Publications

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calcium enhances bile salt-dependent virulence activation in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is the causative bacteria of the diarrheal disease cholera, but it also persists in aquatic environments, where it displays an expression profile that is distinct from that during infection. upon entry into the host, a tightly regulated circuit coordinates the induction of two major virulence factors: cholera toxin and a toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). it has been shown that a set of bile salts, including taurocholate, serve as host signals to activate v. cholerae virulence throug ...201727849180
the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr primes responses to the toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa in subjects challenged with wild-type vibrio cholerae.one potential advantage of live attenuated bacterial vaccines is the ability to stimulate responses to antigens which are only expressed during the course of infection. to determine whether the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr (vaxchora) results in antibody responses to the in vivo-induced toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa, we measured iga and igg responses to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor tcpa in a subset of participants in a recently reported experimental challenge study. participant ...201727847368
immunity provided by an outer membrane vesicle cholera vaccine is due to o-antigen-specific antibodies inhibiting bacterial motility.an outer membrane vesicle (omv)-based cholera vaccine is highly efficacious in preventing intestinal colonization in the suckling mouse model. immunity from omvs comes from immunoglobulin (ig), particularly igg, in the milk of mucosally immunized dams. anti-omv igg renders vibrio cholerae organisms immotile, thus they pass through the small intestine without colonizing. however, the importance of motility inhibition for protection and the mechanism by which motility is inhibited remain unclear. ...201727795359
achievements and challenges for the use of killed oral cholera vaccines in the global stockpile era.cholera remains an important but neglected public health threat, affecting the health of the poorest populations and imposing substantial costs on public health systems. cholera can be eliminated where access to clean water, sanitation, and satisfactory hygiene practices are sustained, but major improvements in infrastructure continue to be a distant goal. new developments and trends of cholera disease burden, the creation of affordable oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) for use in developing countrie ...201727813703
characterization of vibrio cholerae isolates from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, china.cholera continues to be a serious public health issue in developing countries. we analyzed the epidemiological data of cholera from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, an eastern coastal area of china. a total of 250 vibrio cholerae isolates were selected for pcr analysis of virulence genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the analysis of the virulence genes showed that the positive rates for tcpa and tcpi were the highest among strains from the southwest region, which had the highest ...201727780663
rapid dipstick detection of vibrio cholerae in household stored and municipal water in dhaka, bangladesh: chobi7 trial.in urban dhaka, bangladesh, 30% of source water samples collected from the households of patients with cholera had detectable vibrio cholerae. these findings indicate an urgent need for a public health intervention for this population. the crystal vc(®) dipstick test is a rapid method for detecting v. cholerae in stool and water. however, to date no study has investigated the use of the rapid dipstick test for household surveillance of stored drinking water.201727754582
genome-wide biases in the rate and molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations in vibrio cholerae and vibrio fischeri.the vast diversity in nucleotide composition and architecture among bacterial genomes may be partly explained by inherent biases in the rates and spectra of spontaneous mutations. bacterial genomes with multiple chromosomes are relatively unusual but some are relevant to human health, none more so than the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae here, we present the genome-wide mutation spectra in wild-type and mismatch repair (mmr) defective backgrounds of two vibrio species, the low-%gc sq ...201727744412
disease dynamics in a coupled cholera model linking within-host and between-host interactions.a new modelling framework is proposed to study the within-host and between-host dynamics of cholera, a severe intestinal infection caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. the within-host dynamics are characterized by the growth of highly infectious vibrios inside the human body. these vibrios shed from humans contribute to the environmental bacterial growth and the transmission of the disease among humans, providing a link from the within-host dynamics at the individual level to the between-hos ...201727646159
strong ph dependence of coupling efficiency of the na+ - translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) of vibrio cholerae.the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (nqr) is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. nqr couples the electron transfer from nadh to ubiquinone to the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. we investigated the ph dependence of electron transfer and generation of a transmembrane voltage (δψ) by nqr reconstituted in liposomes with na+ or li+ as coupling cation. δψ formation was followed with the vol ...201727639271
a signal-amplified electrochemical dna biosensor incorporated with a colorimetric internal control for vibrio cholerae detection using shelf-ready reagents.a novel enzyme/nanoparticle-based dna biosensing platform with dual colorimetric/electrochemical approach has been developed for the sequence-specific detection of the bacterium vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of acute diarrheal disease in cholera. this assay platform exploits the use of shelf-stable and ready-to-use (shelf-ready) reagents to greatly simplify the bioanalysis procedures, allowing the assay platform to be more amenable to point-of-care applications. to assure maximum diagnosi ...201727567251
h-ns: an overarching regulator of the vibrio cholerae life cycle.vibrio cholerae has become a model organism for studies connecting virulence, pathogen evolution and infectious disease ecology. the coordinate expression of motility, virulence and biofilm enhances its pathogenicity, environmental fitness and fecal-oral transmission. the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein negatively regulates gene expression at multiple phases of the v. cholerae life cycle. here we discuss: (i) the regulatory and structural implications of h-ns chromatin-binding in the t ...201727492955
circulation of a quorum-sensing-impaired variant of vibrio cholerae strain c6706 masks important phenotypes.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a model organism for studying virulence regulation, biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, and the cell-to-cell communication known as quorum sensing (qs). as in any research field, discrepancies between data from diverse laboratories are sometimes observed for v. cholerae. such discrepancies are often caused by the use of diverse patient or environmental isolates. in this study, we investigated the inability of a few laboratories to repr ...201727303743
molecular dynamics of sialic acid analogues complex with cholera toxin and dft optimization of ethylene glycol-mediated zinc nanocluster conjugation.cholera is an infectious disease caused by cholera toxin (ct) protein of bacterium vibrio cholerae. a sequence of sialic acid (n-acetylneuraminic acid, neunac or neu5ac) analogues modified in its c-5 position is modelled using molecular modelling techniques and docked against the ct followed by molecular dynamics simulations. docking results suggest better binding affinity of neunac analogue towards the binding site of ct. the neunac analogues interact with the active site residues glu:11, tyr:1 ...201726733187
non-cholera vibrios: the microbial barometer of climate change.there is a growing interest in the role of climate change in driving the spread of waterborne infectious diseases, such as those caused by bacterial pathogens. one particular group of pathogenic bacteria - vibrios - are a globally important cause of diseases in humans and aquatic animals. these gram-negative bacteria, including the species vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae, grow in warm, low-salinity waters, and their abundance in the natural environment mirrors ambi ...201727843109
vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, italy 2016.this paper describes an elderly male patient, living in the veneto region, italy, who developed vibrio cholerae bacteraemia and pneumonia. some days previously, while on holiday in the lagoon of venice, he had been collecting clams in seawater, during which he suffered small abrasions of the skin. on admission to hospital, he was confused, had fever and a cough, but neither diarrhoea nor signs of gastroenteritis were found. both blood and stool cultures grew v. cholerae of non-o1 non-o-139 type, ...201727837335
single nucleotide polymorphisms in regulator-encoding genes have an additive effect on virulence gene expression in a vibrio cholerae clinical isolate.vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious disease cholera, which is characterized by vomiting and severe watery diarrhea. recently, v. cholerae clinical isolates have demonstrated increased virulence capabilities, causing more severe symptoms with a much higher rate of disease progression than previously observed. we have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in four virulence-regulatory genes (hapr, hns, luxo, and viea) of a hypervirulent v. cholerae clinical isolat ...201727668288
comparative genome analysis of non-toxigenic non-o1 versus toxigenic o1 vibrio cholerae.pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae are responsible for endemic and pandemic outbreaks of the disease cholera. the complete toxigenic mechanisms underlying virulence in vibrio strains are poorly understood. the hypothesis of this work was that virulent versus non-virulent strains of v. cholerae harbor distinctive genomic elements that encode virulence. the purpose of this study was to elucidate genomic differences between the o1 serotypes and non-o1 v. cholerae ps15, a non-toxigenic strain, in ...201725722857
typing and antibiogram of vibrio cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in pune: a 3 year study.a retrospective analysis was done over a period of 3 years (january 2010- december 2012) in a tertiary care hospital, pune, to note the changes in the prevalence and distribution of biotypes, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and phage types of vibrio cholerae isolates from clinical samples so as to be vigilant and curtail major outbreak in future. vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained from 4.4% of the 1126 fecal specimens processed from cases of acute watery diarrhea. majority of th ...201725722619
survival, induction and resuscitation of vibrio cholerae from the viable but non-culturable state in the southern caribbean sea.the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, can enter into a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state in response to unfavorable conditions. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ survival of v. cholerae in an aquatic environment of the southern caribbean sea, and its induction and resuscitation from the vbnc state. v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 was inoculated into diffusion chambers placed at the cuare wildlife refuge, venezuela, and monitored for plate, total and viable cells coun ...201725651322
the vibrio cholerae toxr regulon encodes host-specific chemotaxis proteins that function in intestinal colonization.virulence gene regulation in vibrio cholerae is under the control of the toxr-toxt regulatory cascade. chemotaxis and net motility have been shown to influence the infectivity of vibrio cholerae. v. cholerae toxr mutants do not synthesize proteins required for chemotaxis towards mucus. the inability of the toxr mutant strain to recognize and swim towards mucus is due to their failure to synthesize acfb, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. acfb has previously been shown to be involved in intes ...201727213179
detection of virulence genes in environmental strains of vibrio cholerae from estuaries in northeastern brazil.the objectives of this study were to detect the presence of vibrio cholerae in tropical estuaries (northeastern brazil) and to search for virulence factors in the environmental isolates. water and sediment samples were inoculated onto a vibrio-selective medium (tcbs), and colonies with morphological resemblance to v. cholerae were isolated. the cultures were identified phenotypically using a dichotomous key based on biochemical characteristics. the total dna extracted was amplified by pcr to det ...201725229224
efficient responses to host and bacterial signals during vibrio cholerae colonization.vibrio cholerae, the microorganism responsible for the diarrheal disease cholera, is able to sense and respond to a variety of changing stimuli in both its aquatic and human gastrointestinal environments. here we present a review of research efforts aimed toward understanding the signals this organism senses in the human host. v. cholerae's ability to sense and respond to temperature and ph, bile, osmolarity, oxygen and catabolite levels, nitric oxide, and mucus, as well as the quorum sensing si ...201724256715
cholera outbreaks in urban bangladesh in 2011.in 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated two diarrhoea outbreaks affecting urban bangladeshi communities from the districts of bogra and kishorganj to identify etiology, pathways of transmission, and factors contributing to these outbreaks.201726702366
plant-made virus-like particles bearing influenza hemagglutinin (ha) recapitulate early interactions of native influenza virions with human monocytes/macrophages.plant-made virus-like particles (vlp) bearing influenza virus hemagglutinins (ha) are novel vaccine candidates that induce cross-reactive humoral and poly-functional t cell responses. to better understand the mechanisms that underlie this broad immunogenicity we studied early interactions of vlps bearing either h1 (a/california/07/2009 (h1n1)) or h5 (a/indonesia/05/2005 (h5n1)) with a human monocytoid cell line (u-937 cells) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) as model antigen-presenti ...201728712489
heme proximal hydrogen bonding between his170 and asp132 plays an essential role in the heme degradation reaction of hutz from vibrio cholerae.hutz from vibrio cholerae is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent degradation of heme. the crystal structure of the homologous protein from helicobacter pylori, hugz, predicts that asp132 in hutz is located within hydrogen-bonding distance of the heme axial ligand his170. hydrogen bonding between his170 and asp132 appears to be disfavored in heme-degrading enzymes, because it can contribute to the imidazolate character of the axial histidine, as observed in most heme-containing peroxida ...201728481076
discovery of two bacterial nitric oxide-responsive proteins and their roles in bacterial biofilm regulation.bacterial biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and produce an exopolysaccharide matrix ( costerton science 1999 , 284 , 1318 ; davies science 1998 , 280 , 295 ; flemming nat. rev. microbiol. 2010 , 8 , 623 ). because biofilms are resistant to antibiotics, they are problematic in many aspects of human health and welfare, causing, for instance, persistent fouling of medical implants such as catheters and artificial joints ( brunetto chimia 2008 , 62 , 249 ). they are responsible for chr ...201728605194
a novel role of listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles in inhibition of autophagy and cell death.bacterial membrane vesicle (mv) production has been mainly studied in gram-negative species. in this study, we show that listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive pathogen that causes the food-borne illness listeriosis, produces mvs both in vitro and in vivo. we found that a major virulence factor, the pore-forming hemolysin listeriolysin o (llo), is tightly associated with the mvs, where it resides in an oxidized, inactive state. previous studies have shown that llo may induce cell death and auto ...201728516064
the dnak chaperone uses different mechanisms to promote and inhibit replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2.replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2 (chr2) depends on molecular chaperone dnak to facilitate binding of the initiator (rctb) to the replication origin. the binding occurs at two kinds of site, 12-mers and 39-mers, which promote and inhibit replication, respectively. here we show that dnak employs different mechanisms to enhance the two kinds of binding. we found that mutations in rctb that reduce dnak binding also reduce 12-mer binding and initiation. the initiation defect is suppressed ...201728420739
regulation of acetyl-coa synthetase transcription by the crbs/r two-component system is conserved in genetically diverse environmental pathogens.the crbs/r two-component signal transduction system is a conserved regulatory mechanism through which specific gram-negative bacteria control acetate flux into primary metabolic pathways. crbs/r governs expression of acetyl-coa synthase (acsa), an enzyme that converts acetate to acetyl-coa, a metabolite at the nexus of the cell's most important energy-harvesting and biosynthetic reactions. during infection, bacteria can utilize this system to hijack host acetate metabolism and alter the course o ...201728542616
vibrio cholerae type 6 secretion system effector trafficking in target bacterial cells.the type 6 secretion system (t6ss) is used by many gram-negative bacterial species to deliver toxic effector proteins into nearby bacteria prey cells to kill or inhibit their growth. vgrg proteins are core conserved secretion substrates of the t6ss and one subset of t6ss effectors consists of vgrg proteins with c-terminal extension domains carrying various enzymatic activities. in vibrio cholerae, vgrg3 has a hydrolase extension domain and degrades peptidoglycan in the periplasm of target bacter ...201728808000
control of virulence gene transcription by indirect readout in vibrio cholerae and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.indirect readout mechanisms of transcription control rely on the recognition of dna shape by transcription factors (tfs). tfs may also employ a direct readout mechanism that involves the reading of the base sequence in the dna major groove at the binding site. tfs with winged helix-turn-helix (whth) motifs use an alpha helix to read the base sequence in the major groove while inserting a beta sheet 'wing' into the adjacent minor groove. such whth proteins are important regulators of virulence ge ...201728631437
evaluation of microplate immunocapture method for detection of vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi and shigella flexneri from food.improved methods with better separation and concentration ability for detection of foodborne pathogens are in constant need. the aim of this study was to evaluate microplate immunocapture (ic) method for detection of salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri and vibrio cholerae from food samples to provide a better alternative to conventional culture based methods.201728851288
crystal structure of master biofilm regulator csgd regulatory domain reveals an atypical receiver domain.the master regulator csgd switches planktonic growth to biofilm formation by activating synthesis of curli fimbriae and cellulose in enterobacteriaceae. csgd was classified to be the luxr response regulatory family, while its cognate sensor histidine kinase has not been identified yet. csgd consists of a c-terminal dna binding domain and an n-terminal regulatory domain that provokes the upstream signal transduction to further modulate its function. we provide the crystal structure of salmonella ...201728758290
interbacterial predation as a strategy for dna acquisition in naturally competent bacteria.natural competence enables bacteria to take up exogenous dna. the evolutionary function of natural competence remains controversial, as imported dna can act as a source of substrates or can be integrated into the genome. exogenous homologous dna can also be used for genome repair. in this opinion article, we propose that predation of non-related neighbouring bacteria coupled with competence regulation might function as an active strategy for dna acquisition. competence-dependent kin-discriminate ...201728690319
environmental vibrios represent a source of antagonistic compounds that inhibit pathogenic vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.with the overuse of antibiotics, many pathogens including vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus have evolved multidrug resistance making treatment more difficult. while understanding the mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis is crucial, knowledge of bacterial interactions of v. cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus could provide insight to their susceptibility outside of the human host. based on previous work showing competition among environmental strains, we predict that marine-derived bacter ...201728857444
modelling of growth kinetics of vibrio cholerae in presence of gold nanoparticles: effect of size and morphology.emergence of multiple drug resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria calls for new initiatives to combat infectious diseases. gold nanoparticles (aunps), because of their non-toxic nature and size/shape dependent optical properties, offer interesting possibility. here we report the antibacterial efficacy of aunps of different size and shape (auns10, auns100 and aunr10; the number indicating the diameter in nm; s stands for sphere and r for rod) against the classical (o395) and el tor (n16961) bio ...201728851910
transposon insertion site sequencing for synthetic lethal screening.transposon insertion site sequencing (tis) permits genome-wide, quantitative fitness assessment of individual genomic loci. in addition to the identification of essential genes in given growth conditions, tis enables the elucidation of genetic networks such as synthetic lethal or suppressor gene combinations. therefore, tis becomes an exceptionally powerful tool for the high-throughput determination of genotype-phenotype relationships in bacteria. here, we describe a protocol for the generation ...201728842874
highlights from this issue. 201728839876
extracellular-matrix-mediated osmotic pressure drives vibrio cholerae biofilm expansion and cheater exclusion.biofilms, surface-attached communities of bacteria encased in an extracellular matrix, are a major mode of bacterial life. how the material properties of the matrix contribute to biofilm growth and robustness is largely unexplored, in particular in response to environmental perturbations such as changes in osmotic pressure. here, using vibrio cholerae as our model organism, we show that during active cell growth, matrix production enables biofilm-dwelling bacterial cells to establish an osmotic ...201728835649
prediction of bacterial small rnas in the rsma (csra) and toxt pathways: a machine learning approach.small rnas (srnas) constitute an important class of post-transcriptional regulators that control critical cellular processes in bacteria. recent research using high-throughput transcriptomic approaches has led to a dramatic increase in the discovery of bacterial srnas. however, it is generally believed that the currently identified srnas constitute a limited subset of the bacterial srna repertoire. in several cases, srnas belonging to a specific class are already known and the challenge is to id ...201728830349
spermine inhibits vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the nsps-mbaa polyamine signaling system.the aquatic bacterium and human intestinal pathogen, vibrio cholerae, senses and responds to a variety of environment-specific cues to regulate biofilm formation. specifically, the polyamines norspermidine and spermidine enhance and repress v. cholerae biofilm formation, respectively. these effects are relevant for understanding v. cholerae pathogenicity and are mediated through the periplasmic binding protein, nsps, and the transmembrane c-di-gmp phosphodiesterase mbaa. however, the levels of s ...201728827313
from hospitalization records to surveillance: the use of local patient profiles to characterize cholera in vellore, india.despite availability of high quality medical records, health care systems often do not have the resources or tools to utilize these data efficiently. yet, hospital-based, laboratory-confirmed records may pave the way for building reliable surveillance systems capable of monitoring temporal trends of emerging infections. in this communication, we present a new tool to compress and visualize medical records with a local population profile (lpp) approach, which transforms information into statistic ...201728820902
molecular epidemiology of cholera outbreaks during the rainy season in mandalay, myanmar.cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, remains a global threat to public health. in myanmar, the availability of published information on the occurrence of the disease is scarce. we report here that cholera incidence in mandalay generally exhibited a single annual peak, with an annual average of 312 patients with severe dehydration over the past 5 years (since 2011) and was closely associated with the rainy season. we analyzed cholera outbreaks, characterized 67 isolates of v. cholerae serogroup o1 ...201728820711
large cholera outbreak in brong ahafo region, ghana.a nationwide outbreak of vibrio cholerae occurred in ghana in 2014 with accra, the nation's capital as the epi-center. the outbreak spread to the brong ahafo region (bar) which is geographically located in the middle of the country. in this region a review of data collected during the outbreak was carried out and analyzed descriptively to determine the hot spots and make recommendations for effective response to future outbreaks.201728797285
rational design of artificial dye-decolorizing peroxidases using myoglobin by engineering tyr/trp in the heme center.the rational design of metalloenzymes provides advantages not only for illustrating the structure and function relationship of native enzymes, but also for creating functional artificial enzymes comparable to native enzymes. dye-decolorizing peroxidases (dyps) are a new family of heme peroxidases and have received much attention recently. inspired by the structural features of native dyps with multiple tyr and trp residues, we herein aimed to design functional artificial dyps using myoglobin (mb ...201728795725
antibiotics resistance in el tor vibrio cholerae 01 isolated during cholera outbreaks in mozambique from 2012 to 2015.mozambique has recorded cyclically epidemic outbreaks of cholera. antibiotic therapy is recommended in specific situations for management and control of cholera outbreaks. however, an increase in resistance rates to antibiotics by vibrio cholerae has been reported in several epidemic outbreaks worldwide. on the other hand, there are few recent records of continuous surveillance of antibiotics susceptibility pattern of v. cholerae in mozambique.201728792540
murb as a target in an alternative approach to tackle the vibrio cholerae resistance using molecular docking and simulation study.cholera is a serious threat to a large population in the under developed countries. though oral rehydration therapy is the preferred choice of treatment, the use of antibiotics could reduce the microbial load in the case of severity. the use of antibiotics is also sought in the scenarios where there is problem with access to clean water. however, vibrio cholera strains have developed resistance to antibiotics such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin and tetracy ...201728786497
selection of affinity peptides for interference-free detection of cholera toxin.cholera toxin is a major virulent agent of vibrio cholerae, and it can rapidly lead to severe dehydration, shock, causing death within hours without appropriate clinical treatments. in this study, we present a method wherein unique and short peptides that bind to cholera toxin subunit b (ctx-b) were selected through m13 phage display. biopanning over recombinant ctx-b led to rapid screening of a unique peptide with an amino acid sequence of vqcrlgppwcak, and the phage-displayed peptides analyzed ...201728780344
ultrasensitive biosensor for the detection of vibrio cholerae dna with polystyrene-co-acrylic acid composite nanospheres.an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for the determination of pathogenic vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) dna was developed based on polystyrene-co-acrylic acid (psa) latex nanospheres-gold nanoparticles composite (psa-aunps) dna carrier matrix. differential pulse voltammetry (dpv) using an electroactive anthraquninone oligonucleotide label was used for measuring the biosensor response. loading of gold nanoparticles (aunps) on the dna-latex particle electrode has significantly amplified the ...201728774152
structural dynamics of rbma governs plasticity of vibrio cholerae biofilms.biofilm formation is critical for the infection cycle of vibrio cholerae. vibrio exopolysaccharides (vps) and the matrix proteins rbma, bap1 and rbmc are required for the development of biofilm architecture. we demonstrate that rbma binds vps directly and uses a binary structural switch within its first fibronectin type iii (fniii-1) domain to control rbma structural dynamics and the formation of vps-dependent higher-order structures. the structural switch in fniii-1 regulates interactions in tr ...201728762945
low doses of cholera toxin and its mediator camp induce ctla-2 secretion by dendritic cells to enhance regulatory t cell conversion.immature or semi-mature dendritic cells (dcs) represent tolerogenic maturation stages that can convert naive t cells into foxp3+ induced regulatory t cells (itreg). here we found that murine bone marrow-derived dcs (bm-dcs) treated with cholera toxin (ct) matured by up-regulating mhc-ii and costimulatory molecules using either high or low doses of ct (cthi, ctlo) or with camp, a known mediator ct signals. however, all three conditions also induced mrna of both isoforms of the tolerogenic molecul ...201728759565
systematic genetic dissection of chitin degradation and uptake in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a natural resident of the aquatic environment, where a common nutrient is the chitinous exoskeletons of microscopic crustaceans. chitin utilization requires chitinases, which degrade this insoluble polymer into soluble chitin oligosaccharides. these oligosaccharides also serve as an inducing cue for natural transformation in vibrio species. there are 7 predicted endochitinase-like genes in the v. cholerae genome. here, we systematically dissect the contribution of each gene to ...201728752963
transmission dynamics of cholera in yemen, 2017: a real time forecasting.a large epidemic of cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, serotype ogawa, has been ongoing in yemen, 2017. to improve the situation awareness, the present study aimed to forecast the cholera epidemic, explicitly addressing the reporting delay and ascertainment bias.201728747188
horizontal gene transfer of functional type vi killing genes by natural transformation.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) can have profound effects on bacterial evolution by allowing individuals to rapidly acquire adaptive traits that shape their strategies for competition. one strategy for intermicrobial antagonism often used by proteobacteria is the genetically encoded contact-dependent type vi secretion system (t6ss), a weapon used to kill heteroclonal neighbors by direct injection of toxic effectors. here, we experimentally demonstrate that vibrio cholerae can acquire new t6ss eff ...201728743812
growth arrest and a persister state enable resistance to osmotic shock and facilitate dissemination of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a water-borne bacterial pathogen and causative agent of cholera. although v. cholerae is a halophile, it can survive in fresh water, and this has a major role in cholera epidemics through consumption of contaminated water and subsequent fecal-oral spread. after dissemination from humans back into fresh water, v. cholerae encounters limited nutrient availability and an abrupt drop in conductivity but little is known about how v. cholerae adapts to, and survives in this environm ...201728742070
household and individual risk factors for cholera among cholera vaccine recipients in rural haiti.oral cholera vaccination was used as part of cholera control in haiti, but the vaccine does not provide complete protection. we conducted secondary data analyses of a vaccine effectiveness study in haiti to evaluate risk factors for cholera among cholera vaccine recipients. individuals vaccinated against cholera that presented with acute watery diarrhea and had a stool sample positive for vibrio cholerae o1 were included as cases. up to four vaccinated individuals who did not present for treatme ...201728722575
a prolonged, community-wide cholera outbreak associated with drinking water contaminated by sewage in kasese district, western uganda.in may 2015, a cholera outbreak that had lasted 3 months and infected over 100 people was reported in kasese district, uganda, where multiple cholera outbreaks had occurred previously. we conducted an investigation to identify the mode of transmission to guide control measures.201728720083
risk factors for household transmission of vibrio cholerae in dhaka, bangladesh (chobi7 trial).abstracthousehold contacts of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of a vibrio cholerae infection than the general population. to examine risk factors for v. cholerae infections and investigate intervention strategies among this population, we followed household contacts of cholera patients for the 1-week high-risk period after the index patient obtained care. this study was nested within a randomized controlled trial of the cholera-hospital-based-intervention-for-7-days (chobi7), a h ...201728719281
retrospective genomic analysis of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains from different places in india reveals the presence of ctxb-7 allele found in haitian isolates.a total of 45 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from 10 different places in india where they were associated with cases of cholera between the years 2007 and 2008 were examined by molecular methods. with the help of phenotypic and genotypic tests the strains were confirmed to be o1 el tor biotype strains with classical ctxb gene. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis by double - mismatch amplification mutation assay pcr showed 16 of these strains carried the ctxb-7 allele reported in hai ...201728712383
the type vi secretion system sheath assembles at the end distal from the membrane anchor.the bacterial type vi secretion system (t6ss) delivers proteins into target cells using fast contraction of a long sheath anchored to the cell envelope and wrapped around an inner hcp tube associated with the secreted proteins. mechanisms of sheath assembly and length regulation are unclear. here we study these processes using spheroplasts formed from ampicillin-treated vibrio cholerae. we show that spheroplasts secrete hcp and deliver t6ss substrates into neighbouring cells. imaging of sheath d ...201728703218
seed metabolome analysis of a transgenic rice line expressing cholera toxin b-subunit.plant-based human vaccines have been actively developed in recent years, and rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the best candidate crops for their production and delivery. by expressing a modified cholera toxin b (ctb) subunit, we previously developed mucorice-ctb, a rice-based vaccine against cholera, which is caused by infection of the intestine with the bacteria vibrio cholerae. mucorice-ctb lines have been extensively characterized by whole-genome sequencing and proteome analyses to evaluate t ...201728701756
environmental bacteriophages active on biofilms and planktonic forms of toxigenic vibrio cholerae: potential relevance in cholera epidemiology.phages isolated from environmental waters in bangladesh were tested for their host specificity towards v. cholerae o1 and o139, and the ability to disperse v. cholerae biofilms formed in the laboratory. representative phages were further characterized by electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing. selected phages were then introduced in various combinations to biofilms of toxigenic v. cholerae added to samples of river water, and the dispersion of biofilms as well as the growth kinetics of ...201728700707
galleria mellonella is low cost and suitable surrogate host for studying virulence of human pathogenic vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae causes a severe diarrheal disease affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in low income countries. v. cholerae successfully persist in aquatic environment and its pathogenic strains results in sever enteric disease in humans. this dual life style contributes towards its better survival and persistence inside host gut and in the environment. alternative animal replacement models are of great value in studying host-pathogen interaction and for quick screening of variou ...201728698162
effects of desiccation practices of cultured atlantic oysters (crassostrea virginica) on vibrio spp. in portersville bay, alabama, usa.the expansion of off-bottom aquaculture to the gulf of mexico has raised public health concerns for human health officials. high temperatures in the gulf of mexico are associated with high levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. routine desiccation practices associated with off-bottom aquaculture expose oysters to ambient air, allowing vibrio spp. to proliferate in the closed oyster. currently, there is limited research on the length of time needed for vibrio spp. levels in desi ...201728696147
the contribution of two isozymes to the pyruvate kinase activity of vibrio cholerae: one k+-dependent constitutively active and another k+-independent with essential allosteric activation.in a previous phylogenetic study of the family of pyruvate kinase ec (2.7.1.40), a cluster with glu117 and another with lys117 were found (numbered according to the rabbit muscle enzyme). the sequences with glu117 have been found to be k+-dependent, whereas those with lys117 were k+-independent. interestingly, only γ-proteobacteria exhibit sequences in both branches of the tree. in this context, it was explored whether these phylogenetically distinct pyruvate kinases were both expressed and cont ...201728686591
the nucleoid occlusion protein slma is a direct transcriptional activator of chitobiose utilization in vibrio cholerae.chitin utilization by the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae is required for its persistence and evolution via horizontal gene transfer in the marine environment. genes involved in the uptake and catabolism of the chitin disaccharide chitobiose are encoded by the chb operon. the orphan sensor kinase chis is critical for regulation of this locus, however, the mechanisms downstream of chis activation that result in expression of the chb operon are poorly understood. using an unbiased transposon muta ...201728683122
virulence-associated factors in vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and v. mimicus strains isolated in ornamental fish species.during recent decades, ornamental fish have proven to be one of the fastest growing categories of pets in europe. in this framework, we evaluated both the potential pathogenic and zoonotic risks caused by 53 vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and a vibrio mimicus strain isolated from ornamental fish species mostly originating from south-east asia countries between 2000 and 2015 in italy. all the strains were firstly identified at species level by biochemical, phylogenetic and mass spectrometry (mat ...201728677232
vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa strains carrying the ctxb7 allele caused large cholera outbreak during 2014 in the tribal areas of odisha, india.the large outbreak of cholera reported during july to sept, 2014 in narla block of kalahandi district was investigated to find out the causative organism. the rectal swabs collected from diarrhoea patients and environmental water samples were sub-cultured following standard techniques. the causative organism was v.cholerae o1 ogawa biotype el tor while dmama-pcr assay confirmed that all strains were ctxb7 of haitian variants v.cholerae o1. the water samples were negative for v. cholerae .the v.c ...201728674316
cyclic di-gmp and vpsr induce the expression of type ii secretion in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen which alternates between growth in environmental reservoirs and infection of human hosts causing severe diarrhea. the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) mediates this transition by controlling a wide range of functions such as biofilms, virulence, and motility. here we report that c-di-gmp induces expression of the extracellular protein secretion (eps) gene cluster, which encodes the type ii secretion system (t2ss) in v. cholerae analysis of the eps gen ...201728674069
development and evaluation of an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for the rapid, simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139.vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 are etiological agents of cholera, a serious and acute diarrheal disease, and rapid detection of v. cholerae is a key method for preventing and controlling cholera epidemics. here, a point of care testing (poct) method called vch-upt-lf, which is an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (upt-lf) assay with a dual-target detection mode, was developed to detect v. cholerae o1 and o139 simultaneously from one sample loading. although applying an ...201728662147
cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of flufenamic acid on chloride secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells.intestinal cl(-) secretion is involved in the pathogenesis of secretory diarrheas including cholera. we recently demonstrated that flufenamic acid (ffa) suppressed vibrio cholerae el tor variant-induced intestinal fluid secretion via mechanisms involving ampk activation and nf-κb-suppression. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ffa on transepithelial cl(-) secretion in human intestinal epithelial (t84) cells. ffa inhibited camp-dependent cl(-) secretion in t84 cell monolayers wi ...201728651800
vibrio cholerae o1 with ctxb7 variant genotype acquired qnrvc mediated ciprofloxacin resistance in yavatmal, india.the effective use of antimicrobials assumes utmost importance in curtailing increasing drug resistance and management of the cholera epidemics. in 2012, vibrio cholerae o1 variant el tor strains with haitian cholera toxin (hct) and reduced susceptible to ciprofloxacin caused a cholera outbreak in yavatmal, india. here, we report that the v. cholerae isolates of recent years in the region show acquisition of resistance to ciprofloxacin.201728648857
cholera - management and prevention.cholera is an acute secretory diarrhoeal infection caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. it is likely to have originated in the indian sub-continent; however, it spread to cause six worldwide pandemics between 1817-1923. the ongoing seventh worldwide pandemic of cholera began in 1961. the intensity, duration and severity of cholera epidemics have been increasing, signaling the need for more effective control and prevention measures. the response to the cholera pandemics of the 19th century le ...201728646965
a double-quadratic model for predicting vibrio species in water environments of japan.vibrio spp. are natural inhabitants of marine and estuarine environments. vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus are the major infectious agents for humans. their densities are affected by environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity. the detailed contribution of each factor still remains to be elucidated. here we conducted multi-coastal study in a 21-month period to examine relationships between environmental factors and v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus ...201728646477
riverbed sediments as reservoirs of multiple vibrio cholerae virulence-associated genes: a potential trigger for cholera outbreaks in developing countries.africa remains the most cholera stricken continent in the world as many people lacking access to safe drinking water rely mostly on polluted rivers as their main water sources. however, studies in these countries investigating the presence of vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments have paid little attention to bed sediments. also, information on the presence of virulence-associated genes (vags) in environmental ctx-negative v. cholerae strains in this region is lacking. thus, we investigated th ...201728642796
genetic diversity of environmental vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in northern vietnam.cholera epidemics have been recorded periodically in vietnam during the seventh cholera pandemic. since cholera is a water-borne disease, systematic monitoring of environmental waters for vibrio cholerae presence is important for predicting and preventing cholera epidemics. we conducted monitoring, isolation, and genetic characterization of v. cholerae strains in nam dinh province of northern vietnam from jul 2013 to feb 2015. in this study, four v. cholerae o1 strains were detected and isolated ...201728642158
identification of a small molecule activator for aphb, a lysr-type virulence transcriptional regulator in vibrio cholerae.aphb is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator (lttr) that cooperates with a second transcriptional activator, apha, at the tcpph promoter to initiate expression of the virulence cascade in vibrio cholerae. because it is not yet known whether aphb responds to a natural ligand in v. cholerae that influences its ability to activate transcription, we used a computational approach to identify small molecules that influence its activity. in silico docking was used to identify potential ligands for aph ...201728640592
quantifying vibrio cholerae enterotoxicity in a zebrafish infection model.vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, an acute intestinal infection in humans characterized by voluminous watery diarrhea. cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water, primarily in developing countries that lack the proper infrastructure for proper water and sewage treatment. vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that inhabits coastal and estuarine areas, and is known to have several environmental reservoirs, including fish. our laboratory has recently desc ...201728625997
characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains that trace the origin of haitian-like genetic traits.vibrio cholerae o1 is the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. the bacterium has recently been causing outbreaks in haiti with catastrophic effects. numerous mutations have been reported in v. cholerae o1 strains associated with the haitian outbreak. these mutations encompass among other the genes encoding virulence factors such as the pilin subunit of the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcpa), cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb), repeat in toxins (rtxa), and other genes such as the q ...201728625543
vaxchora: a single-dose oral cholera vaccine.to review trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of vaxchora, a reformulated, single-dose, oral, lyophilized vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr vaccine for the prevention of travel-related cholera caused by v cholerae serogroup o1.201728622736
minimal genetic change in vibrio cholerae in mozambique over time: multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis and whole genome sequencing.although cholera is a major public health concern in mozambique, its transmission patterns remain unknown. we surveyed the genetic relatedness of 75 vibrio cholerae isolates from patients at manhiça district hospital between 2002-2012 and 3 isolates from river using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and whole genome sequencing (wgs). mlva revealed 22 genotypes in two clonal complexes and four unrelated genotypes. wgs revealed i) the presence of recombination, ii) 67 isolat ...201728622368
reaction intermediates in the heme degradation reaction by hutz from vibrio cholerae.hutz is a heme-degrading enzyme in vibrio cholerae. it converts heme to biliverdin via verdoheme, suggesting that it follows the same reaction mechanism as that of mammalian heme oxygenase. however, none of the key intermediates have been identified. in this study, we applied steady-state and time-resolved uv-vis absorption and resonance raman spectroscopy to study the reaction of the heme-hutz complex with h2o2 or ascorbic acid. we characterized three intermediates: oxyferrous heme, meso-hydrox ...201728607990
the two-component signal transduction system vxrab positively regulates vibrio cholerae biofilm formation.two-component signal transduction systems (tcss), typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase (hk) and a response regulator (rr), are the primary mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria sense and respond to extracellular signals. the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae is no exception and harbors 52 rr genes. using in-frame deletion mutants of each rr gene, we performed a systematic analysis of their role in v. cholerae biofilm formation. we determined that 7 rrs impacted the expression of a ...201728607158
laboratory techniques used to maintain and differentiate biotypes of vibrio cholerae clinical and environmental isolates.the aquatic gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. due to the global prevalence and severity of this disease, v. cholerae has been extensively studied in both environmental and laboratory settings, requiring proper maintenance and culturing techniques. classical and el tor are two main biotypes that compose the v. cholerae o1 serogroup, each displaying unique genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that provide reliab ...201728605374
challenges in developing methods for quantifying the effects of weather and climate on water-associated diseases: a systematic review.infectious diseases attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene (e.g. cholera, leptospirosis, giardiasis) remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries. climate and weather factors are known to affect the transmission and distribution of infectious diseases and statistical and mathematical modelling are continuously developing to investigate the impact of weather and climate on water-associated diseases. there have been little critical a ...201728604791
vibrio cholerae colonization of soft-shelled turtles.vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen and environmental microflora species that can both propagate in the human intestine and proliferate in zooplankton and aquatic organisms. cholera is transmitted through food and water. in recent years, outbreaks caused by v. cholerae-contaminated soft-shelled turtles, contaminated mainly with toxigenic serogroup o139, have been frequently reported, posing a new foodborne disease public health problem. in this study, the colonization by toxigenic v. ...201728600312
dksa-hapr-rpos axis regulates haemagglutinin protease production in vibrio cholerae.dksa acts as a co-factor for the intracellular small signalling molecule ppgpp during the stringent response. we recently reported that the expression of the haemagglutinin protease (hap), which is needed for shedding of the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae during the late phase of infection, is significantly downregulated in v. cholerae ∆dksa mutant (∆dksavc) cells. so far, it has been shown that hap production by v. cholerae cells is critically regulated by hapr and also by rpos. here, we prov ...201728597815
a highly specific phage defense system is a conserved feature of the vibrio cholerae mobilome.vibrio cholerae-specific bacteriophages are common features of the microbial community during cholera infection in humans. phages impose strong selective pressure that favors the expansion of phage-resistant strains over their vulnerable counterparts. the mechanisms allowing virulent v. cholerae strains to defend against the ubiquitous threat of predatory phages have not been established. here, we show that v. cholerae ples (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) are widespread genomi ...201728594826
vibrio cholerae ensures function of host proteins required for virulence through consumption of luminal methionine sulfoxide.vibrio cholerae is a diarrheal pathogen that induces accumulation of lipid droplets in enterocytes, leading to lethal infection of the model host drosophila melanogaster. through untargeted lipidomics, we provide evidence that this process is the product of a host phospholipid degradation cascade that induces lipid droplet coalescence in enterocytes. this infection-induced cascade is inhibited by mutation of the v. cholerae glycine cleavage system due to intestinal accumulation of methionine sul ...201728586382
development and validation of a novel real-time assay for the detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 has been known for its ability to cause epidemics. these strains produce cholera toxin which is the main cause of secretory diarrhea. v. cholerae non-o1 and non-o139 strains are also capable of causing gastroenteritis as well as septicemia and peritonitis. it has been proven that virulence factors such as t6ss, hapa, rtxa, and hlya are present in almost all v. cholerae strains. it is imperative that viable but non-culturable cells of v. cholerae are also detected sinc ...201728580353
effect of dietary minerals on virulence attributes of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a water-borne pathogen responsible for causing a toxin-mediated profuse diarrhea in humans, leading to severe dehydration and death in unattended patients. with increasing reports of antibiotic resistance in v. cholerae, there is a need for alternate interventional strategies for controlling cholera. a potential new strategy for treating infectious diseases involves targeting bacterial virulence rather than growth, where a pathogen's specific mechanisms critical for causing in ...201728579983
environmental vibrio cholerae non o1/ non o139 from the gangetic delta: a diarrhoeal disease purview.diarrhoea still remains an unsolved enigma in developing countries, a major concern for the health planners. we targeted the abundance and toxicity of vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 (novc) in gangetic riverine-estuarine ecosystem. a total of 74 v. cholerae were isolated from 120 water samples (68 novc, 6 v. cholerae o1) from two sampling sites off river ganges. v. cholerae showed distinct seasonality, with steady increase from summer to monsoon, steep ascent in post-monsoon and an abrupt declin ...201728574285
inhibition of the α-carbonic anhydrase from vibrio cholerae with amides and sulfonamides incorporating imidazole moieties.we discovered novel and selective sulfonamides/amides acting as inhibitors of the α-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae (vchca). this gram-negative bacterium is the causative agent of cholera and colonises the upper small intestine where sodium bicarbonate is present at a high concentration. the secondary sulfonamides and amides investigated here were potent, low nanomolar vchca inhibitors whereas their inhibition of the human cytosolic isoforms ca i ...201728569564
identification of atypical el torv. cholerae o1 ogawa hosting sxt element in senegal, africa.vibrio cholerae o1 is the causative agent of cholera with classical and el tor, two well-established biotypes. in last 20 years, hybrid strains of classical and el tor and variant el tor which carry classical ctxb have emerged worldwide. in 2004-2005, senegal experienced major cholera epidemic with a number of cases totalling more than 31719 with approximately 458 fatal outcomes (cfr, 1.44%). in this retrospective study, fifty isolates out of a total of 403 v. cholerae biotype el tor serovar oga ...201728555129
asymmetric regulation of quorum-sensing receptors drives autoinducer-specific gene expression programs in vibrio cholerae.quorum sensing (qs) is a mechanism of chemical communication that bacteria use to monitor cell-population density and coordinate group behaviors. qs relies on the production, detection, and group-wide response to extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. vibrio cholerae employs parallel qs circuits that converge into a shared signaling pathway. at high cell density, the cqss and luxpq qs receptors detect the intra-genus and inter-species autoinducers cai-1 and ai-2, respectively, to re ...201728552952
complete genome sequence of lytic bacteriophage vpusm 8 against o1 el tor inaba vibrio cholerae.the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage vpusm 8 against o1 el tor inaba vibrio cholerae is reported here. the isolated vpusm 8 has potential use in future phage therapy or as a biocontrol agent for the prevention and treatment of cholera.201728546472
plasma and mucosal immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin a, and immunoglobulin g responses to the vibrio cholerae o1 protein immunome in adults with cholera in bangladesh.cholera is a severe dehydrating illness of humans caused by toxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 or o139. identification of immunogenic v. cholerae antigens could lead to a better understanding of protective immunity in human cholera.201728535267
antimicrobial resistance risks of cholera prophylaxis for united nations peacekeepers.more than 5 years after a united nations peacekeeping battalion introduced cholera to haiti, over 150,000 peacekeepers continue to be deployed annually from countries where cholera is endemic. the united nations has thus far declined to provide antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis to peacekeepers, a policy based largely on concerns that the risks of drug resistance generation and spread would outweigh the potential benefits of preventing future cholera importations. in this study, we sought to better ...201728533237
erratum: a vibrio cholerae autoinducer-receptor pair that controls biofilm formation. 201728514430
the vibrio cholerae vexgh rnd efflux system maintains cellular homeostasis by effluxing vibriobactin.resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) superfamily efflux systems have been widely studied for their role in antibiotic resistance, but their native biological functions remain poorly understood. we previously showed that loss of rnd-mediated efflux in vibrio cholerae resulted in activation of the cpx two-component regulatory system, which mediates adaptation to stress resulting from misfolded membrane proteins. here, we investigated the mechanism linking rnd-mediated efflux to the cpx response. w ...201728512090
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