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establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line derived from the dorsal fin of red sea bream, pagrus major (temminck & schlegel).the establishment and partial characterization of a continuous cell line from the dorsal fin of red sea bream, pagrus major, are described. the cell line, designated rsbf-2, has been subcultured for more than 100 passages since its initiation in november 2000. it was optimally maintained at 28 degrees c in leibovitz l-15 medium with 10% foetal bovine serum. propagation of rsbf-2 cells was serum dependent and exhibited low plating efficiency (<1.7%). aside from long-term cryopreservation, the cel ...201020102463
differential characterization of biogenic amine-producing bacteria involved in food poisoning using maldi-tof mass fingerprinting.histamine poisoning is caused by the consumption of fish and other foods that harbor bacteria possessing histidine decarboxylase activity. with the aim of preventing histamine formation, highly specific mass spectral fingerprints were obtained from the 16 major biogenic amine-producing enteric and marine bacteria by means of maldi-tof ms analysis. all bacterial strains analyzed exhibited specific spectral fingerprints that enabled its unambiguous differentiation. this technique also identified p ...201020151397
[characteristics of the response of natural and recombinant luminescent microorganisms in the presence of fe2+ ions].it was found that divalent iron ions have alternative effects on the bioluminescence of the natural marine microorganism photobacterium phosphoreum and the recombinant escherichia coli strain with a cloned lux operon of p. leiognathi. in the presence of 0.25-5.0 mm feso4, the bioluminescence intensity of the former and the latter increased and decreased, respectively. to establish the causes of these differences, we studied the characteristics of the fatty acid composition of the compared microo ...201020198914
[growth and bioluminescence of luminous bacteria under the action of aflatoxin b1 before and after its treatment with nanodiamonds].the effect of aflatoxin b1 on growth and luminescence of marine luminous bacteria p. phosphoreum and recombinant e. coli z905 cells was investigated. the bidirectional effect of aflatoxin b1 on the studied bacterial species was detected--an inhibition of luminescence in p. phosphoreum and its stimulation in e. coli. it was shown that aflatoxin b1 influences the cell luminescence in the freshly grown cultures and bacteria restored after lyophilization. it was detected that the effect of aflatoxin ...201020198915
molecular cloning of sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax l.) caspase-8 gene and its involvement in photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida triggered apoptosis.caspase-8 is an initiator caspase that plays a crucial role in some cases of apoptosis by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. caspase-8 structure and function have been extensively studied in mammals, but in fish the characterization of that initiator caspase is still scarce. in this work, the sea bass counterpart of mammalian caspase-8 was sequenced and characterized, and its involvement in the apoptogenic activity of a toxin from a fish pathogen was assessed. a 2472 bp cdna of sea bass caspase-8 ...201020202478
photobacterium jeanii sp. nov., isolated from corals and zoanthids.four novel isolates (r-40508(t), r-40507, r-40903 and r-21419) were obtained from different cnidarian species (phyllogorgia dilatata, merulina ampliata and palythoa caribaeorum) from different places in brazil and australia. the novel isolates formed a tight phylogenetic group based on 16s rrna, reca, topa, ftsz, mreb and rpoa gene sequences. their closest phylogenetic neighbours were the type strains of photobacterium leiognathi, p. rosenbergii and p. halotolerans, sharing 97.1-97.5 % 16s rrna ...201020081016
abundance, diversity, and activity of microbial assemblages associated with coral reef fish guts and feces.feces and distal gut contents were collected from three coral reef fish species. bacteria cell abundances, as determined via epifluorescence microscopy, ranged two orders of magnitude among the fishes. mass-specific and apparent cell-specific hydrolytic enzyme activities in feces from chlorurus sordidus were very high, suggesting that endogenous fish enzymes were egested into feces. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16s rrna genes were more similar among multiple individuals of ...201020455942
resurgence of morbillivirus infection in mediterranean dolphins off the french coast. 201020495168
molecular intraspecific characterization of photobacterium damselae ssp. damselae strains affecting cultured marine fish.the aim of this study was to analyse the intraspecific variability of photobacterium damselae ssp. damselae strains isolated from different cultured marine fish species using molecular typing methods.201019922594
cloning and sequencing of alginate lyase genes from deep-sea strains of vibrio and agarivorans and characterization of a new vibrio enzyme.four alginate lyase genes were cloned and sequenced from the genomic dnas of deep-sea bacteria, namely members of vibrio and agarivorans. three of them were from vibrio sp. jam-a9m, which encoded alginate lyases, a9mt, a9mc, and a9ml. a9mt was composed of 286 amino acids and 57% homologous to alxm of photobacterium sp. a9mc (221 amino acids) and a9ml (522 amino acids) had the highest degree of similarity to two individual alginate lyases of vibrio splendidus with 74% and 84% identity, respective ...201019941025
development of a haemolysin gene-based multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of vibrio campbellii, vibrio harveyi and vibrio parahaemolyticus.to develop a haemolysin (hly) gene-based species-specific multiplex pcr for simple and rapid detection of vibrio campbellii, v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus.201019943887
blacmy-2-positive inca/c plasmids from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are a distinct component of a larger lineage of plasmids.large multidrug resistance plasmids of the a/c incompatibility complex (inca/c) have been found in a diverse group of gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria. we present three completed sequences from inca/c plasmids that originated from escherichia coli (cattle) and salmonella enterica serovar newport (human) and that carry the cephamycinase gene blacmy-2. these large plasmids (148 to 166 kbp) share extensive sequence identity and synteny. the most divergent plasmid, peh4h, has lost sev ...201019949054
a new effect residual ratio (err) method for the validation of the concentration addition and independent action models.glutaraldehyde (ga) often acts as an effective sterilant, disinfectant, and preservative in chemical products. it was found that ga had clearly acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. furthermore, ga in natural environment could not exist as single species but as complex mixtures. to explore the toxicity interaction between ga and the other environmental pollutant, it is necessary to determine the mixture toxicities of various binary mixtures including ga. two reference models, concentration additi ...201019949878
trans-sialidase activity of photobacterium damsela alpha2,6-sialyltransferase and its application in the synthesis of sialosides.trans-sialidases catalyze the transfer of a sialic acid from one sialoside to an acceptor to form a new sialoside. alpha2,3-trans-sialidase activity was initially discovered in the parasitic protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, and more recently was found in a multifunctional pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase pmst1. alpha2,8-trans-sialidase activity was also described for a multifunctional campylobacter jejuni sialyltransferase cstii. we report here the discovery of the alpha2,6-trans-sialidase ac ...201019880425
photobacterium gaetbulicola sp. nov., a lipolytic bacterium isolated from a tidal flat sediment.a gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and lipolytic bacterial strain, designated gung47(t), was isolated from a tidal flat on the west coast of korea. strain gung47(t) grew optimally at 30 °c and with 2-5 % (w/v) nacl. phylogenetic analyses based on 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that strain gung47(t) belonged to the genus photobacterium. strain gung47(t) exhibited 98.1 % 16s rrna gene sequence similarity with photobacterium rosenbergii lmg 22223(t) and 94.3-96.3 % similarity with other t ...201020023056
cloning and characterization of dihydrofolate reductases from deep-sea bacteria.enzymes from organisms living in deep-sea are thought to have characteristic pressure-adaptation mechanisms in structure and function. to better understand these mechanisms in dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), an essential enzyme in living cells, we cloned, overexpressed and purified four new dhfrs from the deep-sea bacteria shewanella violacea (svdhfr), photobacterium profundum (ppdhfr), moritella yayanosii (mydhfr) and moritella japonica (mjdhfr), and compared their structure and function with t ...201020040594
evaluation of combined toxicity of phenols and lead to photobacterium phosphoreum and quantitative structure-activity relationships.the combined toxicity of lead (pb) and nine phenols were measured. the result indicated that the combined toxicity is not only dependent on the pb concentrations but also on the positions of substituted groups of phenols. quantitative structure-activity relationship equations were built from the combined toxicity and physico-chemical descriptors of phenols in the different pb concentrations. the combined toxicity was related to water solubility and the third order molecular connectivity index (( ...201020043147
rapid determination of the toxicity of quantum dots with luminous bacteria.in this paper, a novel method so-called bioluminescence inhibition assay with luminous bacteria (photobacterium phosphoreum) was introduced to evaluate the toxicity of quantum dots. the bioassay was based on measuring the decrease of the light emitted by luminous bacteria. with obvious advantages of simplicity, rapidity and sensitivity, it can dramatically improve the efficiency of probing the toxicity of qds. based on this method, we systemically explored the effect of the composition and surfa ...201020056317
rapid identification and characterization of vibrio species using whole-cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry.vibrio identification by means of traditional microbiological methods is time consuming because of the many biochemical tests that have to be performed to distinguish closely related species. this work aimed at evaluating the use of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for the rapid identification of vibrio (v.) spp. as an advantageous application to rapidly discriminate the most important vibrio spp. and distinguish vibrio spp. from closely related bacterial species like photobacterium damselae and grim ...201020059616
degradation of diazinon in apple juice by ultrasonic treatment.the degradation of diazinon spiked in apple juice treated by ultrasonic treatment was investigated in this paper. results showed that the ultrasonic power and initial concentration of diazinon significantly influenced the degradation percentage of diazinon (p<0.05) and the degradation of diazinon followed the first-order kinetics model well. based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) analysis, seven degradation products of diazinon have been identified. a degradation pathway invol ...201020061173
expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant flavin reductase from the luminescent marine bacterium photobacterium leiognathi: a set of exercises for students.in photobacterium, the flavin reductase encoded by luxg regenerates the reduced form of flavin mononucleotide (fmn). reduced fmn is one of the substrates of the luciferase enzyme that catalyzes a light-emitting reaction. a set of experiments, that employs a luxg-expression plasmid construct (pghis) and is suitable for an undergraduate laboratory course, is presented. hexahistidine-tagged protein is expressed in e. coli from pghis, with the t7 rna polymerase/lac repressor induction system. bacter ...201021567817
visualization of sialic acid produced on bacterial cell surfaces by lectin staining.oligosaccharides containing n-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface of some pathogenic bacteria are important for host-microbe interactions. n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) plays a major role in the pathogenicity of bacterial pathogens. for example, cell surface sialyloligosaccharide moieties of the human pathogen haemophilus influenzae are involved in virulence and adhesion to host cells. in this study, we have established a method of visualizing neu5ac linked to a glycoconjugate on the ba ...201021576867
[effect of tririum on growth and bioluminescence of p. phosphoreum bacteria].effect of tritium labeled amino acid valine (0.3-1.0 mbq/ml) on luminous bacteria p. phosphoreum was studied. the amino acid was used as a nutrient medium for the bacteria. tritium was found to suppress bacterial growth, but stimulate luminescence: luminescence intensity, quantum yield and time of light-emitting were increased. activation of the luminescent function is explained by redistribution of electronic density at beta-decay, and affecting biochemical processes in the bacterial media. eff ...201021434387
development of a real-time pcr assay with an internal amplification control for detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria in fish.prompt detection of bacteria that contribute to scombrotoxin (histamine) fish poisoning can aid in the detection of potentially toxic fish products and prevent the occurrence of illness. we report development of the first real-time pcr method for rapid detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) in fish. the real-time pcr assay was 100% inclusive for detecting high-histamine producing isolates and did not detect any of the low- or non-histamine producing isolates. the efficienc ...201021356438
constrained water access to the active site of cytochrome p450 from the piezophilic bacterium photobacterium profundum.living species inhabiting ocean deeps must adapt to high hydrostatic pressure. this adaptation, which must enable functioning under conditions of promoted protein hydration, is especially important for proteins such as cytochromes p450 that exhibit functionally important hydration-dehydration dynamics. here we study the interactions of substrates with cytochrome p450-ss9, a putative fatty acid hydroxylase from the piezophilic bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9, and characterize the protein's ...201021475616
aip56: a novel bacterial apoptogenic toxin.photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (phdp) is a gram-negative pathogen agent of an important fish septicemia. the key virulence factor of phdp is the plasmid-encoded exotoxin aip56, which is secreted by exponentially growing pathogenic strains. aip56 has 520 amino acids including an n-terminal cleavable signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues, two cysteine residues and a zinc-binding region signature hexxh that is typical of most zinc metallopeptidases. aip56 induces in vitro and in vivo s ...201022069616
vibrios as causal agents of zoonoses.vibrios are gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are widespread in the coastal and estuarine environments. some species, e.g. vibrio anguillarum and v. tapetis, comprise serious pathogens of aquatic vertebrates or invertebrates. other groups, including grimontia (=vibrio) hollisae, photobacterium (=vibrio) damselae subsp. damselae, v. alginolyticus, v. harveyi (=v. carchariae), v. cholerae, v. fluvialis, v. furnissii, v. metschnikovii, v. mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus, may cau ...201019342185
an alpha2,6-sialyltransferase cloned from photobacterium leiognathi strain jt-shiz-119 shows both sialyltransferase and neuraminidase activity.we cloned, expressed, and characterized a novel beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase from photobacterium leiognathi strain jt-shiz-119. the protein showed 56-96% identity to the marine bacterial alpha2,6-sialyltransferases classified into glycosyltransferase family 80. the sialyltransferase activity of the n-terminal truncated form of the recombinant enzyme was 1477 u/l of escherichia coli culture. the truncated recombinant enzyme was purified as a single band by sodium dodecyl sulfate po ...201019797322
sialyltransferases of marine bacteria efficiently utilize glycosphingolipid substrates.bacterial sialyltransferases (sts) from marine sources were characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsls). bacterial sts were found to be beta-galacotoside sts. there were two types of sts: (1) st obtained from strains such as ishi-224, 05jtc1 (#1), ishi-467, 05jtd2 (#2), and faj-16, 05jte1 (#3), which form alpha2-3 sialic acid (sia) linkages, named alpha2-3st, (2) st obtained from strains such as ish-224, n1c0 (#4), pda-rec, 05jtb2 (#5), and pda-0160, 05jta2 (#6), which form alpha2-6 sia linkag ...201019837852
crystal structures of the lumazine protein from photobacterium kishitanii in complexes with the authentic chromophore, 6,7-dimethyl- 8-(1'-d-ribityl) lumazine, and its analogues, riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide, at high resolution.lumazine protein (lump) is a fluorescent accessory protein having 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1'-d-ribityl) lumazine (dmrl) as its authentic chromophore. it modulates the emission of bacterial luciferase to shorter wavelengths with increasing luminous strength. to obtain structural information on the native structure as well as the interaction with bacterial luciferase, we have determined the crystal structures of lump from photobacterium kishitanii in complexes with dmrl and its analogues, riboflavin (rbf) ...201019854891
genomic taxonomy of vibrios.vibrio taxonomy has been based on a polyphasic approach. in this study, we retrieve useful taxonomic information (i.e. data that can be used to distinguish different taxonomic levels, such as species and genera) from 32 genome sequences of different vibrio species. we use a variety of tools to explore the taxonomic relationship between the sequenced genomes, including multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa), supertrees, average amino acid identity (aai), genomic signatures, and genome blast atlases. ...200919860885
the genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria.many marine bacteria have evolved to grow optimally at either high (copiotrophic) or low (oligotrophic) nutrient concentrations, enabling different species to colonize distinct trophic habitats in the oceans. here, we compare the genome sequences of two bacteria, photobacterium angustum s14 and sphingopyxis alaskensis rb2256, that serve as useful model organisms for copiotrophic and oligotrophic modes of life and specifically relate the genomic features to trophic strategy for these organisms an ...200919805210
effect of quinone on the fluorescence decay dynamics of endogenous flavin bound to bacterial luciferase.the interaction of quinone with luciferase from photobacterium leiognathi was studied based on the fluorescence decay measurements of the endogenous flavin bound to the enzyme. homologous 1,4-quinones, 1,4-benzoquinone, methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1,4-benzoquine and 1,4-naphthoquinone, were investigated. in the absence of quinone, the fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of the endogenous flavin exhibited two intensity decay lifetimes (~1 and 5 ns) and two anisotropy de ...200919162392
comparison between the short-term and the long-term toxicity of six triazine herbicides on photobacteria q67.the bioluminescence inhibition of six triazine herbicides including desmetryne (des), simetryn (sim), velpar (vel), prometon (pro), metribuzin (met), and aminotriazine (ami) on vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-q67 (q67) was determined to investigate the effects of exposure duration on the ecotoxicological relevance of triazine herbicides. based on the short-term microplate toxicity analysis (mta), a long-term mta was established to assess the impact of exposure time on the toxicities of the herbicides. t ...200919203776
bioluminescence intensity difference observed in luminous bacteria groups with different motility.the aim of this study was to compare the luminescent intensity of bioluminescence from marine luminous bacteria with different motility.200919207857
combined photobacterium toxicity of herbicide mixtures containing one insecticide.to test whether the dose-addition (da) model can predict the combined toxicity of the mixtures of herbicides that coexisted with insecticide(s), we selected five herbicides (simetryn, prometon, bromacil, velpar, and diquat) and one organophosphorus insecticide (dichlorvos) as the test components. the inhibition toxicities of the six pesticides as well as those of their mixtures to vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-q67 were determined by using the microplate toxicity test procedure. the dose-response curve ...200919215957
detection of bacterioplankton in immersed cadavers using selective agar plates.we measured bacterioplankton in blood from cadavers retrieved from the sea (n=12), near estuaries (n=4), rivers (fresh water, n=8) and from bathtubs (n=4) as well as from non-drowned victims (n=10) discovered near aquatic environments. blood from 11 victims drowned in seawater developed bioluminescent and/or blue colonies (oxidase test positive) on selective media containing 2-4% nacl. homology analyses of the 16s rrna gene showed that all of them were marine bacteria (genera: photobacterium, vi ...200919261520
evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles.since society at large became aware of the use of nanomaterials in ever growing quantities in consumer products and their presence in the environment, critical interest in the impact of this emerging technology has grown. the main concern is whether the unknown risks of engineered nanoparticles (nps), in particular their impact on health and environment, outweighs their established benefits for society. therefore, a key issue in this field is to evaluate their potential toxicity. in this context ...200919264345
piscidin 4, a novel member of the piscidin family of antimicrobial peptides.piscidins are linear, amphipathic, antimicrobial peptides (amps) with broad, potent, activity spectrum. piscidins and other members of the piscidin family appear to comprise the most common group of amps in teleost fish. all piscidins and related members of the piscidin family described to date are 18-26 amino acids long.we report here the isolation of a novel 5329.25 da, 44-residue (ffrhlfrgakaifrgarqgxrahkvvsryrnrdvpetdnnqeep) antimicrobial peptide from hybrid striped bass (morone chrysops fem ...200919266617
photobacterium damsela wound infection in a 14-year-old surfer.photobacterium damsela (p damsela) is a common marine bacterium. rare reports of p damsela causing septicemia and wound infection have been described in children. we report a case of photobacterium damsela isolated from a wound culture taken from a 14-year-old male injured after a minor trauma while surfing. we alert physicians to this infection and the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for wound infection following seawater injury.200919279534
effect of increasing nitrobenzene loading rates on the performance of anaerobic migrating blanket reactor and sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor/completely stirred tank reactor system.a laboratory scale anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (ambr) reactor was operated at nitrobenzene (nb) loading rates increasing from 3.33 to 66.67 g nb/m(3)day and at a constant hydraulic retention time (hrt) of 6 days to observe the effects of increasing nb concentrations on chemical oxygen demand (cod), nb removal efficiencies, bicarbonate alkalinity, volatile fatty acid (vfa) accumulation and methane gas percentage. moreover, the effect of an aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (cstr) re ...200919286317
induction of the histidine decarboxylase genes of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (formally p. histaminum) at low ph.to elucidate the detailed mechanism of histamine production by photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae.200919302297
the nonrandom microheterogeneity of 16s rrna genes in vibrio splendidus may reflect adaptation to versatile lifestyles.16s rrna molecules in a microbial strain can differ due to nucleotide variation between their genes. this is a typical trait of fast-growing bacteria to cope with different niches. we investigated characteristics of 16s rrna genes in vibrio splendidus strain pb1-10, from the normal flora of atlantic halibut. sequencing of 16s rrna gene clones detected 35 variable positions in a total of 13 different gene copies. more than two-thirds of the substitutions occurred in regions corresponding to helix ...200919341395
photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in danish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), mariculture.a selection of 16 field isolates of photobacterium damselae from marine rainbow trout farms in denmark was subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization and pathogenicity to fish. all isolates belonged to the subspecies damselae, being positive for haemolysis, motility and urease. there were considerable differences in haemolytic properties, some isolates presenting a broad zone of haemolysis and others only a narrow zone. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a high diversity indic ...200919364386
utilization of mucus from the coral acropora palmata by the pathogen serratia marcescens and by environmental and coral commensal bacteria.in recent years, diseases of corals caused by opportunistic pathogens have become widespread. how opportunistic pathogens establish on coral surfaces, interact with native microbiota, and cause disease is not yet clear. this study compared the utilization of coral mucus by coral-associated commensal bacteria ("photobacterium mandapamensis" and halomonas meridiana) and by opportunistic serratia marcescens pathogens. s. marcescens pdl100 (a pathogen associated with white pox disease of acroporid c ...200919395569
characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions and its relationship with the disinfection by-product formation.dissolved organic matter (dom) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products (dbps) formation during chlorination. recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of dom influence the dbps formation mechanism. a study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of dom fractions on dbps formation mechanism. in the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes (tthm) because of the v(c-o) and unsaturated structures. furthe ...200919402400
expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant putative periplasmic hemin-binding protein (hutb) of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.hutb, the periplasmic hemin binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, was produced as a recombinant protein. uv-vis spectrophotometrical analysis showed absorption spectral changes in hemin upon mixing it with the recombinant protein, indicating complex formation. spectrophotometric titration of hutb with hemin showed saturation at a heme/hutb ratio of 1:1 and a binding affinity (k(d)) of 10 microm.200919420687
transferrin and ferritin response to bacterial infection: the role of the liver and brain in fish.iron is essential for growth and survival, but it is also toxic when in excess. thus, there is a tight regulation of iron that is accomplished by the interaction of several genes including the iron transporter transferrin and iron storage protein ferritin. these genes are also known to be involved in response to infection. the aim of this study was to understand the role of transferrin and ferritin in infection and iron metabolism in fish. thus, sea bass transferrin and ferritin h cdnas were iso ...200919428486
catalytic properties of a lipase from photobacterium lipolyticum for biodiesel production containing a high methanol concentration.biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is generated via the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil or animal oil with alcohol. currently, many reports have noted that microbial lipases might be utilized for the production of biodiesel. among them, immobilized candida antarctica lipase b (novozym435) is frequently utilized for its biocatalytic efficiency and availability. however, as the enzyme is unstable in a medium containing high concentrations of methanol, a multi-stepwise methanol supply is ...200919447334
invasion and survival of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in non-phagocytic cells of gilthead sea bream, sparus aurata l.fluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays were used to investigate the ability of four photobacterium damselae subsp. pisicida (phdp) strains to adhere to and to invade the fish epithelial cell line, saf-1, derived from sparus aurata. all strains tested were detected intracellularly using both techniques, although internalization levels varied among strains. treatment with cytochalasin d and experiments carried out at 4 degrees c demonstrated that a functional host cell cytoskelet ...200919460085
crystal structure of alpha/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase from a luminous marine bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum.alpha/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase produced by photobacterium phosphoreum jt-ish-467 is a unique enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of n-acetylneuraminic acid residue from cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid to acceptor carbohydrate groups. the enzyme recognizes both mono- and di-saccharides as acceptor substrates, and can transfer neu5ac to both alpha-galactoside and beta-galactoside, efficiently. to elucidate the structural basis for the broad acceptor substrate speci ...200919467231
multi-gene analysis reveals previously unrecognized phylogenetic diversity in aliivibrio.the "vibrio fischeri species group" recently was reclassified as a new genus, aliivibrio, comprising four species, aliivibrio fischeri, aliivibrio logei, aliivibrio salmonicida, and aliivibrio wodanis. only limited phylogenetic analysis of strains within aliivibrio has been carried out, however, and taxonomic ambiguity is evident within this group, especially for phenotypically unusual strains and certain strains isolated from bioluminescent symbioses. therefore, to examine in depth the evolutio ...200919481895
synthesis of new 2-thio-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives and its antimicrobial activity.a series of novel ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acids 2a-d and esters 3a-l were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. alkylation of potassium 2-thio-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline 1 with halogenocarboxylic acids and its esters proceeded s-regioselectively. during acid catalyzed esterification of 2a-c, degradation of the pyrimidine ring was observed. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by ft-ir, (1)h- and (13)c-nmr, electron impact mass spect ...200919483337
expression and characterization of the periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.abstract cobalamin (vitamin b(12)) is an essential cofactor in a variety of enzymatic reactions and most prokaryotes contain transport systems to import vitamin b(12). a gene coding for a periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was identified by in silico analysis of sequences from a genomic library. the open reading frame was composed of 834 bp encoding a protein of 277 amino acids. the protein showed 61% identity with the vitamin b(12)-binding protein ...200919490395
development of a multiplex pcr assay for photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida identification in fish samples.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of photobacterium damselae and subspecies piscicida and damselae discrimination, with internal amplification control, was developed. assay specificity was assessed by testing 19 target and 25 non-target pure cultures. the detection limit was 500 fg, corresponding to 100 genome equivalents. the optimized protocol was also prevalidated with spleen, kidney and blood samples from infected and uninfected sea bass, without any culture st ...200919500208
photobacterium aquimaris sp. nov., a luminous marine bacterium isolated from seawater.two luminous marine bacteria, strains lc2-065(t) and lc2-102, were isolated from seawater at sagami bay in japan. these bacteria were gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, motile and coccoid-rods. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) using six loci (ftsz, gapa, gyrb, mreb, pyrh and topa) and sequence analysis of the alpha subunit of luciferase (luxa) gene revealed that these bacteria were distinct from other species of the genus photobacterium. th ...200919502330
a novel packaging method with a dissolving co(2) headspace combined with organic acids prolongs the shelf life of fresh salmon.the aim of this study was to evaluate a novel packaging method for fresh fish and to determine its effect on the bacterial growth in fresh salmon. fresh salmon was packed with a small amount of 100% co(2) (gas/product ratio 0.2/1.0 v/v) and a brine solution containing various combinations of citric acid (3% w/w, ph 5), acetic acid (1% w/w, ph 5) and cinnamaldehyde (200 microg/ml). total bacterial counts, counts of sulphur reducing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteriaceae as well as ...200919523706
a concise diels-alder strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-albicanol, (+)-albicanyl acetate, (+)-dihydrodrimenin, and (-)-dihydroisodrimeninol.a short, mild, highly diastereo-, regio-, and stereoselective diels-alder strategy has been developed for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-albicanol, (+)-albicanyl acetate, (+)-dihydrodrimenin, and (-)-dihydroisodrimeninol.200919594165
differentiation of whole bacterial cells based on high-throughput microarray chip printing and infrared microspectroscopic readout.using robotic automation, a microarray printing protocol for whole bacterial cells was developed for subsequent label-free and nondestructive infrared microspectroscopic detection. using this contact microspotting system, 24 microorganisms were printed on zinc selenide slides; these were 6 species of listeria, 10 species of vibrio, 2 strains of photobacterium damselae, yersinia enterocolitica 289, bacillus cereus atcc 14529, staphylococcus aureus, atcc 19075 (serotype 104 b), shigella sonnei 201 ...200919630511
comparative study of immobilized and soluble nadh:fmn-oxidoreductase-luciferase coupled enzyme system.the properties of a coupled enzyme system (nad(p)h:fmn-oxidoreductase and luciferase) from luminous bacteria were studied. the enzymes and their substrates were immobilized in polymer gels of different types: starch (polysaccharide) and gelatin (polypeptide). maximum activity yield (100%) was achieved with the enzymes immobilized in starch gel. an increase in k(m) (app) was observed in both immobilized systems as compared with the soluble coupled enzyme system. immobilization in starch and gelat ...200919645676
innovations in host and microbial sialic acid biosynthesis revealed by phylogenomic prediction of nonulosonic acid structure.sialic acids (sias) are nonulosonic acid (nulo) sugars prominently displayed on vertebrate cells and occasionally mimicked by bacterial pathogens using homologous biosynthetic pathways. it has been suggested that sias were an animal innovation and later emerged in pathogens by convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer. to better illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying the phenomenon of sia molecular mimicry, we performed phylogenomic analyses of biosynthetic pathways for sias and ...200919666579
[toxicity of nitrification substrates and products to photobacterium].in this study, we studied the toxic effect of nitrification substrates and products on photobacterium.200919673411
importance of proteins controlling initiation of dna replication in the growth of the high-pressure-loving bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9.the molecular mechanism(s) by which deep-sea bacteria grow optimally under high hydrostatic pressure at low temperatures is poorly understood. to gain further insight into the mechanism(s), a previous study screened transposon mutant libraries of the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9 and identified mutants which exhibited alterations in growth at high pressure relative to that of the parent strain. two of these mutants, fl23 (pbpra3229::mini-tn10) and fl28 (pbpra1039::mini-tn10), w ...200919700526
remarkable resistance to uvb of the marine bacterium photobacterium angustum explained by an unexpected role of photolyase.dna damage and cell survival was assessed in the marine bacteria, photobacterium angustum (gc%=39.6) and sphingopyxis alaskensis (gc%=65.5) following uvb irradiation and recovery in the presence or absence of visible light. the extent of bipyrimidine photoproduct formation was analyzed by hplc-ms/ms. s. alaskensis was chosen as a reference species since it was previously shown to be photoresistant. interestingly, p. angustum exhibited an even higher level of survival to uvb irradiation than s. a ...200919707619
quality changes of prerigor filleted atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) packaged in modified atmosphere using co2 emitter, traditional map, and vacuum.pieces of prerigor salmon fillets were packaged in modified atmosphere (60% co(2) and 40% n(2)) and in vacuum. the ma packages had a gas to product volume ratio (g/p ratio) of 3/1 (traditional map) and 1/1 (packaged with a co(2) emitter). all the samples were stored at 1.2 degrees c for 25 d. the ma packages had lower bacterial growth during storage compared to vacuum packages. the analyses of 16s rrna at day 22 indicated a similar bacterial diversity, independent of packaging methods, dominated ...200919723208
effect of brining, modified atmosphere packaging, and superchilling on the shelf life of cod (gadus morhua) loins.the aim of these experiments was to evaluate the effect of brining, modified atmosphere packaging (map), and superchilling on the quality changes of cod loins as measured by microbial, sensory, and chemical analysis. unbrined and brined (2.5 +/- 1.0% nacl) cod loins were kept in styrofoam boxes (air) and under modified atmosphere (ma, co(2)/o(2)/n(2): 50/5/45) at 0, -2, and -3.6 degrees c. samples were examined over a 4-wk period. total viable psychrotrophic counts and counts of h(2)s-producing ...200919723210
hormesis response of marine and freshwater luminescent bacteria to metal exposure.the stimulatory effect of low concentrations of toxic chemicals on organismal metabolism, referred to as hormesis, has been found to be common in the widely used luminescence bioassay. this paper aims to study the hormesis phenomenon in both marine and freshwater luminescent bacteria, named photobacterium phosphorem and vibrio qinghaiensis. the effects of cu (ii), zn (ii), cd (ii) and cr (vi) on luminescence of these two bacteria were studied for 0 to 75 minutes exposure by establishing dose- an ...200919746263
prepared bed bioremediation of oily sludge in an oilfield in northern china.field-scale bioremediation of oily sludge in prepared beds was studied at shengli oilfield in northern china. the influence of manure, coarse sand, sawdust, a specialized microbial preparation and greenhouse conditions on the efficiency of removal of oil and grease was evaluated. after bioremediation for 230d, oil and grease content fell by 32-42gkg(-1)dry sludge in treated plots, indicating removal of 27-46% compared with only 15% in the control plot. addition of manure, coarse sand, sawdust an ...200918572312
comparative study of phenol and cyanide containing wastewater in cstr and sbr activated sludge reactors.the objectives of this work were the examination of the performance of two bench scale activated sludge systems, a conventional continuous stirring tank reactor (cstr) and a sequential batch reactor (sbr), for the treatment of wastewaters containing phenol and cyanides and the assessment of the toxicity reduction potential by bioassays. the operation of the reactors was monitored by physicochemical analyses, while detoxification potential of the systems was monitored by two bioassays, the marine ...200918650084
gammaproteobacteria as a possible source of eicosapentaenoic acid in anoxic intertidal sediments.eicosapentaenoic acid (epa; n-20:5omega3) was found to be a constituent of phospholipids in three mesophilic strains of gammaproteobacteria, which were isolated from anoxic most probable number series prepared with sediments from an intertidal flat of the german north sea coast. their partial 16s rrna gene sequences identified the isolates as close relatives of shewanella colwelliana, vibrio splendidus, and photobacterium lipolyticum. so far, eicosapentaenoic acid has mainly been reported to occ ...200918777187
biodegradability and toxicity of sulphonate-based surfactants in aerobic and anaerobic aquatic environments.four types of commonly used sulphonate-based surfactants (alkane sulphonates, alpha-olefin sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and methyl ester sulphonates) were tested for their aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability as well as for their toxicity to daphnia magna and photobacterium phosphoreum to assess the effect of the surfactant structure on those properties. aerobic biodegradation was evaluated by means of the co2 headspace test and anaerobic biodegradation was assessed by a method based on the e ...200918976786
observations on the estrogenic activity and concentration of 17beta-estradiol in the discharges of 12 wastewater treatment plants in southern australia.there is very little information on the overall level of estrogenic activity, or concentrations of specific hormonal compounds in wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) discharges in australia, compared with europe, japan, and north america. to partly address this, in 2004, water samples were collected as "grab" or "spot" samples from 12 wwtp facilities across southern victoria at the point at which effluent enters the environment, either as recycled water or direct discharge to the receiving water. ...200919057835
culturable heterotrophic bacteria in seawater and mytilus galloprovincialis from a mediterranean area (northern ionian sea-italy).although mar piccolo of taranto (ionian sea, italy) is one of the most important mytilus galloprovincialis farming areas, data concerning the natural bacterial microbiota of these mussels and their surrounding environment are still scant. this study was carried out seasonally, throughout a year, to determine culturable heterotrophic bacteria both in the water and mussels samples collected at three sampling sites in the northern ionian sea: s. vito, lido gandoli and lido silvana. culturable heter ...200918301997
[characterization of listonella anguillarum as the aetiological agent of vibriosis occurred in cultured ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) in ninghai country, china].ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) vibriosis threatens ayu aquaculture seriously caused by mass mortality due to severe infections. we characterized the vibriosis pathogen of ayu in ninghai country.200919873758
[effects of antibiotics on bacterial community in shrimp hatchery system].with bacterial 16s rrna gene (rdna) as molecular marker and by using pcr-dgge technique, the fingerprints of bacterial community were constructed to study the effects of applying streptomycin sulfate, terramycin, and penicillin on the bacterial community in shrimp hatchery system. within the 120 h experimental period, significant difference in the diversity of the bacterial community was observed between the treatments applied with 0.5 mg x l(-1) of test antibiotics and the control. in the contr ...200920077718
[quantitative detection of nadh by in vitro bacterial luciferase bioluminescent].the study aimed at establishing the bacterial luciferase: fmn-nadh oxidoreductase bioluminescent system in vitro and evaluating its potential for quantitative detection of nadh.200920030062
synthesis, cytotoxicity by bioluminescence inhibition, antibacterial and antifungal activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acid amides.we report in this work the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acid amides 4-7 in connection with our previous research in the preparation of triazoloquinazoline derivatives. due to simplicity, general availability of starting materials, and high yields, the most reliable method of synthesis appeared to be the one with n,n-carbonyldiimidazole activation stage. the chemical structures of all obtained substances were deduced ...200919882690
bacterial composition and succession during storage of north-atlantic cod (gadus morhua) at superchilled temperatures.the bacteriology during storage of the north-atlantic cod has been investigated for the past decades using conventional cultivation strategies which have generated large amount of information. this paper presents a study where both conventional cultivation and cultivation independent approaches were used to investigate the bacterial succession during storage of cod loins at chilled and superchilled temperatures.200919961579
septicemia progressing to fatal hepatic dysfunction in an cirrhotic patient after oral ingestion of photobacterium damsela: a case report. 200920013095
catabolite regulation of enzymatic activities in a white pox pathogen and commensal bacteria during growth on mucus polymers from the coral acropora palmata.colonization of host mucus surfaces is one of the first steps in the establishment of coral-associated microbial communities. coral mucus contains a sulfated glycoprotein (in which oligosaccharide decorations are connected to the polypeptide backbone by a mannose residue) and molecules that result from its degradation. mucus is utilized as a growth substrate by commensal and pathogenic organisms. two representative coral commensals, photobacterium mandapamensis and halomonas meridiana, differed ...200920095241
dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia oreochromis mossambicus.the effects of supplementing diets with acetone extract (1% w/w) from four medicinal plants (bermuda grass cynodon dactylon, h(1), beal aegle marmelos, h(2), winter cherry withania somnifera, h(3) and ginger zingiber officinale, h(4)) on growth, the non-specific immune response and ability to resist pathogen infection in tilapia oreochromis mossambicus were assessed. in addition, the antimicrobial properties of the extract were assessed against vibrio alginolyticus, vibrioparahaemolyticus, vibri ...200920735646
unnarmicins a and c, new antibacterial depsipeptides produced by marine bacterium photobacterium sp. mbic06485.two new antibiotic depsipeptides, unnarmicins c (1) and a (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine bacterium, photobacterium sp. strain mbic06485. the structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic studies and chiral analyses of its chemical degradation/conversion products, and that of 2 by comparing its nmr, ms, and cd data with those of 1. both compounds selectively inhibited the growth of two strains belonging to the genus pseudovibrio, one of the most prevalent genera in t ...200818305354
vaccination of larvae of the bony fish gilthead seabream reveals a lack of correlation between lymphocyte development and adaptive immunocompetence.fish eggs are released and embryos hatch into a pathogenically hostile environment, at a time when their immunological capacity is severely limited. although the eggs are initially protected by the envelope as well as by several innate and adaptive immune substances, which are transferred to eggs during fish vitellogenesis, it seems that young specimens depend fundamentally on their innate defence mechanisms. here we show in the gilthead seabream, an immunologically tractable teleost fish model, ...200818325592
genomic and functional analysis of icepdaspa1, a fish-pathogen-derived sxt-related integrating conjugative element that can mobilize a virulence plasmid.integrating conjugative elements (ices) are self-transmissible mobile elements that transfer between bacteria via conjugation and integrate into the host chromosome. sxt and related ices became prevalent in asian vibrio cholerae populations in the 1990s and play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in v. cholerae. here, we carried out genomic and functional analyses of icepdaspa1, an sxt-related ice derived from a spanish isolate of photobacterium damselae subsp. ...200818326579
observation of oscillation in bacterial luminescence.oscillation in the bioluminescent intensity from a luminous bacteria suspension was observed. the time course of the luminescence intensity from a suspension containing luminous bacteria was measured. the oscillation mode changed with the liquid broth component. the optical density and dissolved oxygen (do) concentration were measured simultaneously with the luminescence intensity, and a possibility was indicated that both diauxic growth and oxygen reaction-consumption resulted with oscillation.200818332555
three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, carcharhinus taurus (rafinesque). 200818353023
the efficacy and safety of an oil-based vaccine against photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida in yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata): a field study.protection after intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination of yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata) against pasteurellosis was studied in a field trial. yellowtail juveniles captured from the wild or artificially hatched were immunised with an oil-based vaccine against photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, and the fish were observed for 15 weeks after vaccination. outbreak of pasteurellosis was observed at all five sites (mortality in control group ranged from 7% to 77%), and significant (p<0.01) prot ...200818356079
phylogenetic analysis of the incidence of lux gene horizontal transfer in vibrionaceae.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is thought to occur frequently in bacteria in nature and to play an important role in bacterial evolution, contributing to the formation of new species. to gain insight into the frequency of hgt in vibrionaceae and its possible impact on speciation, we assessed the incidence of interspecies transfer of the lux genes (luxcdabeg), which encode proteins involved in luminescence, a distinctive phenotype. three hundred three luminous strains, most of which were recently ...200818359809
shewanella and photobacterium spp. in oysters and seawater from the delaware bay.shewanella algae, s. putrefaciens, and photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae are indigenous marine bacteria and human pathogens causing cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, abscesses, septicemia, and death. infections are rare and are most often associated with the immunocompromised host. a study was performed on the microbiological flora of oysters and seawater from commercial oyster harvesting sites in the delaware bay, new jersey. from 276 water and shellfish samples tested, 1,421 bacterial i ...200818378645
fate and effects of amphoteric surfactants in the aquatic environment.amphoteric surfactants form part of specialty surfactants available for formulators to improve or design new formulations in response to environmental, toxicity, safety and performance demands. nevertheless, limited information on the ecological properties of amphoterics is available. in the present work, the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability and the aquatic toxicity of different types of amphoteric surfactants (three alkyl betaines, one alkylamido betaine and three alkyl imidazoline deriva ...200818456334
evolutionary ecology during the rise of dioxygen in the earth's atmosphere.pre-photosynthetic niches were meagre with a productivity of much less than 10(-4) of modern photosynthesis. serpentinization, arc volcanism and ridge-axis volcanism reliably provided h(2). methanogens and acetogens reacted co(2) with h(2) to obtain energy and make organic matter. these skills pre-adapted a bacterium for anoxygenic photosynthesis, probably starting with h(2) in lieu of an oxygen 'acceptor'. use of ferrous iron and sulphide followed as abundant oxygen acceptors, allowing producti ...200818468980
molecular characterization, phylogeny, and expression of c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (scophthalmus rhombus).lysozymes are key proteins of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. in this study we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (scophthalmus rhombus). catalytic and other conserved residues required for functionality were identified. phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct evolutionary histories for each lysozyme type. expression profiles of both lysozyme genes were studied in juvenile tissues using a real-time pcr approach. c- ...200818479938
identification of a cellobiose utilization gene cluster with cryptic beta-galactosidase activity in vibrio fischeri.cellobiose utilization is a variable trait that is often used to differentiate members of the family vibrionaceae. we investigated how vibrio fischeri es114 utilizes cellobiose and found a cluster of genes required for growth on this beta-1,4-linked glucose disaccharide. this cluster includes genes annotated as a phosphotransferase system ii (cela, celb, and celc), a glucokinase (celk), and a glucosidase (celg). directly downstream of celcbgka is celi, which encodes a laci family regulator that ...200818487409
in vivo morphological and antigenic characteristics of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.the present study was conducted to examine the morphology and antigenicity of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida by culturing the bacterium in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) within dialysis bags with either a low molecular weight (lmw) cut-off of 25 kda or a high molecular weight (hmw) cut-off of 300 kda. differences were observed in the growth rate between the bacteria cultured in vivo or in vitro. bacteria cultured in vivo were smaller and produced a cap ...200818487938
difference of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and pathogenicity potential of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae between clinical and environmental isolates from japan.photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae has been known as an opportunistic pathogen in fish and mammals. human infectious cases are often very serious and occasionally fatal. we previously reportedtwo fatal cases caused by this subspecies where the patients developed multiple organ failure within 20-36 h after the onset of initial symptoms. despite its ability to cause serious infections in humans, this subspecies has not been well studied because human infectious cases caused by this subspecies ...200818554860
susceptibility of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida strains isolated from senegalese sole, solea senegalensis kaup, and gilthead seabream, sparus aurata l., to several antibacterial agents. 200818086037
investigation of sewage sludge stabilization potential by the addition of fly ash and lime.the aim of this work was the examination of stabilization potential of sewage sludge by the addition of fly ash and/or lime and the investigation of the effect of stabilization time on the properties of produced mixtures. five samples were prepared by mixing fly ash, sewage sludge and lime in various ratios and the mixtures were stabilized for a period of 35 d. the addition of alkaline agents resulted in the increase of sample ph up to 12, the increase of total solids content to about 50% and th ...200818093729
bioreactivity of municipal solid waste landfill leachates-hormesis and dna damage.the issue of domestic waste is recognised as one of the most serious environmental problems facing the nation. with the uk producing 35 million tonnes of municipal solid waste per annum, an understanding of the ranges of toxicity of landfill emissions is crucial to determine the degree of concern we should have about the potential effects these waste sites could have upon nearby populations and the surrounding environment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the bioreactivity of landfill leach ...200818155125
luxg is a functioning flavin reductase for bacterial luminescence.the luxg gene is part of the lux operon of marine luminous bacteria. luxg has been proposed to be a flavin reductase that supplies reduced flavin mononucleotide (fmn) for bacterial luminescence. however, this role has never been established because the gene product has not been successfully expressed and characterized. in this study, luxg from photobacterium leiognathi th1 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli in both native and c-terminal his6-tagged forms. sequence analysis indicates th ...200818156264
large-scale transposon mutagenesis of photobacterium profundum ss9 reveals new genetic loci important for growth at low temperature and high pressure.microorganisms adapted to piezopsychrophilic growth dominate the majority of the biosphere that is at relatively constant low temperatures and high pressures, but the genetic bases for the adaptations are largely unknown. here we report the use of transposon mutagenesis with the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium profundum strain ss9 to isolate dozens of mutant strains whose growth is impaired at low temperature and/or whose growth is altered as a function of hydrostatic pressure. in many cases t ...200818156275
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