Publications

leaf rust of cultivated barley: pathology and control.	leaf rust of barley is caused by the macrocyclic, heteroecious rust pathogen puccinia hordei, with aecia reported from selected species of the genera ornithogalum, leopoldia, and dipcadi, and uredinia and telia occurring on hordeum vulgare, h. vulgare ssp. spontaneum, hordeum bulbosum, and hordeum murinum, on which distinct parasitic specialization occurs. although puccinia hordei is sporadic in its occurrence, it is probably the most common and widely distributed rust disease of barley. leaf ru ...	2015	26047566
metro maps of plant disease dynamics--automated mining of differences using hyperspectral images.	understanding the response dynamics of plants to biotic stress is essential to improve management practices and breeding strategies of crops and thus to proceed towards a more sustainable agriculture in the coming decades. in this context, hyperspectral imaging offers a particularly promising approach since it provides non-destructive measurements of plants correlated with internal structure and biochemical compounds. in this paper, we present a cascade of data mining techniques for fast and rel ...	2015	25621489
multi-environment multi-qtl association mapping identifies disease resistance qtl in barley germplasm from latin america.	multi-environment multi-qtl mixed models were used in a gwas context to identify qtl for disease resistance. the use of mega-environments aided the interpretation of environment-specific and general qtl. diseases represent a major constraint for barley (hordeum vulgare l.) production in latin america. spot blotch (caused by cochliobolus sativus), stripe rust (caused by puccinia striiformis f.sp. hordei) and leaf rust (caused by puccinia hordei) are three of the most important diseases that affec ...	2015	25548806
host genotype is an important determinant of the cereal phyllosphere mycobiome.	the phyllosphere mycobiome in cereals is an important determinant of crop health. however, an understanding of the factors shaping this community is lacking. fungal diversity in leaves from a range of cultivars of winter wheat (triticum aestivum), winter and spring barley (hordeum vulgare) and a smaller number of samples from oat (avena sativa), rye (secale cereale) and triticale (triticum × secale) was studied using next-generation sequencing. the effects of host genotype, fungicide treatment a ...	2015	25898906
endophytic colonization of barley (hordeum vulgare) roots by the nematophagous fungus pochonia chlamydosporia reveals plant growth promotion and a general defense and stress transcriptomic response.	plant crop yields are negatively conditioned by a large set of biotic and abiotic factors. an alternative to mitigate these adverse effects is the use of fungal biological control agents and endophytes. the egg-parasitic fungus pochonia chlamydosporia has been traditionally studied because of its potential as a biological control agent of plant-parasitic nematodes. this fungus can also act as an endophyte in monocot and dicot plants, and has been shown to promote plant growth in different agrono ...	2015	25982739
the development of quick, robust, quantitative phenotypic assays for describing the host-nonhost landscape to stripe rust.	nonhost resistance is often conceptualized as a qualitative separation from host resistance. classification into these two states is generally facile, as they fail to fully describe the range of states that exist in the transition from host to nonhost. this poses a problem when studying pathosystems that cannot be classified as either host or nonhost due to their intermediate status relative to these two extremes. in this study, we investigate the efficacy of the poaceae-stripe rust (puccinia st ...	2015	26579142
hyperspectral phenotyping on the microscopic scale: towards automated characterization of plant-pathogen interactions.	the detection and characterization of resistance reactions of crop plants against fungal pathogens are essential to select resistant genotypes. in breeding practice phenotyping of plant genotypes is realized by time consuming and expensive visual rating. in this context hyperspectral imaging (hsi) is a promising non-invasive sensor technique in order to accelerate and to automate classical phenotyping methods. a hyperspectral microscope was established to determine spectral changes on the leaf a ...	2015	25937826
multispectral phloem-mobile probes: properties and applications.	using arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, we identified a range of small fluorescent probes that entered the translocation stream and were unloaded at the root tip. these probes had absorbance/emission maxima ranging from 367/454 to 546/576 nm and represent a versatile toolbox for studying phloem transport. of the probes that we tested, naturally occurring fluorescent coumarin glucosides (esculin and fraxin) were phloem loaded and transported in oocytes by the sucrose transporter, atsu ...	2015	25653316
engineering temporal accumulation of a low recalcitrance polysaccharide leads to increased c6 sugar content in plant cell walls.	reduced cell wall recalcitrance and increased c6 monosaccharide content are desirable traits for future biofuel crops, as long as these biomass modifications do not significantly alter normal growth and development. mixed-linkage glucan (mlg), a cell wall polysaccharide only present in grasses and related species among flowering plants, is comprised of glucose monomers linked by both β-1,3 and β-1,4 bonds. previous data have shown that constitutive production of mlg in barley (hordeum vulgare) s ...	2015	25586315
unraveling the wheat stem rust infection process on barley genotypes through relative qpcr and fluorescence microscopy.	the infection process of wheat stem rust (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) on barley (hordeum vulgare) is often observed as a mesothetic infection type at the seedling stages, and cultivars containing the same major resistance genes often show variation in the level of resistance provided against the same pathogen race or isolate. thus, robust phenotyping data based on quantification of fungal dna can improve the ability to elucidate host-pathogen interaction, especially at early time points of ...	2015	25689517
genetic characterization of resistance to wheat stem rust race ttksk in landrace and wild barley accessions identifies the rpg4/rpg5 locus.	race ttksk of the wheat stem rust pathogen (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) threatens the production of wheat and barley worldwide because of its broad-spectrum virulence on many widely grown cultivars. sources of resistance against race ttksk were recently identified in several barley landraces (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) and wild barley accessions (h. vulgare subsp. spontaneum). the objectives of this study were to characterize the inheritance of resistance to wheat stem rust race ttksk ...	2015	25084303
uptake and distribution of stable strontium in 26 cultivars of three crop species: oats, wheat, and barley for their potential use in phytoremediation.	the main objective of this study was to investigate the accumulation and distribution of strontium (sr) in 26 cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), husk oat (avena sativa l) and naked oat (avena nuda), and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) for their potential use in phytoremediation.sr levels had no effect on the accumulation of shoot biomass at tillering or at maturity. mean shoot sr concentration of naked oat and barley at tillering was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of wheat; neimengk ...	2015	25397985
the role of climatic variables in winter cereal yields: a retrospective analysis.	this study examined the effects of observed climate including [co2] on winter cereal [winter wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare) and oat (avena sativa)] yields by adopting robust statistical analysis/modelling approaches (i.e. autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average, generalised addition model) based on long time series of historical climate data and cereal yield data at three locations (moree, dubbo and wagga wagga) in new south wales, australia. research results s ...	2015	24763659
leaf mineral nutrient remobilization during leaf senescence and modulation by nutrient deficiency.	higher plants have to cope with fluctuating mineral resource availability. however, strategies such as stimulation of root growth, increased transporter activities, and nutrient storage and remobilization have been mostly studied for only a few macronutrients. leaves of cultivated crops (zea mays, brassica napus, pisum sativum, triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare) and tree species (quercus robur, populus nigra, alnus glutinosa) grown under field conditions were harvested regularly during their li ...	2015	26029223
genome-wide comparative analysis of flowering-related genes in arabidopsis, wheat, and barley.	early flowering is an important trait influencing grain yield and quality in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in short-season cropping regions. however, due to large and complex genomes of these species, direct identification of flowering genes and their molecular characterization remain challenging. here, we used a bioinformatic approach to predict flowering-related genes in wheat and barley from 190 known arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh.) flowering gene ...	2015	26435710
mirex 2.0 - an integrated environment for expression profiling of plant micrornas.	micrornas are the key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in development and stress responses. thus, precisely quantifying the level of each particular microrna is of utmost importance when studying the biology of any organism.	2015	26141515
barley hv circadian clock associated 1 and hv photoperiod h1 are circadian regulators that can affect circadian rhythms in arabidopsis.	circadian clocks regulate many aspects of plant physiology and development that contribute to essential agronomic traits. circadian clocks contain transcriptional feedback loops that are thought to generate circadian timing. there is considerable similarity in the genes that comprise the transcriptional and translational feedback loops of the circadian clock in the plant kingdom. functional characterisation of circadian clock genes has been restricted to a few model species. here we provide a fu ...	2015	26076005
monitoring protein phosphorylation by acrylamide pendant phos-tag™ in various plants.	the aim of the present study is to rationalize acrylamide pendant phos-tag™ in-gel discrimination of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated plant protein species with standard immunoblot analysis, and optimize sample preparation, efficient electrophoretic separation and transfer. we tested variants of the method including extraction buffers suitable for preservation of phosphorylated protein species in crude extracts from plants and we addressed the importance of the cation (mn(2+) or zn(2+)) use ...	2015	26029234
red:far-red light conditions affect the emission of volatile organic compounds from barley (hordeum vulgare), leading to altered biomass allocation in neighbouring plants.	volatile organic compounds (vocs) play various roles in plant-plant interactions, and constitutively produced vocs might act as a cue to sense neighbouring plants. previous studies have shown that vocs emitted from the barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar 'alva' cause changes in biomass allocation in plants of the cultivar 'kara'. other studies have shown that shading and the low red:far-red (r:fr) conditions that prevail at high plant densities can reduce the quantity and alter the composition of ...	2015	25851141
alanine aminotransferase variants conferring diverse nue phenotypes in arabidopsis thaliana.	alanine aminotransferase (alaat, e.c. 2.6.1.2), is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent (plp) enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to 2-oxoglutarate to produce glutamate and pyruvate, or vice versa. it has been well documented in both greenhouse and field studies that tissue-specific over-expression of alaat from barley (hordeum vulgare, hvalaat) results in a significant increase in plant nue in both canola and rice. while the physical phenotypes associated ...	2015	25830496
the barley uniculme4 gene encodes a blade-on-petiole-like protein that controls tillering and leaf patterning.	tillers are vegetative branches that develop from axillary buds located in the leaf axils at the base of many grasses. genetic manipulation of tillering is a major objective in breeding for improved cereal yields and competition with weeds. despite this, very little is known about the molecular genetic bases of tiller development in important triticeae crops such as barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum). recessive mutations at the barley uniculme4 (cul4) locus cause reduced till ...	2015	25818702
yield and production gaps in rainfed wheat, barley, and canola in alberta.	improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. the loss of high quality land, the slowing in annual yield increases of major cereals, increasing fertilizer use, and the effect of this on the environment all indicate that we need to develop new strategies to increase grain yields with less impact on the environment. one strategy that could help address this concern is by narrowing the yield gaps of major crops using improved genetics and management. th ...	2015	26635824
biological networks underlying abiotic stress tolerance in temperate crops--a proteomic perspective.	abiotic stress factors, especially low temperatures, drought, and salinity, represent the major constraints limiting agricultural production in temperate climate. under the conditions of global climate change, the risk of damaging effects of abiotic stresses on crop production increases. plant stress response represents an active process aimed at an establishment of novel homeostasis under altered environmental conditions. proteins play a crucial role in plant stress response since they are dire ...	2015	26340626
5-azacytidine promotes microspore embryogenesis initiation by decreasing global dna methylation, but prevents subsequent embryo development in rapeseed and barley.	microspores are reprogrammed by stress in vitro toward embryogenesis. this process is an important tool in breeding to obtain double-haploid plants. dna methylation is a major epigenetic modification that changes in differentiation and proliferation. we have shown changes in global dna methylation during microspore reprogramming. 5-azacytidine (azac) cannot be methylated and leads to dna hypomethylation. azac is a useful demethylating agent to study dna dynamics, with a potential application in ...	2015	26161085
dipeptidyl peptidase iv inhibitory peptides derived from oat (avena sativa l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum), and highland barley (hordeum vulgare trifurcatum (l.) trofim) proteins.	peptides released from oat, buckwheat, and highland barley proteins were examined for their in vitro inhibitory effects on dipeptidyl peptidase iv (dpp4), an enzyme that deactivates incretin hormones involved in insulin secretion. all of the hydrolysates exhibited dpp4 inhibitory activities, with ic50 values ranging from 0.13 mg/ml (oat glutelin alcalase digestion) to 8.15 mg/ml (highland barley albumin tryptic digestion). the lowest ic50 values in gastrointestinal, alcalase, and tryptic digesti ...	2015	26468909
quantitative profiling of feruloylated arabinoxylan side-chains from graminaceous cell walls.	graminaceous arabinoxylans are distinguished by decoration with feruloylated monosaccharidic and oligosaccharidic side-chains. although it is hypothesized that structural complexity and abundance of these feruloylated arabinoxylan side-chains may contribute, among other factors, to resistance of plant cell walls to enzymatic degradation, quantitative profiling approaches for these structural units in plant cell wall materials have not been described yet. here we report the development and applic ...	2015	26834763
induction of targeted, heritable mutations in barley and brassica oleracea using rna-guided cas9 nuclease.	the rna-guided cas9 system represents a flexible approach for genome editing in plants. this method can create specific mutations that knock-out or alter target gene function. it provides a valuable tool for plant research and offers opportunities for crop improvement.	2015	26616834
differential uptake and translocation of β-hch and dieldrin by several plant species from hydroponic medium.	to compare the uptake and translocation of hydrophobic organic chemicals by plant species, the authors performed uptake experiments with β-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-hch) and 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (dieldrin) using 5 species: hordeum vulgare, glycine max, solanum lycopersicum, brassica oleracea, and cucurbita pepo. the present study evaluated uptake ability using root concentration factor (rcf) and translocat ...	2015	25470472
effect of γ-irradiation on structure and nutraceutical potential of β-d-glucan from barley (hordeum vulgare).	this paper reports the characterization and potential antioxidant activity of β-d-glucan isolated from barley treated with γ-rays. the β-d-glucan was irradiated with 0, 2, 4 and 8 kgy by gamma ray. the samples were characterized by fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (gpc) and quantitative estimation by megazyme β-d-glucan assay kit. the average molecular weight of non-irradiated β-d-glucan was 177 kda that decreased to 79 kda at 8 kgy. antioxidant activity was ...	2015	25239191
physicochemical characterization of sewage sludge and green waste for agricultural utilization.	in order to valorize the organic wastes, a mixture composed of 60 kg of thick sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, 30 kg of green wastes (made of 10 kg straw of wheat, 10 kg manure farm wastes, and 10 kg of dead leaves), and 10 kg of wood chips was prepared. the organic wastes were mixed and put into a wooden cubic composter having a volume of 1.5 m3. physicochemical analyses were made every 30 days for five months. the results of the analyses showed that the obtained compost had goo ...	2015	25517858
phyto-indicators in detection of lindane residues in water.	intensive use of pesticides, especially insecticides, in agriculture during the past several decades has already led to contamination of surface and underground waters and sediments in some regions, thus presents a serious problem for the environment. lindane was one of frequently applied insecticides for soil treatment. in serbia, it has been in use since 1944, but in the period 2001-2007 its use was restricted only to timber treatments. in 2009 an international ban on the use of lindane in agr ...	2014	26080488
environmental effects of soil contamination by shale fuel oils.	estonia is currently one of the leading producers of shale oils in the world. increased production, transportation and use of shale oils entail risks of environmental contamination. this paper studies the behaviour of two shale fuel oils (sfos)--'vkg d' and 'vkg sweet'--in different soil matrices under natural climatic conditions. dynamics of sfos' hydrocarbons (c10-c40), 16 pahs, and a number of soil heterotrophic bacteria in oil-spiked soils was investigated during the long-term (1 year) outdo ...	2014	24865504
optimization of weaning mix based on malted and extruded pearl millet and barley.	weaning mix was developed using extrudates of plain and malted pearl millet (pennisetum typhoides) and barley (hordeum vulgare) flour. central composite rotatable design (ccrd) with four independent variables pme (pearl millet extrudates), pmme (pearl millet malt extrudates), be (barley extrudates), bme (barley malt extrudates) at five level and five dependent variables, i.e. lightness, peak viscosity (pv), water solubility index (wsi), water absorption index (wai) and overall acceptability (oaa ...	2014	24741161
microwave irradiation induced changes in protein molecular structures of barley grains: relationship to changes in protein chemical profile, protein subfractions, and digestion in dairy cows.	the objectives of this study were to evaluate microwave irradiation (mir) induced changes in crude protein (cp) subfraction profiles, ruminal cp degradation characteristics and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (rup), and protein molecular structures in barley (hordeum vulgare) grains. samples from hulled (n = 1) and hulless cultivars (n = 2) of barley, harvested from four replicate plots in two consecutive years, were evaluated. the samples were either kept as raw or irradiat ...	2014	24941451
toxicity of naturally-contaminated manganese soil to selected crops.	the impact of manganese excess using naturally contaminated soil (mn-soil, pseudototal mn 6494 vs 675 μg g(-1) dw in control soil) in the shoots of four crops was studied. mn content decreased in the order brassica napus > hordeum vulgare > zea mays > triticum aestivum. growth was strongly depressed just in brassica (containing 13696 μg mn g(-1) dw). some essential metals (zn, fe) increased in mn-cultured brassica and zea, while macronutrients (k, ca, mg) decreased in almost all species. toxic m ...	2014	24965550
do cover crops enhance n₂o, co₂ or ch₄ emissions from soil in mediterranean arable systems?	this study evaluates the effect of planting three cover crops (ccs) (barley, hordeum vulgare l.; vetch, vicia villosa l.; rape, brassica napus l.) on the direct emission of n₂o, co₂ and ch₄ in the intercrop period and the impact of incorporating these ccs on the emission of greenhouse gas (ghg) from the forthcoming irrigated maize (zea mays l.) crop. vetch and barley were the ccs with the highest n₂o and co₂ losses (75 and 47% increase compared with the control, respectively) in the fallow perio ...	2014	23906854
inheritance of prehaustorial resistance to puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	rust pathogens within the genus puccinia cause some of the most economically significant diseases of crops. different formae speciales of p. graminis have co-evolved to mainly infect specific grass hosts; however, some genotypes of other closely related cereals can also be infected. this study investigated the inheritance of resistance to three diverse pathotypes of the oat stem rust pathogen (p. graminis f. sp. avenae) in the 'yerong' ✕ 'franklin' (y/f) barley doubled haploid (dh) population, a ...	2014	25025780
trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from barley cultivated in argentina.	fusarium graminearum is one of the most important pathogens isolated from small cereal grains with fusarium head blight symptoms. the presence of this fungus is often linked to the occurrence of several mycotoxins in barley and wheat. the aim of our study was to characterize trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of f. graminearum sensu stricto isolates obtained from barley grains in argentina. a total of 110 f. graminearum s.s. isolates were analyzed by pcr assays to predict deoxynival ...	2014	24727383
how vacuolar sorting receptor proteins interact with their cargo proteins: crystal structures of apo and cargo-bound forms of the protease-associated domain from an arabidopsis vacuolar sorting receptor.	in plant cells, soluble proteins are directed to vacuoles because they contain vacuolar sorting determinants (vsds) that are recognized by vacuolar sorting receptors (vsr). to understand how a vsr recognizes its cargo, we present the crystal structures of the protease-associated domain of vsr isoform 1 from arabidopsis thaliana (vsr1pa) alone and complexed with a cognate peptide containing the barley (hordeum vulgare) aleurain vsd sequence of 1adsnpirpvt10. the crystal structures show that vsr1p ...	2014	25271241
evolutionary conserved function of barley and arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-coa synthases in providing wax signals for germination of powdery mildew fungi.	for plant pathogenic fungi, such as powdery mildews, that survive only on a limited number of host plant species, it is a matter of vital importance that their spores sense that they landed on the right spot to initiate germination as quickly as possible. we investigated a barley (hordeum vulgare) mutant with reduced epicuticular leaf waxes on which spores of adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi showed reduced germination. the barley gene responsible for the mutant wax phenotype was clone ...	2014	25201879
functional diversification within the family of b-gata transcription factors through the leucine-leucine-methionine domain.	the transcription of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) gata transcription factors gata, nitrate-inducible, carbon metabolism-involved (gnc) and gnc-like (gnl)/cytokinin-responsive gata factor1 is controlled by several growth regulatory signals including light and the phytohormones auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin. to date, gnc and gnl have been attributed functions in the control of germination, greening, flowering time, floral development, senescence, and floral organ abscission. gnc and ...	2014	25077795
repair of site-specific dna double-strand breaks in barley occurs via diverse pathways primarily involving the sister chromatid.	dna double-strand break (dsb) repair mechanisms differ in their requirements for a homologous repair template and in the accuracy of the result. we aimed to quantify the outcome of repair of a single targeted dsb in somatic cells of young barley (hordeum vulgare) plants. amplicon sequencing of three reporter constructs revealed 47 to 58% of reads as repaired via nonhomologous end-joining (nhej) with deletions and/or small (1 to 3 bp) insertions. alternative nhej revealed 2 to 5 bp microhomology ...	2014	24876253
determination of photoperiodic flowering time control in arabidopsis and barley.	the circadian clock serves to prepare plants for predictable changes in the environment both on a daily and a seasonal basis. floral transition in most plants is dependent on day length and, thus, on the season. sensing day length allows plants to synchronize their reproduction with favorable outside conditions. this process is known as the photoperiodic pathway of flowering time control, and it is tightly linked with the circadian clock of the plant. thus, mutants with defects in the circadian ...	2014	24792059
early flowering3 regulates flowering in spring barley by mediating gibberellin production and flowering locus t expression.	early flowering3 (elf3) is a circadian clock gene that contributes to photoperiod-dependent flowering in plants, with loss-of-function mutants in barley (hordeum vulgare), legumes, and arabidopsis thaliana flowering early under noninductive short-day (sd) photoperiods. the barley elf3 mutant displays increased expression of flowering locus t1 (ft1); however, it remains unclear whether this is the only factor responsible for the early flowering phenotype. we show that the early flowering and vege ...	2014	24781117
abscisic acid flux alterations result in differential abscisic acid signaling responses and impact assimilation efficiency in barley under terminal drought stress.	abscisic acid (aba) is a central player in plant responses to drought stress. how variable levels of aba under short-term versus long-term drought stress impact assimilation and growth in crops is unclear. we addressed this through comparative analysis, using two elite breeding lines of barley (hordeum vulgare) that show senescence or stay-green phenotype under terminal drought stress and by making use of transgenic barley lines that express arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) 9-cis-epoxycaroteno ...	2014	24610749
importance of symplasmic communication in cell differentiation.	symplasmic communication via plasmodesmata (pd) is part of the system of information exchange between plant cells. molecules that pass through the pd include ions, some hormones, minerals, amino acids, and sugars but also proteins, transcription factors, and different classes of rna, and as such pd can participate in the coordination of plant growth and development. this review summarizes the current literature on this subject and the role of pd in signal exchange, the importance of symplasmic c ...	2014	24476959
to open or to close: species-specific stomatal responses to simultaneously applied opposing environmental factors.	plant stomatal responses to single environmental factors are well studied; however, responses to a change in two (or more) factors - a common situation in nature - have been less frequently addressed. we studied the stomatal responses to a simultaneous application of opposing environmental factors in six evolutionarily distant mono- and dicotyledonous herbs representing different life strategies (ruderals, competitors and stress-tolerators) to clarify whether the crosstalk between opening- and c ...	2014	24392838
molecular characterization of two glutathione peroxidase genes of panax ginseng and their expression analysis against environmental stresses.	glutathione peroxidases (gpxs) are a group of enzymes that protect cells against oxidative damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ros). gpx catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) or organic hydroperoxides to water or alcohols by reduced glutathione. the presence of gpxs in plants has been reported by several groups, but the roles of individual members of this family in a single plant species have not been studied. two gpx cdnas were isolated and characterized from the embryoge ...	2014	24269671
an assessment of the biotechnological use of hemoglobin modulation in cereals.	non-symbiotic hemoglobin (nshb) genes are ubiquitous in plants, but their biological functions have mostly been studied in model plant species rather than in crops. nshb influences cell signaling and metabolism by modulating the levels of nitric oxide (no). class 1 nshb is upregulated under hypoxia and is involved in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. ectopic overexpression of nshb in arabidopsis thaliana accelerates development, whilst targeted overexpression in seeds can increase see ...	2014	24118006
can a late bloomer become an early bird? tools for flowering time adjustment.	the transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage followed by inflorescence is a critical step in plant life; therefore, studies of the genes that influence flowering time have always been of great interest to scientists. flowering is a process controlled by many genes interacting mutually in a genetic network, and several hypothesis and models of flowering have been suggested so far. plants in temperate climatic conditions must respond mainly to changes in the day length (photoperiod) an ...	2014	24091290
wheat stripe (yellow) rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.	stripe (yellow) rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is a serious disease of wheat occurring in most wheat areas with cool and moist weather conditions during the growing season. the basidiomycete fungus is an obligate biotrophic parasite that is difficult to culture on artificial media. pst is a macrocyclic, heteroecious fungus that requires both primary (wheat or grasses) and alternate (berberis or mahonia spp.) host plants to complete its life cycle. urediniospores have ...	2014	24373199
magical mystery tour: mlo proteins in plant immunity and beyond.	stable heritable restriction of the ubiquitous powdery mildew disease is a desirable trait for agri and horticulture. in barley (hordeum vulgare), loss-of-function mutant alleles of the mildew resistance locus o (mlo) gene confer broad-spectrum resistance to almost all known isolates of the fungal barley powdery mildew pathogen, blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. despite extensive cultivation of barley mlo genotypes, mlo resistance has been durable in the field. mlo genes are present as small famil ...	2014	25453131
in silico analysis of the core signaling proteome from the barley powdery mildew pathogen (blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei).	compared to other ascomycetes, the barley powdery mildew pathogen blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) has a large genome (ca. 120 mbp) that harbors a relatively small number of protein-coding genes (ca. 6500). this genomic assemblage is thought to be the result of numerous gene losses, which likely represent an evolutionary adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle in close association with its host plant, barley (hordeum vulgare). approximately 8% of the bgh genes are predicted to encode virulence e ...	2014	25277210
differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei.	in plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. for the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus. papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. here, we have re-exam ...	2014	25138067
a trade off between mlo resistance to powdery mildew and increased susceptibility of barley to a newly important disease, ramularia leaf spot.	ramularia leaf spot (rls), caused by the fungus ramularia collo-cygni, is a serious, recently emerged disease of barley in europe and other temperate regions. this study investigated the trade off between strong resistance to powdery mildew conferred by mlo mutant alleles and increased susceptibility to rls. in field trials and seedling tests, the presence of mlo alleles increased severity of rls. genetic analysis of a doubled-haploid population identified one quantitative trait locus for suscep ...	2014	24399175
genetic analysis and molecular mapping of crown rust resistance in common wheat.	this is the first report on genetic analysis and genome mapping of major dominant genes for near non-host resistance to barley crown rust ( puccinia coronata var. hordei ) in common wheat. barley crown rust, caused by puccinia coronata var. hordei, primarily occurs on barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in the great plain regions of the united states. however, a few genotypes of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were susceptible to this pathogen among 750 wheat accessions evaluated. to investigate the ...	2014	24306320
genetic mapping of a new race specific resistance allele effective to puccinia hordei at the rph9/rph12 locus on chromosome 5hl in barley.	barley is an important cereal crop cultivated for malt and ruminant feed and in certain regions it is used for human consumption. it is vulnerable to numerous foliar diseases including barley leaf rust caused by the pathogen puccinia hordei.	2014	25526867
association mapping of resistance to puccinia hordei in australian barley breeding germplasm.	"to find stable resistance using association mapping tools, qtl with major and minor effects on leaf rust reactions were identified in barley breeding lines by assessing seedlings and adult plants." three hundred and sixty (360) elite barley (hordeum vulgare l.) breeding lines from the northern region barley breeding program in australia were genotyped with 3,244 polymorphic diversity arrays technology markers and the results used to map quantitative trait loci (qtl) conferring a reaction to lea ...	2014	24626954
golgi localized barley mtp8 proteins facilitate mn transport.	many metabolic processes in plants are regulated by manganese (mn) but limited information is available on the molecular mechanisms controlling cellular mn homeostasis. in this study, a yeast assay was used to isolate and characterize two genes, mtp8.1 and mtp8.2, which encode membrane-bound proteins belonging to the cation diffusion facilitator (cdf) family in the cereal species barley (hordeum vulgare). transient expression in onion epidermal cells showed that mtp8.1 and mtp8.2 proteins fused ...	2014	25486417
lcwrky5: an unknown function gene from sheepgrass improves drought tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis.	the expression of lcwrky5 was induced significantly by salinity, mannitol and cutting treatments. arabidopsis- overexpressing lcwrky5 greatly increased dehydration tolerance by regulating the expression of multiple stress-responsive genes. based on the data of sheepgrass 454 high-throughout sequencing and expression analysis results, a drought-induced gene lcwrky5 was isolated and cloned, and the biological role of the gene has not been reported until now. bioinformatics analysis showed that lcw ...	2014	24913125
the synaptonemal complex protein zyp1 is required for imposition of meiotic crossovers in barley.	in many cereal crops, meiotic crossovers predominantly occur toward the ends of chromosomes and 30 to 50% of genes rarely recombine. this limits the exploitation of genetic variation by plant breeding. previous reports demonstrate that chiasma frequency can be manipulated in plants by depletion of the synaptonemal complex protein zipper1 (zyp1) but conflict as to the direction of change, with fewer chiasmata reported in arabidopsis thaliana and more crossovers reported for rice (oryza sativa). h ...	2014	24563202
interaction between the growth-regulating factor and knotted1-like homeobox families of transcription factors.	knotted1-like homeobox (knox) genes are important regulators of meristem function, and a complex network of transcription factors ensures tight control of their expression. here, we show that members of the growth-regulating factor (grf) family act as players in this network. a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid screen with the upstream sequence of the knox gene oskn2 from rice (oryza sativa) resulted in isolation of osgrf3 and osgrf10. specific binding to a region in the untranslated l ...	2014	24532604
¹h, ¹³c, ¹⁵n backbone and side chain nmr resonance assignments for the n-terminal rna recognition motif of the hvgr-rbp1 protein involved in the regulation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) senescence.	leaf senescence is an important process in the developmental life of all plant species. senescence efficiency influences important agricultural traits such as grain protein content and plant growth, which are often limited by nitrogen use. little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this highly orchestrated process. to enhance our understanding of leaf senescence and its regulation, we have undertaken the structural and functional characterization of previously unknown proteins tha ...	2014	23417794
a pair of chiral flavonolignans as novel anti-cyanobacterial allelochemicals derived from barley straw (hordeum vulgare): characterization and comparison of their anti-cyanobacterial activities.	the inhibitory effect of barley straw (hordeum vulgare) on cyanobacteria has been observed in many field and laboratory studies for over 30 years, although the compounds responsible for this anti-cyanobacterial effect have remained unknown. in this study, a pair of chiral flavonolignans were isolated from barley straw extract using a bioassay-guided isolation procedure against microcystis sp. the structures of the allelopathic compounds were elucidated by nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance) and hpl ...	2014	24034604
effects of planting date and barley variety on russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) populations in colorado, kansas, and nebraska.	the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is an important pest in the western great plains of the united states, where it causes hundreds of millions of dollars of losses to barley and wheat production through reduced yields. experiments to evaluate the effect of early planting and resistance in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) on d. noxia were conducted at fort collins, co; tribune, ks; and sidney, ne, in 2007, 2008, and 2009. treatments included two planting dates ...	2014	26309288
variation between ethiopian and north american barley varieties (hordeum vulgare) in response to russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia) populations.	the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (hemiptera: aphididae), causes severe damage to barley, hordeum vulgare l. (poales: poaceae), in the highlands of ethiopia. little information is available on the control of this pest in ethiopia. an experiment aimed at evaluating the resistance of barley varieties from the usa to d. noxia populations and determining biotypic variation between ethiopian and north american d. noxia populations was conducted. the d. noxia-resistant barley variet ...	2014	25373187
bayesian inference of baseline fertility and treatment effects via a crop yield-fertility model.	to effectively manage soil fertility, knowledge is needed of how a crop uses nutrients from fertilizer applied to the soil. soil quality is a combination of biological, chemical and physical properties and is hard to assess directly because of collective and multiple functional effects. in this paper, we focus on the application of these concepts to agriculture. we define the baseline fertility of soil as the level of fertility that a crop can acquire for growth from the soil. with this strict d ...	2014	25405353
oxirapentyns a, b and e from the marine-derived strain of isaria felina kmm 4639 as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.	oxirapentyn a (1), oxirapentyn b (2), and oxirapentyn e (3) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy {glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the oxirapentyns and on the plant species. compounds 1, and 2 are efficient for growth of seedling roots of barley, and wheat, whereas ...	2014	25115093
alkaloids from marine sponges as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.	damirone a (1), damirone b (2), makaluvamine g (3), debromohymenialdisine (4), and dibromoagelaspongin (5) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy (glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the alkaloids and on the plant species. compounds 1, 3, and 4 are efficient for growth o ...	2014	24868854
structural and biochemical analysis of the hordeum vulgare l. hvgr-rbp1 protein, a glycine-rich rna-binding protein involved in the regulation of barley plant development and stress response.	the timing of whole-plant senescence influences important agricultural traits such as yield and grain protein content. post-transcriptional regulation by plant rna-binding proteins is essential for proper control of gene expression, development, and stress responses. here, we report the three-dimensional solution nmr structure and nucleic acid-binding properties of the barley glycine-rich rna-binding protein hvgr-rbp1, whose transcript has been identified as being >45-fold up-regulated in early- ...	2014	25495582
inducing the oxidative stress response in escherichia coli improves the quality of a recombinant protein: magnesium chelatase chlh.	the ∼150kda chlh subunit of magnesium chelatase from oryza sativa, hordeum vulgare and chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been heterologously expressed in escherichiacoli. the active soluble protein is found as both a multimeric and a monomeric form. the multimeric chlh appears to be oxidatively damaged but monomer production is favoured in growth conditions that are known to cause an oxidative stress response in e.coli. inducing an oxidative stress response may be of general utility to improve the ...	2014	24931499
production of barley endoprotease b2 in pichia pastoris and its proteolytic activity against native and recombinant hordeins.	barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cysteine proteases are of fundamental biological importance during germination but may also have a large potential as commercial enzyme. barley cysteine endoprotease b2 (hvepb2) was expressed in pichia pastoris from a ppiczαa based construct encoding a hvepb2 c-terminal truncated version (hvepb2δc) and a proteolytic resistant his6 tag. maximum yield was obtained after 4 days of induction. recombinant hvepb2δc (r-hvepb2δc) was purified using a single step of ni(2+)-aff ...	2014	24268446
mla- and rom1-mediated control of microrna398 and chloroplast copper/zinc superoxide dismutase regulates cell death in response to the barley powdery mildew fungus.	• barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mildew resistance locus a (mla) confers allele-specific interactions with natural variants of the ascomycete fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. significant reprogramming of mla-mediated gene expression occurs upon infection by this obligate biotrophic pathogen. • we utilized a proteomics-based approach, combined with barley mla, required for mla12 resistance1 (rar1), and restoration of mla resistance1 (rom1) mut ...	2014	24246006
the mir9863 family regulates distinct mla alleles in barley to attenuate nlr receptor-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling.	barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mla alleles encode coiled-coil (cc), nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors that trigger isolate-specific immune responses against the powdery mildew fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh). how mla or nb-lrr genes in grass species are regulated at post-transcriptional level is not clear. the microrna family, mir9863, comprises four members that differentially regulate distinct mla alleles in barley. we show that mir9863 members guide the cle ...	2014	25502438
bacteria-triggered systemic immunity in barley is associated with wrky and ethylene responsive factors but not with salicylic acid.	leaf-to-leaf systemic immune signaling known as systemic acquired resistance is poorly understood in monocotyledonous plants. here, we characterize systemic immunity in barley (hordeum vulgare) triggered after primary leaf infection with either pseudomonas syringae pathovar japonica (psj) or xanthomonas translucens pathovar cerealis (xtc). both pathogens induced resistance in systemic, uninfected leaves against a subsequent challenge infection with xtc. in contrast to systemic acquired resistanc ...	2014	25332505
the compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia atpases regulates disease resistance in barley to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.	morc1 and morc2, two of the seven members of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia gyrase, heat shock protein90, histidine kinase, mutl (ghkl) atpases, were previously shown to be required in multiple layers of plant immunity. here, we show that the barley (hordeum vulgare) morcs also are involved in disease resistance. genome-wide analyses identified five morcs that are 37% to 48% identical on the protein level to atmor ...	2014	24390392
genomics-based high-resolution mapping of the bammv/baymv resistance gene rym11 in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus disease, caused by different strains of barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) and barley mild mosaic virus (bammv), is one of the most important diseases of winter barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in europe and east asia. the recessive resistance gene rym11 located in the centromeric region of chromosome 4hl is effective against all so far known strains of bammv and baymv in germany. in order to isolate this gene, a high-resolution mapping population (10,204 meiotic ...	2013	23456135
overexpression, purification and enzymatic characterization of a recombinant plastidial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from barley (hordeum vulgare cv. nure) roots.	in plant cells, the plastidial glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (p2-g6pdh, ec 1.1.1.49) represents one of the most important sources of nadph. however, previous studies revealed that both native and recombinant purified p2-g6pdhs show a great instability and a rapid loss of catalytic activity. therefore it has been difficult to describe accurately the catalytic and physico-chemical properties of these isoforms. the plastidial g6pdh encoding sequence from barley roots (hordeum vulgare cv. nure), ...	2013	24161756
utilizing virus-induced gene silencing for the functional characterization of maize genes during infection with the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis.	while in dicotyledonous plants virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is well established to study plant-pathogen interaction, in monocots only few examples of efficient vigs have been reported so far. one of the available systems is based on the brome mosaic virus (bmv) which allows gene silencing in different cereals including barley (hordeum vulgare), wheat (triticum aestivum), and maize (zea mays).infection of maize plants by the corn smut fungus ustilago maydis leads to the formation of large ...	2013	23386294
overexpression of cytokinin dehydrogenase genes in barley (hordeum vulgare cv. golden promise) fundamentally affects morphology and fertility.	barley is one of the most important cereal crops grown worldwide. it has numerous applications, but its utility could potentially be extended by genetically manipulating its hormonal balances. to explore some of this potential we identified gene families of cytokinin dehydrogenases (ckx) and isopentenyl transferases, enzymes that respectively irreversibly degrade and synthesize cytokinin (ck) plant hormones, in the raw sequenced barley genome. we then examined their spatial and temporal expressi ...	2013	24260147
genetic transformation of major cereal crops.	of the more than 50,000 edible plant species in the world, at least 10,000 species are cereal grains. three major cereal crops, rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), and wheat (triticum sp.), provide two-thirds of the world's food energy intake. although crop yields have improved tremendously thanks to technological advances in the past 50 years, population increases and climate changes continue to threaten the sustainability of current crop productions. whereas conventional and marker-assisted ...	2013	24166432
an unexpectedly lichenase-stable hexasaccharide from cereal, horsetail and lichen mixed-linkage β-glucans (mlgs): implications for mlg subunit distribution.	mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (mlg) is a biologically and technologically important hemicellulose, known to occur in three widely separated lineages: the poales (including grasses and cereals), equisetum (fern-allies), and some lichens e.g. iceland moss (cetraria islandica). lichenase (e.c. 3.2.1.73) is widely assumed to hydrolyse all (1→4) bonds that immediately follow (1→3) bonds in mlg, generating predominantly the tetrasaccharide β-d-glcp-(1→4)-β-d-glcp-(1→4)-β-d-glcp-(1→3)-d-glc (g4g ...	2013	24025426
photoreduction of protochlorophyllide and its relationship to delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthesis in the leaves of dark-grown barley (hordeum vulgare) seedlings.	the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide (pchl) in dark-grown leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare) brings about the synthesis of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (amlev). manipulation of the pchl level in the leaves by incubation in amlev indicated that the production of amlev was intimately related to the state of the pchl reductase ternary complex. free pchl reductase that is unassociated with substrate/product appeared at first to be essential for the photoinduction of amlev synthesis. experiments o ...	2013	3790090
influence of soil properties and aging on the toxicity of copper on compost worm and barley.	influence of soil properties and aging on cu partitioning and toxicity was assessed on 10 artificial soils constituted using a statistical design considering ph (5.5 and 7.5), organic matter (1-30% [w/w]), and clay content (5-35% [w/w]). total cu as well as water-, cacl2-, and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (dtpa)-extracted cu fractions were determined for each soil mixture. ecotoxic effect was assessed by determining growth inhibition of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and compost worm (eisen ...	2013	16510700
the mutualistic fungus piriformospora indica protects barley roots from a loss of antioxidant capacity caused by the necrotrophic pathogen fusarium culmorum.	fusarium culmorum causes root rot in barley (hordeum vulgare), resulting in severely reduced plant growth and yield. pretreatment of roots with chlamydospores of the mutualistic root-colonizing basidiomycete piriformospora indica (subdivision agaricomycotina) prevented necrotization of root tissues and plant growth retardation commonly associated with fusarium root rot. quantification of fusarium infections with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay revealed a correlation between root rot ...	2013	23405867
luteibacter rhizovicinus mimr1 promotes root development in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) under laboratory conditions.	in order to preserve environmental quality, alternative strategies to chemical-intensive agriculture are strongly needed. in this study, we characterized in vitro the potential plant growth promoting (pgp) properties of a gamma-proteobacterium, named mimr1, originally isolated from apple shoots in micropropagation. the analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence allowed the taxonomic identification of mimr1 as luteibacter rhizovicinus. the pgp properties of mimr1 were compared to pseudomonas chlorora ...	2013	23653264
fine mapping and chromosome walking towards the ror1 locus in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	the ror1 gene was fine-mapped to the pericentric region of barley chromosome 1hl. recessively inherited loss-of-function alleles of the barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew resistance locus o (mlo) gene confer durable broad-spectrum disease resistance against the obligate biotrophic fungal powdery mildew pathogen blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. previous genetic analyses revealed two barley genes, ror1 and ror2, that are required for mlo-specified resistance and basal defence. while ror2 was cloned an ...	2013	24042571
rph22: mapping of a novel leaf rust resistance gene introgressed from the non-host hordeum bulbosum l. into cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	a resistance gene (rph22) to barley leaf rust caused by puccinia hordei was introgressed from the non-host species hordeum bulbosum into cultivated barley. the h. bulbosum introgression in line '182q20' was located to chromosome 2hl using genomic in situ hybridisation (gish). using molecular markers it was shown to cover approximately 20 % of the genetic length of the chromosome. the introgression confers a very high level of resistance to p. hordei at the seedling stage that is not based on a h ...	2013	23467993
marker-trait associations in virginia tech winter barley identified using genome-wide mapping.	genome-wide association studies (gwas) provide an opportunity to examine the genetic architecture of quantitatively inherited traits in breeding populations. the objectives of this study were to use gwas to identify chromosome regions governing traits of importance in six-rowed winter barley (hordeum vulgare l.) germplasm and to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) markers that can be implemented in a marker-assisted breeding program. advanced hulled and hulless lines (329 total) were ...	2013	23139143
modification of non-vector aphid feeding behavior on virus-infected host plant.	virus-infected host plants can have positive, neutral or negative effects on vector aphids. even though the proportion of non-vector aphids associated with a plant far exceeds that of vector species, little is known about the effect of virus-infected plants on non-vector aphids. in the present study, the english grain aphid sitobion avenae (fabricius) (hemiptera: aphididae), a non-vector of wheat dwarf virus (wdv) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-rpv (cydv-rpv), was monitored on, virus-infected, vi ...	2013	23902296
lifeguard proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi.	pathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. lifeguard (lfg) proteins resemble bi-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear s ...	2013	23888068
the gene sr33, an ortholog of barley mla genes, encodes resistance to wheat stem rust race ug99.	wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, afflicts bread wheat (triticum aestivum). new virulent races collectively referred to as "ug99" have emerged, which threaten global wheat production. the wheat gene sr33, introgressed from the wild relative aegilops tauschii into bread wheat, confers resistance to diverse stem rust races, including the ug99 race group. we cloned sr33, which encodes a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat protein. sr33 is ortho ...	2013	23811228
barley mla immune receptors directly interfere with antagonistically acting transcription factors to initiate disease resistance signaling.	the nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (nlr)-containing proteins in plants and animals mediate pathogen sensing inside host cells and mount innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. the barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew a (mla) locus encodes coiled-coil (cc)-type nlrs mediating disease resistance against the powdery mildew pathogen blumeria graminis. here, we report direct interactions between mla and two antagonistically acting transcription factors, myb6 and wrky1. the ...	2013	23532068
host cell entry of powdery mildew is correlated with endosomal transport of antagonistically acting vvpen1 and vvmlo to the papilla.	challenge by a nonadapted powdery mildew fungal pathogen leads to the formation of a local cell-wall apposition (papilla) beneath the point of attempted penetration. several plasma membrane (pm) proteins with opposing roles in powdery mildew infection, including arabidopsis thaliana penetration1 (pen1) and barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew resistance locus o (mlo), are localized to the site of powdery mildew attack. pen1 contributes to penetration resistance to nonadapted powdery mildews, whereas ...	2013	23819806
planex: the plant co-expression database.	the plant co-expression database (planex) is a new internet-based database for plant gene analysis. planex (http://planex.plantbioinformatics.org) contains publicly available genechip data obtained from the gene expression omnibus (geo) of the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). planex is a genome-wide co-expression database, which allows for the functional identification of genes from a wide variety of experimental designs. it can be used for the characterization of genes for ...	2013	23688397
complexity of potassium acquisition: how much flows through channels?	the involvement of potassium (k(+))-selective, shaker-type channels, particularly akt1, in primary k(+) acquisition in roots of higher plants has long been of interest, particularly in the context of low-affinity k(+) uptake, at high k(+) concentrations, as well as uptake from low-k(+) media under ammonium (nh₄(+)) stress. we recently demonstrated that k(+) channels cannot mediate k(+) acquisition in roots of intact barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seedlings at low (22.5 µm) external k(+) concentrati ...	2013	23656868
capacity and plasticity of potassium channels and high-affinity transporters in roots of barley and arabidopsis.	the role of potassium (k(+)) transporters in high- and low-affinity k(+) uptake was examined in roots of intact barley (hordeum vulgare) and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants by use of (42)k radiotracing, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and mutant analysis. comparisons were made between results from barley and five genotypes of arabidopsis, including single and double knockout mutants for the high-affinity transporter, athak5, and the shaker-type channel, atakt1. in arabidopsis, steady- ...	2013	23553635
plant growth and cultivation.	there is a variety of methods used for growing plants indoor for laboratory research. in most cases plant research requires germination and growth of plants. often, people have adapted plant cultivation protocols to the conditions and materials at hand in their own laboratory and growth facilities. here i will provide a guide for growing some of the most frequently used plant species for research, i.e., arabidopsis thaliana, barley (hordeum vulgare) and rice (oryza sativa). however, the methods ...	2013	23073874
proteomic insights into seed germination in response to environmental factors.	seed germination is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. during germination, the imbibed mature seed is highly sensitive to different environmental factors.however, knowledge about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the environmental effects on germination has been lacking. recent proteomic work has provided invaluable insight into the molecular processes in germinating seeds of arabidopsis, rice (oryza sativa), soybean (glycine max), barley (hordeum vulgare) ...	2013	23986916
allele characterization of genes required for rpg4-mediated wheat stem rust resistance identifies rpg5 as the r gene.	a highly virulent form of the wheat stem rust pathogen puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race ttksk is virulent on both wheat and barley, presenting a major threat to world food security. the recessive and temperature-sensitive rpg4 gene is the only effective source of resistance identified in barley (hordeum vulgare) against p. graminis f. sp. tritici race ttksk. efforts to position clone rpg4 localized resistance to a small interval on barley chromosome 5hl, tightly linked to the rye stem rust ...	2013	23841622