Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mycobacterial whib6 differentially regulates esx-1 and the dos regulon to modulate granuloma formation and virulence in zebrafish. | during the course of infection, mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is exposed to diverse redox stresses that trigger metabolic and physiological changes. how these stressors are sensed and relayed to the mtb transcriptional apparatus remains unclear. here, we provide evidence that whib6 differentially regulates the esx-1 and dosr regulons through its fe-s cluster. when challenged with no, whib6 continually activates expression of the dosr regulons but regulates esx-1 expression through initial act ... | 2016 | 27545883 |
| structural basis for cytokinin production by log from corynebacterium glutamicum. | "lonely guy" (log) has been identified as a cytokinin-producing enzyme in plants and plant-interacting fungi. the gene product of cg2612 from the soil-dwelling bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum was annotated as an ldc. however, the facts that c. glutamicum lacks an ldc and cg2612 has high amino acid similarity with log proteins suggest that cg2612 is possibly an log protein. to investigate the function of cg2612, we determined its crystal structure at a resolution of 2.3 å. cg2612 functions a ... | 2016 | 27507425 |
| transcriptomic approaches in the zebrafish model for tuberculosis-insights into host- and pathogen-specific determinants of the innate immune response. | mycobacterium marinum infection in zebrafish has become a well-established model of tuberculosis. both embryonic and adult zebrafish infection studies have contributed to our knowledge of the development and function of tuberculous granulomas, which are typical of mycobacterial pathogenesis. in this review we discuss how transcriptome profiling studies have helped to characterize this infection process. we illustrate this using new rna sequencing (rna-seq) data that reveals three main phases in ... | 2016 | 27503359 |
| efferocytosis and extrusion of leukocytes determine the progression of early mycobacterial pathogenesis. | macrophages and neutrophils are the first responders to invading pathogens and contribute strongly to the host defense against intracellular pathogens. the collective interplay and dynamic interactions between these leukocytes are to a large extent not understood. in the present study, we have investigated their role using a combination of confocal laser-scanning and electron microscopy in a zebrafish model for tuberculosis, a local mycobacterium marinum infection in the tissue of the larval tai ... | 2016 | 27469488 |
| live imaging of host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish larvae. | zebrafish larvae are a powerful platform for studying the innate immune response to infection. the small size and optical transparency of larval zebrafish allow for multiple subject, multidimensional, and longitudinal imaging experiments. this chapter describes protocols for infecting zebrafish larvae with their natural pathogen mycobacterium marinum, rapid short-term imaging, long-term extended imaging, and drug treatment assays. these protocols can be easily adapted to image and manipulate hos ... | 2016 | 27464810 |
| mycobacterium marinum hand infection. | 2016 | 27910278 | |
| [mycobacterium marinum-infektion]. | 2016 | 27908321 | |
| pulmonary mycobacterium marinum infection: 'fish tank granuloma' of the lung. | a 65-year-old man presented with a six-month history of lethargy, weight loss and dry cough. he had a background of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. chest radiograph showed new right upper lobe cavitary opacification. sputum cultures were acid-fast bacilli smear positive and yielded mycobacterium marinum - a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (ntm) often found in aquatic environments and rarely associated with respiratory disease. the suspected source was silent aspiration of contaminated ... | 2016 | 27872397 |
| septic arthritis caused by mycobacterium marinum infection. | 2016 | 27862193 | |
| in silico driven design and synthesis of rhodanine derivatives as novel antibacterials targeting the enoyl reductase inha. | here, we report on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine) derivatives targeting mycobacterial tuberculosis (mtb) trans-2-enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (inha). compounds having bulky aromatic substituents at position 5 and a tryptophan residue at position n-3 of the rhodanine ring were the most active against inha, with ic50 values ranging from 2.7 to 30 μm. the experimental data showed consistent correlations with computational studies. their anti ... | 2016 | 26730986 |
| structural basis for the strict substrate selectivity of the mycobacterial hydrolase lipw. | the complex life cycle of mycobacterium tuberculosis requires diverse energy mobilization and utilization strategies facilitated by a battery of lipid metabolism enzymes. among lipid metabolism enzymes, the lip family of mycobacterial serine hydrolases is essential to lipid scavenging, metabolic cycles, and reactivation from dormancy. on the basis of the homologous rescue strategy for mycobacterial drug targets, we have characterized the three-dimensional structure of full length lipw from mycob ... | 2016 | 27936614 |
| inibac induction is vitamin b12- and mutab-dependent in mycobacterium marinum. | tuberculosis can be treated with a 6-month regimen of antibiotics. although the targets of most of the first-line antibiotics have been identified, less research has focused on the intrabacterial stress responses that follow upon treatment with antibiotics. studying the roles of these stress genes may lead to the identification of crucial stress-coping mechanisms that can provide additional drug targets to increase treatment efficacy. a three-gene operon with unknown function that is strongly up ... | 2016 | 27474746 |
| mycobacteria in aquarium fish: results of a 3-year survey indicate caution required in handling pet-shop fish. | fish are commonly infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), which should be regarded as potential pathogens when handling aquarium fish and equipment. this study examined 107 aquarium fish from pet shops. cultivation of the fish samples using different selective media was conducted for identification of ntm. isolates were identified using the genotype mycobacterium common mycobacteria and additional species assays, sequencing of the 16s rrna and rpob genes, and real-time pcr assay for id ... | 2016 | 27747884 |
| inverse correlation between salt tolerance and host-adaptation in mycobacteria. | the genus mycobacterium includes host-adapted organisms regarded as obligate and opportunistic pathogens and environmental organisms. factors contributing to this wide range of adaptations are poorly known. | 2016 | 27129386 |
| [establishment of multiplex pcr method for rapid detection of nontuberculous mycobacteriums infection in the hand]. | to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) method with high sensitivity and specificity for rapid detection of common nontuberculous mycobacterium(ntm) infection in the hand. | 2016 | 27095780 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children - epidemiology, diagnosis & management at a tertiary center. | there are limited data on the epidemiology, diagnosis and optimal management of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease in children. | 2016 | 26812154 |
| nlpc/p60 domain-containing proteins of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that differentially bind and hydrolyze peptidoglycan. | a subset of proteins containing nlpc/p60 domains are bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases that cleave noncanonical peptide linkages and contribute to cell wall remodeling as well as cell separation during late stages of division. some of these proteins have been shown to cleave peptidoglycan in mycobacterium tuberculosis and play a role in mycobacterium marinum virulence of zebra fish; however, there are still significant knowledge gaps concerning the molecular function of these proteins in mycoba ... | 2016 | 26799947 |
| zebrafish embryo disinfection with povidone-iodine: evaluating an alternative to chlorine bleach. | mycobacteriosis is a common bacterial infection in laboratory zebrafish caused by several different species and strains of mycobacterium, including both rapid and slow growers. one control measure used to prevent mycobacterial spread within and between facilities is surface disinfection of eggs. recent studies have highlighted the effectiveness of povidone-iodine (pvpi) on preventing propagation of mycobacterium spp. found in zebrafish colonies. we evaluated the effect of disinfection using 12.5 ... | 2016 | 27351620 |
| the structure-antimicrobial activity relationships of a promising class of the compounds containing the n-arylpiperazine scaffold. | this research was focused on in silico characterization and in vitro biological testing of the series of the compounds carrying a n-arylpiperazine moiety. the in silico investigation was based on the prediction of electronic, steric and lipohydrophilic features. the molecules were screened against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cit03, m. smegmatis atcc 700084, m. kansasii dsm 44162, m. marinum camp 5644, staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213, methicillin-resistant s. aureus 63718, escher ... | 2016 | 27681720 |
| disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection with a destructive nasal lesion mimicking extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma: a case report. | mycobacterium marinum is a ubiquitous waterborne organism that mainly causes skin infection in immunocompetent patients, and its disseminated infection is rare. extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma, nasal type (enkl) usually localizes at the nasal and/or paranasal area, but occasionally disseminates into the skin/soft tissue and gastrointestinal tract. compromised immunity is a risk factor for developing nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection and malignant lymphoma, and the 2 diseases may share s ... | 2016 | 26986167 |
| chemical and antimicrobial profiling of propolis from different regions within libya. | extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of libya were tested for their activity against trypanosoma brucei, leishmania donovani, plasmodium falciparum, crithidia fasciculata and mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. all the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of ec50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. the toxicity against mammalian cell ... | 2016 | 27195790 |
| a microfluidic cell-trapping device for single-cell tracking of host-microbe interactions. | the impact of cellular individuality on host-microbe interactions is increasingly appreciated but studying the temporal dynamics of single-cell behavior in this context remains technically challenging. here we present a microfluidic platform, infectchip, to trap motile infected cells for high-resolution time-lapse microscopy. this approach allows the direct visualization of all stages of infection, from bacterial uptake to death of the bacterium or host cell, over extended periods of time. we de ... | 2016 | 27425421 |
| the caenorhabditis elegans p38 mapk gene plays a key role in protection from mycobacteria. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) are critical mediators of cellular responses to pathogens and are activated in response to infection, but investigation is difficult in multi-cell hosts due to developmental lethality of mutations. mycobacterium marinum (mm) is an established model for tuberculosis, a disease afflicting nearly one-third of the world's population. we found that mm-infected caenorhabditis elegans display >80% mortality, but nonpathogenic m. smegmatis cause <15% mortality. c ... | 2016 | 26919641 |
| inhibition of ifn-γ-induced nitric oxide dependent antimycobacterial activity by mir-155 and c/ebpβ. | mir-155 (microrna-155) is an important non-coding rna in regulating host crucial biological regulators. however, its regulatory function in mycobacterium infection remains unclear. our study demonstrates that mir-155 expression is significantly increased in macrophages after mycobacterium marinum (m.m) infection. transfection with anti-mir-155 enhances nitric oxide (no) synthesis and decreases the mycobacterium burden, and vice versa, in interferon γ (ifn-γ) activated macrophages. more important ... | 2016 | 27070591 |
| exposure of mycobacterium marinum to low-shear modeled microgravity: effect on growth, the transcriptome and survival under stress. | waterborne pathogenic mycobacteria can form biofilms, and certain species can cause hard-to-treat human lung infections. astronaut health could therefore be compromised if the spacecraft environment or water becomes contaminated with pathogenic mycobacteria. this work uses mycobacterium marinum to determine the physiological changes in a pathogenic mycobacteria grown under low-shear modeled microgravity (lsmmg). m. marinum were grown in high aspect ratio vessels (harvs) using a rotary cell cultu ... | 2016 | 28725743 |
| molecular and functional characterization of the scavenger receptor cd36 in zebrafish and common carp. | cd36 is a scavenger receptor which has been studied closely in mammals where it is expressed by many different cell types and plays a role in highly diverse processes, both homeostatic and pathologic. it is among other things important in the innate immune system, in angiogenesis, and in clearance of apoptotic cells, and it is also involved in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. recently, in the cephalochordate amphioxus a primitive cd36 family member was described, which was present before th ... | 2015 | 25306962 |
| phylogenetic analysis of vitamin b12-related metabolism in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | comparison of genome sequences from clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis with phylogenetically-related pathogens mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium kansasii, and mycobacterium leprae reveals diversity amongst genes associated with vitamin b12-related metabolism. diversity is generated by gene deletion events, differential acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) with predicted impact on protein function and transcriptional regulation. d ... | 2015 | 25988174 |
| bacterial stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 drives macrophages to hemophagocytose. | during acute infection with bacteria, viruses or parasites, a fraction of macrophages engulf large numbers of red and white blood cells, a process called hemophagocytosis. hemophagocytes persist into the chronic stage of infection and have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of immunocompetent mice results in acute followed by chronic infection, with the accumulation of hemophagocytes. the mechanism(s) that triggers a macrophage to become hemophagocy ... | 2015 | 26459510 |
| the macrophage-specific promoter mfap4 allows live, long-term analysis of macrophage behavior during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. | transgenic labeling of innate immune cell lineages within the larval zebrafish allows for real-time, in vivo analyses of microbial pathogenesis within a vertebrate host. to date, labeling of zebrafish macrophages has been relatively limited, with the most specific expression coming from the mpeg1 promoter. however, mpeg1 transcription at both endogenous and transgenic loci becomes attenuated in the presence of intracellular pathogens, including salmonella typhimurium and mycobacterium marinum. h ... | 2015 | 26445458 |
| comparative sigma factor-mrna levels in mycobacterium marinum under stress conditions and during host infection. | we have used rnaseq and qrt-pcr to study mrna levels for all σ-factors in different mycobacterium marinum strains under various growth and stress conditions. we also studied their levels in m. marinum from infected fish and mosquito larvae. the annotated σ-factors were expressed and transcripts varied in relation to growth and stress conditions. some were highly abundant such as siga, sigb, sigc, sigd, sige and sigh while others were not. the σ-factor mrna profiles were similar after heat stress ... | 2015 | 26445268 |
| functional characterization of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (rip2) of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.). | we report on the functional characterization of rip2 of the goldfish. quantitative expression analysis of goldfish rip2 revealed the greatest mrna levels in the spleen, monocytes and splenocytes. we generated a recombinant form of the molecule (rgrip2) and determined that anti-human rip2 polyclonal antibody specifically recognized recombinant goldfish rip2 (rgrip2). goldfish rip2 activity was inhibited by the p38 mapk pathway inhibitor sb203580. treatment of goldfish macrophages with lps, pgn, m ... | 2015 | 25242011 |
| insight into cofactor recognition in arylamine n-acetyltransferase enzymes: structure of mesorhizobium loti arylamine n-acetyltransferase in complex with coenzyme a. | arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nats) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the acetyl-coa-dependent acetylation of arylamines. to better understand the mode of binding of the cofactor by this family of enzymes, the structure of mesorhizobium loti nat1 [(rhilo)nat1] was determined in complex with coa. the f42w mutant of (rhilo)nat1 was used as it is well expressed in escherichia coli and displays enzymatic properties similar to those of the wild type. the apo and holo structures of ( ... | 2015 | 25664736 |
| live imaging of mycobacterium marinum infection in dictyostelium discoideum. | the dictyostelium discoideum-mycobacterium marinum host-pathogen system is a recently established and powerful model system for mycobacterial infection. in this chapter, two simple protocols for live imaging of dictyostelium discoideum infection are described. the first method is used to monitor the dynamics of recruitment of gfp-tagged dictyostelium discoideum proteins at single time-points corresponding to the main stages of the infection (1.5-72 h post infection). the second method focuses at ... | 2015 | 25779329 |
| lipid droplet dynamics at early stages of mycobacterium marinum infection in dictyostelium. | lipid droplets exist in virtually every cell type, ranging not only from mammals to plants, but also to eukaryotic and prokaryotic unicellular organisms such as dictyostelium and bacteria. they serve among other roles as energy reservoir that cells consume in times of starvation. mycobacteria and some other intracellular pathogens hijack these organelles as a nutrient source and to build up their own lipid inclusions. the mechanisms by which host lipid droplets are captured by the pathogenic bac ... | 2015 | 25772333 |
| the autophagic machinery ensures nonlytic transmission of mycobacteria. | in contrast to mechanisms mediating uptake of intracellular bacterial pathogens, bacterial egress and cell-to-cell transmission are poorly understood. previously, we showed that the transmission of pathogenic mycobacteria between phagocytic cells also depends on nonlytic ejection through an f-actin based structure, called the ejectosome. how the host cell maintains integrity of its plasma membrane during the ejection process was unknown. here, we reveal an unexpected function for the autophagic ... | 2015 | 25646440 |
| zebrafish: an animal model for research in veterinary medicine. | the zebrafish (danio rerio) has become known as an excellent model organism for studies of vertebrate biology, vertebrate genetics, embryonal development, diseases and drug screening. nevertheless, there is still lack of detailed reports about usage of the zebrafish as a model in veterinary medicine. comparing to other vertebrates, they can lay hundreds of eggs at weekly intervals, externally fertilized zebrafish embryos are accessible to observation and manipulation at all stages of their devel ... | 2015 | 26618602 |
| [sporadic cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: a retrospective study of 37 cases]. | to study the clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic cutaneous infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), and investigate the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic principal. | 2015 | 26679654 |
| nontuberculous mycobacteria: skin and soft tissue infections. | skin and soft tissue infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are increasing in incidence. the nontuberculous mycobacteria are environmental, acid-fast bacilli that cause cutaneous infections primarily after trauma, surgery and cosmetic procedures. skin findings include abscesses, sporotrichoid nodules or ulcers, but also less distinctive signs. important species include mycobacterium marinum and the rapidly growing mycobacterium: m. fortuitum, m. abscessus and m. chelonae. obtaining tis ... | 2015 | 26143432 |
| essential role of the esx-5 secretion system in outer membrane permeability of pathogenic mycobacteria. | mycobacteria possess different type vii secretion (t7s) systems to secrete proteins across their unusual cell envelope. one of these systems, esx-5, is only present in slow-growing mycobacteria and responsible for the secretion of multiple substrates. however, the role of esx-5 substrates in growth and/or virulence is largely unknown. in this study, we show that esx-5 is essential for growth of both mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium bovis. remarkably, this essentiality can be rescued by in ... | 2015 | 25938982 |
| phenotypic resistance in mycobacteria: is it because i am old or fat that i resist you? | we aimed to explore the phenomenon of phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial antibiotics and to determine whether this was associated with cell age or the presence of lipid bodies. | 2015 | 26163401 |
| mkan27435 is required for the biosynthesis of higher subclasses of lipooligosaccharides in mycobacterium kansasii. | lipooligosaccharides are glycolipids found in the cell wall of many mycobacterial species including the opportunistic pathogen mycobacterium kansasii. the genome of m. kansasii atcc12478 contains a cluster with genes orthologous to mycobacterium marinum los biosynthesis genes. to initiate a genetic dissection of this cluster and demonstrate its role in los biosynthesis in m. kansasii, we chose mkan27435, a gene encoding a putative glycosyltransferase. using specialized transduction, a phage-base ... | 2015 | 25893968 |
| discovery of novel lysine ɛ-aminotransferase inhibitors: an intriguing potential target for latent tuberculosis. | mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) has remarkable ability to persist in the human host and causes latent infection in one third of the world population. currently available tuberculosis (tb) drugs while effective in killing actively growing mtb, is largely ineffective in killing persistent or latent mtb. lysine-ɛ aminotransferase (lat) enzyme is reported to be highly up-regulated (41.86 times) in in vitro models of tb designed to mimic the latent stage. hence inhibition of this mtb lat seems attra ... | 2015 | 26299907 |
| sporotrichoid mycobacterium marinum infection in an elderly woman. | we describe the case of an elderly woman who acquired a mycobacterium marinum infection following skin exposure to the bacteria through a small wound on her right ring finger, obtained while preparing fish. the resultant sporotrichoid nodules of the right hand and the distal forearm, refractory to the initial therapy with doxycycline and rifampicin, were successfully treated with oral regimen of clarithromycin. | 2015 | 26295859 |
| development of an in vitro model system to study the interactions between mycobacterium marinum and teleost neutrophils. | the lack of a reliable mammalian neutrophil in vitro culture system has restricted our ability to examine their precise roles in mycobacterial infections. previously, we developed the procedures for the isolation and culture of primary kidney-derived neutrophil-like cells from goldfish that are functionally and morphologically similar to mammalian neutrophils. the cultured primary goldfish neutrophils exhibited prolonged viability and functional effector responses. in this study, we demonstrate ... | 2015 | 26231477 |
| thiopeptide antibiotics exhibit a dual mode of action against intracellular pathogens by affecting both host and microbe. | thiostrepton (tsr) is an archetypal thiopeptide antibiotic possessing a quinaldic acid (qa) moiety in the side ring system. according to the mechanism of tsr previously known to target bacterial ribosome, we recently designed and biosynthesized several tsr derivatives that varied in qa substitution. utilizing these thiopeptide antibiotics to treat the intracellular pathogen mycobacterium marinum, we herein report a novel mode of action of tsrs, which induce er stress-mediated autophagy to enhanc ... | 2015 | 26211364 |
| invasive mycobacterium marinum infection. | 2015 | 26184528 | |
| a challenging case of multifocal mycobacterium marinum osteoarticular infection in a patient with anorexia nervosa. | disseminated infection due to mycobacterium marinum is rare but has been described in immunosuppressed and transplant recipients. we describe a case of multifocal osteoarticular involvement by this pathogen in a patient with anorexia nervosa. serial surgical debridements and a prolonged course of antimicrobial therapy including intravenous amikacin, imipenem, and oral ethambutol and azithromycin were needed to treat the infection. cell mediated immune deficits related to the patient's anorexia n ... | 2015 | 26137337 |
| from a fish tank injury to hospital haemodialysis: the serious consequences of drug interactions. | we present the case of a 68-year-old man admitted to hospital with severe acute kidney injury secondary to statin-induced rhabdomyolysis. five weeks previously, the patient started a course of clarithromycin for infection of a finger wound with mycobacterium marinum. his current medications included simvastatin, which he continued along with clarithromycin. the severity of the acute kidney injury necessitated initial continuous venovenous haemofiltration followed by 12 haemodialysis sessions bef ... | 2015 | 26106178 |
| first demonstration of antigen induced cytokine expression by cd4-1+ lymphocytes in a poikilotherm: studies in zebrafish (danio rerio). | adaptive immunity in homeotherms depends greatly on cd4+ th cells which release cytokines in response to specific antigen stimulation. whilst bony fish and poikilothermic tetrapods possess cells that express tcr and cd4-related genes (that exist in two forms in teleost fish; termed cd4-1 and cd4-2), to date there is no unequivocal demonstration that cells equivalent to th exist. thus, in this study we determined whether cd4-1+ lymphocytes can express cytokines typical of th cells following antig ... | 2015 | 26083432 |
| cpsa, a lytr-cpsa-psr family protein in mycobacterium marinum, is required for cell wall integrity and virulence. | lytr-cpsa-psr family proteins play an important role in bacterial cell wall integrity. although the pathogenic relevance of lytr-cpsa-psr family proteins has been studied in a few bacterial pathogens, their function in mycobacteria remains uncharacterized. in this work, a transposon insertion mutant (cpsa::tn) of mycobacterium marinum was studied. we found that inactivation of cpsa altered bacterial colony morphology, sliding motility, cell surface hydrophobicity, and cell wall permeability. bes ... | 2015 | 25939506 |
| tropical plant extracts modulating the growth of mycobacterium ulcerans. | mycobacterium ulcerans, the etiologic agent of buruli ulcer, has been detected on aquatic plants in endemic tropical regions. here, we tested the effect of several tropical plant extracts on the growth of m. ulcerans and the closely related mycobacterium marinum. m. ulcerans and m. marinum were inoculated on middlebrook 7h11 medium with and without extracts from tropical aquatic plants, including ammannia gracilis, crinum calamistratum, echinodorus africanus, vallisneria nana and vallisneria tor ... | 2015 | 25905816 |
| coupling capillary zone electrophoresis with electron transfer dissociation and activated ion electron transfer dissociation for top-down proteomics. | top-down proteomics offers the potential for full protein characterization, but many challenges remain for this approach, including efficient protein separations and effective fragmentation of intact proteins. capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) has shown great potential for separation of intact proteins, especially for differentially modified proteoforms of the same gene product. to date, however, cze has been used only with collision-based fragmentation methods. here we report the first imple ... | 2015 | 25893372 |
| twenty-eight cases of mycobacterium marinum infection: retrospective case series and literature review. | invasive mycobacterium marinum disease (tenosynovitis and osteomyelitis) may be an increasingly common manifestation of m. marinum infection that presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. we conducted a retrospective case series and literature review of m. marinum infection to better understand the clinical spectrum of invasive versus cutaneous disease. | 2015 | 25869820 |
| a mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish. | mycobacterium tuberculosis employs various strategies to modulate host immune responses to facilitate its persistence in macrophages. the m. tuberculosis cell wall contains numerous glycoproteins with unknown roles in pathogenesis. here, by using concanavalin a and lc-ms analysis, we identified a novel mannosylated glycoprotein phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by rv3242c from m. tuberculosis cell walls. homology modeling, bioinformatic analyses, and an assay of phosphoribosyltransferase activi ... | 2015 | 25825498 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection: a case report. | the infection by mycobacterium marinum in humans is relatively uncommon. when it occurs, it mainly affects the skin, usually with a chronic, indolent and benign evolution. the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, and a significant delay may be observed between the first symptoms to the final diagnosis. this present case reports a m. marinum infection in an immunocompetent patient that had a chronic undiagnosed injury on the dominant hand for at least five years. the patient had several ... | 2015 | 25806076 |
| electromechanical cell lysis using a portable audio device: enabling challenging sample preparation at the point-of-care. | audio sources are ubiquitously available on portable electronic devices, including cell phones. here we demonstrate lysis of mycobacterium marinum and staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria utilizing a portable audio device coupled with a simple and inexpensive electromagnetic coil. the resulting alternating magnetic field rotates a magnet in a tube with the sample and glass beads, lysing the cells and enabling sample preparation for these bacteria anywhere there is a cell phone, mp3 player, laptop ... | 2015 | 25797443 |
| skin and subcutaneous infections in south-east asia. | we reviewed current literature on four different skin and subcutaneous infections which are often touted as 'emerging diseases' of south-east asia, namely melioidosis, penicilliosis, sporotrichosis and mycobacterium marinum infection. lack of consensus treatment guidelines, high treatment costs and limited investigative capability in certain endemic areas are among the challenges faced by managing physicians. with the increase in borderless travelling, it is hoped that this review will facilitat ... | 2015 | 25706913 |
| genome-wide transposon mutagenesis indicates that mycobacterium marinum customizes its virulence mechanisms for survival and replication in different hosts. | the interaction of environmental bacteria with unicellular eukaryotes is generally considered a major driving force for the evolution of intracellular pathogens, allowing them to survive and replicate in phagocytic cells of vertebrate hosts. to test this hypothesis on a genome-wide level, we determined for the intracellular pathogen mycobacterium marinum whether it uses conserved strategies to exploit host cells from both protozoan and vertebrate origin. using transposon-directed insertion site ... | 2015 | 25690095 |
| macrophage-microglia networks drive m1 microglia polarization after mycobacterium infection. | central nervous system tuberculosis (cns-tb) is caused by infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). the inflammatory response following cns-tb involves the activation of resident microglia and the infiltration of macrophages. however, it has not been clarified whether microglia can be polarized into the classically activated proinflammatory m1 phenotype or the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory m2 phenotype after mtb infection. in this study, we found that bv2 treated with conditio ... | 2015 | 25687640 |
| treatment of mycobacterium marinum with lymecycline: new therapeutic alternative? | skin infections by mycobacterium marinum are quite rare in our environment and, therefore, little studied. the majority of the lesions appear three weeks after traumas in aquariums, beaches and fish tanks. lymph node drainage and systematization of the disease are rare and most lesions disappear in about three years. this case aims to show the effectiveness of the treatment used (lymecycline 150 mg/orally/day). this medication may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of mycobacterium ma ... | 2015 | 25672310 |
| osteomyelitis infection of mycobacterium marinum: a case report and literature review. | mycobacterium marinum (m. marinum) is a ubiquitous waterborne organism that grows optimally at temperatures around 30°c. it is a nontuberculous mycobacterium found in nonchlorinated water with worldwide prevalence. it is the most common atypical mycobacterium that causes opportunistic infection in humans. m. marinum can cause superficial infections and localized invasive infections in humans, with the hands being the sites most frequently affected. it can cause skin lesions, which are either sin ... | 2015 | 25664190 |
| synthesis of unusual n-acylated aminosugar fragments of mycobacterium marinum lipooligosaccharide iv. | a convergent strategy was developed for the stereoselective synthesis of four unusual n-acylated monosaccharides (5-8), which are fragments of lipooligosaccharide iv (los-iv) from mycobacterium marinum. a critical substrate-controlled asymmetric cyclization of an amino acid derived oxazolidine provided a key lactam intermediate 11, which was successfully converted to targets 5-7. the key step in the synthesis of 8 was a one-pot cascade oxidation-cyclization-oxidation reaction of a boc-protected ... | 2015 | 25642627 |
| the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin furina regulates zebrafish host response against mycobacterium marinum. | tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease with a complex pathogenesis. an effective immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis requires both the innate and adaptive immune responses, including proper t helper (th) type 1 cell function. furin is a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (pcsk) enzyme, which is highly expressed in th1 type cells. furin expression in t cells is essential for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, but its role in the innate immunity and infections has remained e ... | 2015 | 25624351 |
| monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin inhibit growth of antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis. | tuberculosis (tb) is a major public health concern worldwide with over 2 billion people currently infected. the rise of strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) that are resistant to some or all first and second line antibiotics, including multidrug-resistant (mdr), extensively drug resistant (xdr) and totally drug resistant (tdr) strains, is of particular concern and new anti-tb drugs are urgently needed. curcumin, a natural product used in traditional medicine in india, exhibits anti-microb ... | 2015 | 25618016 |
| non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of the hand. | non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of the hand are difficult to treat and require a long time before remission. but how long should we wait to see an improvement? to answer this question, the published scientific literature was reviewed in english, french and german. tuberculosis, arthritis and osteomyelitis cases were excluded. a total of 241 non-tuberculous mycobacterial hand infections in 38 scientific publications were retrieved. most were case reports or series. the median age of the ... | 2015 | 25579828 |
| the cxcr3-cxcl11 signaling axis mediates macrophage recruitment and dissemination of mycobacterial infection. | the recruitment of leukocytes to infectious foci depends strongly on the local release of chemoattractant mediators. the human cxc chemokine receptor 3 (cxcr3) is an important node in the chemokine signaling network and is expressed by multiple leukocyte lineages, including t cells and macrophages. the ligands of this receptor originate from an ancestral cxcl11 gene in early vertebrates. here, we used the optically accessible zebrafish embryo model to explore the function of the cxcr3-cxcl11 axi ... | 2015 | 25573892 |
| mycobacterium marinum mmar_2318 and mmar_2319 are responsible for lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis and virulence toward dictyostelium. | resistance to phagocyte killing is an important virulence factor in mycobacteria. dictyostelium has been used to study the interaction between phagocytes and bacteria, given its similarity to the mammalian macrophage. here, we investigated the genes responsible for virulence to dictyostelium by screening 1728 transposon mutants of the mycobacterium marinum ntuh-m6094 strain. a total of 30 mutants that permissive for dictyostelium growth were identified. these mutants revealed interruptions in 20 ... | 2015 | 26779131 |
| the use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in dermatology. | we analyzed publications and articles in the pubmed database about the use of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in dermatology. literature published in the english language, at least in the past two decades, was reviewed. specific dermatologic indications for tmp-smx are few but it is often used as the second- or third- line agent. tmp-smx is used to treat cutaneous nocardiosis and aeromonas infections. tmp-smx is a treatment option for cat - scratch disease, granuloma inguinale, melio ... | 2015 | 26774630 |
| interception of host angiogenic signalling limits mycobacterial growth. | pathogenic mycobacteria induce the formation of complex cellular aggregates called granulomas that are the hallmark of tuberculosis. here we examine the development and consequences of vascularization of the tuberculous granuloma in the zebrafish-mycobacterium marinum infection model, which is characterized by organized granulomas with necrotic cores that bear striking resemblance to those of human tuberculosis. using intravital microscopy in the transparent larval zebrafish, we show that granul ... | 2015 | 25470057 |
| testing tuberculosis drug efficacy in a zebrafish high-throughput translational medicine screen. | the translational value of zebrafish high-throughput screens can be improved when more knowledge is available on uptake characteristics of potential drugs. we investigated reference antibiotics and 15 preclinical compounds in a translational zebrafish-rodent screening system for tuberculosis. as a major advance, we have developed a new tool for testing drug uptake in the zebrafish model. this is important, because despite the many applications of assessing drug efficacy in zebrafish research, th ... | 2015 | 25385118 |
| biochemical studies of mycobacterial fatty acid methyltransferase: a catalyst for the enzymatic production of biodiesel. | transesterification of fatty acids yields the essential component of biodiesel, but current processes are cost-prohibitive and generate waste. recent efforts make use of biocatalysts that are effective in diverting products from primary metabolism to yield fatty acid methyl esters in bacteria. these biotransformations require the fatty acid o-methyltransferase (famt) from mycobacterium marinum (mmfamt). although this activity was first reported in the literature in 1970, the famts have yet to be ... | 2015 | 26526103 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection on the face diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing. | 2015 | 26512191 | |
| biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in mycobacterium marinum. | phenolic glycolipids (pgls) are polyketide synthase-derived glycolipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. pgls are found in several clinically relevant species, including various mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, mycobacterium leprae, and several nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens, such as m. marinum. multiple lines of investigation implicate pgls in virulence, thus underscoring the relevance of a deep understanding of pgl biosynthesis. we report mutational and biochemical studies that in ... | 2015 | 25561717 |
| a second-order high-resolution finite difference scheme for a size-structured model for the spread of mycobacterium marinum. | we present a second-order high-resolution finite difference scheme to approximate the solution of a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of mycobacterium marinum (mm) in an aquatic environment. this work extends the numerical theory and continues the preliminary studies on the model first developed in ackleh et al. [structured models for the spread of mycobacterium marinum: foundations for a numerical approximation scheme, math. biosci. eng. 11 (2014), pp. 679-721]. numerical simulati ... | 2015 | 25271885 |
| macrophage-expressed perforins mpeg1 and mpeg1.2 have an anti-bacterial function in zebrafish. | macrophage-expressed gene 1 (mpeg1) encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a predicted membrane attack complex/perforin domain associated with host defence against invading pathogens. in vertebrates, mpeg1/perforin-2 is an integral membrane protein of macrophages, suspected to be involved in the killing of intracellular bacteria by pore-forming activity. zebrafish have 3 copies of mpeg1; 2 are expressed in macrophages, whereas the third could be a pseudogene. the mpeg1 and mpeg1.2 gene ... | 2015 | 25247677 |
| treatment of sporotrichoid fish tank granuloma with pulsed clarithromycin. | there is no established therapy of choice for mycobacterium marinum skin infections; clarithromycin monotherapy was used in some anecdotical cases at changeable daily doses and length. | 2014 | 25228273 |
| rna sequencing of facs-sorted immune cell populations from zebrafish infection models to identify cell specific responses to intracellular pathogens. | the zebrafish (danio rerio) is increasingly used as a model for studying infectious diseases. this nonmammalian vertebrate host, which is transparent at the early life stages, is especially attractive for live imaging of interactions between pathogens and host cells. a number of useful fluorescent reporter lines have recently been developed and significant advances in rna sequencing technology have been made, which now make it possible to apply the zebrafish model for investigating changes in tr ... | 2014 | 25172286 |
| enhanced recovery, enrichment and detection of mycobacterium marinum with the portable microbe enrichment unit (pmeu). | the use of pmeu significantly accelerated the growth of otherwise slowly growing mycobacterium sp. compared to the static reference cultures, m. marinum was detected after 24-48h of cultivation in the pmeu spectrion(®) equipped with infrared (ir) sensors. parallel static cultures did not exhibit or indicate mycobacterial growth within these time limits, and essentially no growth was found in them. the pmeu approach could provide a powerful tool for the rapid diagnosis and determination of enviro ... | 2014 | 25156813 |
| correlative light and electron microscopy imaging of autophagy in a zebrafish infection model. | high-resolution imaging of autophagy has been used intensively in cell culture studies, but so far it has been difficult to visualize this process in detail in whole animal models. in this study we present a versatile method for high-resolution imaging of microbial infection in zebrafish larvae by injecting pathogens into the tail fin. this allows visualization of autophagic compartments by light and electron microscopy, which makes it possible to correlate images acquired by the 2 techniques. u ... | 2014 | 25126731 |
| correlation of phenotypic profiles using targeted proteomics identifies mycobacterial esx-1 substrates. | the esx/wxg-100 (esat-6/wss) exporters are multiprotein complexes that promote protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane in a diverse range of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacterial species. the esx-1 (esat-6 system-1) system mediates virulence factor translocation in mycobacterial pathogens, including the human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis. although several genes have been associated with esx-1-mediated transport and virulence, the contribution of individual esx-1 genes to ex ... | 2014 | 25106450 |
| phagocytosis of mycobacteria by zebrafish macrophages is dependent on the scavenger receptor marco, a key control factor of pro-inflammatory signalling. | scavenger receptors on the cell surface of macrophages play an important role in host defence through their ability to bind microbial ligands and induce phagocytosis. concurrently, signal transduction pathways are initiated that aid in defence mechanisms against the invading microbe. here we report on the function of scavenger receptor marco (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) during infection of zebrafish embryos with mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of m. tuberculosis. morp ... | 2014 | 25086293 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection in japanese forest green tree frogs (rhacophorus arboreus). | four japanese forest green tree frogs (rhacophorus arboreus) were presented with emaciation, abdominal distention and ulcerative and nodular cutaneous lesions affecting the brisket, limbs, digits and ventral abdomen. another three frogs had been found dead in the same tank 1 year previously. necropsy examination of these seven frogs revealed splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with multiple tan-yellow nodular foci present in the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, ovaries and kidneys. microscopically, five ... | 2014 | 25047922 |
| establishment and optimization of a high throughput setup to study staphylococcus epidermidis and mycobacterium marinum infection as a model for drug discovery. | zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities. they can be used to bridge the gap between cell based assays at earlier stages and in vivo validation in mammalian models, reducing, in this way, the number of compounds passing through to testing on the much more expensive rodent models. in this light, in the present manuscript is described a new high throughput pipeline using zebrafi ... | 2014 | 24998295 |
| a case of extensive cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in a pacific islander living in new zealand. | mycobacterium marinum is a rare cause of cutaneous infection. the typical clinical picture consists of one or more discrete well circumscribed lesions affecting the upper limbs. however, a more exuberant form has been described in the south pacific, where it is sometimes entitled 'spam disease' given the infected skin's similar appearance to the canned food. we describe a case of this more extensive infection in a south pacific islander who appears to have acquired the infection in new zealand, ... | 2014 | 24997705 |
| modeling tuberculous meningitis in zebrafish using mycobacterium marinum. | tuberculous meningitis (tbm) is one of the most severe extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis, with a high morbidity and mortality. characteristic pathological features of tbm are rich foci, i.e. brain- and spinal-cord-specific granulomas formed after hematogenous spread of pulmonary tuberculosis. little is known about the early pathogenesis of tbm and the role of rich foci. we have adapted the zebrafish model of mycobacterium marinum infection (zebrafish-m. marinum model) to study tbm. f ... | 2014 | 24997190 |
| fit for consumption: zebrafish as a model for tuberculosis. | despite efforts to generate new vaccines and antibiotics for tuberculosis, the disease remains a public health problem worldwide. the zebrafish danio rerio has emerged as a useful model to investigate mycobacterial pathogenesis and treatment. infection of zebrafish with mycobacterium marinum, the closest relative of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, recapitulates many aspects of human tuberculosis. the zebrafish model affords optical transparency, abundant genetic tools and in vivo imaging ... | 2014 | 24973748 |
| adequate th2-type response associates with restricted bacterial growth in latent mycobacterial infection of zebrafish. | tuberculosis is still a major health problem worldwide. currently it is not known what kind of immune responses lead to successful control and clearance of mycobacterium tuberculosis. this gap in knowledge is reflected by the inability to develop sufficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools to fight tuberculosis. we have used the mycobacterium marinum infection model in the adult zebrafish and taken advantage of heterogeneity of zebrafish population to dissect the characteristics of adaptive immu ... | 2014 | 24968056 |
| mycobacteria counteract a tlr-mediated nitrosative defense mechanism in a zebrafish infection model. | pulmonary tuberculosis (tb), caused by the intracellular bacterial pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), is a major world health problem. the production of reactive nitrogen species (rns) is a potent cytostatic and cytotoxic defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. nevertheless, the protective role of rns during mtb infection remains controversial. here we use an anti-nitrotyrosine antibody as a readout to study nitration output by the zebrafish host during early mycobacterial pat ... | 2014 | 24967596 |
| flexor pollicis longus tenosynovitis caused by mycobacterium marinum infection. | 2014 | 24957591 | |
| nanoparticles as drug delivery system against tuberculosis in zebrafish embryos: direct visualization and treatment. | nanoparticles (nps) enclosing antibiotics have provided promising therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) in different mammalian models. however, the nps were not visualized in any of these animal studies. here, we introduce the transparent zebrafish embryo as a system for noninvasive, simultaneous imaging of fluorescent nps and the fish tuberculosis (tb) agent mycobacterium marinum (mm). the study was facilitated by the use of transgenic lines of macrophages, neutrophils, and endotheli ... | 2014 | 24945994 |
| whole genome analyses of marine fish pathogenic isolate, mycobacterium sp. 012931. | mycobacterium is a genus within the order actinomycetales that comprises of a large number of well-characterized species, several of which includes pathogens known to cause serious disease in human and animal. here, we report the whole genome sequence of mycobacterium sp. strain 012931 isolated from the marine fish, yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata). mycobacterium sp. 012931 is a fish pathogen causing serious damage to aquaculture farms in japan. dna dot plot analysis showed that mycobacterium ... | 2014 | 24879010 |
| design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity evaluation of natural oridonin derivatives. | in an effort to develop novel potent antitubercular drugs, thirty-one oridonin derivatives were designed and prepared. all the compounds obtained were screened for their in vitro activities against mycobacterium phlei, mycobacterium smegmatis and mycobacterium marinum. among them, thirteen compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against m. phlei with mics less than 2 μg/ml. compounds 2k, 8d, 10c, 10d containing trans-cinnamic acid moiety were the most potent (mic=0.5 μg/ml), comparable ... | 2014 | 24835198 |
| rare diagnosis of nodular lymphangitis caused by mycobacterium marinum: mdct imaging findings. | mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium that usually causes a solitary nodule on the hand ("fish tank granuloma") or less commonly, secondary erythematous channels and nodules spread along lymphatic drainage of the extremity, mimicking sporothricoid skin lesions of nodular lymphangitis. this report presents a case of this rare entity, a nodular lymphangitis caused by mycobacterium marinum. multidetector computed tomography (mdct) imaging was very useful in determining the morphology ( ... | 2014 | 24778804 |
| capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for top-down characterization of the mycobacterium marinum secretome. | capillary zone electrophoresis (cze) with an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow nanospray interface was coupled with a high-resolution q-exactive mass spectrometer for the analysis of culture filtrates from mycobacterium marinum. we confidently identified 22 gene products from the wildtype m. marinum secretome in a single cze-tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) run. a total of 58 proteoforms were observed with post-translational modifications including signal peptide removal, n-terminal methioni ... | 2014 | 24725189 |
| a novel esx-1 locus reveals that surface-associated esx-1 substrates mediate virulence in mycobacterium marinum. | esxa (esat-6) and esxb (cfp-10) are virulence factors exported by the esx-1 system in mycobacterial pathogens. in mycobacterium marinum, an established model for esx-1 secretion in mycobacterium tuberculosis, genes required for esx-1 export reside at the extended region of difference 1 (rd1) locus. in this study, a novel locus required for esx-1 export in m. marinum was identified outside the rd1 locus. an m. marinum strain bearing a transposon-insertion between the mmar_1663 and mmar_1664 genes ... | 2014 | 24610712 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection following contact with reptiles: vivarium granuloma. | a 19-year-old man presented with a 1.5-cm nodule on the first dorsal metacarpal ray. the patient denied having contact with fish tanks or fish, but recalled handling many reptiles without gloves in the vivarium where he worked. a culture of a skin biopsy specimen yielded mycobacterium marinum. the clinical outcome was favourable after a 2-week course of intramuscular gentamicin (180 mg daily) combined with a 6-week course of oral clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day). doctors should be aware that ... | 2014 | 24530276 |
| treatment of biopsy and culture negative mycobacterium marinum: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. | mycobacterium marinum infections are frequently linked to aquatic environments. cutaneous infections with these organisms cause superficial nodules, ulcerations, and pustules on the skin. involvement of the deeper tissue may occur when diagnosis and treatment are delayed, allowing the organisms to spread. the diagnostic criteria for infections rely on a detailed patient history, a typical clinical presentation, positive cultures, characteristic organism smear, and if available cr-rflp analysis a ... | 2014 | 24509973 |
| synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of natural oridonin and its enmein-type derivatives. | a series of enmein-type derivatives were synthesized and assayed for their antimycobacterial effects. the structures of the synthesized compounds were established by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and mass spectral analysis. all the compounds were screened for their antimycobacterial properties against mycobacterium phlei, mycobacterium smegmatis and mycobacterium marinum. compounds 2, 6g and 6i were found to exhibit potent antimycobacterial activity against m. phlei at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, which ... | 2014 | 25316557 |
| exploration of piperidinols as potential antitubercular agents. | novel drugs to treat tuberculosis are required and the identification of potential targets is important. piperidinols have been identified as potential antimycobacterial agents (mic < 5 μg/ml), which also inhibit mycobacterial arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat), an enzyme essential for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages. the nat inhibition involves a prodrug-like mechanism in which activation leads to the formation of bioactive phenyl vinyl ketone (pvk). the pvk fragment selectively form ... | 2014 | 25310152 |
| imaging cytosolic translocation of mycobacteria with two-photon fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy. | transition from latency to active tuberculosis requires mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) to penetrate the phagosomal membrane and translocate to the cytosol of the host macrophage. quantitative two-photon fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) microscopy is developed to measure cytosolic translocation using mycobacterium marinum (mm) as a model organism for mtb. macrophages were infected with mm or non-pathogenic mycobacterium smegmatis (ms) as a control, then loaded with a fret substrate ... | 2014 | 25426325 |