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expression of hopai interferes with map kinase signalling in magnaporthe oryzae.the pmk1 and mps1 map kinases are essential for appressorium formation and plant infection in magnaporthe oryzae. however, their exact roles during invasive growth are not clear because pmk1 and mps1 mutants are defective in penetration. to further characterize their functions after penetration, in this study we expressed the pseudomonas syringae effector hopai known to inactivate plant map kinases in m. oryzae. constitutive expression of hopai with the rp27 or trpc promoter resulted in defects ...201728799700
structure-function analysis of the fusarium oxysporum avr2 effector allows uncoupling of its immune-suppressing activity from recognition.plant pathogens employ effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (fol), the causal agent of tomato wilt disease, produces effector protein avr2. besides being a virulence factor, avr2 triggers immunity in i-2 carrying tomato (solanum lycopersicum). fol strains that evade i-2 recognition carry point mutations in avr2 (e.g. avr2(r45h) ), but retain full virulence. here we investigate the virulence function of avr2 and determine its crystal structure. transg ...201728857169
alteration of cell wall xylan acetylation trigger defense responses that counterbalance the immune deficiencies of plants impaired in the β subunit of the heterotrimeric g protein.arabidopsis heterotrimeric g protein complex modulates pathogen associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and disease resistance responses to different type of pathogens. it also plays a role in plant cell wall integrity as mutants impaired in the gβ (agb1-2) or gγ subunits have an altered wall composition compared to wild-type plants. here we performed a mutant screen to identify suppressors of agb1-2 (sgb) that restore susceptibility to pathogens to wild-type levels. out of the fou ...201728792629
silencing of atrap, a target gene of a bacteria-induced small rna, triggers antibacterial defense responses through activation of lsu2 and down-regulation of glk1.plants fine-tune their sophisticated immunity systems in response to pathogen infections. we previously showed that atlsirna-1, a bacteria-induced plant endogenous small interfering rna, silences the atrap gene, which encodes a putative rna binding protein. in this study, we demonstrate that atrap functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity by characterizing molecular and biological responses of the knockout mutant and overexpression lines of atrap upon bacterial infection. atrap is loca ...201728656601
network analysis reveals a common host-pathogen interaction pattern in arabidopsis immune responses.many plant pathogens secrete virulence effectors into host cells to target important proteins in host cellular network. however, the dynamic interactions between effectors and host cellular network have not been fully understood. here, an integrative network analysis was conducted by combining arabidopsis thaliana protein-protein interaction network, known targets of pseudomonas syringae and hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effectors, and gene expression profiles in the immune response. in particu ...201728611808
testing differences between pathogen compositions with small samples and sparse data.the structure of pathogen populations is an important driver of epidemics affecting crops and natural plant communities. comparing the composition of two pathogen populations consisting of assemblages of genotypes or phenotypes is a crucial, recurrent question encountered in many studies in plant disease epidemiology. determining whether there is a significant difference between two sets of proportions is also a generic question for numerous biological fields. when samples are small and data are ...201728677479
resistance to powdery mildew8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity against multiple pathogens in arabidopsis and rice.the arabidopsis gene resistance to powdery mildew8.1 (rpw8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we show that ectopic expression of rpw8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity (pti) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both arabidopsis and rice. in arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of rpw8.1-yfp con ...201728640974
sde5, a putative rna export protein, participates in plant innate immunity through a flagellin-dependent signaling pathway in arabidopsis.in eukaryotes, rna silencing, mediated by small interfering rnas, is an evolutionarily widespread and versatile silencing mechanism that plays an important role in various biological processes. increasing evidences suggest that various components of rna silencing pathway are involved in plant defense machinery against microbial pathogens in arabidopsis thaliana. here, we show genetic and molecular evidence that arabidopsis sde5 is required to generate an effective resistance against the biotroph ...201728851870
the sal-pap chloroplast retrograde pathway contributes to plant immunity by regulating glucosinolate pathway and phytohormone signaling.chloroplasts have a crucial role in plant immunity against pathogens. increasing evidence suggests that phytopathogens target chloroplast homeostasis as a pathogenicity mechanism. in order to regulate the performance of chloroplasts under stress conditions, chloroplasts produce retrograde signals to alter nuclear gene expression. many signals for the chloroplast retrograde pathway have been identified, including chlorophyll intermediates, reactive oxygen species, and metabolic retrograde signals ...201728703028
the ferric uptake regulator fur is conditionally essential in pseudomonas aeruginosa.in pseudomonas aeruginosa the ferric uptake regulator protein (fur) controls both metabolism and virulence in response to iron availability. differently from other bacteria, attempts to obtain fur deletion mutants in p. aeruginosa failed, leading to the assumption that fur is an essential protein in this bacterium. by investigating a p. aeruginosa fur conditional mutant, we demonstrate that fur is not essential for p. aeruginosa growth in liquid media, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity in an ...201728847923
pseudomonas predators: understanding and exploiting phage-host interactions.species in the genus pseudomonas thrive in a diverse set of ecological niches and include crucial pathogens, such as the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa and the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae. the bacteriophages that infect pseudomonas spp. mirror the widespread and diverse nature of their hosts. therefore, pseudomonas spp. and their phages are an ideal system to study the molecular mechanisms that govern virus-host interactions. furthermore, phages are principal catalysts of host evo ...201728649138
in-silico taxonomic classification of 373 genomes reveals species misidentification and new genospecies within the genus pseudomonas.the genus pseudomonas has one of the largest diversity of species within the bacteria kingdom. to date, its taxonomy is still being revised and updated. due to the non-standardized procedure and ambiguous thresholds at species level, largely based on 16s rrna gene or conventional biochemical assay, species identification of publicly available pseudomonas genomes remains questionable. in this study, we performed a large-scale analysis of all pseudomonas genomes with species designation (excluding ...201728747902
studies on the o-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from the pseudomonas mediterranea strain c5p1rad1, a bacterium pathogenic of tomato and chrysanthemum.an o-specific polysaccharide (ops) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas mediterranea strain c5p1rad1, the causal agents of tomato pith necrosis and chrysanthemum stem rot, and studied by one- and two-dimensional (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following structure of the trisaccharide repeating unit of the ops was established, which, to our knowledge, is unique among the known bacterial polysaccharide structures: →4)-β-d-manpnac3naca-(1 → 4)-β-d-manpnac3naca-(1 → 3)-α-d-qu ...201728601025
knots untie: molecular determinants involved in knot formation induced by pseudomonas savastanoi in woody hosts.the study of the molecular basis of tree diseases is lately receiving a renewed attention, especially with the emerging perception that pathogens require specific pathogenicity and virulence factors to successfully colonize woody hosts. pathosystems involving woody plants are notoriously difficult to study, although the use of model bacterial strains together with genetically homogeneous micropropagated plant material is providing a significant impetus to our understanding of the molecular deter ...201728680437
suppression of plant immune responses by the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii effector tyrosine phosphatases hopao1 and hopao2.the effector repertoire of the olive pathogen p. savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 includes two members of the hopao effector family, one of the most diverse t3e families of the p. syringae complex. the study described here explores the phylogeny of these dissimilar members, hopao1 and hopao2, among the complex and reveals their activities as immune defense suppressors. although hopao1 is predominantly encoded by phylogroup 3 strains isolated from woody organs of woody hosts, both hopao1 and ...201728529516
transcriptome changes in arabidopsis thaliana infected with pseudomonas syringae during drought recovery.field-grown plants experience cycles of drought stress and recovery due to variation in soil moisture status. physiological, biochemical and transcriptome responses instigated by recovery are expected to be different from drought stress and non-stressed state. such responses can further aid or antagonize the plant's interaction with the pathogen. however, at molecular level, not much is known about plant-pathogen interaction during drought recovery. in the present study, we performed a microarra ...201728831155
plc2 regulates mamp-triggered immunity by modulating ros production in arabidopsis.the activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) is one of the earliest responses triggered by the recognition of several microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) in plants. the arabidopsis pi-plc gene family is composed of nine members. previous studies suggested a role for plc2 in mamp-triggered immunity (mti) as it is rapidly phosphorylated in vivo upon treatment with the bacterial mamp flg22. here we analyzed the role of plc2 in plant immunity using an artificial mic ...201728827453
phytohormone and putative defense gene expression differentiates the response of 'hayward' kiwifruit to psa and pfm infections.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) and pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (pfm) are closely related pathovars infecting kiwifruit, but psa is considered one of the most important global pathogens, whereas pfm is not. in this study of actinidia deliciosa 'hayward' responses to the two pathovars, the objective was to test whether differences in plant defense responses mounted against the two pathovars correlated with the contrasting severity of the symptoms caused by them. results sh ...201728824694
a conserved ear motif is required for avirulence and stability of the ralstonia solanacearum effector popp2 in planta.ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease in many high value solanaceae crops. r. solanacearum secretes around 70 effectors into host cells in order to promote infection. plants have, however, evolved specialized immune receptors that recognize corresponding effectors and confer qualitative disease resistance. in the model species arabidopsis thaliana, the paired immune receptors rrs1 (resistance to ralstonia solanacearum 1) and rps4 (resistance to pseu ...201728824668
tyrosine-610 in the receptor kinase bak1 does not play a major role in brassinosteroid signaling or innate immunity.the plasma membrane-localized bri1-associated kinase1 (bak1) functions as a co-receptor with several receptor kinases including the brassinosteroid (br) receptor brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (bri1), which is involved in growth, and the receptors for bacterial flagellin and ef-tu, flagellin-sensing 2 (fls2) and ef-tu receptor (efr), respectively, which are involved in immunity. bak1 is a dual specificity protein kinase that can autophosphorylate on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. it was ...201728824659
stomate-based defense and environmental cues.environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants. for instance, many bacterial disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. a critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds or natural openings, such as stomata. bacterium-triggered stomatal closure is an integral part of the plant immune response to reduce pathogen invasion. recently, we found that high humidity compromises stomatal defense, which is ...201728816601
holaphyllamine, a steroid, is able to induce defense responses in arabidopsis thaliana and increases resistance against bacterial infection.a chemical screen of plant-derived compounds identified holaphyllamine, a steroid, able to trigger defense responses in arabidopsis thaliana and improve resistance against the pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000. a chemical screen of 1600 plant-derived compounds was conducted and allowed the identification of a steroid able to activate defense responses in a. thaliana at a concentration of 1 µm without altering growth. the identified compound is holaphyllamine (hpa) whose ...201728815300
age-related resistance in arabidopsis thaliana involves the mads-domain transcription factor short vegetative phase and direct action of salicylic acid on pseudomonas syringae.arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a developmentally regulated disease-resistance response known as age-related resistance (arr), a process that requires intercellular accumulation of salicylic acid (sa), which is thought to act as an antimicrobial agent. arr is characterized by enhanced resistance to some pathogens at the late adult-vegetative and reproductive stages. while the transition to flowering does not cause the onset of arr, both processes involve the mads-domain transcription factor short ...201728812948
occurrence and epidemics of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in korea.bacterial canker is the largest limiting factor in the cultivation and production of kiwifruit worldwide. typical symptoms comprise necrotic spots on leaves, canker and dieback on canes and trunks, twig wilting, and blossom necrosis. pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa), which is the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker, is divided into four biovars based on multilocus sequence analysis of different genes, additional pcr testing of pathogenic genes (argktox cluster, cfl, and various e ...201728811752
a plant effector-triggered immunity signaling sector is inhibited by pattern-triggered immunity.since signaling machineries for two modes of plant-induced immunity, pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti), extensively overlap, pti and eti signaling likely interact. in an arabidopsis quadruple mutant, in which four major sectors of the signaling network, jasmonate, ethylene, pad4, and salicylate, are disabled, the hypersensitive response (hr) typical of eti is abolished when the pseudomonas syringae effector avrrpt2 is bacterially delivered but is intact when ...201728811287
photochemical formation of chitosan-stabilized near-infrared-absorbing silver nanoworms: a "green" synthetic strategy and activity on gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.a facile, single-step, non-seeded photochemical protocol for producing a new type of anisotropic silver nanostructure, "nanoworms", with curved longer dimensions and smooth, rounded edges. the nanoworms exhibit surface plasmon resonance (spr) absorption in the near-infrared window (nirw) region and are stabilized using biocompatible polymer chitosan, rendering biocompatibility and amplified safety for biological utility of the composition. both nirw-absorbing nanoworms and visible-absorbing nano ...201728810197
signaling from the plasma-membrane localized plant immune receptor rpm1 requires self-association of the full-length protein.plants evolved intracellular immune receptors that belong to the nod-like receptor (nlr) family to recognize the presence of pathogen-derived effector proteins. nlrs possess an n-terminal toll-like/il-1 receptor (tir) or a non-tir domain [some of which contain coiled coils (ccs)], a central nucleotide-binding (nb-arc) domain, and a c-terminal leucine-rich repeat (lrr). activation of nlr proteins results in a rapid and high-amplitude immune response, eventually leading to host cell death at the i ...201728808003
global temporal dynamic landscape of pathogen-mediated subversion of arabidopsis innate immunity.the universal nature of networks' structural and physical properties across diverse systems offers a better prospect to elucidate the interplay between a system and its environment. in the last decade, several large-scale transcriptome and interactome studies were conducted to understand the complex and dynamic nature of interactions between arabidopsis and its bacterial pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. we took advantage of these publicly available datasets and performed "-omics ...201728798368
structures and mechanisms of the non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme: substrate binding creates a twist.the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2 is a member of the mononuclear nonheme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2og)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. efe converts 2og into ethylene plus three co2 molecules while also catalyzing the c5 hydroxylation of l-arginine (l-arg) driven by the oxidative decarboxylation of 2og to form succinate and co2. here we report 11 x-ray crystal structures of efe that provide insight into the mechanisms of these two reactions. bind ...201728780854
constitutive activity of the arabidopsis map kinase 3 confers resistance to pseudomonas syringae and drives robust immune responses.mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) are known to be important mediators of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. in a recent report, we enlarged the understanding of the arabidopsis thaliana mpk3 functions showing that the expression of a constitutively active (ca) form of the protein led to auto-immune phenotypes. ca-mpk3 plants are dwarf and display defense responses that are characterized by the accumulation of salicylic acid and phytoalexins as well as by the upregulation of ...201728766995
prr2, a pseudo-response regulator, promotes salicylic acid and camalexin accumulation during plant immunity.calcium signalling mediated by calmodulin (cam) and calmodulin-like (cml) proteins is critical to plant immunity. cam and cml regulate a wide range of target proteins and cellular responses. while many cam-binding proteins have been identified, few have been characterized for their specific role in plant immunity. here, we report new data on the biological function of a cml-interacting partner, prr2 (pseudo-response regulator 2), a plant specific transcription factor. until now, the physiologica ...201728765536
the accumulation of β-aminobutyric acid is controlled by the plant's immune system.endogenous levels of β-aminobutyric acid (baba) increase after the molecular recognition of pathogen presence. baba is accumulated differently during resistance or susceptibility to disease. the priming molecule β-aminobutyric acid has been recently shown to be a natural product of plants, and this has provided significance to the previous discovery of a perception mechanism in arabidopsis. baba levels were found to increase after abiotic stress or infection with virulent pathogens, but the role ...201728762076
a novel family of proline/serine-rich proteins, which are phospho-targets of stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases, differentially regulates growth and pathogen defense in arabidopsis thaliana.the molecular actions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are ultimately accomplished by the substrate proteins where phosphorylation affects their molecular properties and function(s), but knowledge regarding plant mapk substrates is currently still fragmentary. here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized protein family consisting of three proline/serine-rich proteins (prps) that are substrates of stress-related mapks. we demonstrated the importance of a mapk docking domain necessa ...201728755319
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pdd-32b-74, a model strain for ice-nucleation studies in the atmosphere.we report here the whole genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pdd-32b-74, a gammaproteobacterium isolated from cloud water. this microorganism is equipped with ice-nucleation protein and biosurfactant genes that could potentially be involved in physicochemical processes in the atmosphere and clouds.201728751406
genome-wide linkage and association mapping of halo blight resistance in common bean to race 6 of the globally important bacterial pathogen.pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (psph) race 6 is a globally prevalent and broadly virulent bacterial pathogen with devastating impact causing halo blight of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.). common bean lines pi 150414 and cal 143 are known sources of resistance against this pathogen. we constructed high-resolution linkage maps for three recombinant inbred populations to map resistance to psph race 6 derived from the two common bean lines. this was complemented with a genome-wide associ ...201728736566
sg2-type r2r3-myb transcription factor myb15 controls defense-induced lignification and basal immunity in arabidopsis.lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. however, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. here, we demonstrate the arabidopsis thaliana sg2-type r2r3-myb transcription factor myb15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. loss of myb15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of myb15 increases li ...201728733420
a non-targeted metabolomics approach unravels the vocs associated with the tomato immune response against pseudomonas syringae.volatile organic compounds (vocs) emitted by plants are secondary metabolites that mediate the plant interaction with pathogens and herbivores. these compounds may perform direct defensive functions, i.e., acting as antioxidant, antibacterial, or antifungal agents, or indirectly by signaling the activation of the plant's defensive responses. using a non-targeted gc-ms metabolomics approach, we identified the profile of the vocs associated with the differential immune response of the rio grande t ...201728725238
comparative study of arabidopsis pbs1 and a wheat pbs1 homolog helps understand the mechanism of pbs1 functioning in innate immunity.arabidopsis avrpphb susceptible1 (pbs1) serves as a "decoy" in activating resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 (rps5) upon cleavage by pseudomonas phaseolicola b (avrpphb), a pseudomonas syringae effector. the semph motif in pbs1 was thought to allow it to be distinguished by rps5 from the closely related arabidopsis kinases. however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. here, we isolated and characterized a wheat pbs1 homolog, tapbs1. although this plasma membrane-localized kinase c ...201728710392
the ecf sigma factor, pspto_1043, in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 is induced by oxidative stress and regulates genes involved in oxidative stress response.the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae adapts to changes in the environment by modifying its gene expression profile. in many cases, the response is mediated by the activation of extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma factors that direct rna polymerase to transcribe specific sets of genes. in this study we focus on pspto_1043, one of ten ecf sigma factors in p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (dc3000). pspto_1043, together with pspto_1042, encode an rpoersp/chrr-like sigma/anti-sigma factor ...201728700608
bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of an ancient herbal medicine, dandelion (taraxacum officinale), evaluation of their antioxidant, anticancer potential, and antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens.in recent years, the use of nanoparticle-based antimicrobials has been increased due to many advantages over conventional agrochemicals. this study investigates the utilization of common medicinal plant dandelion, taraxacum officinale, for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (tol-agnps). agnps were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against two important phytopathogens, xanthomonas axonopodis and pseudomonas syringae. the morphology, size, and structure of tol-agnps were characterized using ...201728699009
a lectin receptor-like kinase mediates pattern-triggered salicylic acid signaling.plant surface-localized pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) perceive conserved microbial features, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), resulting in disease resistance. pamp perception leads to calcium influx, mapk activation, a burst of reactive oxygen species (ros) mediated by rbohd, accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid (sa), and callose deposition. lectin receptor-like kinases (lecrks) belong to a specific prr family and are important players in plant innate ...201728696275
an essential role for the vast domain of the arabidopsis vad1 protein in the regulation of defense and cell death in response to pathogens.several regulators of programmed cell death (pcd) have been identified in plants which encode proteins with putative lipid-binding domains. among them, vad1 (vascular associated death) contains a novel protein domain called vast (vad1 analog star-related lipid transfer) still uncharacterized. the arabidopsis mutant vad1-1 has been shown to exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype with light-conditional appearance of propagative hypersensitive response-like lesions along the vascular system, associated w ...201728683084
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 polymutants deploying coronatine and two type iii effectors produce quantifiable chlorotic spots from individual bacterial colonies in nicotiana benthamiana leaves.primary virulence factors of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 include the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) and a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type iii secretion system (t3ss). dc3000 derivatives differentially producing cor, the t3ss machinery, and subsets of key effectors were constructed and assayed in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana. bacteria were inoculated by dipping of whole plants and assayed for population growth and production of chlorotic spots o ...201728677296
effector translocation: cya reporter assay.an accurate and complete roster of the type iii effector (t3e) proteins translocated by the p. syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss) into host cells is critical to understanding the pathogen's interactions with plants. the adenylate cyclase (cya) reporter offers a highly sensitive and robust assay for monitoring the translocation of t3es. t3es are fused to the calmodulin-dependent adenylate-cyclase domain of cyaa. the t3e targets cya for translocation through the t3ss into the host cell at w ...201728667631
pathogen exploitation of an abscisic acid- and jasmonate-inducible mapk phosphatase and its interception by arabidopsis immunity.phytopathogens promote virulence by, for example, exploiting signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones such as abscisic acid (aba) and jasmonate (ja). some plants can counteract pathogen virulence by invoking a potent form of immunity called effector-triggered immunity (eti). here, we report that aba and ja mediate inactivation of the immune-associated map kinases (mapks), mpk3 and mpk6, in arabidopsis thaliana aba induced expression of genes encoding the protein phosphatases 2c (pp2cs), hai1 ...201728652328
analysis of the zar1 immune complex reveals determinants for immunity and molecular interactions.plants depend on innate immunity to prevent disease. plant pathogenic bacteria, like pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas campestris, use the type iii secretion system as a molecular syringe to inject type iii secreted effector (t3se) proteins in plants. the primary function of most t3ses is to suppress immunity; however, the plant can evolve nucleotide-binding domain-leucine-rich repeat domain-containing proteins to recognize specific t3ses. the atzar1 nlr induces strong defense responses again ...201728652264
jmj27, an arabidopsis h3k9 histone demethylase, modulates defense against pseudomonas syringae and flowering time.histone methylation is known to dynamically regulate diverse developmental and physiological processes. histone methyl marks are written by methyltransferases and erased by demethylases, and result in modification of chromatin structure to repress or activate transcription. however, little is known about how histone methylation may regulate defense mechanisms and flowering time in plants. here we report characterization of jmjc domain-containing protein 27 (jmj27), an arabidopsis jhdm2 (jmjc dom ...201728650521
regulation of growth-defense balance by the jasmonate zim-domain (jaz)-myc transcriptional module.the plant hormone jasmonate (ja) promotes the degradation of jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins to relieve repression on diverse transcription factors (tfs) that execute ja responses. however, little is known about how combinatorial complexity among jaz-tf interactions maintains control over myriad aspects of growth, development, reproduction, and immunity. we used loss-of-function mutations to define epistatic interactions within the core ja signaling pathway and to investigate the contributio ...201728649719
say hello to my little friends: how microbiota can modulate tree health. 201728631327
spatiotemporal monitoring of pseudomonas syringae effectors via type iii secretion using split fluorescent protein fragments.pathogenic gram-negative bacteria cause serious diseases in animals and plants. these bacterial pathogens use the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver effector proteins into host cells; these effectors then localize to different subcellular compartments to attenuate immune responses by altering biological processes of the host cells. the fluorescent protein (fp)-based approach to monitor effectors secreted from bacteria into the host cells is not possible because the folded fp prevents ef ...201728619883
interplay of pathogen-induced defense responses and symbiotic establishment in medicago truncatula.suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. in this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. a pathogenic bacterium, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 (pst dc3000), was shown to cause chlorosis in medicago truncatula a17. sinorhizobium meliloti strain sm2011 (sm2011) and ...201728611764
direct and indirect visualization of bacterial effector delivery into diverse plant cell types during infection.to cause disease, diverse pathogens deliver effector proteins into host cells. pathogen effectors can inhibit defense responses, alter host physiology, and represent important cellular probes to investigate plant biology. however, effector function and localization have primarily been investigated after overexpression in planta. visualizing effector delivery during infection is challenging due to the plant cell wall, autofluorescence, and low effector abundance. here, we used a gfp strand system ...201728600390
correction to biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2. 201728590751
surface inoculation and quantification of pseudomonas syringae population in the arabidopsis leaf apoplast.bacterial pathogens must enter the plant tissue in order to cause a successful infection. foliar bacterial pathogens that are not able to directly penetrate the plant epidermis rely on wounds or natural openings to internalize leaves. this protocol describes a procedure to estimate the population size of pseudomonas syringae in the leaf apoplast after surface inoculation of arabidopsis rosettes.201728573169
temperature-mediated biosynthesis of the phytotoxin phaseolotoxin by pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola depends on the autoregulated expression of the phtabc genes.pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola produces phaseolotoxin in a temperature dependent manner, being optimally synthesized between 18°c and 20°c, while no detectable amounts are present above 28°c. the pht cluster, involved in the biosynthesis of phaseolotoxin, contains 23 genes that are organized in five transcriptional units. the function of most of the genes from the pht cluster is still unknown and little information about the regulatory circuitry leading to expression of these genes has be ...201728570637
atmospheric co2 alters resistance of arabidopsis to pseudomonas syringae by affecting abscisic acid accumulation and stomatal responsiveness to coronatine.atmospheric co2 influences plant growth and stomatal aperture. effects of high or low co2 levels on plant disease resistance are less well understood. here, resistance of arabidopsis thaliana against the foliar pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) was investigated at three different co2 levels: high (800 ppm), ambient (450 ppm), and low (150 ppm). under all conditions tested, infection by pst resulted in stomatal closure within 1 h after inoculation. however, subsequent stomatal ...201728559899
pseudomonas caspiana sp. nov., a citrus pathogen in the pseudomonas syringae phylogenetic group.in a screening by multilocus sequence analysis of pseudomonas strains isolated from diverse origins, 4 phylogenetically closely related strains (fbf58, fbf102(t), fbf103, and fbf122) formed a well-defined cluster in the pseudomonas syringae phylogenetic group. the strains were isolated from citrus orchards in northern iran with disease symptoms in the leaves and stems and its pathogenicity against citrus plants was demonstrated. the whole genome of the type strain of the proposed new species (fb ...201728552245
cbl-interacting protein kinase 6 negatively regulates immune response to pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis.cytosolic calcium ion (ca2+) is an essential mediator of the plant innate immune response. here, we report that a calcium-regulated protein kinase calcineurin b-like protein (cbl)-interacting protein kinase 6 (cipk6) functions as a negative regulator of immunity against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis thaliana. arabidopsis lines with compromised expression of cipk6 exhibited enhanced disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen and to p. syringae harboring certain but ...201728541442
the tomato kinase pti1 contributes to production of reactive oxygen species in response to two flagellin-derived peptides and promotes resistance to pseudomonas syringae infection.the pti1 kinase was identified from a reverse genetic screen as contributing to pattern-triggered immunity (pti) against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst). the tomato genome has two pti1 genes, referred to as pti1a and pti1b. a hairpin-pti1 (hppti1) construct was developed and was used to generate two independent stable transgenic tomato lines that had reduced transcript abundance of both genes. in response to p. syringae pv. tomato inoculation, these hppti1 plants developed more severe dise ...201728535079
transgenerational defense priming for crop protection against plant pathogens: a hypothesis.throughout evolution, plants have developed diverse mechanisms of defense that "prime" their innate immune system for more robust and active induction of defense responses against different types of stress. nowadays there are numerous reports concerning the molecular bases of priming, as well as the generational priming mechanisms. information concerning transgenerational priming, however, remains deficient. some reports have indicated, nonetheless, that the priming status of a plant can be inhe ...201728523009
genetic interaction between arabidopsis qpm3.1 locus and bacterial effector gene hopw1-1 underlies natural variation in quantitative disease resistance to pseudomonas infection.wide quantitative variation in plant disease resistance across arabidopsis wild populations has been documented and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. to investigate the genetic and molecular basis of this variation, arabidopsis recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived from aa-0 × col-0 and gie-0 × col-0 crosses were constructed and used for inoculation with pseudomonas syringae pathovars maculicola es4326 (es4326) and tomato dc3000 (dc3000). bacterial growth assays revealed contin ...201728523008
flagellin peptide flg22 gains access to long-distance trafficking in arabidopsis via its receptor, fls2.diverse pathogen-derived molecules, such as bacterial flagellin and its conserved peptide flg22, are recognized in plants via plasma membrane receptors and induce both local and systemic immune responses. the fate of such ligands was unknown: whether and by what mechanism(s) they enter plant cells and whether they are transported to distal tissues. we used biologically active fluorophore and radiolabeled peptides to establish that flg22 moves to distal organs with the closest vascular connection ...201728521013
a rapid seedling resistance assay identifies wild tomato lines that are resistant to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato race 1.bacterial speck caused by pseudomonas syringae has historically been controlled by the pto/prf gene cluster. emerging strains like p. syringae pv. tomato race 1 overcome resistance conferred by pto/prf, and can cause serious crop loss under appropriate environmental conditions. we developed a rapid assay to screen wild tomato seedlings for resistance to p. syringae pv. tomato race 1. we established the seedling resistance assay using the well-characterized p. syringae pv. tomato race 0 strain, d ...201728517960
an hplc-based method to quantify coronatine production by bacteria.coronatine is a polyketide phytotoxin produced by several pathovars of the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae. it is one of the most important virulence factors determining the success of bacterial pathogenesis in the plant at both epiphytic and endophytic stages of the disease cycle. this protocol describes an optimized procedure to culture bacterial cells for coronatine production and to quantify the amount of coronatine secreted in the culture medium using an hplc-based method.201728516126
a calmodulin-like protein regulates plasmodesmal closure during bacterial immune responses.plants sense microbial signatures via activation of pattern recognition receptors (pprs), which trigger a range of cellular defences. one response is the closure of plasmodesmata, which reduces symplastic connectivity and the capacity for direct molecular exchange between host cells. plasmodesmal flux is regulated by a variety of environmental cues but the downstream signalling pathways are poorly defined, especially the way in which calcium regulates plasmodesmal closure. here, we identify that ...201728513846
functional characterization of key residues in regulatory proteins hrpg and hrpv of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to transfer effector proteins into the host. the expression of t3ss proteins is controlled by the hrpl σ factor. transcription of hrpl is σ(54)-dependent and bacterial enhancer-binding proteins hrpr and hrps coactivate the hrpl promoter. the hrpv protein imposes negative control upon hrpr and hrps through direct interaction with hrps. hrpg interacts with hrpv and relieves such negative control. the ...201728488468
complete sequence and comparative genomic analysis of eight native pseudomonas syringae plasmids belonging to the ppt23a family.the ppt23a family of plasmids appears to be indigenous to the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae and these plasmids are widely distributed and widely transferred among pathovars of p. syringae and related species. ppt23a-family plasmids (pfps) are sources of accessory genes for their hosts that can include genes important for virulence and epiphytic colonization of plant leaf surfaces. the occurrence of repeated sequences including duplicated insertion sequences on pfps has made obtaining close ...201728486968
respective contribution of cml8 and cml9, two arabidopsis calmodulin-like proteins, to plant stress responses.in their natural environment, plants have to continuously face constraints such as biotic and abiotic stresses. to achieve their life cycle, plants have to perceive and interpret the nature, but also the strength of environmental stimuli to activate appropriate physiological responses. nowadays, it is well established that signaling pathways are crucial steps in the implementation of rapid and efficient plant responses such as genetic reprogramming. it is also reported that rapid raises in calci ...201728471263
use of ice-nucleating proteins to improve the performance of freeze-thaw valves in microfluidic devices.currently, reliable valving on integrated microfluidic devices fabricated from rigid materials is confined to expensive and complex methods. freeze-thaw valves (ftvs) can provide a low cost, low complexity valving mechanism, but reliable implementation of them has been greatly hindered by the lack of ice nucleation sites within the valve body's small volume. work to date has required very low temperatures (on the order of -40 °c or colder) to induce freezing without nucleation sites, making ftvs ...201728467855
selection and assessment of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for biological control of multiple plant diseases.a study was designed to screen individual strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) for broad-spectrum disease suppression in vitro and in planta. in a preliminary screen, 28 of 196 strains inhibited eight different tested pathogens in vitro. in a secondary screen, these 28 strains showed broad spectrum antagonistic activity to six different genera of pathogens, and 24 of the 28 strains produced five traits reported to be related to plant growth promotion, including nitrogen fixatio ...201728440700
evading plant immunity: feedback control of the t3ss in pseudomonas syringae.microbes are responsible for over 10% of the global yield losses in staple crops such as wheat, rice, and maize. understanding the decision-making strategies that enable bacterial plant pathogens to evade the host immune system and cause disease is essential for managing their ever growing threat to food security. many utilise the needle-like type iii secretion system (t3ss) to suppress plant immunity, by injecting effector proteins that inhibit eukaryotic signalling pathways into the host cell ...201728435841
structural and stereoelectronic insights into oxygenase-catalyzed formation of ethylene from 2-oxoglutarate.ethylene is important in industry and biological signaling. in plants, ethylene is produced by oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, as catalyzed by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. bacteria catalyze ethylene production, but via the four-electron oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate to give ethylene in an arginine-dependent reaction. crystallographic and biochemical studies on the pseudomonas syringae ethylene-forming enzyme reveal a branched mechanism. in one branch, an appar ...201728420789
a signature of tree health? shifts in the microbiome and the ecological drivers of horse chestnut bleeding canker disease.host susceptibility to pathogens can be shaped by genetic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. the ability to predict the spread of disease therefore requires an integrated understanding of these factors, including effects of pests on pathogen growth and competition between pathogens and commensal microbiota for host resources. we examined interactions between the leaf-mining moth cameraria ohridella, the bacterial causal agent of bleeding canker disease pseudomonas syringae pv aesculi, and th ...201728418070
lsu network hubs integrate abiotic and biotic stress responses via interaction with the superoxide dismutase fsd2.in natural environments, plants often experience different stresses simultaneously, and adverse abiotic conditions can weaken the plant immune system. interactome mapping revealed that the low sulphur upregulated (lsu) proteins are hubs in an arabidopsis protein interaction network that are targeted by virulence effectors from evolutionarily diverse pathogens. here we show that lsu proteins are up-regulated in several abiotic and biotic stress conditions, such as nutrient depletion or salt stres ...201728207043
evidence for a missing source of efficient ice nuclei.it has been known for several decades that some bioaerosols, such as ice-nucleation-active (ina) bacteria, especially pseudomonas syringae strains, may play a critical potential role in the formation of clouds and precipitation. we investigated bacterial and fungal ice nuclei (in) in rainwater samples collected from the hulunber temperate grasslands in north china. the median freezing temperatures (t50) for three years' worth of unprocessed rain samples were greater than -10 °c based on immersio ...201728045124
induced systemic resistance against botrytis cinerea by bacillus cereus ar156 through a ja/et- and npr1-dependent signaling pathway and activates pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis.induced resistance response is a potent and cost effective plant defense against pathogen attack. the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability by bacillus cereus ar156 to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst dc3000) in arabidopsis has been investigated previously; however, the strength of induced systemic resistance (isr) activity against botrytis cinerea remains unknown. here, we show that root-drench application of ar156 significantly reduces disease incidence ...201728293243
microbial interactions in the phyllosphere increase plant performance under herbivore biotic stress.the phyllosphere supports a tremendous diversity of microbes and other organisms. however, little is known about the colonization and survival of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria alone or together in the phyllosphere across the whole plant life-cycle under herbivory, which hinders our ability to understand the role of phyllosphere bacteria on plant performance. we addressed these questions in experiments using four genetically and biogeographically diverse accessions of arabidopsis thaliana, t ...201728163703
a highly active endo-levanase bt1760 of a dominant mammalian gut commensal bacteroides thetaiotaomicron cleaves not only various bacterial levans, but also levan of timothy grass.bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an abundant commensal of the human gut, degrades numerous complex carbohydrates. recently, it was reported to grow on a β-2,6-linked polyfructan levan produced by zymomonas mobilis degrading the polymer into fructooligosaccharides (fos) with a cell surface bound endo-levanase bt1760. the fos are consumed by b. thetaiotaomicron, but also by other gut bacteria, including health-promoting bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. here we characterize biochemical properties of b ...201728103254
immune responses induced by oligogalacturonides are differentially affected by avrpto and loss of bak1/bkk1 and pepr1/pepr2.plants possess an innate immune system capable of restricting invasion by most potential pathogens. at the cell surface, the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) represents the first event for the prompt mounting of an effective immune response. pathogens have evolved effectors that block mamp-triggered immunity. the pseudomonas syringae effector avrpto abolishes immunity triggered ...201727118426
biofilm formation and cellulose expression by bordetella avium 197n, the causative agent of bordetellosis in birds and an opportunistic respiratory pathogen in humans.although bacterial cellulose synthase (bcs) operons are widespread within the proteobacteria phylum, subunits required for the partial-acetylation of the polymer appear to be restricted to a few γ-group soil, plant-associated and phytopathogenic pseudomonads, including pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25 and several pseudomonas syringae pathovars. however, a bcs operon with acetylation subunits has also been annotated in the unrelated β-group respiratory pathogen, bordetella avium 197n. our comparison ...201728131895
ectopic expression of the wild grape wrky transcription factor vqwrky52 in arabidopsis thaliana enhances resistance to the biotrophic pathogen powdery mildew but not to the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea.wrky transcription factors are known to play important roles in plant responses to biotic stresses. we previously showed that the expression of the wrky gene, vqwrky52, from chinese wild vitis quinquangularis was strongly induced 24 h post inoculation with powdery mildew. in this study, we analyzed the expression levels of vqwrky52 following treatment with the defense related hormones salicylic acid (sa) and methyl jasmonate, revealing that vqwrky52 was strongly induced by sa but not ja. we char ...201728197166
the bile acid deoxycholate elicits defences in arabidopsis and reduces bacterial infection.disease has an effect on crop yields, causing significant losses. as the worldwide demand for agricultural products increases, there is a need to pursue the development of new methods to protect crops from disease. one mechanism of plant protection is through the activation of the plant immune system. by exogenous application, 'plant activator molecules' with elicitor properties can be used to activate the plant immune system. these defence-inducing molecules represent a powerful and often envir ...201727085087
functional display of ice nucleation protein inaz on the surface of bacterial ghosts.in a concept study the ability to induce heterogeneous ice formation by bacterial ghosts (bgs) from escherichia coli carrying ice nucleation protein inaz from pseudomonas syringae in their outer membrane was investigated by a droplet-freezing assay of ultra-pure water. as determined by the median freezing temperature and cumulative ice nucleation spectra it could be demonstrated that both the living recombinant e. coli and their corresponding bgs functionally display inaz on their surface. under ...201728121482
negative autogenous control of the master type iii secretion system regulator hrpl in pseudomonas syringae.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a principal virulence determinant of the model bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae t3ss effector proteins inhibit plant defense signaling pathways in susceptible hosts and elicit evolved immunity in resistant plants. the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor hrpl coordinates the expression of most t3ss genes. transcription of hrpl is dependent on sigma-54 and the codependent enhancer binding proteins hrpr and hrps for hrpl promoter activation. h ...201728119474
spatial and temporal variability in the potential of river water biofilms to degrade p-nitrophenol.in order to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment, a range of regulatory tests are performed with microbial inocula collected from environmental compartments to investigate the potential for biodegradation. the abundance and distribution of microbes in the environment is affected by a range of variables, hence diversity and biomass of inocula used in biodegradation tests can be highly variable in space and time. the use of artificial or natural biofilms in regulatory tests could enabl ...201627596822
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.201627555496
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...201627664099
a bacterial effector co-opts calmodulin to target the plant microtubule network.the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type iii secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. the majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. using arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the hope1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (cam), as a co-factor to target the microtubule-associated protein 65 (map65), an important component of the microtubul ...201626764598
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.201626764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...201626753535
transcriptional control of quorum sensing and associated metabolic interactions in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cell densities fluctuate regularly during host plant colonization. previously we identified nine genes dependent on the quorum-sensing-associated luxr homolog ahlr during epiphytic and apoplastic stages of host colonization. yet their contributions to host colonization remain obscure, despite ahlr regulon presence within and beyond the p. syringae pan-genome. to elucidate ahir regulon member functions, we characterized their regulation, interactions with each ot ...201626713670
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups.the aim of this study was to develop a rapid pcr-based method for the specific detection of individual phylogroups of the pseudomonas syringae complex.201626661140
the pathogenicity factor hrpf interacts with hrpa and hrpg to modulate type iii secretion system (t3ss) function and t3ss expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.to ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type iii secretion system (t3ss) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. in this study, we showed that the hrpf gene of p. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpg, encodes a t3ss-dependent secreted/translocated protein. mutation of hrpf leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitati ...201626638129
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. owing to the prohibition of agricultural antibiotic use in major kiwifruit-cultivating countries, alternative methods need to be developed to manage this disease. bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect target bacteria and have recently been reconsidered as potential biological control agents for bacterial pathogens owing to their specificity in terms of host range. in this study, we isolated bacterioph ...201626628254
isolation and identification of pseudomonas syringae facilitated by a pcr targeting the whole p. syringae group.we present a reliable pcr-based method to avoid the biases related to identification based on the conventional phenotypes currently used in the identification of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, a ubiquitous environmental bacterium including plant pathogens. we identified a dna target suitable for this purpose by applying a comparative genomic pipeline to pseudomonas genomes. we designed primers and developed pcr conditions that led to a clean and strong pcr product from 97% of the 185 strains o ...201626610434
competitive index: mixed infection-based virulence assays for genetic analysis in pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.when studying bacterial plant pathogens, the genetic analysis of the contribution of virulence factors to the infection process has traditionally been hindered by their high degree of functional redundancy. in recent years, it has become clear that the use of competitive index in mixed infections provides an accurate and sensitive manner of establishing virulence phenotypes for mutants for which other assays have failed. such increases in sensitivity and accuracy are due to the direct comparison ...201626577792
amrz regulates cellulose production in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, the second messenger c-di-gmp has been previously shown to stimulate pellicle formation and cellulose biosynthesis. a screen for genes involved in cellulose production under high c-di-gmp intracellular levels led to the identification of insertions in two genes, wssb and wsse, belonging to the pto dc3000 cellulose biosynthesis operon wssabcdefghi. interestingly, beside cellulose-deficient mutants, colonies with a rougher appearance than the wild type al ...201626564578
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato oxyr is required for virulence in tomato and arabidopsis.reactive oxygen species (ros) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. in addition, ros also have direct toxicity against pathogens. however, the molecular mechanisms of plant ros in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. to investigate the function of plant ros in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyr, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3 ...201626554736
the hexapeptide repeated segment liagy is a hot spot of aggregation of the pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.ice nucleation proteins (inps) form oligomeric structures by self-assembly and aggregation. we looked for the presence of potential aggregating sequences inside the inp from pseudomonas syringae by a computational approach with the aggrescan, fomdamyloid and tango softwares. a total of 38 hot spots of aggregation were predicted in the inp sequence: 7 localized in the nterminal domain, 2 in the c-terminal region, 28 in the highly repetitive central (hrc) region and 1 shared between the hrc and th ...201626548995
calcium-dependent protein kinase (cdpk) and cdpk-related kinase (crk) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) and cdpk-related kinases (crks) play multiple roles in plant. nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of crks in disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we identified the cdpk and crk gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. twenty-nine cdpk and six crk genes wer ...201626520101
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