Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| effects of testosterone on erythropoiesis in a female mouse model of anemia of inflammation. | the anemia of inflammation is a common problem in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. we characterized a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation induced by repeated injections of low doses of heat-killed brucella abortus (hkba), and determined the effects of t administration on erythropoiesis in this model. female c57bl/6ncrl mice were injected weekly with hkba for 10 wk. weekly injections of t or vehicle oil were started 4 wk later. control mice were injected with saline and vehicle oil ... | 2016 | 27074351 |
| brucella abortus mutants lacking atp-binding cassette transporter proteins are highly attenuated in virulence and confer protective immunity against virulent b. abortus challenge in balb/c mice. | brucella abortus rb51 is an attenuated vaccine strain that has been most frequently used for bovine brucellosis. although it is known to provide good protection in cattle, it still has some drawbacks including resistance to rifampicin, residual virulence and pathogenicity in humans. thus, there has been a continuous interest on new safe and effective bovine vaccine candidates. in the present study, we have constructed unmarked mutants by deleting singly cydd and cydc genes, which encode atp-bind ... | 2016 | 27057678 |
| [features of mass-spectrometric protein profiles of strains of brucellosis causative agent during preparation of culture on various nutrient media]. | carry out comparative analysis using time-of-flight mass-spectrometry with matrix laser desorption/ionization (maldi-tof ms) of protein profiles of brucellosis causative agents (brucella melitensis rev-1 and brucella abortus 19ba), cultivated in various nutrient media: albimi agar, brucellagar and erythrit-agar. | 2016 | 27029113 |
| [yip1a, a novel host factor required for the intracellular replication of brucella abortus]. | 2016 | 27025019 | |
| genotyping of brucella melitensis strains from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from the united arab emirates with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. | camel brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease in camel-rearing countries caused by brucella melitensis and brucella abortus. the aim of this study was the first genetic analysis of b. melitensis strains isolated from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). mlva 16 and its mlva 8 and mlva11 subsets were used to determine the genotypes of 15 b. melitensis isolates from dromedary camels (11 strains) and other host species (4 st ... | 2016 | 27016751 |
| an evaluation of elisa using recombinant brucella abortus bacterioferritin (bfr) for bovine brucellosis. | to date, detection of antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide portion is the backbone of most serodiagnostic methods for brucellosis screening. however this pose a risk for false positive reactions related to other pathogens especially that of yersinia enterocolitica o:9 which has the most prominent cross reactivity with brucella spp. in this study, cloning and expression of brucella abortus bacterioferritin (bfr) was accomplished by pcr amplification into an expression vector system, and puri ... | 2016 | 27012915 |
| evaluation of th1/th2-related immune response against recombinant proteins of brucella abortus infection in mice. | brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by brucella, a genus of gram-negative bacteria. cytokines have key roles in the activation of innate and acquired immunities. despite several research attempts to reveal the immune responses, the mechanism of brucella infection remains unclear. therefore, immune responses were analyzed in mice immunized with nine recombinant proteins. cytokine production profiles were analyzed in the raw 264.7 cells and naive splenocytes after stimulation with three recom ... | 2016 | 27012238 |
| glial cell-elicited activation of brain microvasculature in response to brucella abortus infection requires asc inflammasome-dependent il-1β production. | blood-brain barrier activation and/or dysfunction are a common feature of human neurobrucellosis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown. in this article, we describe an immune mechanism for inflammatory activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec) in response to infection with brucella abortus infection of hbmec with b. abortus induced the secretion of il-6, il-8, and mcp-1, and the upregulation of cd54 (icam-1), consistent with a state of activation. ... | 2016 | 26983788 |
| a review of the basis of the immunological diagnosis of ruminant brucellosis. | bacteria of the genus brucella cause brucellosis, the most common bacterial zoonosis worldwide. the diagnosis of brucella abortus and brucella melitensis ruminant brucellosis is based on bacteriological and immunological tests, the latter being routinely used in control and eradication and surveillance programs. infections by smooth and rough brucella spp., the use of smooth and rough vaccines, and the false-positive serological reactions caused by yersinia enterocolitica o:9 and other cross-rea ... | 2016 | 26964721 |
| influenza viral vector based brucella abortus vaccine: a novel vaccine candidate for veterinary practice. | 2016 | 27356589 | |
| isolation of brucella abortus from a dog and a cat confirms their biological role in re-emergence and dissemination of bovine brucellosis on dairy farms. | brucellosis is highly contagious bacterial zoonoses affecting a wide range of domesticated and wild animals. in this study, brucella (b.) abortus bv 1 was identified in uterine discharge of apparently healthy bitch and queen with open pyometra housed on a cattle farm. this study highlights the role of dogs and cats as symptomatic carriers and reservoirs for brucella. to the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of feline infection with b. abortus bv 1 globally. these pet ... | 2016 | 27307391 |
| the rab1 in host cells modulates brucella intracellular survival and binds to brucella dnak protein. | the intracellular pathogen brucella abortus (b. abortus) survives and replicates inside host cells within the brucella-containing vacuole, in which membrane contains a small gtpase rab1. here, we reported that rab1 mediates b. abortus intracellular growth. furthermore, b. abortus dnak was identified to interact with rab1 using gst pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. this interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. through dnak-cyaa fusion protein translocati ... | 2016 | 27286866 |
| sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis among slaughtered cattle in nigeria. | bovine brucellosis is endemic in nigeria; however, limited data exist on nationwide studies and risk factors associated with the disease. using a cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey, we determined the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in slaughtered cattle in three geographical regions of nigeria. serum samples from randomly selected unvaccinated cattle slaughtered over a period of 3 years (between december 2010 and september 2013) from northern, southern and south-western n ... | 2016 | 27247065 |
| latent class regression models for simultaneously estimating test accuracy, true prevalence and risk factors for brucella abortus. | in 2003/2004 a field trial was conducted in northern ireland to assess the diagnostic accuracy of six serological tests for bovine brucellosis caused by brucella abortus. whereas between-test comparisons have been used to calculate test performances so far, the present study used a latent class approach to estimate diagnostic test accuracy parameters in the absence of a gold standard for these six tests simultaneously and to estimate the true prevalence, while accounting for clustering in the st ... | 2016 | 27245291 |
| omics of brucella: species-specific srna-mediated gene ontology regulatory networks identified by computational biology. | brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonotic infectious disease, brucellosis. brucella species are currently intensively studied with a view to developing novel global health diagnostics and therapeutics. in this context, small rnas (srnas) are one of the emerging topical areas; they play significant roles in regulating gene expression and cellular processes in bacteria. in the present study, we forecast srnas in three brucella species that infect humans, namely brucella melit ... | 2016 | 27223678 |
| brucella abortus causing febrile neutropenia together with epididymoorchitis. | 2016 | 27173647 | |
| brucella abortus rb51 in milk of vaccinated adult cattle. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the shedding of brucella abortus in the milk of cows vaccinated with a full dose of rb51 during lactation. eighteen cows, nine previously vaccinated with s19 as calves and nine non-vaccinated, were immunized subcutaneously with 1.3×10(10)cfu of b. abortus rb51, 30-60days after parturition. milk samples from all animals were collected daily until day 7, and at weekly interval for the next 9 weeks after vaccination. to evaluate the shedding of b. abortus, milk ... | 2016 | 27143220 |
| structural and functional insights into the stationary-phase survival protein sure, an important virulence factor of brucella abortus. | the stationary-phase survival protein sure from brucella abortus (basure) is a metal-dependent phosphatase that is essential for the survival of this bacterium in the stationary phase of its life cycle. here, basure has been biochemically characterized and its crystal structure has been determined to a resolution of 1.9 å. basure was found to be a robust enzyme, showing activity over wide ranges of temperature and ph and with various phosphoester substrates. the active biomolecule is a tetramer ... | 2016 | 27139831 |
| a case of unusual septic knee arthritis with brucella abortus after arthroscopic meniscus surgery. | we present a 51-year-old male patient with brucella abortus septic arthritis in the right knee following arthroscopic meniscus surgery. he had eaten a traditional dish of raw minced cattle conceptus (bovine fetus) that was prepared after the cow was slaughtered. despite treatment with empirical antibiotics and debridement of the postoperative surgical wound, the infection persisted without improvement. polymerase chain reaction sequencing identified brucella abortus from tissue samples obtained ... | 2016 | 27130400 |
| brucella abortus-infected b cells induce osteoclastogenesis. | brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that establishes lifelong infections in livestock and humans although the mechanisms of its chronicity are poorly understood. activated b cells have long lifespan and b. abortus infection activates b cells. our results indicate that the direct infection of b cells with b. abortus induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9), receptor activator for nf κb ligand (rankl), tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α and interleukin (il)-6 secretion. in addition, supern ... | 2016 | 27109230 |
| seroprevalence of brucellosis in patients with prolonged fever in bangladesh. | this study describes the seroprevalence of human brucellosis among pyretic patients and detection of brucella abortus dna from seropositive pyretic patients using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) for the first time in bangladesh. | 2016 | 27694726 |
| serological, molecular detection and potential risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in pakistan. | brucellosis is one of the most important zoonoses in developing countries and was considered the most widespread zoonosis in the world. brucellosis was reported in camels and has been reported from all camel-keeping countries.the present study was performed in three districts (jhang, chiniot, and bhakkar) of punjab province of pakistan. a total of 200 camel (camelus bactrianus) sera were collected using random and multistage cluster sampling from different areas. fifty samples were collected fro ... | 2016 | 27677292 |
| vaccination with a δnord δznua brucella abortus mutant confers potent protection against virulent challenge. | there remains a need for an improved livestock vaccine for brucellosis since conventional vaccines are only ∼70% efficacious, making some vaccinated animals susceptible to brucella infections. to address this void, a vaccine capable of evoking protective immunity, while still being sufficiently attenuated to produce minimal disease, is sought. in this pursuit, the δnord δznua b. abortus-lacz (termed as znbaz) was developed to be devoid of functional nord and znua b. abortus genes, and to contain ... | 2016 | 27639282 |
| how bacterial pathogens use type iii and type iv secretion systems to facilitate their transmission. | work on type iii or type iv secretion systems (t3sss or t4sss) is often focused on elucidating how these sophisticated bacterial virulence factors manipulate host cell physiology to cause disease. but to fully understand their role in pathogen biology, it is important to consider whether the morbidity or mortality they trigger is somehow linked to enhancing communicability of the microbe. recent work on salmonella enterica and brucella abortus provide captivating examples of how manipulation of ... | 2016 | 27621139 |
| simultaneous subcutaneous and conjunctival administration of the influenza viral vector based brucella abortus vaccine to pregnant heifers provides better protection against b. abortus 544 infection than the commercial b. abortus s19 vaccine. | in this study, we explored possibility of increasing the protective efficacy of our novel influenza viral vector based b. abortus vaccine (flu-ba) in pregnant heifers by adapting an innovative method of vaccine delivery. we administered the vaccine concurrently via the conjunctival and subcutaneous routes to pregnant heifers, and these routes were previously tested individually. the flu-ba vaccination of pregnant heifers (n=9) against a challenge b. abortus 544 infection provided protection from ... | 2016 | 27595898 |
| brucella abortus δrpoe1 confers protective immunity against wild type challenge in a mouse model of brucellosis. | the brucella abortus general stress response (gsr) system regulates activity of the alternative sigma factor, σ(e1), which controls transcription of approximately 100 genes and is required for persistence in a balb/c mouse chronic infection model. we evaluated the host response to infection by a b. abortus strain lacking σ(e1) (δrpoe1), and identified pathological and immunological features that distinguish δrpoe1-infected mice from wild-type (wt), and that correspond with clearance of δrpoe1 fr ... | 2016 | 27591954 |
| brucella abortus surveillance of cattle in fiji, papua new guinea, vanuatu, the solomon islands and a case for active disease surveillance as a training tool. | there have been no surveys of the cattle population for brucellosis in the pacific island countries and territories (picts) for more than 15 years. this study used disease surveillance as a capacity building training tool and to examine some of the constraints that impede surveillance in picts. the study also developed and implemented a series of surveys for detecting antibodies to b. abortus in cattle in fiji, papua new guinea, vanuatu and the solomon islands contributing to oie requirements. t ... | 2016 | 27522595 |
| genotyping of brucella melitensis and brucella abortus strains currently circulating in xinjiang, china. | brucellosis is a well-known zoonotic disease that can cause severe economic and healthcare losses. xinjiang, one of the biggest livestock husbandry sectors in china, has gone through increasing incidence of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants recently. in this paper, 50 b. melitensis strains and 9 b. abortus strains collected from across xinjiang area (from 2010 to 2015) were genotyped using multiple locus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) and multi-locus sequence typing ... | 2016 | 27521159 |
| apparent seroprevalence, isolation and identification of risk factors for brucellosis among dairy cattle in goa, india. | brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic infection affecting livestock and human beings. the disease has been reported worldwide except in few countries where it has been eradicated. the prevalence of brucellosis among cattle from 11 farms having a history of abortions was studied. a total of 481 samples comprising of blood, milk, vaginal swabs, vaginal discharges, placental tissues and fetal tissues were collected from 296 animals. clinical samples were processed for the isolation of brucell ... | 2016 | 27477501 |
| activation of bovine neutrophils by brucella spp. | brucellosis is a globally important zoonotic infectious disease caused by gram negative bacteria of the genus brucella. while many species of brucella exist, brucella melitensis, brucella abortus, and brucella suis are the most common pathogens of humans and livestock. the virulence of brucella is largely influenced by its ability to evade host factors, including phagocytic killing mechanisms, which are critical for the host response to infection. the aim of this study was to characterize the bo ... | 2016 | 27436438 |
| induced disruption of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin inhibits acute inflammatory hypoferraemia. | withdrawal of iron from serum (hypoferraemia) is a conserved innate immune antimicrobial strategy that can withhold this critical nutrient from invading pathogens, impairing their growth. hepcidin (hamp1) is the master regulator of iron and its expression is induced by inflammation. mice lacking hamp1 from birth rapidly accumulate iron and are susceptible to infection by blood-dwelling siderophilic bacteria such as vibrio vulnificus. in order to study the innate immune role of hepcidin against a ... | 2016 | 27423740 |
| risk assessment and management of brucellosis in the southern greater yellowstone area (ii): cost-benefit analysis of reducing elk brucellosis prevalence. | recent cases of bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus) in cattle (bos taurus) and domestic bison (bison bison) of the southern greater yellowstone area (sgya) have been traced back to free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus). several management activities have been implemented to reduce brucellosis seroprevalence in elk, including test-and-slaughter, low-density feeding at elk winter feedgrounds, and elk vaccination. it is unclear which of these activities are most cost-effective at reducing the risk of ... | 2016 | 27836044 |
| nasal vaccination stimulates cd8(+) t cells for potent protection against mucosal brucella melitensis challenge. | brucellosis remains a significant zoonotic threat worldwide. humans and animals acquire infection via their oropharynx and upper respiratory tract following oral or aerosol exposure. after mucosal infection, brucellosis develops into a systemic disease. mucosal vaccination could offer a viable alternative to conventional injection practices to deter disease. using a nasal vaccination approach, the δznua b. melitensis was found to confer potent protection against pulmonary brucella challenge, and ... | 2016 | 26752510 |
| diagnostic role of inflammatory markers in pediatric brucella arthritis. | as a multisystem infectious disease, there is an inflammation, which causes increase in acute phase reactants in brucellosis. the mean platelet volume (mpv), platelet distribution width (pdw), red cell distribution width (rdw), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (nlr) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (plr) have been identified as markers of inflammation. the present study aimed to evaluate diagnostic values of these biomarkers in brucella arthritis (ba). | 2016 | 26753565 |
| control of animal brucellosis: the malaysian experience. | brucellosis is a zoonotic disease characterized by reproductive failure in animals and undulent fever in humans. in cattle, it is caused by brucella abortus while in goats by brucella melitensis, the main cause of brucellosis in humans. brucellosis in livestock has been associated with importation of animals from breeder herd of unknown disease status. the prevalence of bovine brucellosis brucella abortus in 2014 ranged between 1% and 2% in thailand and indonesia, and 4%-5% in malaysia and myanm ... | 2016 | 27955740 |
| comparison of potential protection conferred by three immunization strategies (protein/protein, dna/dna, and dna/protein) against brucella infection using omp2b in balb/c mice. | in the present study, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the brucella outer membrane protein 2b (omp2b) was evaluated in balb/c mice using protein/protein, dna/dna and dna/protein vaccine strategies. immunization of mice with three vaccine regimens elicited a strong specific igg response (higher igg2a titers over igg1 titers) and provided th1-oriented immune response. vaccination of balb/c mice with the dna/pro regimen induced higher levels of ifn-γ/il-2 and conferred more protection leve ... | 2016 | 27938682 |
| trade-offs of escherichia coli adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle in macrophages. | the bacterium escherichia coli exhibits remarkable genomic and phenotypic variation, with some pathogenic strains having evolved to survive and even replicate in the harsh intra-macrophage environment. the rate and effects of mutations that can cause pathoadaptation are key determinants of the pace at which e. coli can colonize such niches and become pathogenic. we used experimental evolution to determine the speed and evolutionary paths undertaken by a commensal strain of e. coli when adapting ... | 2016 | 26752723 |
| metabolic control of cell division in α-proteobacteria by a nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. | prior to initiate energy-consuming processes, such as dna replication or cell division, cells need to evaluate their metabolic status. we have recently identified and characterized a new connection between metabolism and cell division in the α-proteobacterium caulobacter crescentus. we showed that an nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhz) coordinates growth with cell division according to its enzymatic activity. here we report the conserved role of gdhz in controlling cell division in anot ... | 2016 | 27066186 |
| inflammation and functional iron deficiency regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 production. | circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (fgf23) are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. here we tested whether inflammation and iron deficiency regulate fgf23. in wild-type mice, acute inflammation induced by single injections of heat-killed brucella abortus or interleukin-1β (il-1β) decreased serum iron within 6 h, and was accompanied by significant increases in osseous fgf23 mrna expression and serum levels of c-terminal f ... | 2016 | 26535997 |
| evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a liposome containing brucella abortus s19 outer membrane protein in balb/c mice. | the use of liposome as an adjuvant and a vaccine carrier has been cited previously in the literature. it has also been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. balb/c mice immunized subcutaneously with outer membrane protein (omp) of brucella abortus s19 vaccine strain entrapped in a commercial cationic liposome (s19-omp-liposome) for vaccine delivery, showed enhanced protection (p<0.05) compared to groups of mice inoculated with s19 omp alone, s19 live b. abo ... | 2016 | 27656221 |
| proteome dynamics of the specialist oxalate degrader oxalobacter formigenes. | oxalobacter formigenes is a unique intestinal organism that relies on oxalate degradation to meet most of its energy and carbon needs. a lack of colonization is a risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. the release of the genome sequence of o. formigenes has provided an opportunity to increase our understanding of the biology of o. formigenes. this study used mass spectrometry based shotgun proteomics to examine changes in protein levels associated with the transition of growth fro ... | 2016 | 26924912 |
| first evaluation of an influenza viral vector based brucella abortus vaccine in sheep and goats: assessment of safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against brucella melitensis infection. | previously we developed and evaluated a candidate influenza viral vector based brucella abortus vaccine (flu-ba) administered with a potent adjuvant montanide gel01 in cattle, which was found safe and highly effective. this study was aimed to establish a proof-of-concept of the efficacy of flu-ba vaccine formulation in sheep and goats. we vaccinated sheep and goats with flu-ba vaccine and as a positive control vaccinated a group of animals with a commercial b. melitensis rev.1 vaccine. clinicall ... | 2016 | 27938677 |
| characterization of the general stress response in bartonella henselae. | bacteria utilize a general stress response system to combat stresses from their surrounding environments. in alpha-proteobacteria, the general stress response uses an alternate sigma factor as the main regulator and incorporates it with a two-component system into a unique regulatory circuit. this system has been described in several alpha-proteobacterial species, including the pathogens bartonella quintana and brucella abortus. most of the studies have focused on characterizing the phyr anti-an ... | 2016 | 26724735 |
| molecular detection and characterization of brucella species in raw informally marketed milk from uganda. | this study identified and characterized brucella species in the informal milk chain in uganda. a total of 324 cattle bulk milk samples were screened for the genus brucella by real-time pcr with primers targeting the bcsp31 gene and further characterized by the omp25 gene. of the samples tested, 6.5% were positive for brucella species. in the omp25 phylogeny, the study sequences were found to form a separate clade within the branch containing b. abortus sequences. the study shows that informally ... | 2016 | 27839533 |
| protective effect of gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from galla rhois against ccl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in icr mice. | to investigate the toxicity, protective effects, and action mechanism of gallotannin-enriched extracts isolated from galla rhois (gegr) against carbon tetrachloride (ccl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in institute for cancer research (icr) mice, alterations in serum biochemical indicators, histopathological structure, antioxidative status, hepatic apoptosis-related proteins, and liver fibrosis regulating factors were measured in mice pretreated with gegr for five days before ccl₄ injection. the gegr/c ... | 2016 | 26907337 |
| diverse roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors in bacterial infection. | bacterial infection often leads to cellular damage, primarily marked by loss of cellular integrity and cell death. however, in recent years, it is being increasingly recognized that, in individual cells, there are graded responses collectively termed cell-autonomous defense mechanisms that induce cellular processes designed to limit cell damage, enable repair, and eliminate bacteria. many of these responses are triggered not by detection of a particular bacterial effector or ligand but rather by ... | 2016 | 26883353 |
| the optimization of molecular detection of clinical isolates of brucella in blood cultures by eryd transcriptase gene for confirmation of culture-negative samples. | brucellosis is a zoonosis disease which is widespread across the world. | 2016 | 27330831 |
| structural studies of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants from brucella melitensis identify a core oligosaccharide critical in virulence. | the structures of the lipooligosaccharides frombrucella melitensismutants affected in the wbkd and manbcoreproteins have been fully characterized using nmr spectroscopy. the results revealed that disruption ofwbkdgives rise to a rough lipopolysaccharide (r-lps) with a complete core structure (β-d-glcp-(1→4)-α-kdop-(2→4)[β-d-glcpn-(1→6)-β-d-glcpn-(1→4)[β-d-glcpn-(1→6)]-β-d-glcpn-(1→3)-α-d-manp-(1→5)]-α-kdop-(2→6)-β-d-glcpn3n4p-(1→6)-α-d-glcpn3n1p), in addition to components lacking one of the ter ... | 2016 | 26867577 |
| expression of cytokine and apoptosis-related genes in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with brucella abortus recombinant proteins. | brucellosis is a clinically and economically important disease. therefore, eradication programs of the disease have been implemented in several countries. one hurdle in these programs is the detection of infected animals at the early stage. although the protein antigens as diagnostic antigens have recently received attention, the exact mechanisms at the beginning of immune responses are not yet known. therefore, genes encoding five b. abortus cellular proteins were cloned and the expressed recom ... | 2016 | 26864657 |
| interactions between shigella flexneri and the autophagy machinery. | autophagy, an intracellular degradation process, is increasingly recognized as having important roles in host defense. interactions between shigella flexneri and the autophagy machinery were first discovered in 2005. since then, work has shown that multiple autophagy pathways are triggered by s. flexneri, and autophagic responses can have different roles during shigella infection. here, we review the interactions between s. flexneri and the autophagy machinery, highlighting that studies using sh ... | 2016 | 26904515 |
| vaccination of elk (cervus canadensis) with brucella abortus strain rb51 overexpressing superoxide dismutase and glycosyltransferase genes does not induce adequate protection against experimental brucella abortus challenge. | in recent years, elk (cervus canadensis) have been implicated as the source of brucella abortus infection for numerous cattle herds in the greater yellowstone area. in the face of environmental and ecological changes on the landscape, the range of infected elk is expanding. consequently, the development of effective disease management strategies for wild elk herds is of utmost importance, not only for the prevention of reintroduction of brucellosis to cattle, but also for the overall health of t ... | 2016 | 26904509 |
| contrasting lifestyles within the host cell. | intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit the protected niche provided within the boundaries of a eukaryotic host cell. upon entering a host cell, some bacteria can evade the adaptive immune response of its host and replicate in a relatively nutrient-rich environment devoid of competition from other host flora. growth within a host cell is not without their hazards, however. many pathogens enter their hosts through receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis, two intracellular ... | 2016 | 26999394 |
| utility of serological tests in the era of molecular testing for diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic area with limited resources. | the culture has always been the gold standard test for diagnosis of human brucellosis but the conventional brucella diagnostic tests viz. serology and culture are often beset with poor specificity & sensitivity respectively. the culture positivity rates for brucella vary from 92% for bone marrow to 10% for non-blood samples and also dependent on the type of sample. the primary immune-determinant for brucella species is the cell wall surface lipopolysaccharide, which is antigenically similar to o ... | 2016 | 27042465 |
| vaccination control programs for multiple livestock host species: an age-stratified, seasonal transmission model for brucellosis control in endemic settings. | brucella melitensis causes production losses in ruminants and febrile disease in humans in africa, central asia, the middle east and elsewhere. although traditionally understood to affect primarily sheep and goats, it is also the predominant brucella species that affects cows in some endemic areas. despite this, no licensed vaccine is available specifically for use against b. melitensis in cows. the mainstay of most control programs is vaccination of sheep and goats with a live vaccine, rev-1. t ... | 2016 | 26825313 |
| a simple and safe protocol for preparing brucella samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis. | we describe a simple protocol to inactivate the biosafety level 3 (bsl3) pathogens brucella prior to their analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. this method is also effective for several other bacterial pathogens and allows storage, and eventually shipping, of inactivated samples; therefore, it might be routinely applied to unidentified bacteria, for the safety of laboratory workers. | 2016 | 26582837 |
| analysis of the first temperate broad host range brucellaphage (bipbo1) isolated from b. inopinata. | brucella species are important human and animal pathogens. though, only little is known about mobile genetic elements of these highly pathogenic bacteria. to date, neither plasmids nor temperate phages have been described in brucellae. we analyzed genomic sequences of various reference and type strains and identified a number of putative prophages residing within the brucella chromosomes. by induction, phage bipbo1 was isolated from brucella inopinata. bipbo1 is a siphovirus that infects several ... | 2016 | 26858702 |
| antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of boron on different bacteria. | boron (b) compounds are used in many fields ranging from medicine to industry. in this study, boric acid (ba) and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (dot) were evaluated for their antibacterial effects and antibiofilm capacities on selected strains of clinical and type cultures that are of veterinary concern (staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, aeromonas hydrophila atcc 19570, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, brucella melitensis rev1 and field isolates of vibrio anguillarum, aeromonas hydrophila, ... | 2016 | 26864941 |
| extended multilocus sequence analysis to describe the global population structure of the genus brucella: phylogeography and relationship to biovars. | an extended multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) scheme applicable to the brucella, an expanding genus that includes zoonotic pathogens that severely impact animal and human health across large parts of the globe, was developed. the scheme, which extends a previously described nine locus scheme by examining sequences at 21 independent genetic loci in order to increase discriminatory power, was applied to a globally and temporally diverse collection of over 500 isolates representing all 12 known b ... | 2016 | 28066370 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis of anaplasma spp. in sheep and goats from six provinces of china. | members of the genus anaplasma are important emerging tick-borne pathogens in both humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas. here, we investigated the presence of anaplasma spp. in 621 sheep and 710 goats from six provinces of china. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequencing were conducted to determine the prevalence of anaplasma (a.) phagocytophilum, a. ovis and a. bovis targeting the 16s ribosomal rna or the major surface protein 4 gene. pcr revealed anaplasma in 39.0% (24 ... | 2016 | 27456776 |
| generation and characterization of β1,2-gluco-oligosaccharide probes from brucella abortus cyclic β-glucan and their recognition by c-type lectins of the immune system. | the β1,2-glucans produced by bacteria are important in invasion, survival and immunomodulation in infected hosts be they mammals or plants. however, there has been a lack of information on proteins which recognize these molecules. this is partly due to the extremely limited availability of the sequence-defined oligosaccharides and derived probes for use in the study of their interactions. here we have used the cyclic β1,2-glucan (cβg) of the bacterial pathogen brucella abortus, after removal of ... | 2016 | 27053576 |
| predictors of specific anti-brucella antibodies among humans in agro-pastoral communities in sengerema district, mwanza, tanzania: the need for public awareness. | human brucellosis remains to be a neglected zoonotic disease among agro-pastoral communities where livestock rearing is one of the main economic activities. this study was conducted in different agro-pastoral communities in sengerema district, mwanza, tanzania, to determine seroprevalence and predictors of anti-brucella antibodies, information that may influence public awareness on the risk factors and strategies to improve the diagnosis of brucellosis in developing countries. | 2016 | 27857610 |
| small non-coding rnas: new insights in modulation of host immune response by intracellular bacterial pathogens. | pathogenic bacteria possess intricate regulatory networks that temporally control the production of virulence factors and enable the bacteria to survive and proliferate within host cell. small non-coding rnas (srnas) have been identified as important regulators of gene expression in diverse biological contexts. recent research has shown bacterial srnas involved in growth and development, cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, cell signaling, and immune response through regulating prote ... | 2016 | 27803700 |
| seroprevalence of brucellosis among cattle slaughtered in three municipal abattoirs of gombe state, northeastern nigeria. | a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis among cattle slaughtered at three municipal abattoirs of gombe state, nigeria. | 2016 | 27847417 |
| role of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane in inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases. | inflammation is considered to be one of the most critical factors involved in the development of complex metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. a few decades ago, the discovery of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (er) membrane (mam) was followed by the identification of its roles in regulating cellular homeostatic processes, ranging from cellular bioenergetics to apoptosis. mam provides an excellent platform for numerous signaling pathways; a ... | 2016 | 28074080 |
| increased abundance of m cells in the gut epithelium dramatically enhances oral prion disease susceptibility. | many natural prion diseases of humans and animals are considered to be acquired through oral consumption of contaminated food or pasture. determining the route by which prions establish host infection will identify the important factors that influence oral prion disease susceptibility and to which intervention strategies can be developed. after exposure, the early accumulation and replication of prions within small intestinal peyer's patches is essential for the efficient spread of disease to th ... | 2016 | 27973593 |
| immunotoxic effect of thiamethoxam in immunized mice with brucella abortus cultural filtrate antigen. | this study was planned for determination the toxic effect of thiamethoxam (tmx) in immunized mice with brucella abortus culture filtrate antigen (cfbags) (as a vaccine) and its role of tmx on decrease activity of b. abortus antigen on eliciting of humoral and cellular immunity. | 2016 | 28096613 |
| regulation of signaling directionality revealed by 3d snapshots of a kinase:regulator complex in action. | two-component systems (tcs) are protein machineries that enable cells to respond to input signals. histidine kinases (hk) are the sensory component, transferring information toward downstream response regulators (rr). hks transfer phosphoryl groups to their specific rrs, but also dephosphorylate them, overall ensuring proper signaling. the mechanisms by which hks discriminate between such disparate directions, are yet unknown. we now disclose crystal structures of the hk:rr complex desk:desr fro ... | 2016 | 27938660 |
| a kinase-phosphatase switch transduces environmental information into a bacterial cell cycle circuit. | the bacterial cell cycle has been extensively studied under standard growth conditions. how it is modulated in response to environmental changes remains poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that the freshwater bacterium caulobacter crescentus blocks cell division and grows to filamentous cells in response to stress conditions affecting the cell membrane. our data suggest that stress switches the membrane-bound cell cycle kinase ccka to its phosphatase mode, leading to the rapid dephosphorylat ... | 2016 | 27941972 |
| cox-2 inhibition reduces brucella bacterial burden in draining lymph nodes. | brucella is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for a chronic disease known as brucellosis, the most widespread re-emerging zoonosis worldwide. establishment of a th1-mediated immune response characterized by the production of il-12 and ifnγ is essential to control the disease. leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid (aa) metabolism are known to negatively regulate a protective th1 immune response against bacterial infections. here, using genomics approaches we dem ... | 2016 | 28018318 |
| human brucellosis in febrile patients seeking treatment at remote hospitals, northeastern kenya, 2014-2015. | during 2014-2015, patients in northeastern kenya were assessed for brucellosis and characteristics that might help clinicians identify brucellosis. among 146 confirmed brucellosis patients, 29 (20%) had negative serologic tests. no clinical feature was a good indicator of infection, which was associated with animal contact and drinking raw milk. | 2016 | 27662463 |
| epidemiology of brucellosis and genetic diversity of brucella abortus in kazakhstan. | brucellosis is a major zoonotic infection in kazakhstan. however, there is limited data on its incidence in humans and animals, and the genetic diversity of prevalent strains is virtually unstudied. additionally, there is no detailed overview of kazakhstan brucellosis control and eradication programs. here, we analyzed brucellosis epidemiological data, and assessed the effectiveness of eradication strategies employed over the past 70 years to counteract this infection. we also conducted multiple ... | 2016 | 27907105 |
| the role of il-10 in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen and is the causative agent of johne's disease of domestic and wild ruminants. johne's disease is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to substantial economic losses to the livestock sector across the world. map persistently survives in phagocytic cells, most commonly in macrophages by disrupting its early antibacterial activity. map triggers several signaling pathways after attachment to pathogen r ... | 2016 | 27905994 |
| discovery and structural characterisation of new fold type iv-transaminases exemplify the diversity of this enzyme fold. | transaminases are useful biocatalysts for the production of amino acids and chiral amines as intermediates for a broad range of drugs and fine chemicals. here, we describe the discovery and characterisation of new transaminases from microorganisms which were enriched in selective media containing (r)-amines as sole nitrogen source. while most of the candidate proteins were clearly assigned to known subgroups of the fold iv family of plp-dependent enzymes by sequence analysis and characterisation ... | 2016 | 27905516 |
| presenting influenza a m2e antigen on recombinant spores of bacillus subtilis. | effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the m2 protein (m2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza a viruses and antibodies against m2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a universal influenza vaccine. however, due to the low immunogenicity of the m2e, formulation of a vaccine ba ... | 2016 | 27902762 |
| postreplication roles of the brucella virb type iv secretion system uncovered via conditional expression of the virb11 atpase. | brucella abortus, the bacterial agent of the worldwide zoonosis brucellosis, primarily infects host phagocytes, where it undergoes an intracellular cycle within a dedicated membrane-bound vacuole, the brucella-containing vacuole (bcv). initially of endosomal origin (ebcv), bcvs are remodeled into replication-permissive organelles (rbcv) derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum, a process that requires modulation of host secretory functions via delivery of effector proteins by the brucella vir ... | 2016 | 27899503 |
| antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective. | antibiotics are now "endangered species" facing extinction due to the worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistance (abr). food animals are considered as key reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with the use of antibiotics in the food production industry having contributed to the actual global challenge of abr. there are no geographic boundaries to impede the worldwide spread of abr. if preventive and containment measures are not applied locally, nationally and regionally, the limited inte ... | 2016 | 27933044 |
| seroprevalence of bovine theileriosis in northern china. | bovine theileriosis is a common disease transmitted by ticks, and can cause loss of beef and dairy cattle worldwide. here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) based on theileria luwenshuni surface protein (tlsp) was developed and used to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of bovine theileriosis in northern china. | 2016 | 27863521 |
| a t4ss effector targets host cell alpha-enolase contributing to brucella abortus intracellular lifestyle. | brucella abortus, the causative agent of bovine brucellosis, invades and replicates within cells inside a membrane-bound compartment known as the brucella containing vacuole (bcv). after trafficking along the endocytic and secretory pathways, bcvs mature into endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments permissive for bacterial replication. brucella type iv secretion system (virb) is a major virulence factor essential for the biogenesis of the replicative organelle. upon infection, brucella uses t ... | 2016 | 27900285 |
| meta-analysis and advancement of brucellosis vaccinology. | in spite of all the research effort for developing new vaccines against brucellosis, it remains unclear whether these new vaccine technologies will in fact become widely used. the goal of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to identify parameters that influence vaccine efficacy as well as a descriptive analysis on how the field of brucella vaccinology is advancing concerning type of vaccine, improvement of protection on animal models over time, and factors that may affect protection in the ... | 2016 | 27846274 |
| replicon rna viral vectors as vaccines. | single-stranded rna viruses of both positive and negative polarity have been used as vectors for vaccine development. in this context, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles virus and rhabdoviruses have been engineered for expression of surface protein genes and antigens. administration of replicon rna vectors has resulted in strong immune responses and generation of neutralizing antibodies in various animal models. immunization of mice, chicken, pigs and primates with virus-like particles, naked r ... | 2016 | 27827980 |
| modelling seasonal brucellosis epidemics in bayingolin mongol autonomous prefecture of xinjiang, china, 2010-2014. | brucellosis is one of the severe public health problems; the cumulative number of new human brucellosis cases reached 211515 from 2010 to 2014 in china. bayingolin mongol autonomous prefecture is situated in the southeast of xinjiang, where brucellosis infection occurs every year. based on the reported data of newly acute human brucellosis cases for each season in bayingolin mongol autonomous prefecture, we proposed a susceptible, exposed, infected, and vaccinated (seiv) model with periodic tran ... | 2016 | 27872852 |
| brucellosis seropositivity in animals and humans in ethiopia: a meta-analysis. | the objectives of this study were to assess the heterogeneities of estimates and to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in animals and humans in ethiopia. | 2016 | 27792776 |
| complete genome sequence of brucella abortus skn 13 isolated from placenta of aborted cattle in gujarat, india. | brucella abortus is generally known to cause brucellosis in cattle and buffalo. here, we report the draft genome sequence of brucella abortus skn 13, isolated from aborted cattle placenta in the area of gujarat, india, providing precious resources for comparative genomic analyses of brucella field strains. | 2016 | 27789633 |
| congenital toxoplasmosis in chronically infected and subsequently challenged ewes. | this experiment studied congenital transmission in sheep experimentally infected with oocysts of toxoplasma gondii and reinfected at one of three stages of pregnancy. twenty ewes were experimentally infected with t. gondii strain me49 (day 0). after the t. gondii infection became chronic (ifat≤512), the ewes were allocated with rams for coverage. after the diagnosis of pregnancy, these ewes were allocated into four experimental groups (n = 5): i-reinfected with t. gondii on the 40th day of gesta ... | 2016 | 27788185 |
| structure, biology, and therapeutic application of toxin-antitoxin systems in pathogenic bacteria. | bacterial toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse identities, structures, and functional implications in cell cycle arrest and survival against environmental stresses such as nutrient deficiency, antibiotic treatments, and immune system attacks. in this review, we describe the biological functions and the auto-regulatory mechanisms of six different types of ta systems, among which the type ii ta system has been most extensively studied. the functions of ... | 2016 | 27782085 |
| genome of rhizobium leucaenae strains cfn 299(t) and cpao 29.8: searching for genes related to a successful symbiotic performance under stressful conditions. | common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is the most important legume cropped worldwide for food production and its agronomic performance can be greatly improved if the benefits from symbiotic nitrogen fixation are maximized. the legume is known for its high promiscuity in nodulating with several rhizobium species, but those belonging to the rhizobium tropici "group" are the most successful and efficient in fixing nitrogen in tropical acid soils. rhizobium leucaenae belongs to this group, which is ab ... | 2016 | 27485828 |
| biocidal and sporicidal efficacy of pathoster(®) 0.35% and pathoster(®) 0.50% against bacterial agents in potential bioterrorism use. | the use of products that can neutralize or significantly reduce the microbial load and that are not harmful to human health and the environment represents a milestone in the fight against the spread of infectious diseases. peracetic acid, besides being an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, is harmless to humans and the environment when it is used in a common dosage. however, the high costs and loss of efficacy of the product very quickly after its reconstitution limit its use. we evalua ... | 2016 | 27482880 |
| microrna-125b-5p suppresses brucella abortus intracellular survival via control of a20 expression. | brucella may establish chronic infection by regulating the expression of mirnas. however, the role of mirnas in modulating the intracellular growth of brucella remains unclear. | 2016 | 27473222 |
| cigarette smoke alters the ability of human dendritic cells to promote anti-streptococcus pneumoniae th17 response. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is associated with chronic inflammation and impaired immune response to pathogens leading to bacteria-induced exacerbation of the disease. a defect in th17 cytokines in response to streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacteria associated with copd exacerbations, has been recently reported. dendritic cells (dc) are professional antigen presenting cells that drive t-cells differentiation and activation. in this study, we hypothesized that exposure to cigarette s ... | 2016 | 27460220 |
| a dual-targeting approach to inhibit brucella abortus replication in human cells. | brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterial pathogen and an etiological agent of the zoonotic disease known as brucellosis. brucellosis can be challenging to treat with conventional antibiotic therapies and, in some cases, may develop into a debilitating and life-threatening chronic illness. we used multiple independent assays of in vitro metabolism and intracellular replication to screen a library of 480 known bioactive compounds for novel b. abortus anti-infectives. eighteen non-cytotoxic c ... | 2016 | 27767061 |
| comparative analysis of membrane vesicles from three piscirickettsia salmonis isolates reveals differences in vesicle characteristics. | membrane vesicles (mvs) are spherical particles naturally released from the membrane of gram-negative bacteria. bacterial mv production is associated with a range of phenotypes including biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, toxin delivery, modulation of host immune responses and virulence. this study reports comparative profiling of mvs from bacterial strains isolated from three widely disperse geographical areas. mass spectrometry identified 119, 159 and 142 proteins in mvs from three d ... | 2016 | 27764198 |
| human brucellosis in the emirate of abu dhabi, united arab emirates, 2010-2015. | worldwide, human brucellosis remains an important and widespread infection. in the past, there were limited data on the occurrence of human brucellosis in the united arab emirates and the reported incidence appeared to be low compared with similar areas. in 2009, a new web-based infectious disease surveillance system was introduced in the emirate of abu dhabi. this paper reports data from this new system on human brucellosis for the 6 years 2010 to 2015. | 2016 | 27729014 |
| next-generation high-throughput functional annotation of microbial genomes. | host infection by microbial pathogens cues global changes in microbial and host cell biology that facilitate microbial replication and disease. the complete maps of thousands of bacterial and viral genomes have recently been defined; however, the rate at which physiological or biochemical functions have been assigned to genes has greatly lagged. the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid) addressed this gap by creating functional genomics centers dedicated to developing hig ... | 2016 | 27703071 |
| latent class evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in bangladesh. | a bayesian latent class evaluation was used to estimate the true prevalence of brucellosis in livestock farmers and patients with prolonged pyrexia (pp) and to validate three conditionally dependent serological tests: indirect elisa (ielisa), rose bengal test (rbt), and standard tube agglutination (stat). a total of 335 sera from livestock farmers and 300 sera from pp patients were investigated. | 2016 | 27729827 |
| experience with splenic abscess from southern india. | splenic abscess is a rare entity with potentially life threatening complications. sparse recent published data are available documenting the aetiological profile and management of patients with splenic abscess from india. | 2016 | 27891372 |
| brucella abortus strain 2308 wisconsin genome: importance of the definition of reference strains. | brucellosis is a bacterial infectious disease affecting a wide range of mammals and a neglected zoonosis caused by species of the genetically homogenous genus brucella. as in most studies on bacterial diseases, research in brucellosis is carried out by using reference strains as canonical models to understand the mechanisms underlying host pathogen interactions. we performed whole genome sequencing analysis of the reference strain b. abortus 2308 routinely used in our laboratory, including manua ... | 2016 | 27746773 |
| immunogenicity and protective response induced by recombinant plasmids based on the bab1_0267 and bab1_0270 open reading frames of brucella abortus 2308 in balb/c mice. | immunogenicity induced by recombinant plasmids based on the bab1_0267 and bab1_0270 open reading frames (orfs) of brucella abortus 2308 was evaluated. bioinformatics analyses indicate that the bab1_0267 and bab1_0270 orfs encode a protein with a sh3 domain and a zn-dependent metalloproteinase, respectively. both orfs have important effects on intracellular survival and replication of b. abortus 2308, mediated via professional and non-professional phagocytic cells. our results show that immunizat ... | 2016 | 27747197 |
| a brucella spp. isolate from a pac-man frog (ceratophrys ornata) reveals characteristics departing from classical brucellae. | brucella are highly infectious bacterial pathogens responsible for brucellosis, a frequent worldwide zoonosis. the brucella genus has recently expanded from 6 to 11 species, all of which were associated with mammals; the natural host range recently expanded to amphibians after some reports of atypical strains from frogs. here we describe the first in depth phenotypic and genetic characterization of a brucella strains isolated from a frog. strain b13-0095 was isolated from a pac-man frog (ceratop ... | 2016 | 27734009 |
| inhibitory effect of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from korean red ginseng on phagocytic activity and intracellular replication of brucella abortus in raw 264.7 cells. | korean red ginseng (krg) has long been used in traditional korean and oriental medicine. however, the anti-bacterial mechanism and therapeutic efficiency of kgr for intracellular brucella infection are still unclear. in this study, the bactericidal activity of korean red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (rgap) on brucella (b.) abortus and its cytotoxic effects on raw 264.7 cells were evaluated. in addition, b. abortus internalization and intracellular replication in macrophages were investigated af ... | 2016 | 26726017 |
| laying performance, digestibility and plasma hormones in laying hens exposed to chronic heat stress as affected by betaine, vitamin c, and/or vitamin e supplementation. | heat stress had a negative effect on laying hens' performance, thus this research was to study the influences of betaine (bet, 1000 mg/kg betaine), vitamin c (vc, 200 mg/kg ascorbic acid), and vitamin e (ve, 150 mg/kg α-tocopherol acetate) and their possible combinations on egg production, digestibility of nutrients, plasma hormones and reproductive organs of dual-purpose hens exposed to chronic heat stress. two hundred and eighty eight hens and thirty-six cocks from 32 to 48 weeks of age were d ... | 2016 | 27652192 |