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effects of chicory/perennial ryegrass swards compared with perennial ryegrass swards on the performance and carcass quality of grazing beef steers.an experiment investigated whether the inclusion of chicory (cichorium intybus) in swards grazed by beef steers altered their performance, carcass characteristics or parasitism when compared to steers grazing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). triplicate 2-ha plots were established with a chicory/ryegrass mix or ryegrass control. forty-eight belgian blue-cross steers were used in the first grazing season and a core group (n = 36) were retained for finishing in the second grazing season. the ex ...201424489708
milk production and enteric methane emissions by dairy cows grazing fertilized perennial ryegrass pasture with or without inclusion of white clover.an experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of white clover inclusion in grass swards (gwc) compared with grass-only (go) swards receiving high nitrogen fertilization and subjected to frequent and tight grazing on herbage and dairy cow productivity and enteric methane (ch4) emissions. thirty cows were allocated to graze either a go or gwc sward (n=15) from april 17 to october 31, 2011. fresh herbage [16 kg of dry matter (dm)/cow] and 1 kg of concentrate/cow were offered daily. herbage ...201424393178
milk production and composition of mid-lactation cows consuming perennial ryegrass-and chicory-based diets.dry matter intakes (dmi), nutrient selection, and milk production responses of dairy cows grazing 3 herbage-based diets offered at 2 allowances were measured. the 2 allowances were 20 (low) and 30 (high) kg of dry matter (dm)/cow per day and these were applied to 3 herbage types: perennial ryegrass (prg) and chicory (chic+) monocultures and a mixed sward of chicory and perennial ryegrass (mix). the chic+ diet was supplemented with alfalfa hay (approximately 2 kg of dm/cow per day) to maintain di ...201424290818
effect of pre-grazing herbage mass on dairy cow performance, grass dry matter production and output from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) pastures.a grazing study was undertaken to examine the effect of maintaining three levels of pre-grazing herbage mass (hm) on dairy cow performance, grass dry matter (dm) production and output from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) pastures. cows were randomly assigned to one of three pre-grazing hm treatments: 1150 - low hm (l), 1400 - medium hm (m) or 2000 kg dm/ha - high hm (h). herbage accumulation under grazing was lowest (p<0.01) on the l treatment and cows grazing the l pastures required more ...201424229787
gastrointestinal metabolism of phytoestrogens in lactating dairy cows fed silages with different botanical composition.dietary phytoestrogens are metabolized or converted in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, only limited knowledge exists on the extent and location of this conversion in vivo. the objective of this study was to quantify the gastro-intestinal metabolism of phytoestrogens in lactating dairy cows fed silages with different botanical composition. four lactating rumen cannulated norwegian red cattle were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square with 1 cow per treatment period of 3 wk. the 4 treatment si ...201425306275
a comparative study of the terrestrial ecotoxicity of selected protic and aprotic ionic liquids.ionic liquids (ils) are a fairly new and very promising group of compounds with a vast variety of possible structures and uses. they are considered to be potentially "green", but their impact on the environment tends to be neglected or not studied enough, especially when it comes to terrestrial ecotoxicity, where there are very few studies performed to date. this work presents a comparative study of the terrestrial ecotoxicity of selected representatives of two ils groups: a new family of protic ...201424630250
gastrointestinal tract size, total-tract digestibility, and rumen microflora in different dairy cow genotypes.the superior milk production efficiency of jersey (je) and jersey × holstein-friesian (je × hf) cows compared with holstein-friesian (hf) has been widely published. the biological differences among dairy cow genotypes, which could contribute to the milk production efficiency differences, have not been as widely studied however. a series of component studies were conducted using cows sourced from a longer-term genotype comparison study (je, je × hf, and hf). the objectives were to (1) determine i ...201424704226
perturbation of bacterial ice nucleation activity by a grass antifreeze protein.certain plant-associating bacteria produce ice nucleation proteins (inps) which allow the crystallization of water at high subzero temperatures. many of these microbes are considered plant pathogens since the formed ice can damage tissues, allowing access to nutrients. intriguingly, certain plants that host these bacteria synthesize antifreeze proteins (afps). once freezing has occurred, plant afps likely function to inhibit the growth of large damaging ice crystals. however, we postulated that ...201425193694
diversity of endophytic bacteria in lolium perenne and their potential to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and promote plant growth.the aim of this study was to assess the ability of twenty-nine endophytic bacteria isolated from the tissues of ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) to promote plant growth and the degradation of hydrocarbon. most of the isolates belonged to the genus pseudomonas and showed multiple plant growth-promoting abilities. all of the bacteria that were tested exhibited the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid and were sensitive to streptomycin. these strains were capable of phosphate solubilization (62%), c ...201424954306
in this issue - april 2014: perceptions of 2007 equine influenza outbreak · hyperinsulinaemia in ponies · hydration and perennial ryegrass toxicosis · travel history needed for possible canine leishmaniosis · complications of arthroscopy · metaphyseal osteopathy in kelpies · infectious bronchitis virus and egg quality. 201424673131
ice recrystallization inhibition mediated by a nuclear-expressed and -secreted recombinant ice-binding protein in the microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii.a lolium perenne ice-binding protein (lpibp) demonstrates superior ice recrystallization inhibition (iri) activity and has proposed applications in cryopreservation, food texturing, as well as in being a "green" gas hydrate inhibitor. recombinant production of lpibp has been previously conducted in bacterial and yeast systems for studies of protein characterization, but large-scale applications have been hitherto limited due to high production costs. in this work, a codon-optimized lpibp was rec ...201324037309
mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses.in the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in south america. the main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins (paspalum spp. contaminated by claviceps paspali, lolium perenne infected by neotyphodium lolii, cynodon dactylon infected by claviceps cynodontis, and poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by festuca arundinac ...201324091682
comparative metabolite fingerprinting of the rumen system during colonisation of three forage grass (lolium perenne l.) varieties.the rumen microbiota enable ruminants to degrade complex ligno-cellulosic compounds to produce high quality protein for human consumption. however, enteric fermentation by domestic ruminants generates negative by-products: greenhouse gases (methane) and environmental nitrogen pollution. the current lack of cultured isolates representative of the totality of rumen microbial species creates an information gap about the in vivo function of the rumen microbiota and limits our ability to apply predic ...201324312434
phytotoxic activity of foliar volatiles and essential oils of calamintha nepeta (l.) savi.foliar volatiles and essential oils of calamintha nepeta (l.) savi, a mediterranean plant species belonging to the labiatae family, were investigated for their phytotoxic activities on seed germination and root growth of crops (lactuca sativa l. and raphanus sativus l.) and weed species (lolium perenne l. and amaranthus retroflexus l.). foliar volatiles of c. nepeta (l.) savi strongly inhibited both germination and root growth of lettuce, and its essential oils, especially at 125, 250 and 500 μl ...201323216166
inoculation with microorganisms of lolium perenne l.: evaluation of plant growth parameters and endophytic colonization of roots.turfgrasses are not only designed for recreation activities, but they also provide beneficial environmental effects and positively influence the human wellness. their major problems are predisposition to tearing out and microbial diseases. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the inoculation of microorganisms can be effective to improve plant growth and root development of perennial ryegrass, to evaluate new sustainable practice for green preservation. a microorganism-based commercia ...201323632388
lead immobilization and bioavailability in microbial and root interface.a range of both soluble and insoluble phosphate (p) compounds have been used to immobilize pb in solution and soil. however, these compounds have limitations because of low solubility or leaching of p. phosphate solubilizing bacteria (psb) can be used to enhance the solubility of insoluble p compounds. the effects of psb on the immobilization of pb in the presence of phosphate rock (pr) and subsequent reduction in pb uptake by indian mustard (brassica juncea) in nutrient agar medium and ryegrass ...201323489643
functional characterisation and transcript analysis of an alkaline phosphatase from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus funneliformis mosseae.alkaline phosphatases (alp) in arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi have been suggested to be involved in transfer of phosphate from the mycorrhizal fungus to the host plant, but exact mechanisms are still unknown, partially due to the lack of molecular information. we isolated a full-length cdna (fmalp) from the am fungus funneliformis mosseae (syn. glomus mosseae) showing similarity with putative alp genes from rhizophagus intraradices (syn. glomus intraradices) and gigaspora margarita. for funct ...201323474124
infection of brachypodium distachyon by formae speciales of puccinia graminis: early infection events and host-pathogen incompatibility.puccinia graminis causes stem rust, a serious disease of cereals and forage grasses. important formae speciales of p. graminis and their typical hosts are p. graminis f. sp. tritici (pg-tr) in wheat and barley, p. graminis f. sp. lolii (pg-lo) in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and p. graminis f. sp. phlei-pratensis (pg-pp) in timothy grass. brachypodium distachyon is an emerging genetic model to study fungal disease resistance in cereals and temperate grasses. we characterized the p. gramin ...201323441218
pathotype-specific qtl for stem rust resistance in lolium perenne.a genetic map populated with rad and ssr markers was created from f1 progeny of a stem rust-susceptible and stem rust-resistant parent of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). the map supplements a previous map of this population by having markers in common with several other lolium spp. maps including est-ssr anchor markers from a consensus map published by other researchers. a qtl analysis was conducted with disease severity and infection type data obtained by controlled inoculation of the popu ...201323361523
the skin prick test - european standards.skin prick testing is an essential test procedure to confirm sensitization in ige-mediated allergic disease in subjects with rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, urticaria, anapylaxis, atopic eczema and food and drug allergy. this manuscript reviews the available evidence including medline and embase searches, abstracts of international allergy meetings and position papers from the world allergy literature. the recommended method of prick testing includes the appropriate use of specific allergen extract ...201323369181
bioactivities and compositional analyses of cinnamomum essential oils from nepal: c. camphora, c. tamala, and c. glaucescens.this work examines the biological activity of essential oils of cinnamomum camphora leaves, c. glaucescens fruit, and c. tamala root from nepal. the oils were screened for phytotoxic activity against lettuce and perennial ryegrass, brine shrimp lethality, and antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, insecticidal, and nematicidal activities. c. camphora leaf essential oil was phytotoxic to lettuce, antifungal to aspergillus niger, and insecticidal, particularly toward midge and butterfly larvae, fru ...201324555298
chemical compositions, phytotoxicity, and biological activities of acorus calamus essential oils from nepal.four essential oils from the leaf (p23) and rhizomes (p19, p22, p24) of acorus calamus l., collected from various parts of nepal, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc-ms. from a total of 61 peaks, 57 compounds were identified among the four essential oils accounting for 94.3%, 96.2%, 97.6%, and 94.1% of the oils, respectively. all of the essential oils were dominated by (z)-asarone (78.1%-86.9%). the essential oils also contained (e)-asarone (1.9%-9.9%) and small amounts of gamm ...201324079199
effect of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) cultivars on the milk yield of grazing dairy cows.the objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of four perennial ryegrass cultivars: bealey, astonenergy, spelga and abermagic on the milk yield and milk composition of grazing dairy cows. two 4 × 4 latin square experiments were completed, one during the reproductive and the other during the vegetative growth phase of the cultivars. thirty-two holstein-friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups, with each group assigned 17 days on each cultivar during both experiments. wit ...201323034142
dairy cows increase ingestive mastication and reduce ruminative chewing when grazing chicory and plantain.although the nutritive value of chicory (cichorium intybus l.) and plantain (plantago lanceolata l.) has been thoroughly studied, little is known about the grazing behavior of cattle feeding on chicory and plantain swards. the objective of the present study was to assess and describe the grazing behavior of dairy cows as affected by dietary proportions of chicory and plantain fed as monocultures for part of the day. ninety holstein-friesian cows (489±42 kg of body weight; 4.1±0.3 body condition ...201324119808
passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows.fractional passage rates are required to predict nutrient absorption in ruminants but data on nutrient-specific passage kinetics are largely lacking. with the use of the stable isotope ratio (δ) as an internal marker, we assessed passage kinetics of fiber and fiber-bound nitrogen (n) of intrinsically labeled grass silage from fecal and omasal excretion patterns of δ(13)c and δ(15)n. in a 6×6 latin square, lactating dairy cows received grass silages [455 g/kg of total diet dry matter (dm) ] in a ...201324119806
risks associated with the transfer of toxic organo-metallic mercury from soils into the terrestrial feed chain.although the transfer of organo-metallic mercury (orghg) in aquatic food webs has long been studied, it has only been recently recognized that there is also accumulation in terrestrial systems. there is still however little information about the exposure of grazing animals to orghg from soils and feed as well as on risks of exposure to animal and humans. in this study we collected 78 soil samples and 40 plant samples (lolium perenne and brassica juncea) from agricultural fields near a contaminat ...201323917441
fatty acid oxidation products ('green odour') released from perennial ryegrass following biotic and abiotic stress, potentially have antimicrobial properties against the rumen microbiota resulting in decreased biohydrogenation.in this experiment, we investigated the effect of 'green odour' products typical of those released from fresh forage postabiotic and biotic stresses on the rumen microbiota and lipid metabolism.201323889811
differences in rate of ruminal hydrogenation of c18 fatty acids in clover and ryegrass.biohydrogenation of c18 fatty acids in the rumen of cows, from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids, is lower on clover than on grass-based diets, which might result in increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk from clover-based diets affecting its nutritional properties. the effect of forage type on ruminal hydrogenation was investigated by in vitro incubation of feed samples in rumen fluid. silages of red clover, white clover and perennial ryegrass har ...201323842207
toxicological evaluation and bioaccumulation potential of lolitrem b, endophyte mycotoxin in japanese black steers.lolitrem b, a causative toxin for ryegrass staggers, is produced by neotyphodium lolii infecting perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). japanese black cattle have been suspected to be more sensitive to lolitrem b than to other strains, and there has been a concern about the public health hazard of eating beef contaminated with lolitrem b. we carried out a feeding experiment to examine the sensitivity of japanese black cattle to lolitrem b and the residual level of lolitrem b in several animal tiss ...201323721156
supplementing lactating dairy cows fed high-quality pasture with black wattle (acacia mearnsii) tannin.a reduction in urinary nitrogen (n) excretion from dairy cows fed pasture containing a high n concentration in the dry matter (dm) will have environmental benefits, because losses to soil water and air by leachate and nitrous oxides (n2o) will be reduced. condensed tannins (ct) reduce digestion of n, and provision as a dietary additive could have nutritional benefits for production, but the amount required and the responses to different sources of ct on milk production have not been defined. two ...201323899456
nitrous oxide emissions from in situ deposition of n-labeled ryegrass litter in a pasture soil.during pasture grazing, freshly harvested herbage (litterfall) is dropped onto soils from the mouths of dairy cattle, potentially inducing nitrous oxide (no) emissions. although the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) recommends accounting for no emissions from arable crop residues in national inventories, emissions from the litterfall of grazed pasture systems are not recognized. the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of litterfall to contribute to no emission ...201323673824
the effect of target postgrazing height on sward clover content, herbage yield, and dairy production from grass-white clover pasture.white clover (trifolium repens) is an important legume for grazed grassland that can increase the profitability and environmental sustainability of milk production. previous experiments on mown grass-clover plots suggest that low postgrazing heights (pgh) can increase sward clover content and herbage production. however, this has not been tested in actual strip or rotational grazing systems with dairy cows. furthermore, lowering pgh in grass-only swards (typically perennial ryegrass without whit ...201323332838
effects of different strategies for feeding supplements on milk production responses in cows grazing a restricted pasture allowance.milk production responses of grazing cows offered supplements in different ways were measured. holstein-friesian cows, averaging 227 d in milk, were allocated into 6 groups of 36, with 2 groups randomly assigned to each of 3 feeding strategies: (1) cows grazed perennial ryegrass pasture supplemented with milled barley grain fed in the milking parlor and pasture silage offered in the paddock (control); (2) same pasture and allotment supplemented with the same amounts of milled barley grain and pa ...201323219117
effect of silage botanical composition on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy cows.ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids (fa) to milk were determined for 4 silages with different botanical compositions using 4 multiparous norwegian red dairy cows [(mean ± sd) 118 ± 40.9 d in milk, 22.5 ± 2.72 kg of milk/d, 631 ± 3.3 kg of body weight, 3.3 ± 0.40 points on body condition score at the start of the experiment] fitted with rumen cannulas. treatments consisted of 4 experimental silages: a mix of the first and third cut of organically managed short-term grassland with ...201323200474
the evaluation of fungal endophyte toxin residues in milk.to determine the concentrations of fungal endophyte toxins in the milk of cows fed perennial ryegrass containing wild-type or ar37 endophyte.201322984816
δ 13c as a marker to study digesta passage kinetics in ruminants: a combined in vivo and in vitro study.the aim of the current study was to explore the use of the tracer 13c as an internal marker to assess feed fraction-specific digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of dairy cows. knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage rates is essential to improve estimations on the extent of rumen degradation and microbial protein efficiency; however, this information is largely lacking. an in vivo and in vitro experiment was conducted with grass silages (lolium perenne l.) that were enrich ...201323211548
successional colonization of perennial ryegrass by rumen bacteria.this study investigated successional colonization of perennial ryegrass (prg) by the rumen microbiota. prg grown for 6 weeks in a greenhouse was incubated in sacco in the rumens of three holstein × freisian cows over a period of 24 h. prg incubated within the rumen was subsequently harvested at various time intervals postincubation to assess colonization over time. dgge-based dendograms revealed the presence of distinct primary (0-2 h) and secondary (4 h onwards) attached bacterial communities. ...201323206248
effects of novel and wild-type endophytes in perennial ryegrass on cow health and production.to measure the effects of ar37, ar1 and wild-type endophytes in perennial ryegrass on cow health and milk production.201322913546
intensive cattle grazing affects pasture litter-fall: an unrecognized nitrous oxide source.the rationale for this study came from observing grazing dairy cattle dropping freshly harvested plant material onto the soil surface, hereafter called litter-fall. the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) guidelines include no emissions during pasture renewal but do not consider no emissions that may result from litter-fall. the objectives of this study were to determine litter-fall rates and to assess indicative no emission factors (efs) for the dominant pasture species (perennial ...201322370407
fatty acids, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and lutein contents in forage legumes, forbs, and a grass-clover mixture.fresh forages are an important natural source of vitamins and fatty acids in ruminant diets, and their concentrations in forage species are important for the quality of animal-derived foods such as dairy and meat products. the aims of this study were to obtain novel information on vitamins and fatty acids (fa) in a variety of forage legumes and non-legume forb species compared to a grass-clover mixture and to explore implications for animal-derived products. seven dicotyledons [four forbs (salad ...201324262011
assessment of the phytotoxicity of seaport sediments in the framework of a quarry-deposit scenario: germination tests of sediments aged artificially by column leaching.the aim of the sustainable management of sediments dredged in seaports (sedigest) project is to assess the risks of treated port sediments for terrestrial ecosystems when deposited in quarries. we simulated the "ageing" of these sediments up to the "moment" when plants can germinate. sediments were leached by water percolating through a laboratory column. sediments 1 and 2, taken from the port of toulon (france), were dried and aired. sediment 3, taken from the port of guilvinec (france), was st ...201323456254
legume-grass intercropping phytoremediation of phthalic acid esters in soil near an electronic waste recycling site: a field study.a field experiment was conducted to study the phytoremediation of phthalic acid esters (paes) by legume (alfalfa, medicago sativa l.)-grass (perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne l. and tall fescue, festuca arundinacea) intercropping in contaminated agricultural soil at one of the largest e-waste recycling sites in china. two compounds, dehp and dnbp, were present in the soil and in the shoots of the test plants at much higher concentrations than the other target paes studied. over 80% of 'total' ( ...201323487993
forages and pastures symposium: fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass: pasture friend or foe?tall fescue [lolium arundinaceum (schreb.) darbysh. syn. festuca arundinacea schreb.] and perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) are important perennial forage grasses utilized throughout the moderate- to high-rainfall temperate zones of the world. these grasses have coevolved with symbiotic fungal endophytes (epichloë/neotyphodium spp.) that can impart bioactive properties and environmental stress tolerance to the grass compared with endophyte-free individuals. these endophytes have proven to b ...201323307839
structure-activity relationship of acetylenes from galls of hedera rhombea as plant growth inhibitors.the structure-activity relationship of 12 isolated acetylenes from galls of hedera rhombea (araliaceae) induced by asphondylia sp. (cecidomyiidae) and their derivatives has been studied for the inhibition of the shoot and root growth of rice, perennial ryegrass, cockscomb, lettuce, and cress. almost all acetylenes generally showed growth inhibitory activity. the diacetylenes exhibited higher activity than the monoacetylenes, suggesting that a conjugated diyne segment is essential for the activit ...201316989313
assessment of fluorescein-based fluorescent dyes for tracing neotyphodium endophytes in planta.fluorescent dyes were assessed for their ability to stain viable hyphae of the fungi neotyphodium lolii and n. coenophialum, symbiotic endophytes of the pooideae grasses lolium perenne and festuca arundinacea, respectively. the fluorescein-based fluorophores; fluorescein diacetate (fda), 5(6)-carboxy-fluorescein diacetate (cfda), 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (cmfda) and the chitin-binding stain, calcofluor while m2r, were assessed for staining of endophyte hyphae in vitro from axenic fung ...201322802389
investigation into the effect of molds in grasses on their content of low molecular mass thiols.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of molds on levels of low molecular mass thiols in grasses. for this purpose, the three grass species lolium perenne, festulolium pabulare and festulolium braunii were cultivated and sampled during four months, from june to september. the same species were also grown under controlled conditions. high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used for quantification of cysteine, reduced (gsh) and oxidized (gssg) glutat ...201223202817
phytotoxic effect, uptake, and transformation of biochanin a in selected weed species.certain isoflavones are plant growth inhibitors, and biochanin a is a major isoflavone in clover species used for weed management. the effect of biochanin a on the monocot weed species echinochloa crus-galli l. and lolium perenne l. and dicot species silene noctiflora l., geranium molle l., and amaranthus caudatus l. was evaluated in agar medium bioassays. s. noctiflora and g. molle root growth was progressively inhibited with increasing concentrations of biochanin a, whereas the monocot species ...201223030687
herbaceous vegetation productivity, persistence, and metals uptake on a biosolids-amended mine soil.the selection of plant species is critical for the successful establishment and long-term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. a study was conducted to assess the capability of 16 forage grass and legume species in monocultures and mixes to establish and thrive on a reclaimed appalachian surface mine amended with biosolids. the 0.15-ha coarse-textured, rocky, non-acid forming mined site was prepared for planting by grading to a 2% slope and amending sandstone overburden ma ...201216151233
molecular evidence for neotyphodium fungal endophyte variation and specificity within host grass species.host specificity of neotyphodium species symbiotic with three grass species, festuca arundinacea, festuca pratensis and lolium perenne, was studied based on comparisons of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflp) between hosts and their corresponding endophytes. endophytic fungi were isolated from 24 accessions of host plants. neotyphodium identity was determined based on morphological characteristics observed in cultures and polymerase chain reaction analysis using specific primers. the r ...201222675051
subtropical grass pollen allergens are important for allergic respiratory diseases in subtropical regions.grass pollen allergens are a major cause of allergic respiratory disease but traditionally prescribing practice for grass pollen allergen-specific immunotherapy has favoured pollen extracts of temperate grasses. here we aim to compare allergy to subtropical and temperate grass pollens in patients with allergic rhinitis from a subtropical region of australia.201222409901
comparison of a colorimetric and a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of fructan in pasture grasses for horses.pasture (fresh or conserved as hay/haylage) forms the basis of most equid diets and contains varying amounts (0 to ≥ 200 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (dm) or more) of fructans. over-consumption of fructan is associated with the onset of laminitis in equids, an agonizing condition that may necessitate euthanasia. to enable appropriate dietary management of animals susceptible to laminitis, it is essential that fructans can be properly quantified in fresh and conserved pasture. for research purposes, fructan ...201222297902
nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial enumeration in lactating cows with divergent residual feed intake fed high-digestibility pasture.dairy cattle selected for negative residual feed intake (n-rfi; efficient) should maintain production while reducing dry matter intake over a lactation because of improvements in feed digestion and efficient use of nutrients. the objective of this study was to measure nitrogen (n) digestibility and rumen microbial community composition over a short period during early lactation in lactating holstein-friesian cows selected previously for divergent rfi. it was proposed that n-rfi cows would have g ...201222916906
metal accumulation in lolium perenne and brassica napus as affected by application of chitosans.the effects of chitosan, a fishery waste-based material, and its derivative glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan (chitosan-gla) on metal uptake by lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and brassica napus (rapeseed) were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment. metal uptake by perennial ryegrass was highly dependent on the rate of addition of the chitosans. low application rate (1% w/w) enhanced metal uptake, whereas 10% (w/w) addition decreased metal uptake. it was estimated that chitosan 1% (w/w) ...201222908653
zymoseptoria ardabiliae and z. pseudotritici, two progenitor species of the septoria tritici leaf blotch fungus z. tritici (synonym: mycosphaerella graminicola).zymoseptoria is a newly described genus that includes the prominent wheat pathogen zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms mycosphaerella graminicola and septoria tritici). studies indicated that the center of origin of z. tritici is in the middle east where this important pathogen emerged during the domestication of wheat. several zymoseptoria species have been found on uncultivated grasses in the middle east, and in this article we describe two new zymoseptoria species from iran. these species, isolate ...201222675045
evaluation of long-chain alcohols as diet composition markers in goats grazing heathland areas.an experiment was conducted to assess the potential of long-chain alcohols (lcoh), in alternative or combined with alkanes and long-chain fatty acids (lcfa), as faecal markers to estimate the diet composition of goats grazing heathland vegetation with associated improved pastures. a total of seven diets were offered across the grazing season. the diets were composed of mixtures of herb species (lolium perenne and trifolium repens) and woody species (erica spp., calluna vulgaris and ulex gallii) ...201222436286
effect of supplemental concentrate type on milk production and metabolic status in early-lactation dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture.forty-four early-lactation dairy cows of mixed parity were used to examine the effect of 4 supplemental concentrate types (n=11) on milk production and metabolic status. animals were blocked by parity and calving date, and blocks were balanced for previous milk yield and milk protein yield. cows received grazed pasture plus 5.17 kg of dm/d of 1 of the following isoenergetic (1.1 units of energy for lactation) concentrates: 1) high crude protein (cp) with rolled barley (hp, 19% cp); b) low cp wit ...201222818468
effect of supplementary concentrate type on nitrogen partitioning in early lactation dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass-based pasture.forty-four early lactation (64 ± 20 d in milk) dairy cows of mixed parity were used to assess the effect of 4 supplementary concentrate types (n=11) on n partitioning. animals were blocked on parity and calving date, and blocks were balanced for previous milk yield and milk protein yield. cows received grazed pasture plus 5.17 kg of dry matter (dm)/d of one of the following isoenergetic concentrates: high crude protein (cp) with rolled barley (hp, 19% cp); low cp with rolled barley (lp, 15% cp); ...201222818461
forage-based dairying in a water-limited future: use of models to investigate farming system adaptation in southern australia.the irrigated dairy industry in southern australia has experienced significant restrictions in irrigation water allocations since 2005, consistent with climate change impact predictions for the region. simulation models of pasture growth (dairymod), crop yield (agricultural production systems simulator, apsim), and dairy system management and production (udder) were used in combination to investigate a range of forage options that may be capable of sustaining dairy business profitability under r ...201222720972
ruminal protozoal contribution to the duodenal flow of fatty acids following feeding of steers on forages differing in chloroplast content.ruminant products are criticised for their sfa content relative to pufa, although n-6:n-3 pufa is desirable for human health ( < 4). rumen protozoa are rich in unsaturated fatty acids due to engulfment of pufa-rich chloroplasts. increasing the chloroplast content of rumen protozoa offers a potentially novel approach to enhance pufa flow to the duodenum and subsequent incorporation into meat and milk. we evaluated protozoal contribution to duodenal n-3 pufa flow due to intracellular chloroplast c ...201222377337
soil intake of lactating dairy cows in intensive strip grazing systems.involuntary soil intake by cows on pasture can be a potential route of entry for pollutants into the food chain. therefore, it appears necessary to know and quantify factors affecting soil intake in order to ensure the food safety in outside rearing systems. thus, soil intake was determined in two latin square trials with 24 and 12 lactating dairy cows. in trial 1, the effect of pasture allowance (20 v. 35 kg dry matter (dm) above ground level/cow daily) was studied for two sward types (pure per ...201223217239
wood pellet fly ash and bottom ash as an effective liming agent and nutrient source for rye grass (lolium perenne l.) and oats (avena sativa).fly ash (fa) and bottom ash (ba) from a softwood pellet boiler were characterized and evaluated as soil amendments. in a greenhouse study, two plant species (rye grass, lolium perenne l. and oats, avena sativa) were grown in three different treatments (1% fa, 1% ba, non-amended control) of a silty loam soil. total concentrations of plant nutrients ca, k, mg, p and zn in both ashes were elevated compared to conventional wood ash. concentrations of cd, cr, pb, se and zn were found to be elevated i ...201222104334
increased plant carbon translocation linked to overyielding in grassland species mixtures.plant species richness and productivity often show a positive relationship, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, especially at the plant species level. we examined how growing plants in species mixture influences intraspecific rates of short-term carbon (c-) translocation, and determined whether such short-term responses are reflected in biomass yields. we grew monocultures and mixtures of six common c3 grassland plant species in outdoor mesocosms, applied a (13)c-co(2) pulse ...201223049893
rapid plant identification using species- and group-specific primers targeting chloroplast dna.plant identification is challenging when no morphologically assignable parts are available. there is a lack of broadly applicable methods for identifying plants in this situation, for example when roots grow in mixture and for decayed or semi-digested plant material. these difficulties have also impeded the progress made in ecological disciplines such as soil- and trophic ecology. here, a pcr-based approach is presented which allows identifying a variety of plant taxa commonly occurring in centr ...201222253728
combined effects between temporal heterogeneity of water supply, nutrient level, and population density on biomass of four broadly distributed herbaceous species.temporal heterogeneity of water supply affects grassland community productivity and it can interact with nutrient level and intraspecific competition. to understand community responses, the responses of individual species to water heterogeneity must be evaluated while considering the interactions of this heterogeneity with nutrient levels and population density. we compared responses of four herbaceous species grown in monocultures to various combinations of water heterogeneity, nutrient level, ...201221327692
bioactivities of volatile components from nepalese artemisia species.the essential oils from the leaves of artemisia dubia, a. indica, and a. vulgaris growing wild in nepal were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc-ms. the major components in a. dubia oil were chrysanthenone (29.0%), coumarin (18.3%), and camphor (16.4%). a. indica oil was dominated by ascaridole (15.4%), isoascaridole (9.9%), trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (9.7%), and trans-verbenol (8.4%). the essential oil of nepalese a. vulgaris was rich in alpha-thujone (30.5%), 1,8-cineole (12.4%) ...201223413575
chemical compositions and biological activities of amomum subulatum essential oils from nepal.the essential oils from the seed and rind of amomum subulatum roxb. (collected from nepal) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc-ms. a total of 87 components were identified among the two essential oils accounting for 99.1%, and 99.0% of the oils, respectively. the two essential oils were dominated by the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole (60.8% and 39.0%), alpha-pinene (6.4% and 4.8%), beta-pinene (8.3% and 17.7%), and alpha-terpineol (9.8% and 12.3%). allelopathic testing of the seed ...201223074918
a transcriptome map of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are increasingly becoming the dna marker system of choice due to their prevalence in the genome and their ability to be used in highly multiplexed genotyping assays. although needed in high numbers for genome-wide marker profiles and genomics-assisted breeding, a surprisingly low number of validated snps are currently available for perennial ryegrass.201222513206
relationship between pollutant content and ecotoxicity of sewage sludges from spanish wastewater treatment plants.chemical and ecotoxicological properties of 28 sewage sludge samples from spanish wastewater treatment plants were studied in order to assess their suitability for agricultural purposes. sludge samples were classified into five categories according to specific treatment processes in terms of digestion (aerobic/anaerobic) and drying (mechanical/thermal). composted samples, as indicative of the most refined process, were also considered. sludges were subjected to physical-chemical characterization ...201222483948
metabolomics of forage plants: a review.forage plant breeding is under increasing pressure to deliver new cultivars with improved yield, quality and persistence to the pastoral industry. new innovations in dna sequencing technologies mean that quantitative trait loci analysis and marker-assisted selection approaches are becoming faster and cheaper, and are increasingly used in the breeding process with the aim to speed it up and improve its precision. high-throughput phenotyping is currently a major bottle neck and emerging technologi ...201222351485
Responses of antioxidant gene, protein and enzymes to salinity stress in two genotypes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) differing in salt tolerance.Salinity could damage cellular membranes through overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while antioxidant capacities play a vital role in protecting plants from salinity caused oxidative damages. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of salt on the antioxidant enzyme activities, isoforms and gene expressions in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Salt-tolerant 'Quickstart II' and salt-sensitive 'DP1' were subjected to 0 and 250mM NaCl for 12d. Salt stress ...201222088275
evaluation of the environmental specificity of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) of probe (pse1284)-positive cells extracted from rhizosphere soil.we explicitly tested for the first time the 'environmental specificity' of traditional 16s rrna-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) through comparison of the bacterial diversity actually targeted in the environment with the diversity that should be exactly targeted (i.e. without mismatches) according to in silico analysis. to do this, we exploited advances in modern flow cytometry that enabled improved detection and therefore sorting of sub-micron-sized particles and used probe ps ...201222264503
the evaluation of endophyte toxin residues in sheep fat.abstract201222175431
Conspicuous epiphytic growth of an interspecific hybrid Neotyphodium sp. endophyte on distorted host inflorescences.Selected Neotyphodium sp. endophytes are now commonly used to enhance pasture persistence and livestock productivity, with seed of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cultivars with these selected endophytes being commercially available. In a large population of perennial ryegrass plants infected with a Neotyphodium sp. endophyte that was being grown for seed production a small percentage of inflorescences were distorted and covered with a conspicuous white mycelial growth. Within individual plan ...201222208600
characterization of chloroplast dna microsatellites from saccharum spp and related species.microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (ssrs), and their flanking regions in chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of some species of the family poaceae were analyzed in silico to look for dna sequence variations. comparison of the complete chloroplast dna sequences (cpdnas) of sugarcane (saccharum hybrid cv. sp-80-3280 and s. officinarum cv. nco310) and related species, agrostis stolonifera, brachypodium distachyon, hordeum vulgare subsp vulgare, lolium perenne, oryza nivara, o. sativa sub ...201121948764
plants growing on contaminated and brownfield sites appropriate for use in organisation for economic co-operation and development terrestrial plant growth test.the organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) terrestrial plant test is often used for the ecological risk assessment of contaminated land. however, its origins in plant protection product testing mean that the species recommended in the oecd guidelines are unlikely to occur on contaminated land. six alternative species were tested on contaminated soils from a former zn smelter and a metal fragmentizer with elevated concentrations of cd, cu, pb, and zn. the response of the al ...201120853450
Modelling real-time simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass and organic acid accumulation using dielectric spectroscopy.Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is routinely used in yeast and mammalian fermentations to quantitatively monitor viable biomass through the inherent capacitance of live cells; however, the use of DS to monitor the enzymatic break down of lignocellulosic biomass has not been reported. The aim of the current study was to examine the application of DS in monitoring the enzymatic saccharification of high sugar perennial ryegrass (HS-PRG) fibre and to relate the data to changes in chemical composition. ...201121852118
contrasting genetic structure between magnaporthe grisea populations associated with the golf course turfgrasses lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass).gray leaf spot (gls) disease of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) and kikuyugrass (pennisetum clandestinum) in golf courses in california was first noted in 2001 and 2003, respectively, and within 5 years had become well established. the causal agent of the disease is the fungus magnaporthe grisea, which is known to consist primarily of clonal lineages that are highly host specific. therefore, our objective was to investigate host specificity and population dynamics among isolates associated p ...201121142782
Glycoproteins are species-specific markers and major IgE reactants in grass pollens.Grass pollen allergic patients are concomitantly exposed and sensitized to pollens from multiple Pooideae (i.e. common grass) species. As such, they are currently desensitized by allergen-specific immunotherapy using extracts made from mixes of pollens from Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis. Herein, we demonstrate that species-specific glycoprotein patterns are documented by 1D and 2D electrophoresis and Western blotting analysis, which ...201121951299
a morphological change in the fungal symbiont neotyphodium lolii induces dwarfing in its host plant lolium perenne.the endophytic fungus neotyphodium lolii forms symbiotic associations with perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) and infection is typically described as asymptomatic. here we describe a naturally occurring new zealand n. lolii isolate that can induce dwarfing of l. perenne and suppress floral meristem development in the dwarfed plants. further to this we demonstrate that the observed host dwarfing correlates with a reversible morphological change in the endophyte that appears associated with colon ...201122289769
effects of feeding rapeseed oil, soybean oil, or linseed oil on stearoyl-coa desaturase expression in the mammary gland of dairy cows.stearoyl-coa desaturase (scd) is an important enzyme in the bovine mammary gland, and it introduces a double bond at the δ(9) location of primarily myristoyl-, palmitoyl-, and stearoyl-coa. the main objective of this study was to compare the effects of various fatty acids (fa) typically present in dairy cow rations on the expression of scd1 and scd5 in the mammary gland of dairy cows. twenty-eight holstein-friesian cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. the dietary treatments ...201121257056
effect of silage from ryegrass intercropped with winter or common vetch for grazing dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems in mexico.the objective was to determine the effect of including silages of annual ryegrass (lolium multiflorum) intercropped with winter vetch (vicia villosa) (arg-vv) or with common vetch (vicia sativa) (arg-vs) compared with maize silage (ms) on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows grazing cultivated perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures with supplemented concentrate during the dry season. six holstein dairy cows with a mean yield of 19.0 kg/cow/day at the beginning of the experiment were r ...201121327716
nitrogen partitioning and isotopic fractionation in dairy cows consuming diets based on a range of contrasting forages.nine multiparous holstein-friesian cows (initially 97 d in milk), were used in a 3×3 lattice square design experiment with 4-wk periods. all cows received 4 kg/d concentrates and dietary treatments were based on silages offered ad libitum: perennial ryegrass (prg); timothy (tim); tall fescue (tf); red clover (rc); red clover/corn silage mixture [40/60 on a dry matter (dm) basis; rcc]; red clover/whole-crop oat silage mixture (40/60 on a dm basis; rco); or red clover/whole-crop oat silage mixture ...201121426994
digestible energy content of pasture species in growing european wild boar (sus scrofa l.).the objectives were to determine the apparent energy digestibility of six pasture species frequently grazed by european wild boar (sus scrofa l.) and to estimate the digestible energy (de) consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar. seven diets were prepared; a base diet (bd) which did not contain any pasture species, diets d1 to d5 which included 75% of the bd and 25% of the dried pasture species lolium perenne (d1), festuca arundinacea (d2), agrostis capillaris (d3), bromus staminius (d4) o ...201121575078
efficacy of lime, biosolids, and mycorrhiza for the phytostabilization of sulfidic copper tailings in chile: a greenhouse experiment.inadequate abandonment of copper mine tailings under semiarid mediterranean climate type conditions has posed important environmental risks in chile due to wind and rain erosion. there are cost-effective technologies for tailings stabilization such as phytostabilization. however, this technology has not been used in chile yet. this study evaluated in a greenhouse assay the efficacy of biosolids, lime, and a commercial mycorrhiza to improve adverse conditions of oxidized cu mine tailings for adeq ...201121598780
haemodynamics of lambs grazing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) either infected with ar6 novel, wild-type endophyte, or endophyte-free.to compare vasoconstriction of the auricular artery and characteristics of blood flow in the carotid arteries between lambs grazing perennial ryegrass that was either infected with the ar6 novel endophyte (ar6), wild-type endophyte or endophyte-free.201121660847
skin prick testing to aeroallergen extracts: what is the optimal panel in children and adolescents in turkey?background/objective: the skin prick test (spt) is the standard tool for the diagnosis of ige-mediated allergic diseases. the number and spectrum of allergen extracts to be applied for the diagnosis of sensitized patients in order to achieve the most cost-effective and informative results are critical from both economic and scientific viewpoints. methods: in order to determine the minimum test battery panel necessary to cover at least 95% of the cases of spt sensitization in children and adolesc ...201122123205
linear ion trap ms(n) of enzymatically synthesized 13c-labeled fructans revealing differentiating fragmentation patterns of β (1-2) and β (1-6) fructans and providing a tool for oligosaccharide identification in complex mixtures.fructans are polymeric carbohydrates, which play important roles as plant reserve carbohydrates and stress protectants, and are beneficial for human health and animal production. fructans are formed by the addition of β-d-fructofuranosyl units to sucrose, leading to very complex mixtures of 1-kestose based inulins, 6-kestose linked levans, and 6g-kestose derived neoseries inulins and levans in cool season grasses such as lolium perenne. the identification of isomeric fructan oligomers in chromat ...201122145650
Interactive effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species.The herbivore defence system of true grasses (Poaceae) is predominantly based on silicon that is taken up from the soil and deposited in the leaves in the form of abrasive phytoliths. Silicon uptake mechanisms can be both passive and active, with the latter suggesting that there is an energetic cost to silicon uptake. This study assessed the effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on the competitive interactions between the grasses Poa annua, a species that has previously been repo ...201121868406
amendments promote the development of lolium perenne in soils affected by historical copper smelting operations.the puchuncaví valley, central chile, has been exposed to aerial emissions from a copper smelter. nowadays, soils in the surroundings are sparsely-vegetated, acidic, and metal-contaminated, and their remediation is needed to reduce environmental risks. we assessed effectiveness of lime, fly ash, compost, and iron grit as amendments to immobilize cu in soils and promote plant growth. amended soils were cultivated with lolium perenne for 60 days under controlled conditions. total dissolved cu and ...201121972502
comparative evaluation of laboratory-scale silages using standard glass jar silages or vacuum-packed model silages.the objective of this study was to compare the fermentation variables of laboratory-scale silages made in glass preserving jars (glass) and vacuum-packed plastic bags (rostock model silages, romos). silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass (fresh and wilted, 151 g kg(-1) and 286 g kg(-1) dry matter (dm), respectively) and remoistened coarsely ground rye grain (650 g kg(-1) dm) either with or without the addition of a lactic acid bacteria inoculant (3+ù10(5) colony forming units (cfu) g(-1) ...201121384351
effects of a perennial ryegrass diet or total mixed ration diet offered to spring-calving holstein-friesian dairy cows on methane emissions, dry matter intake, and milk production.the objective of the present study was to compare the enteric methane (ch4) emissions and milk production of spring-calving holstein-friesian cows offered either a grazed perennial ryegrass diet or a total mixed ration (tmr) diet for 10 wk in early lactation. forty-eight spring-calving holstein-friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 nutritional treatments for 10 wk: 1) grass or 2) tmr. the grass group received an allocation of 17 kg of dry matter (dm) of grass per cow per day with ...201121426985
esi-mass spectrometric and hplc elucidation of a new ergot alkaloid from perennial ryegrass hay silage associated with bovine reproductive problems.this case report involves four dairies in the willamette valley, oregon, which experienced reproductive problems associated with the presence of a large, previously unidentified, peak eluting at 5 min in a standard ergovaline high-performance liquid chromatography assay of perennial ryegrass silage fed to those animals. mycotoxin analysis of the silage was negative, as was serological screening of the herds for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine diarrhea virus and leptospirosis, including ...201121506724
development and application of an economic ranking index for perennial ryegrass cultivars.economic values in euros (€) were calculated for traits of economic importance in irish grass-based systems. the economically important traits selected were spring, midseason, and autumn grass dry matter (dm) yield (€/kg of dm per ha), grass quality (€ per unit dm digestibility), first- and second-cut silage dm yield (€/kg per ha), and sward persistency (€/% change in persistency per ha per yr). the economic value for each trait was calculated by changing the trait of interest while keeping all ...201121338830
mapping with rad (restriction-site associated dna) markers to rapidly identify qtl for stem rust resistance in lolium perenne.a mapping population was created to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) for resistance to stem rust caused by puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola in lolium perenne. a susceptible and a resistant plant were crossed to produce a pseudo-testcross population of 193 f(1) individuals. markers were produced by the restriction-site associated dna (rad) process, which uses massively parallel and multiplexed sequencing of reduced-representation libraries. additional simple sequence repeat (ssr) and sequ ...201121344184
high levels of a fungal superoxide dismutase and increased concentration of a pr-10 plant protein in associations between the endophytic fungus neotyphodium lolii and ryegrass.neotyphodium lolii is a fungal endosymbiont of the ryegrass lolium perenne. in functional symbioses, its growth is coordinated with that of the host, and fungal biomass distribution is tightly controlled. how the symbionts communicate is largely unknown, but failure of the endophyte to elicit a defense response is considered crucial for successful symbiosis. in silver-stained 2d gels of protein extracts from functional symbioses a fungal cu/zn superoxide dismutase was detectable, even though the ...201121520999
endosymbiosis and population differentiation in wild and cultivated lolium perenne (poaceae).• premise of the study: endophytic fungi are common inhabitants of cool-season grasses that can affect host growth and reproduction. one prerequisite for the expected coevolution between symbionts is that there exist variable effects of the endosymbiont on its host in different environments. here, the impact of endophytes (neotyphodium lolii) on survival, growth, and reproduction of wild populations of lolium perenne from its native range (italy, morocco, turkey, tunisia) and two united states c ...201121613060
necrotic dermatitis in waterfowl associated with consumption of perennial rye grass (lolium perenne).mute swans (cygnus olor), whooper swans (cygnus cygnus), and mixed-breed domestic geese (anser anser domesticus) were presented for necrotic lesions on the feet, eyelids, and beak. individuals from the same collection of birds had developed identical lesions during march-september of each of the previous 3 years. vesicular and necrotic dermatitis involved only nonfeathered and nonpigmented areas of the integument. no abnormal clinical signs were seen on either carnivorous species or birds with p ...201121657187
toxic effect of nacl on ion metabolism, antioxidative enzymes and gene expression of perennial ryegrass.two-month old seedlings of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) were subjected to four different levels of salinity for 7 days. the nacl treatments reduced turf quality and normalized transpiration rates. both chlorophyll (chl) a and chl b contents decreased in the grass exposed to 255mm relative to the control. an increase in the lipid peroxidationin was observed. the activity of leaf superoxide dismutase increased while, peroxidase and catalase activities decreased in response to nacl treatm ...201121813179
clinical expression of lolitrem b (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses.reasons for performing study: perennial ryegrass staggers is purported to be a common neurological mycotoxicosis of horses but the case description lacks detail and evidence. objective: to describe the clinical syndrome of lolitrem b intoxication in horses, limiting tests to those that are applicable to clinical practice, and to assess the potential value of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests for lolitrem b in horse body fluids. methods: seven horses in 2 separate groups were fed pe ...201121793878
terrestrial ecotoxicity of short aliphatic protic ionic liquids.a study of the ecotoxicity of different short aliphatic protic ionic liquids (pils) on terrestrial organisms was conducted. tests performed within the present study include those assessing the effects of pils on soil microbial functions (carbon and nitrogen mineralization) and terrestrial plants. the results show that the nominal lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (loaec) values were 5,000 mg/kg (dry soil) for the plant test in two species (lolium perenne, allium cepa), 1,000 mg/kg (dr ...201121935980
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