice for treatment. previous studies in hamsters showed that repeated infection and pzq treatment could increase the risk of cca. however, the few available epidemiology studies in humans have shown unclear evidence o ...201526496745
carcinogenic parasite secretes growth factor that accelerates wound healing and potentially promotes neoplasia.infection with the human liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma (cca). injury from feeding activities of this parasite within the human biliary tree causes extensive lesions, wounds that undergo protracted cycles of healing, and re-injury over years of chronic infection. we show that o. viverrini secreted proteins accelerated wound resolution in human cholangiocytes, an outcome that was compromised following silencing of expression of the fluke-de ...201526485648
advances in the diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis: development of opisthorchis viverrini antigen detection in urine.many strategies to control opisthorchiasis have been employed in thailand, but not in the other neighbouring countries. specific control methods include mass drug administration (mda) and health education to reduce raw fish consumption. these control efforts have greatly shifted the epidemiology of opisthorchis viverrini (ov) infection over the last decade from presenting as densely concentrated "heavy" infections in single villages to widespread "light" ov infections distributed over wide geogr ...201526485024
toward integrated opisthorchiasis control in northeast thailand: the lawa project.human liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, a food-borne trematode is a significant public health problem in southeast asia, particularly in thailand. despite a long history of control programmes in thailand and a nationwide reduction, o. viverrini infection prevalence remains high in the northeastern provinces. therefore, a new strategy for controlling the liver fluke infection using the ecohealth/one health approach was introduced into the lawa lake area in khon kaen province where the liver fl ...201525102053
bi-functionality of opisthorchis viverrini aquaporins.aquaporins (aqp) are essential mediators of water regulation in all living organisms and members of the major intrinsic protein (mip) superfamily of integral membrane proteins. they are potential vehicles or targets for chemotherapy, e.g. in trypanosoma brucei melarsoprol and pentamidine uptake is facilitated by tbaqp-2. transcriptome data suggests that there are at least three active aquaporins in the human liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, ovaqp-1, 2 and 3, and crude rna silencing of ovaqp- ...201525461277
suppression of ov-grn-1 encoding granulin of opisthorchis viverrini inhibits proliferation of biliary epithelial cells.multistep processes likely underlie cholangiocarcinogenesis induced by chronic infection with the fish-borne liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini. one process appears to be cellular proliferation of the host bile duct epithelia driven by excretory-secretory (es) products of this pathogen. specifically, the secreted growth factor ov-grn-1, a liver fluke granulin, is a prominent component of es and a known driver of hyper-proliferation of cultured human and mouse cells in vitro. we show potent hype ...201525450776
patterns of trematode infections of opisthorchis viverrini (opisthorchiidae) and haplorchis taichui (heterophyidae) in human populations from two villages in savannakhet province, lao pdr.the liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini, and the minute intestinal fluke, haplorchis taichui, are prevalent in many asian countries. this study analysed the patterns of infections of o. viverrini and h. taichui in lahanam and thakhamlien villages (savannakhet province, lao pdr), in two cross-sectional investigations. out of a total of 207 human participants, post-anthelmintic treatment positivity rates for expelled worms were 170 (82.1%) for h. taichui and 65 (31.4%) for o. viverrini. both these ...201524739959
perceived illness drives participation in mass deworming campaigns in laos.multiple helminth infections are very common in communities of southern laos. preventive chemotherapy in combination with health education is the mainstay of control. we assessed the knowledge, perceptions and practices of rural communities related to endemic helminthiasis and their control during a mass drug administration (mda) campaign. short interviews with household heads (n=192), direct observations and discussions with attendees of mdas, and in-depth interviews with local opinion leaders ...201524713201
an ecological study of bithynia snails, the first intermediate host of opisthorchis viverrini in northeast thailand.infection with the food-borne trematodiasis, liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini, is a major public health concern in southeast asia. while epidemiology and parasitic incidence in humans are well studied, ecological information on the o. viverrini intermediate hosts remains limited. this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of the first intermediate host, bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails. water quality and snails were sampled in 31 sites in muang d ...201524561073
response to manuscript 'is opisthorchis viverrini an avian liver fluke?'. 201524160764
is opisthorchis viverrini an avian liver fluke?recently, in the journal of helminthology (may 2013), dao et al. reported that opisthorchis viverrini-like flukes were found in the bile duct of domestic ducks in vietnam. they stated that this is the first record of opisthorchis sp. in birds in vietnam. however, three opisthorchis species--o. cheelis, o. longissimus and o. parageminus--in birds in vietnam were described by le in 2000. amongst these, o. parageminus was first reported, by oshmarin in 1970, as a new opisthorchis species found in d ...201524160690
development and evaluation of pcr methods based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit one gene (nad1) to detect opisthorchis viverrini in human fecal samples.opisthorchis viverrini is highly prevalent throughout southeast asia. chronic infection of this parasite leads to cholangiocarcinoma (cca), a fatal bile duct cancer. the early and accurate detection of this parasite is very important; therefore, new pcr methods targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit one and nadh dehydrogenase subunit one gene to detect o. viverrini in fecal specimens have been developed. ninety o. viverrini-positive human fecal samples were used in this study. the pcr sensitivit ...201526239798
levels of 8-oxodg predict hepatobiliary pathology in opisthorchis viverrini endemic settings in thailand.opisthorchis viverrini is distinct among helminth infections as it drives a chronic inflammatory response in the intrahepatic bile duct that progresses from advanced periductal fibrosis (apf) to cholangiocarcinoma (cca). extensive research shows that oxidative stress (os) plays a critical role in the transition from chronic o. viverrini infection to cca. os also results in the excision of a modified dna lesion (8-oxodg) into urine, the levels of which can be detected by immunoassay. herein, we m ...201526230769
mri and (1)h mrs findings of hepatobilary changes and cholangiocarcinoma development in hamsters infected with opisthorchis viverrini and treated with n-nitrosodimethylamine.3 t mri and (1)h mrs were useful for quantitative investigation of the serial development of hepatobiliary changes in opisthorchis viverrini infection in hamsters, and the differential diagnosis of cholangiocacinoma (cca) development from bile duct changes and normal condition is unclear. in this study, we investigated the serial development of hepatobiliary changes and ccagenesis in o. viverrini-infected and n-nitrosodimethylamine (ndma) treated hamsters (on group) using 3 t mri and (1)h mrs an ...201526117689
risk factors for opisthorchis viverrini infection in nong khai province, thailand.opisthorchis viverrini (ov) infection is the main risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma and is often found in northeastern thailand. the prevalence of ov infection and the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma are major public health problems in this region.201526107209
lectin microarray-based sero-biomarker verification targeting aberrant o-linked glycosylation on mucin 1.glycoform of mucin 1 (muc1) in cancerous cells changes markedly with cell differentiation, and thus, qualitative detection and verification of the muc1 glycosylation changes have potential diagnostic value. we have developed an ultrasensitive method to detect the changes in cholangiocarcinoma (cc), which produces muc1, and applied it in the diagnostics development. the focused glycan analysis using 43-lectin-immobilized microarray could obtain the glycan profiles of sialylated muc1 in 5 μl of se ...201526091356
prevalence and risk factors for infection by opisthorchis viverrini in an urban area of mahasarakham province, northeast thailand.the aim of this cross-sectional analytic study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for opisthorchis viverrini (ov) infection in an urban area of northeastern thailand. the participants were 254 household representatives aged 15 years or older living in the most urbanised part of chiang yuen municipality in mahasarakham province. all participants provided stool samples which were examined using the modified kato-katz procedure, and a structured interview questionnaire was used to c ...201526028068
seasonal transmission of opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato and a lecithodendriid trematode species in bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails in northeast thailand.seasonal changes play roles in the transmission success of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzt). this study examined the seasonal transmission patterns of opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (s.l.) and a virgulate cercaria (family lecithodendriidae) in the snail intermediate host, bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in northeast thailand. snail samples were collected monthly during the rainy, cool, and hot seasons during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence and intensity of larval trematode infection ...201525918210
a microrna profile associated with opisthorchis viverrini-induced cholangiocarcinoma in tissue and plasma.intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (icc) is a highly aggressive tumor of the bile duct, and a significant public health problem in east asia, where it is associated with infection by the parasite opisthorchis viverrini. icc is often detected at an advanced stage and with a poor prognosis, making a biomarker for early detection a priority.201525903557
quantitative changes in tumor-associated m2 macrophages characterize cholangiocarcinoma and their association with metastasis.the tumor microenvironment (tme) includes numerous non-neoplastic cells such as leukocytes and fibroblasts that surround the neoplasm and influence its growth. tumor-associated macrophages (tams) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (cafs) are documented as key players in facilitating cancer appearance and progression. alteration of the macrophage (cd68, cd163) and fibroblast (α-sma, fsp-1) cells in opisthorchis viverrini (ov)-induced cholangiocarcinoma (cca) was here assessed using liver tissues f ...201525854403
plasma phosphoproteome and differential plasma phosphoproteins with opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma.this study was conducted to investigate the plasma phosphoproteome and differential plasma phosphoproteins in cases of of opisthorchis viverrini (ov)-related cholangiocarcinoma (cca). plasma phosphoproteomes from cca patients (10) and non-cca subjects (5 each for healthy subjects and ov infection) were investigated using gel-based and solution-based lc-ms/ms. phosphoproteins in plasma samples were enriched and analyzed by lc-ms/ms. strap, panther, ipath, and mev programs were applied for the ide ...201525735322
lc-ms/ms method for the determination of two metabolites of tribendimidine, deacylated amidantel and its acetylated metabolite in plasma, blood and dried blood spots.tribendimidine has emerged as potential alternative to praziquantel in the treatment of opisthorchis viverrini infections. to support its clinical development program, a quantitative high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) assay was developed for tribendimidine's degradation product deacylated amidantel (dadt) and its acetylated metabolite adadt. analytical sample preparation included protein precipitation for blood and plasma, and direct processing of dried ...201525553533
bithynia siamensis goniomphalos, the first intermediate host of opisthorchis viverrini in thailand.opisthorchiasis caused by opisthorchis viverrini (o. viverrini) remains as medically important problem in thailand especially in the north-eastern part. infection with this parasite can lead to cholangiocarcinoma improvement. the highest prevalence of o. viverrini infection has been found in the northeast thailand and is associated with the high incidence rate of cholangiocarcinoma. to complete the life cycle of o. viverrini, the freshwater snails namely bithynia funiculata, bithynia siamensis s ...201526522291
trematode infection of freshwater snail, family bithyniidae in thailand.opisthorchis viverrini is restricted to and requires for its aquatic life cycle only bithynia snail as first intermediate host but many species of cyprinid fish as second intermediate hosts. a survey in thailand of trematode infection in freshwater snails of the family bithyniidae carried out during october 2008 - july 2009 found a total of 5,492 snails, classified into ten species distributed in various geographic areas. bithyniafuniculata and gabbia pygmaea were localized to the north, b. s. g ...201526521513
community participation in cholangiocarcinoma prevention in ubon ratchathani, thailand: relations with age and health behavior.a high prevalence of opisthorchis viverrini infection is usually found in wetland geographical areas of thailand where people have traditional behavior of eating uncooked freshwater fish dishes which results in cholangiocarcinoma (cca) development. there were several approaches for reducing opisthorchiasis-linked cca, but the prevalence remains high. to develop community participation as a suitable model for cca prevention is, firstly, to know what factors are related. we therefore aimed to inve ...201526514539
review and current status of opisthorchis viverrini infection at the community level in thailand.opisthorchis viverrini is remains a public health problem in thailand, particularly in the northeast and north regions which have the highest incidences of chonalgiocarcinoma (cca). o. viverrini causes the disease opithorchiasis, and its has been classified as a group 1 biological carcinogen. humans, dogs, and cats become infected with o. viverrini by ingesting raw or undercooked fish containing infective metacercariae. the first human cases of o. viverrini infection were reported in thailand 10 ...201526514452
human trichostrongyliasis: a hospital case series.trichostrongylus is a common nematode found to infect livestock throughout the tropics and can cause accidental zoonosis in humans. in the lao pdr and thailand, cases of human trichostrongyliasis have been reported sporadically but clinical data are limited. we retrospectively reviewed 41 cases of trichostrongyliasis who presented to srinagarind hospital, thailand from 2005 to 2012. the diagnosis of trichostrongyliasis was made by finding their eggs in the stool of patients. of the 41 cases revi ...201526513921
anticancer activity of atractylodes lancea (thunb.) dc in a hamster model and application of pet-ct for early detection and monitoring progression of cholangiocarcinoma.opisthorchis viverrini (ov)-induced cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is an important cancer in the great mekong region, particularly in thailand. limitations of treatment options and the lack of an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of cca are major concerns for the control of this type of cancer. the aim of the study was to investigate anti-cca activity of the ethanolic extract of atractylodes lancea (thunb.) dc., and the applicability of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (pet ...201526434829
[role of opisthorchis felineus on induction of bile duct cancer].opisthorchis felineus (trematoda) is widespread in the russian federation, especially in siberia, and other countries of europe. infestation of endemic area population with o. felineus reaches 80%. on animal models of the infection of closely related opisthorchis viverrini combined with the nitrosamines' intake it has been shown that the parasite induces cholangiocarcinoma. however carcinogenic potential of o. felineus is still poorly studied. the present study is aimed to investigate the role o ...201526016330
reprint of "experimental infection of opisthorchis viverrini cercariae to the cyprinid fish, barbonymus gonionotus".opisthorchis viverrini is an important public health problem, a major cause of cholangiocarcinoma in the greater mekong subregion including lao pdr, cambodia, vietnam and thailand. humans acquire the infection by consumption of raw, fermented or partially cooked freshwater cyprinid fish containing infective metacercariae. this study examined the effect of cercarial infection dosage (25-200 cercariae), age (1-60 day) and size (1-24 mm) of barbonymus gonionotus fish on infection success of o. vive ...201525446173
multiparasitism and intensity of helminth infections in relation to symptoms and nutritional status among children: a cross-sectional study in southern lao people's democratic republic.the occurrence and spatial distribution of intestinal helminth infection in children is fairly well understood. however, knowledge on how helminth infections govern intestinal morbidity is scarce. we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess and quantify the relationship between single and multiple species helminth infection with clinical and self-reported morbidity indicators and nutritional status in champasack province, southern lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr). a random sample of ...201525291046
why does infection with some helminths cause cancer?infections with opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis, and schistosoma haematobium are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. these worms are metazoan eukaryotes, unlike the other group 1 carcinogens including human papilloma virus, hepatitis c virus, and helicobacter pylori. by contrast, infections with phylogenetic relatives of these helminths, also trematodes of the phylum platyhelminthes and major human pathogens, are not carcinogenic. these inconsis ...201528741473
temperature dependence of opisthorchis viverrini infection in first intermediate host snail, bithynia siamensis goniomphalos.determining of the success of a parasite's infectiveness in its snail host clearly depends on environmental conditions. temperature, one of the most influential factors impinging on metabolism of cold-blooded animals, is believed to be an important factor in parasitic infection in snails. in order to elucidate the influence of temperature, sex and size of snails on infectivity of opisthorchis viverrini to its first intermediate host, bithynia siamensis goniomphalos, 960 snails were divided into ...201524161535
urinary microrna-192 and microrna-21 as potential indicators for liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma risk group.opisthorchis viverrini infection induces chronic inflammation in the bile ducts, leading to periductal fibrosis (pdf), which possibly associates to cholangiocarcinoma (cca). patients with cca have a poor prognosis, which is linked to asymptomatic disease and late diagnosis. hence, detecting early stage cca is essential. secretory mirnas have been promoted as biomarkers for pathological changes associated with parasitic infections, fibrosis and/or cancer. we aimed to determine levels of mir-192 a ...201526456596
sex differences in opisthorchiosis and the development of cholangiocarcinoma in syrian hamster model.worldwide, the highest incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is found in northeast thailand, the endemic area of opisthorchis viverrini infection. cumulated clinical data revealed that the majority of cca patients are men. however, many other types of cancers are more commonly found in women. in this study, we investigated the sex differences in the development of cca, induced by o. viverrini infection and n-nitrosodimethylamine administration, in syrian hamsters. histopathology, liver function ...201424318666
milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 serves a novel biomarker of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma.milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (mfg-e8) is a pleiotropic secreted glycoprotein to play roles in mediating immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance and enhancing angiogenesis. to evaluate its value as a biomarker in opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma (cca), the present study investigated mfg-e8 expression kinetics during the tumorigenesis in opisthorchis viverrini infection-induced cca, and demonstrated its expression in the tumor tissues of cca patients and its serum l ...201424122204
analysis of new biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma.cholangiocarcinoma is one of the most serious diseases in northeast thailand, where its incidence is reported to be the highest in the world. we tried to develop a new method to detect cholangiocarcinoma in the early stages using serum proteins. we found that after fluorescent labeling of the sugar moiety of serum proteins, a new peak was identified, which might be a promising marker for cholangiocarcinoma.201424446393
histological confirmation of periductal fibrosis from ultrasound diagnosis in cholangiocarcinoma patients.cholangiocarcinoma (cca) has no specific clinical signs and symptoms and non-specific bio- and tumor-markers in the early disease stage. usually patients present to tertiary care with advanced disease stage. in order to detect early cases of cca that may present as a mass, dilatation of intrahepatic duct or combination, ultrasonography is accepted as a powerful imaging tool. a smaller mass or bile duct segmental dilatation requires further imaging for characterization, including computerized tom ...201424420706
synergistic effects of isomorellin and forbesione with doxorubicin on apoptosis induction in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines.chemotherapy for advanced cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is largely ineffective, but innovative combinations of chemotherapeutic agents and natural compounds represent a promising strategy. in our previous studies, isomorellin and forbesione, caged xanthones isolated from garcinia hanburyi, were found to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cca cell lines. the subject of our inquiry is the synergistic effect(s) of these caged xanthones with doxorubicin on growth inhibition and apoptosis induction ...201425866479
field survey focused on opisthorchis viverrini infection in five provinces of cambodia.opisthorchiasis is endemic in thailand and lao people's democratic republic and constitutes a major public health problem throughout the mekong basin. although cambodia is located in the mekong basin, the status of o. viverrini infection in that country was not previously clarified. this research was conducted to document the extent and distribution of o. viverrini infection in cambodia.201424342554
increase of exostosin 1 in plasma as a potential biomarker for opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma.a proteomic-based approach was used to search for potential markers in the plasma of hamsters in which cholangiocarcinoma (cca) was induced by opisthorchis viverrini infection and n-nitrosodimethylamine treatment. the plasma proteins of cca-induced hamsters were resolved by 1-d page, digested by trypsin, and analyzed by lc-ms/ms. from the criteria of protein id scores >15 and an overexpression of at least three times across all time points, 37 proteins were selected. these overexpressed proteins ...201424018821
prevalence and risk factors for opisthorchis viverrini infections in upper northeast thailand.opisthorchis viverrini is an ongoing public health problem in northeast thailand. despite continuous efforts for decades by healthcare organizations to overcome this problem, infection rates remain high. to enable related personnel to identify and address the various issues effectively, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate prevalence and risk factors for opisthorchiasis. the target group was 3,916 thai residents of northeast thailand who were 15 or over. participants were recruit ...201425169496
analysis of the population genetics of opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato in the nam ngum river wetland, lao pdr, by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.a previous population genetics study of opisthorchis viverrini from a locality in an endemic area in thailand found little genetic variation over time and second intermediate fish host species. since a similar comparative analysis is not available for lao pdr, we conducted a study of o. viverrini from different endemic foci in vientiane province, lao pdr, based on spatial, temporal and fish host species. a total of 620 adult o. viverrini originating from the nam ngum river wetland were analysed ...201425033811
risk factors for opisthorchis viverrini and minute intestinal fluke infections in lao pdr, 2009-2011.the purpose of this report is to compare the prevalence of opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal fluke (ov/mif) in lao people's democratic republic according to different regions and evaluate the effect of ingestion of raw freshwater fish on the infection. demographic data, behavioral data, and symptoms were obtained, and the kato-katz method was used for the diagnosis of ov/mif. in total, 3,046 individuals were enrolled. the risk factors associated with acquisition of ov/mif were raw fish co ...201424980495
localization of the cystogenous glands of opisthorchis viverrini cercariae.opisthorchiasis in northeastern thailand is an important etiology of cholangiocarcinoma. to form the infectious stage, free swimming cercariae penetrate cyprinid fish, shed their tails, and then secret a cystic substance to cover their larval stage to form metacercariae in the fish body. we determined the location of the cystogenous glands in opisthorchis viverrini cercariae. the cercariae and metacercariae were obtained from the naturally infected snail host, bithynia siamensis goniomphalos and ...201424968667
experimental infection of opisthorchis viverrini cercariae to the cyprinid fish, barbonymus gonionotus.opisthorchis viverrini is an important public health problem, a major cause of cholangiocarcinoma in the greater mekong subregion including lao pdr, cambodia, vietnam and thailand. humans acquire the infection by consumption of raw, fermented or partially cooked freshwater cyprinid fish containing infective metacercariae. this study examined the effect of cercarial infection dosage (25-200 cercariae), age (1-60 day) and size (1-24mm) of barbonymus gonionotus fish on infection success of o. viver ...201424780189
intestinal parasitic infections in hiv-infected patients, lao people's democratic republic.hiv infection is an emerging problem in laos. we conducted the first prospective study on intestinal parasites, including opportunistic protozoa, in newly diagnosed hiv infected patients, with or without diarrhea. the aims were to describe the spectrum of infections, to determine their prevalence and to assess their associations with diarrhea, cd4 cell count, place of residence and living conditions.201424662743
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