Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| effects of site-directed mutagenesis of mgla on motility and swarming of myxococcus xanthus. | the mgla gene from the bacterium myxococcus xanthus encodes a 22kda protein related to the ras superfamily of monomeric gtpases. mgla is required for the normal function of a-motility (adventurous), s-motility (social), fruiting body morphogenesis, and sporulation. mgla and its homologs differ from all eukaryotic and other prokaryotic gtpases because they have a threonine (thr78) in place of the highly conserved aspartate residue of the consensus pm3 (phosphate-magnesium binding) region. to iden ... | 2010 | 21083931 |
| difa, a methyl-accepting chemoreceptor protein-like sensory protein, uses a novel signaling mechanism to regulate exopolysaccharide production in myxococcus xanthus. | difa is a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (mcp)-like sensory transducer that regulates exopolysaccharide (eps) production in myxococcus xanthus. here mutational analysis and molecular biology were used to probe the signaling mechanisms of difa in eps regulation. we first identified the start codon of difa experimentally; this identification extended the n terminus of difa for 45 amino acids (aa) from the previous bioinformatics prediction. this extension helped to address the outstanding que ... | 2010 | 21131490 |
| in vitro efficacy of myxococcus fulvus ansm068 to biotransform aflatoxin b(1). | aflatoxin b(1) (afb(1)) is commonly found in cereals and animal feeds and causes a significant threat to the food industry and animal production. several microbial isolates with high afb(1) transformation ability have been identified in our previous studies. the aim of this research was to characterize one of those isolates, myxococcus fulvus ansm068, and to explore its biotransformation mechanism. the bacterial isolate of m. fulvus ansm068, isolated from deer feces, was able to transform afb(1) ... | 2010 | 21152320 |
| myxotyrosides a and b, unusual rhamnosides from myxococcus sp. | myxobacteria are gliding bacteria of the delta-subdivision of the proteobacteria and known for their unique biosynthetic capabilities. two examples of a new class of metabolites, myxotyrosides a (1) and b (2), were isolated from a myxococcus sp. the myxotyrosides have a tyrosine-derived core structure glycosylated with rhamnose and acylated with unusual fatty acids such as (z)-15-methyl-2-hexadecenoic and (z)-2-hexadecenoic acid. the fatty acid profile of the investigated myxococcus sp. (strain ... | 2009 | 19113894 |
| enzymatic characteristics of two novel myxococcus xanthus enzymes, pdea and pdeb, displaying 3',5'- and 2',3'-camp phosphodiesterase, and phosphatase activities. | myxococcus xanthus pdea and pdeb, enzymes homologous to class iii 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, hydrolyzed 3',5'- and 2',3'-cyclic amp (camp) to adenosine, and also demonstrated phosphatase activity toward nucleoside 5'-tri-, 5'-di-, 5'- and 3'-monophosphates with highest activities for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. the substrate specificities of pdea and pdeb show no similarity to that of any known cnmp phosphodiesterase, nucleotidase, or phosphatase. the enzyme activities of pdea ... | 2009 | 19114044 |
| the atypical hybrid histidine protein kinase rodk in myxococcus xanthus: spatial proximity supersedes kinetic preference in phosphotransfer reactions. | many proteins of two-component signal transduction systems (tcs) have domain structures that do not comply with a phosphate flow as observed in linear tcs, phosphorelays, or simple branched pathways. an example is rodk, which is essential for fruiting body formation in myxococcus xanthus and, in addition to a sensor domain, consists of a kinase domain and three receiver domains (rodk-r1, -r2, and -r3), all of which are functionally important. we identified the roka response regulator as part of ... | 2009 | 19136593 |
| enzymatic characteristics of a ser/thr protein kinase, spka, from myxococcus xanthus. | two ser/thr protein kinases, spka and spkb, selected from myxococcus xanthus based on amino acid sequence similarities with the catalytic subunits of camp-dependent protein kinases (pka) were synthesized using a cell-free protein synthesis system. in various protein kinase assays, purified stka and stkb showed their highest protein kinase activities in a pka assay using the selective pka substrate kemptide and in a protein kinase c (pkc) assay using the selective pkc substrate neurogranin((28-43 ... | 2009 | 19147102 |
| seawater-regulated genes for two-component systems and outer membrane proteins in myxococcus. | when salt-tolerant myxococcus cells are moved to a seawater environment, they change their growth, morphology, and developmental behavior. outer membrane proteins and signal transduction pathways may play important roles in this shift. chip hybridization targeting the genes predicted to encode 226 two-component signal transduction pathways and 74 outer membrane proteins of m. xanthus dk1622 revealed that the expression of 55 corresponding genes in the salt-tolerant strain m. fulvus hw-1 was sign ... | 2009 | 19151139 |
| periodic reversal of direction allows myxobacteria to swarm. | many bacteria can rapidly traverse surfaces from which they are extracting nutrient for growth. they generate flat, spreading colonies, called swarms because they resemble swarms of insects. we seek to understand how members of any dense swarm spread efficiently while being able to perceive and interfere minimally with the motion of others. to this end, we investigate swarms of the myxobacterium, myxococcus xanthus. individual m. xanthus cells are elongated; they always move in the direction of ... | 2009 | 19164578 |
| three-dimensional macromolecular organization of cryofixed myxococcus xanthus biofilms as revealed by electron microscopic tomography. | despite the fact that most bacteria grow in biofilms in natural and pathogenic ecosystems, very little is known about the ultrastructure of their component cells or about the details of their community architecture. we used high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution to minimize the artifacts of chemical fixation, sample aggregation, and sample extraction. as a further innovation we have, for the first time in biofilm research, used electron tomography and three-dimensional (3d) visualization ... | 2009 | 19168614 |
| a combination of unusual transcription factors binds cooperatively to control myxococcus xanthus developmental gene expression. | myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium that undergoes multicellular development requiring coordinate regulation of multiple signaling pathways. one pathway governs aggregation and sporulation of some cells in a starving population and requires c-signaling, whereas another pathway causes programmed cell death and requires the mazf toxin. in response to starvation, the levels of the bifunctional transcription factor/antitoxin mrpc and its related proteolytic fragment mrpc2 are increased, inhibiting the ... | 2009 | 19179401 |
| lc-ms/ms profiling-based secondary metabolite screening of myxococcus xanthus. | myxobacteria, gram-negative soil bacteria, are a well-known producer of bioactive secondary metabolites. therefore, this study presents a methodological approach for the high-throughput screening of secondary metabolites from 4 wild-type myxococcus xanthus strains. first, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) was performed using extracellular crude extracts. as a result, 22 metabolite peaks were detected, and the metabolite profiling was then conducted using the m/z value, retention ... | 2009 | 19190408 |
| combinatorial regulation by a novel arrangement of frua and mrpc2 transcription factors during myxococcus xanthus development. | myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative soil bacterium that undergoes multicellular development upon nutrient limitation. intercellular signals control cell movements and regulate gene expression during the developmental process. c-signal is a short-range signal essential for aggregation and sporulation. c-signaling regulates the fmga gene by a novel mechanism involving cooperative binding of the response regulator frua and the transcription factor/antitoxin mrpc2. here, we demonstrate that regula ... | 2009 | 19201804 |
| mrna interferases, sequence-specific endoribonucleases from the toxin-antitoxin systems. | escherichia coli contains a large number of suicide or toxin genes, whose expression leads to cell growth arrest and eventual cell death. one such toxin, mazf, is an aca-specific endoribonuclease, termed "mrna interferase."e. coli contains other mrna interferases with different sequence specificities, which are considered to play important roles in growth regulation under stress conditions, and also in eliminating stress-damaged cells from a population. recently, mazf homologues with 5-base reco ... | 2009 | 19215780 |
| bacterial landlines: contact-dependent signaling in bacterial populations. | bacterial populations utilize a variety of signaling strategies to exchange information, including the secretion of quorum-sensing molecules and contact-dependent signaling cascades. although quorum sensing has received the bulk of attention for many years, contact-dependent signaling is forging a niche in the research world with the identification of novel systems and the emergence of more mechanistic data. contact-dependent signaling is probably a common strategy by which bacteria in close con ... | 2009 | 19246237 |
| a vitamin b12-based system for conditional expression reveals dksa to be an essential gene in myxococcus xanthus. | myxococcus xanthus is a prokaryotic model system for the study of multicellular development and the response to blue light. the previous analyses of these processes and the characterization of new genes would benefit from a robust system for controlled gene expression, which has been elusive so far for this bacterium. here, we describe a system for conditional expression of genes in m. xanthus based on our recent finding that vitamin b12 and carh, a merr-type transcriptional repressor, together ... | 2009 | 19251845 |
| localization of a bacterial cytoplasmic receptor is dynamic and changes with cell-cell contacts. | directional motility in the gliding bacterium myxococcus xanthus requires controlled cell reversals mediated by the frz chemosensory system. frzcd, a cytoplasmic chemoreceptor, does not form membrane-bound polar clusters typical for most bacteria, but rather cytoplasmic clusters that appear helically arranged and span the cell length. the distribution of frzcd in living cells was found to be dynamic: frzcd was localized in clusters that continuously changed their size, number, and position. the ... | 2009 | 19273862 |
| aglz regulates adventurous (a-) motility in myxococcus xanthus through its interaction with the cytoplasmic receptor, frzcd. | myxococcus xanthus moves by gliding motility powered by type iv pili (s-motility) and distributed motor complexes (a-motility). the frz chemosensory pathway controls reversals for both motility systems. however, it is unclear how the frz pathway can communicate with these different systems. in this article, we show that frzcd, the frz pathway receptor, interacts with aglz, a protein associated with a-motility. affinity chromatography and cross-linking experiments showed that the frzcd-aglz inter ... | 2009 | 19400788 |
| high-force generation is a conserved property of type iv pilus systems. | the type iv pilus (t4p) system of neisseria gonorrhoeae is the strongest linear molecular motor reported to date, but it is unclear whether high-force generation is conserved between bacterial species. using laser tweezers, we found that the average stalling force of single-pilus retraction in myxococcus xanthus of 149 +/- 14 pn exceeds the force generated by n. gonorrhoeae. retraction velocities including a bimodal distribution were similar between m. xanthus and n. gonorrhoeae, but force-depen ... | 2009 | 19429611 |
| functional analysis of desaturases from the myxobacterium myxococcus xanthus. | the fatty acid (fa) profiles of myxobacteria contain fa species with double bonds at the delta(5) and delta(11) positions, the latter being rather unusual among bacteria. despite this knowledge, the mechanism for introduction of these double bonds has never been described before in myxobacteria. searches for candidate genes in the genome of the model organism myxococcus xanthus revealed 16 genes, which have been annotated as fa desaturases. however, due to redundant substrate specificity, functi ... | 2009 | 19459946 |
| myxobacteria--'microbial factories' for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. | in this article, we briefly review the potential of myxobacteria as 'natural product factories' by highlighting results from the recently sequenced myxobacterial model strain myxococcus xanthus. we will focus on the production of polyketides, non-ribosomally-made peptides, and their hybrids, and discuss the evaluation of biosynthetic potential using genome-based methods, as well as biosynthetic process engineering. | 2009 | 19462013 |
| deciphering the hunting strategy of a bacterial wolfpack. | myxococcus xanthus is a common soil bacterium with an intricate multicellular lifestyle that continues to challenge the way in which we conceptualize the capabilities of prokaryotic organisms. myxococcus xanthus is the preferred laboratory representative from the myxobacteria, a family of organisms distinguished by their ability to form highly structured biofilms that include tentacle-like packs of surface-gliding cell groups, synchronized rippling waves of oscillating cells and massive spore-fi ... | 2009 | 19519767 |
| a novel "four-component" two-component signal transduction mechanism regulates developmental progression in myxococcus xanthus. | histidine-aspartate phosphorelays are employed by two-component signal transduction family proteins to mediate responses to specific signals or stimuli in microorganisms and plants. the redcdef proteins constitute a novel signaling system in which four two-component proteins comprising a histidine kinase, a histidine-kinase like protein, and two response regulators function together to regulate progression through the elaborate developmental program of myxococcus xanthus. a combination of in viv ... | 2009 | 19535336 |
| significant enhanced expression and solubility of human proteins in escherichia coli by fusion with protein s from myxococcus xanthus. | protein s is a major spore coat protein of myxococcus xanthus, consisting of two homologous domains, the n-terminal domain (ntd) and the c-terminal domain, both of which contain a ca(2+)-binding site. protein s tightly binds to myxospores in a ca(2+)-dependent manner. here, we constructed a novel expression vector, pcold-pst, encoding two tandem repeat ntds (prs2). by using this vector, a number of human proteins that were expressed at low levels or in insoluble forms by a pet vector were expres ... | 2009 | 19542330 |
| emended descriptions of the genera myxococcus and corallococcus, typification of the species myxococcus stipitatus and myxococcus macrosporus and a proposal that they be represented by neotype strains. request for an opinion. | the genus corallococcus was separated from the genus myxococcus mainly on the basis of differences in morphology and consistency of swarms and fruiting bodies of the respective members. phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological evidence is presented here that underpins the separate status of these phylogenetically neighbouring genera. emended descriptions of the two genera are presented. the data also suggest that the species corallococcus macrosporus belongs to the genus myxococcus. to the ... | 2009 | 19567579 |
| biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy and iso-even fatty acids is connected to sphingolipid formation in myxobacteria. | 2-hydroxy fatty acids can be found in several different organisms, including bacteria. in this study, we have studied the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy fatty acids in the myxobacteria myxococcus xanthus and stigmatella aurantiaca, resulting in the identification of a family of stereospecific fatty acid alpha-hydroxylases. although the stereospecificities of the hydroxylases differ between these two species, they share a common function in supporting fatty acid alpha-oxidation; that is, the oxidative ... | 2009 | 19575369 |
| sociobiology of the myxobacteria. | cooperation is integral to much of biological life but can be threatened by selfish evolutionary strategies. diverse cooperative traits have evolved among microbes, but particularly sophisticated forms of sociality have arisen in the myxobacteria, including group motility and multicellular fruiting body development. myxobacterial cooperation has succeeded against socially destructive cheaters and can readily re-evolve from some socially defective genotypes. however, social harmony does not exten ... | 2009 | 19575567 |
| isoprenoids are essential for fruiting body formation in myxococcus xanthus. | it was recently shown that myxococcus xanthus harbors an alternative and reversible biosynthetic pathway to isovaleryl coenzyme a (coa) branching from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa. analyses of various mutants in these pathways for fatty acid profiles and fruiting body formation revealed for the first time the importance of isoprenoids for myxobacterial development. | 2009 | 19617362 |
| 1h, 13c and 15n backbone and side chain resonance assignments of the c-terminal domain of cdnl from myxococcus xanthus. | cdnl, a 164-residue protein essential for myxococcus xanthus viability, is a member of a large family of bacterial proteins of unknown structure and function. here, we report the (1)h, (13)c and (15)n backbone and side chain assignments for the stable c-terminal domain of cdnl identified by limited proteolysis. | 2009 | 19636935 |
| 1h, 13c and 15n backbone and side chain resonance assignments of a myxococcus xanthus anti-repressor with no known sequence homologues. | the cars antirepressor activates a photo-inducible promoter in myxococcus xanthus by physically interacting with the cara repressor and eliminating the latter's binding to operator dna. interestingly, interactions with both cars and operator are crucially dependent on the dna recognition helix of the cara winged-helix dna-binding domain. the cara-cars and the cara-operator interfaces therefore overlap, and cars may have structural features that mimic operator dna. cars has no known sequence homo ... | 2009 | 19636942 |
| functional equivalence of hmga- and histone h1-like domains in a bacterial transcriptional factor. | histone h1 and high-mobility group a (hmga) proteins compete dynamically to modulate chromatin structure and regulate dna transactions in eukaryotes. in prokaryotes, hmga-like domains are known only in myxococcus xanthus card and its stigmatella aurantiaca ortholog. these have an n-terminal module absent in hmga that interacts with carg (a zinc-associated factor that does not bind dna) to form a stable complex essential in regulating multicellular development, light-induced carotenogenesis, and ... | 2009 | 19666574 |
| isolation and characterization of a suppressor mutation that restores myxococcus xanthus exopolysaccharide production. | myxococcus xanthus, a gram-negative soil bacterium, undergoes multicellular development when nutrients become limiting. aggregation, which is part of the developmental process, requires the surface motility of this organism. one component of m. xanthus motility, the social (s) gliding motility, enables the movement of cells in close physical proximity. previous studies demonstrated that the cell surface-associated exopolysaccharide (eps) is essential for s motility and that the dif proteins form ... | 2009 | 19684067 |
| microbial interactions: bacteria talk to (some of) their neighbors. | a recent study reports that bacillus subtilis biofilm formation depends upon paracrine signaling where the signal-producing and target-responsive cells are different. | 2009 | 19706277 |
| myxococcus xanthus pph2 is a manganese-dependent protein phosphatase involved in energy metabolism. | the multicellular behavior of the myxobacterium myxococcus xanthus requires the participation of an elevated number of signal-transduction mechanisms to coordinate the cell movements and the sequential changes in gene expression patterns that lead to the morphogenetic and differentiation events. these signal-transduction mechanisms are mainly based on two-component systems and on the reversible phosphorylation of protein targets mediated by eukaryotic-like protein kinases and phosphatases. among ... | 2009 | 19706604 |
| regulation of the type iv pili molecular machine by dynamic localization of two motor proteins. | type iv pili (t4p) are surface structures that undergo extension/retraction oscillations to generate cell motility. in myxococcus xanthus, t4p are unipolarly localized and undergo pole-to-pole oscillations synchronously with cellular reversals. we investigated the mechanisms underlying these oscillations. we show that several t4p proteins localize symmetrically in clusters at both cell poles between reversals, and these clusters remain stationary during reversals. conversely, the pilb and pilt m ... | 2009 | 19775250 |
| lipid body formation plays a central role in cell fate determination during developmental differentiation of myxococcus xanthus. | cell differentiation is widespread during the development of multicellular organisms, but rarely observed in prokaryotes. one example of prokaryotic differentiation is the gram-negative bacterium myxococcus xanthus. in response to starvation, this gliding bacterium initiates a complex developmental programme that results in the formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. how the cells metabolically support the necessary complex cellular differentiation from rod-shaped vegetative cells into spheri ... | 2009 | 19788540 |
| a microscope automated fluidic system to study bacterial processes in real time. | most time lapse microscopy experiments studying bacterial processes ie growth, progression through the cell cycle and motility have been performed on thin nutrient agar pads. an important limitation of this approach is that dynamic perturbations of the experimental conditions cannot be easily performed. in eukaryotic cell biology, fluidic approaches have been largely used to study the impact of rapid environmental perturbations on live cells and in real time. however, all these approaches are no ... | 2009 | 19789641 |
| social conflict in centimeter-and global-scale populations of the bacterium myxococcus xanthus. | social interactions among microbes that engage in cooperative behaviors are well studied in laboratory contexts [1, 2], but little is known about the scales at which initially cooperative microbes diversify into socially conflicting genotypes in nature. the predatory soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus responds to starvation by cooperatively forming multicellular fruiting bodies in which a portion of the population differentiates into stress-resistant spores [3, 4]. natural m. xanthus populations ... | 2009 | 19879146 |
| evolution: spatial scaling of microbial interactions. | intraspecific incompatibility in the soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus demonstrates that the social life of microbes is antagonistic on local and global scales. antagonistic interactions and non-self recognition are likely to promote microbial diversity in local populations. | 2009 | 19889374 |
| operon required for fruiting body development in myxococcus xanthus. | we have used mutational analysis to identify four genes, mxan3553, mxan3554, mxan3555, and mxan3556, constituting an operon that is essential for normal fruiting body development in myxococcus xanthus. deletion of mxan3553, which encoded a hypothetical protein, resulted in delayed fruiting body development. mxan3554 was predicted to encode a metallopeptidase, and its deletion caused fruiting body formation to fail. inactivation of mxan3555, which encoded a putative ntrc-type response regulator, ... | 2009 | 19996678 |
| 4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the sex hormone pathway of mucor mucedo: purification, cloning of the corresponding gene, and developmental expression. | the nadp-dependent 4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase is a (-) mating-type-specific enzyme in the pathway from beta-carotene to trisporic acid. this substance and its isomers and derivatives represent the general system of sexual communication in zygomycetes. the (-) mating type of mucor mucedo was stimulated by trisporic acid and the enzyme was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. several peptides of the 26-kda protein, digested with trypsin, were sequenced by mass spectrometry. ... | 2009 | 18931040 |
| experimental evolution of a microbial predator's ability to find prey. | foraging theory seeks to explain how the distribution and abundance of prey influence the evolution of predatory behaviour, including the allocation of effort to searching for prey and handling them after they are found. while experiments have shown that many predators alter their behaviour phenotypically within individual lifetimes, few have examined the actual evolution of predatory behaviour in light of this theory. here, we test the effects of prey density on the evolution of a predator's se ... | 2009 | 18832061 |
| identification of additional players in the alternative biosynthesis pathway to isovaleryl-coa in the myxobacterium myxococcus xanthus. | isovaleryl-coa (iv-coa) is usually derived from the degradation of leucine by using the bkd (branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase) complex. we have previously identified an alternative pathway for iv-coa formation in myxobacteria that branches from the well-known mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. we identified 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa (hmg-coa) synthase (mvas) to be involved in this pathway in myxococcus xanthus, which is induced in mutants with impaired leucine degra ... | 2009 | 18846531 |
| interaction between a ser/thr protein kinase, spka, and a camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit homolog, cbpb, from myxococcus xanthus. | 2009 | 20118614 | |
| the peptidoglycan sacculus of myxococcus xanthus has unusual structural features and is degraded during glycerol-induced myxospore development. | upon nutrient limitation cells of the swarming soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus form a multicellular fruiting body in which a fraction of the cells develop into myxospores. spore development includes the transition from a rod-shaped vegetative cell to a spherical myxospore and so is expected to be accompanied by changes in the bacterial cell envelope. peptidoglycan is the shape-determining structure in the cell envelope of most bacteria, including myxobacteria. we analyzed the composition of pe ... | 2009 | 18996994 |
| replacement of atcc 25944t, the current type strain of melittangium lichenicola, with atcc 25946. request for an opinion. | it is proposed that the type strain of melittangium lichenicola (thaxter 1892) mccurdy 1971 is atcc 25946 (=dsm 14877), which was originally designated as a reference strain by mccurdy, and not atcc 25944(t), as given in the approved lists. swarm appearance, myxospore morphology and 16s rrna gene sequence data suggest that atcc 25946 is a representative of the species melittangium lichenicola, while strain atcc 25944 is clearly a member of the myxococcus-corallococcus clade. a request for an opi ... | 2008 | 19060095 |
| reversing cells and oscillating motility proteins. | cells of the bacterium myxococcus xanthus organize into two types of patterns depending on their nutritional status, i.e. in the presence of nutrients cells form spreading colonies and in the absence of nutrients cells form fruiting bodies. formation of both patterns depends on directed cell movements, which, in turn, depend on regulation of motility. m. xanthus cells harbor two motility machines, type iv pili and the a-engine, which act synergistically to generate motive force in the same direc ... | 2008 | 19082140 |
| regulated secretion of a protease activates intercellular signaling during fruiting body formation in m. xanthus. | in response to starvation myxococcus xanthus initiates a developmental program that culminates in fruiting body formation. there are two morphogenetic events in this program, aggregation and sporulation, which are temporally and spatially coordinated by the contact-dependent intercellular c-signal protein (p17). p17 is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the p25 precursor protein, which accumulates in the outer membrane of vegetative and starving cells. however, p17 generation is restricted to ... | 2008 | 18854146 |
| eukaryotic-like protein kinases in the prokaryotes and the myxobacterial kinome. | ser/thr/tyr kinases, which together comprise a major class of regulatory proteins in eukaryotes, were not believed to play an important role in prokaryotes until recently. however, our analysis of 626 prokaryotic genomes reveals that eukaryotic-like protein kinases (elks) are found in nearly two-thirds of the sequenced strains. we have identified 2697 elks, most of which are encoded by multicellular strains of the phyla proteobacteria (myxococcales), actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, and chloroflex ... | 2008 | 18836084 |
| identification of (8s,9s,10s)-8,10-dimethyl-1-octalin, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of geosmin in bacteria. | 2008 | 18095691 | |
| predataxis behavior in myxococcus xanthus. | spatial organization of cells is important for both multicellular development and tactic responses to a changing environment. we find that the social bacterium, myxococcus xanthus utilizes a chemotaxis (che)-like pathway to regulate multicellular rippling during predation of other microbial species. tracking of gfp-labeled cells indicates directed movement of m. xanthus cells during the formation of rippling wave structures. quantitative analysis of rippling indicates that ripple wavelength is a ... | 2008 | 18952843 |
| configurational assignment of rhizopodin, an actin-binding macrolide from the myxobacterium myxococcus stipitatus. | the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the 38-membered myxobacterial polyketide rhizopodin, a potent actin-binding macrolide, was determined by j-based configurational analysis in combination with molecular modeling and chemical derivatization. | 2008 | 18956059 |
| reclassification of myxococcus flavescens yamanaka et al. 1990vp as a later synonym of myxococcus virescens thaxter 1892al. | the taxonomic relatedness between the species myxococcus flavescens and myxococcus virescens was investigated. literature data had already indicated the synonymy between the two species but this observation had not been formalized. additional evidence that the two taxa represent a single species was provided by comparison of metabolic properties, cellular fatty acid profiles and from a dna-dna reassociation value of >80 %. data from this study led to the proposal that m. flavescens should be rec ... | 2008 | 18984701 |
| the 5' untranslated region of frua mrna is required for translational enhancement of frua synthesis during myxococcus xanthus development. | the frua gene encodes a dna-binding response regulator protein essential for the development of myxococcus xanthus. this gene is transcribed with an unusually long (235 nucleotides) 5' untranslated region (utr) that has been shown to be absolutely necessary for the induction of frua synthesis during development. with lacz as a reporter, it was found in this report that each regional deletion mutation within 5' utr caused a decrease in beta-galactosidase production. base substitution mutations th ... | 2008 | 17992513 |
| bioinformatics and experimental analysis of proteins of two-component systems in myxococcus xanthus. | proteins of two-component systems (tcs) have essential functions in the sensing of external and self-generated signals in bacteria and in the generation of appropriate output responses. accordingly, in myxococcus xanthus, tcs are important for normal motility and fruiting body formation and sporulation. here we analyzed the m. xanthus genome for the presence and genetic organization of genes encoding tcs. two hundred seventy-two tcs genes were identified, 251 of which are not part of che gene cl ... | 2008 | 17993514 |
| phosphate acquisition components of the myxococcus xanthus pho regulon are regulated by both phosphate availability and development. | in many organisms, phosphatase expression and phosphate (p) uptake are coordinately regulated by the pho regulon. in myxococcus xanthus p limitation initiates multicellular development, a process associated with changes in phosphatase expression. we sought here to characterize the link between p acquisition and development in this bacterium, an organism capable of preying upon other microorganisms as a sole nutrient source. m. xanthus seems to possess no significant internal p stores, as reducin ... | 2008 | 18178740 |
| mazf, an mrna interferase, mediates programmed cell death during multicellular myxococcus development. | in prokaryotes, the toxin-antitoxin systems are thought to play important roles in growth regulation under stress conditions. in the e. coli maze-mazf system, mazf toxin functions as an mrna interferase cleaving mrnas at aca sequences to inhibit protein synthesis leading to cell growth arrest. myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium displaying multicellular fruiting body development during which approximately 80% of cells undergo obligatory cell lysis. here, we demonstrate that m. xanthus has a solita ... | 2008 | 18191220 |
| pilb and pilt are atpases acting antagonistically in type iv pilus function in myxococcus xanthus. | type iv pili (t4p) are dynamic surface structures that undergo cycles of extension and retraction. t4p dynamics center on the pilb and pilt proteins, which are members of the secretion atpase superfamily of proteins. here, we show that pilb and pilt of the t4p system in myxococcus xanthus have atpase activity in vitro. using a structure-guided approach, we systematically mutagenized pilb and pilt to resolve whether both atp binding and hydrolysis are important for pilb and pilt function in vivo. ... | 2008 | 18223089 |
| discovery of the autonomously replicating plasmid pmf1 from myxococcus fulvus and development of a gene cloning system in myxococcus xanthus. | myxobacteria are very important due to their unique characteristics, such as multicellular social behavior and the production of diverse and novel bioactive secondary metabolites. however, the lack of autonomously replicating plasmids has hindered genetic manipulation of myxobacteria for decades. to determine whether indigenous plasmids are present, we screened about 150 myxobacterial strains, and a circular plasmid designated pmf1 was isolated from myxococcus fulvus 124b02. sequence analysis sh ... | 2008 | 18245244 |
| facultative cheater mutants reveal the genetic complexity of cooperation in social amoebae. | cooperation is central to many major transitions in evolution, including the emergence of eukaryotic cells, multicellularity and eusociality. cooperation can be destroyed by the spread of cheater mutants that do not cooperate but gain the benefits of cooperation from others. however, cooperation can be preserved if cheaters are facultative, cheating others but cooperating among themselves. several cheater mutants have been studied before, but no study has attempted a genome-scale investigation o ... | 2008 | 18272966 |
| an anti-antisigma factor in the response of the bacterium myxococcus xanthus to blue light. | cells of the gram-negative bacterium myxococcus xanthus respond to blue light by producing carotenoids, pigments that play a protective role against the oxidative effects of light. blue light triggers a network of regulatory actions that lead to the transcriptional activation of the structural genes for carotenoid synthesis. the product of carf, similar to a family of proteins of unknown function called kua, is an early regulator of this process. previous genetic data indicate that carf particip ... | 2008 | 18310035 |
| vitamin b12 partners the carh repressor to downregulate a photoinducible promoter in myxococcus xanthus. | a light-inducible promoter, p(b), drives expression of the carb operon in myxococcus xanthus. repressed by cara in the dark, p(b) is activated when cars, produced in the light, sequesters cara to prevent operator-cara binding. the merr-type, n-terminal domain of cara, which mediates interactions with both operator and cars, is linked to a c-terminal oligomerization module with a predicted cobalamin-binding motif. here, we show that although cara does bind vitamin b12, mutating the motif involved ... | 2008 | 18315685 |
| residue 134 determines the dimer-tetramer assembly of nucleoside diphosphate kinase from moderately halophilic bacteria. | halomonas nucleoside diphosphate kinase (handk) forms a dimeric assembly and pseudomonas ndk (pandk) forms a tetrameric assembly. the mutation of glu134 to ala in handk resulted in the conversion of the native dimeric structure to the tetramer assembly. conversely, the mutation of ala134 to glu in pandk lead to the conversion from the tetramer to the dimer assembly, indicating that a single amino acid substitution at position 134 results in an alteration of the oligomeric structure of ndk. by mo ... | 2008 | 18319059 |
| isolation by distance in the spore-forming soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus. | genetic differentiation between spatially separated populations within a species is commonly observed in plants and animals, but its existence in microbes has long been a contentious issue. traditionally, many microbial ecologists have reasoned that microbes are not limited by dispersal as a result of their immense numbers and microscopic size. in this view, the absence of barriers to gene flow between populations would prevent differentiation of populations by genetic drift and hinder local ada ... | 2008 | 18328701 |
| 16s rrna gene and 16s-23s rrna gene internal transcribed spacer sequences analysis of the genus myxococcus. | phylogenetic relationships of the species belonging to the genus myxococcus were elucidated based on the sequences of 16s rrna genes and 16s-23s rrna gene internal transcribed spacer (its) regions. the myxococcus species were consequently classified into four distinct groups. the type strain of myxococcus coralloides occupied an independent position (group 1); it has been recently reclassified as corallococcus coralloides. group 2 comprised the type strains of both myxococcus virescens and myxoc ... | 2008 | 18355284 |
| cloning and characterization of an rrna methyltransferase from sorangium cellulosum. | a locus (kmr) responsible for aminoglycosides-resistance of sorangium cellulosum was cloned and characterized in myxococcus xanthus. the gene kmr encodes a putative rrna methyltransferase. expression of the complete orf endowed the myxococcus transformants with the resistance to aminoglycosidic antibiotics of kanamycin, apramycin, gentamycin, neomycin, and tobramycin at an extraordinary high-level (mic, higher than 500 microg/ml). however, the gene did not function in escherichia coli cells. in ... | 2008 | 18355448 |
| discovering the hidden secondary metabolome of myxococcus xanthus: a study of intraspecific diversity. | as a monophyletic group, the myxobacteria are known to produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites. however, the degree of metabolic diversity that can be found within a single species remains unexplored. the model species myxococcus xanthus produces several metabolites also present in other myxobacterial species, but only one compound unique to m. xanthus has been found to date. here, we compare the metabolite profiles of 98 m. xanthus strains that originate from 78 locations worldwide an ... | 2008 | 18378661 |
| novel transcriptome patterns accompany evolutionary restoration of defective social development in the bacterium myxococcus xanthus. | evolutionary trait losses can be restored by direct reversion or by compensatory pathways. upon starvation, the bacterium myxococcus xanthus develops into spore-bearing fruiting bodies, but this ability can be rapidly lost during evolution. some developmentally defective strains of m. xanthus "cheat" on proficient strains during development by superior sporulation in mixed cultures. here, we examine transcriptomic patterns accompanying the evolution of a cheater (obligate cheater [oc]) to a deve ... | 2008 | 18385222 |
| espa, an orphan hybrid histidine protein kinase, regulates the timing of expression of key developmental proteins of myxococcus xanthus. | myxococcus xanthus undergoes a complex starvation-induced developmental program that results in cells forming multicellular fruiting bodies by aggregating into mounds and then differentiating into spores. this developmental program requires at least 72 h and is mediated by a temporal cascade of gene regulators in response to intra- and extracellular signals. espa mutants, encoding an orphan hybrid histidine kinase, alter the timing of this developmental program, greatly accelerating developmenta ... | 2008 | 18390653 |
| natural variation of gliding motility in a centimetre-scale population of myxococcus xanthus. | a major challenge in microbial evolutionary ecology is to understand how fitness-related traits vary in natural populations of microorganisms at defined spatial scales and subsequently to identify the forces that maintain such variation. the gram-negative soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus is a model system for the study of gliding motility, which is driven by two complementary motility systems in this species and is central to its social lifestyle. we tested whether the ecological context of a c ... | 2008 | 18410356 |
| the receiver domain of frze, a chea-chey fusion protein, regulates the chea histidine kinase activity and downstream signalling to the a- and s-motility systems of myxococcus xanthus. | the frz chemosensory system is a two-component signal transduction pathway that controls cell reversals and directional movements for the two motility systems in myxococcus xanthus. to trigger cell reversals, frze, a hybrid chea-chey fusion protein, autophosphorylates the kinase domain at his-49, and phosphoryl groups are transferred to aspartate residues (asp-52 and asp-220) in the two receiver domains of frzz, a dual chey-like protein that serves as the pathway output. the role of the receiver ... | 2008 | 18430134 |
| programmed cell death: role for mazf and mrpc in myxococcus multicellular development. | programmed cell death is of ultimate importance in embryonic development of animals. now, programmed cell death has been shown to be an integral part of a multicellular developmental program in the bacterium myxococcus xanthus. | 2008 | 18430632 |
| conversion of the lycopene monocyclase of myxococcus xanthus into a bicyclase. | depending on the cyclized hydrocarbon backbone ends, carotenoids can be acyclic, monocyclic, or bicyclic. lycopene cyclases are the enzymes responsible for catalyzing the formation of cyclic carotenoids from acyclic lycopene. myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium that accumulates monocyclic carotenoids such as a glycoside ester of myxobacton. we show here that this bacterium possesses a cyclase belonging to the group of the heterodimeric cyclases crtyc and crtyd. these two individual proteins are en ... | 2008 | 18437372 |
| protein-protein interactions between two-component system transmitter and receiver domains of myxococcus xanthus. | we present a novel dataset assessing the specificity of protein-protein interactions between 69 transmitter and receiver domains from two-component system (tcs)-signalling pathways. tcs require a conserved protein-protein interaction between partner transmitter and receiver domains for signal transduction. the complex prokaryote myxococcus xanthus possesses an unusually large number of tcs genes, many of which have no obvious interaction partners. interactions between tcs domains of m. xanthus w ... | 2008 | 18442170 |
| the mosaic genome of anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2cp-c suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta-proteobacteria. | anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2cp-c is a versaphilic delta-proteobacterium distributed throughout many diverse soil and sediment environments. 16s rrna gene phylogenetic analysis groups a. dehalogenans together with the myxobacteria, which have distinguishing characteristics including strictly aerobic metabolism, sporulation, fruiting body formation, and surface motility. analysis of the 5.01 mb strain 2cp-c genome substantiated that this organism is a myxobacterium but shares genotypic t ... | 2008 | 18461135 |
| bacterial development in the fast lane. | 2008 | 18469109 | |
| characterization of a novel bacterial arginine kinase from desulfotalea psychrophila. | phosphagen kinases are found throughout the animal kingdom and catalyze the transfer of a high-energy gamma phosphoryl-group from atp to a guanidino group on a suitable acceptor molecule such as creatine or arginine. recent genome sequencing efforts in several proteobacteria, including desulfotalea psychrophila lsv54, myxococcus xanthus, sulfurovum sp. nbc37-1, and moritella sp. pe36 have revealed what appears to be a phosphagen kinase homolog present in their genomes. based on sequence comparis ... | 2008 | 18499493 |
| two functionally redundant sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferases differentially activate biosynthetic pathways in myxococcus xanthus. | 2008 | 18506874 | |
| independence and interdependence of dif and frz chemosensory pathways in myxococcus xanthus chemotaxis. | dif and frz, two myxococcus xanthus chemosensory pathways, are required in phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) chemotaxis for excitation and adaptation respectively. difa and frzcd, the homologues of methyl-accepting chemoreceptors in the two pathways, were examined for methylation in the context of chemotaxis and inter-pathway interactions. evidence indicates that difa may not undergo methylation, but signals transmitting through difa do modulate frzcd methylation. results also revealed that m. xanth ... | 2008 | 18554324 |
| site-specific receptor methylation of frzcd in myxococcus xanthus is controlled by a tetra-trico peptide repeat (tpr) containing regulatory domain of the frzf methyltransferase. | myxococcus xanthus is a gliding bacterium with a complex life cycle that includes swarming, predation and fruiting body formation. directed movements in m. xanthus are regulated by the frz chemosensory system, which controls cell reversals. the frz pathway requires the activity of frzcd, a cytoplasmic methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, and frzf, a methyltransferase (cher) containing an additional domain with three tetra trico-peptide repeats (tprs). to investigate the role of the tprs in frzcd ... | 2008 | 18554333 |
| myxococcus-from single-cell polarity to complex multicellular patterns. | myxococcus xanthus creates complex and dynamic multicellular patterns as it swarms. the cells have two polar gliding engines: pulling type iv pili at their leading pole and pushing slime secretory nozzles at their lagging pole. evidence is presented that slime secretion is vital for cell survival and that the peptidoglycan/cytoskeleton serves as a template to keep both engines oriented in the same direction. swarming requires that each cell periodically reverse its gliding direction. for the lea ... | 2008 | 18605899 |
| genetic circuitry controlling motility behaviors of myxococcus xanthus. | m. xanthus has a complex multicellular lifestyle including swarming, predation and development. these behaviors depend on the ability of the cells to achieve directed motility across solid surfaces. m. xanthus cells have evolved two motility systems including type-iv pili that act as grappling hooks and a controversial engine involving mucus secretion and fixed focal adhesion sites. the necessity for cells to coordinate the motility systems and to respond rapidly to environmental cues is reflect ... | 2008 | 18623059 |
| cytoprophet: a cytoscape plug-in for protein and domain interaction networks inference. | cytoprophet is a software tool that allows prediction and visualization of protein and domain interaction networks. it is implemented as a plug-in of cytoscape, an open source software framework for analysis and visualization of molecular networks. cytoprophet implements three algorithms that predict new potential physical interactions using the domain composition of proteins and experimental assays. the algorithms for protein and domain interaction inference include maximum likelihood estimatio ... | 2008 | 18653520 |
| differential expression of a putative card-like transcriptional regulator, ltpa, in borrelia burgdorferi. | the availability of microbial genome information has provided a fruitful opportunity for studying regulatory networks in a variety of pathogenic bacteria. in an initial effort to elucidate regulatory networks potentially involved in differential gene expression by the lyme disease pathogen borrelia burgdorferi, we have been investigating the functions and regulation of putative transcriptional regulatory factors predicted to be encoded within the b. burgdorferi genome. herein we report the regul ... | 2008 | 18663002 |
| efficient transfer of two large secondary metabolite pathway gene clusters into heterologous hosts by transposition. | horizontal gene transfer by transposition has been widely used for transgenesis in prokaryotes. however, conjugation has been preferred for transfer of large transgenes, despite greater restrictions of host range. we examine the possibility that transposons can be used to deliver large transgenes to heterologous hosts. this possibility is particularly relevant to the expression of large secondary metabolite gene clusters in various heterologous hosts. recently, we showed that the engineering of ... | 2008 | 18701643 |
| efficient mining of myxobacterial metabolite profiles enabled by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and compound-based principal component analysis. | bacteria producing secondary metabolites are an important source of natural products with highly diverse structures and biological activities. developing methods to efficiently mine procaryotic secondary metabolomes for the presence of potentially novel natural products is therefore of considerable interest. modern mass spectrometry-coupled liquid chromatography can effectively capture microbial metabolic diversity with ever improving sensitivity and accuracy. in addition, computational and stat ... | 2008 | 18706314 |
| dkxanthene biosynthesis--understanding the basis for diversity-oriented synthesis in myxobacterial secondary metabolism. | the dkxanthenes are a family of yellow pigments which play a critical role in myxobacterial development. thirteen unique structures from myxococcus xanthus dk1622 differ in the length of their characteristic polyene functionality, as well as the extent of methyl branching. we aimed to understand the mechanistic basis for this "molecular promiscuity" by analyzing the gene cluster in dk1622, and comparing it to the dkxanthene biosynthetic locus in a second myxobacterium, stigmatella aurantiaca dw4 ... | 2008 | 18721748 |
| chemotaxis as an emergent property of a swarm. | we have characterized and quantified a form of bacterial chemotaxis that manifests only as an emergent property by measuring symmetry breaking in a swarm of myxococcus xanthus exposed to a two-dimensional nutrient gradient from within an agar substrate. m. xanthus chemotaxis requires cell-cell contact and coordinated motility, as individual motile cells exhibit only nonvectorial movement in the presence of a nutrient gradient. genes that specifically affect m. xanthus chemotaxis include at least ... | 2008 | 18723623 |
| plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil bacterial community structure. | the rhizosphere is active and dynamic in which newly generated carbon, derived from root exudates, and ancient carbon, in soil organic matter (som), are available for microbial growth. stable isotope probing (sip) was used to determine bacterial communities assimilating each carbon source in the rhizosphere of four plant species. wheat, maize, rape and barrel clover (medicago truncatula) were grown separately in the same soil under (13)co(2) (99% of atom (13)c) and dna extracted from rhizosphere ... | 2008 | 18754043 |
| cooperativity, connectivity, and folding pathways of multidomain proteins. | multidomain proteins are ubiquitous in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteomes. study on protein folding, however, has concentrated more on the isolated single domains of proteins, and there have been relatively few systematic studies on the effects of domain-domain interactions on folding. we here discuss this issue by examining human gammad-crystallin, spore coat protein s, and a tandem array of the r16 and r17 domains of spectrin as example proteins by using a structure-based model of foldi ... | 2008 | 18772375 |
| dual regulation with ser/thr kinase cascade and a his/asp tcs in myxococcus xanthus. | fruiting body development of myxococcus xanthus is propelled by temporal gene expression directed via stage-specific intercellular signaling pathways. m. xanthus exhibits social behaviors during its complex life cycle and is a potential source for production of natural products such as secondary metabolites. the numerous signaling pathways of m. xanthus consist of not only the two-component his-asp phosphorelay system (tcs) but also protein ser/thr kinases (pstks) that regulate gene expression, ... | 2008 | 18792684 |
| myxochromide b3, a new member of the myxochromide family of secondary metabolites. | myxochromides are cyclic depsipeptides with an unsaturated polyketide side chain, which have been reported from different myxobacterial species, e.g., myxococcus xanthus and stigmatella aurantiaca. to date, myxochromides are subdivided into the groups a and s, according to their peptidic core structure. the peptide moiety of the new myxochromide b3 (1), which was isolated from a myxobacterial strain of the genus myxococcus, differs from that of myxochromides a and s. compound 1 thus is the first ... | 2008 | 18803421 |
| chemotaxis mediated by narx-frzcd chimeras and nonadapting repellent responses in myxococcus xanthus. | myxococcus xanthus requires gliding motility for swarming and fruiting body formation. it uses the frz chemosensory pathway to regulate cell reversals. frzcd is a cytoplasmic chemoreceptor required for sensing effectors for this pathway. narx is a transmembrane sensor for nitrate from escherichia coli. in this study, two narx-frzcd chimeras were constructed to investigate m. xanthus chemotaxis: nazd(f) contains the n-terminal sensory module of narx fused to the c-terminal signalling domain of fr ... | 2007 | 18028315 |
| the bacillus and myxococcus developmental networks and their transcriptional regulators. | studies of endospore formation by bacillus subtilis and fruiting body development of myxococcus xanthus have revealed key features of regulatory networks that govern temporal and spatial gene expression in bacteria. in b. subtilis, sigma factor cascades, modulated by other types of transcription factors, regulate genes in two cell types that form and communicate with each other during starvation-induced sporulation. in m. xanthus, starving cells also send signals that alter gene expression, but ... | 2007 | 18076324 |
| gliding motility and polarized slime secretion. | myxococcus leaves a trail of slime on agar as it moves. a filament of slime can be seen attached to the end of a cell, but it is seen only at one end at any particular moment. to identify genes essential for a motility, transposon insertion mutations with defective a motility were studied. fifteen of the 33 mutants had totally lost a motility. all these mutant cells had filaments of slime emerging from both ends, indicating that bipolar secretion prevents a motility. the remaining 18 a motility ... | 2007 | 17176257 |
| adaptation of salt-tolerant myxococcus strains and their motility systems to the ocean conditions. | more and more studies have indicated that myxobacteria are able to live in seawater conditions, which, however, can decrease the fruiting body formation ability and also the adventurous (a) and social (s) motility systems of the myxobacteria. to learn the adaptation mechanism of the salt-tolerant myxobacteria to marine conditions, we analyzed 10 salt-tolerant myxococcus strains of their fruiting body formation and motility. the isolates were from marine samples and possessed different levels of ... | 2007 | 17186141 |
| mutations of the act promoter in myxococcus xanthus. | mutations within the -12 and -24 elements provide evidence that the act promoter is recognized by sigma-54 rna polymerase. deletion of the -20 base pair, which lies between the two conserved elements of sigma-54 promoters, decreased expression by 90%. in addition, mutation of a potential enhancer sequence, around -120, led to an 80% reduction in act gene expression. actb, the second gene in the act operon, encodes a sigma-54 activator protein that is proposed to be an enhancer-binding protein fo ... | 2007 | 17189369 |
| structural basis for operator and antirepressor recognition by myxococcus xanthus cara repressor. | blue light induces carotenogenesis in myxococcus xanthus. the carb operon encodes all but one of the structural genes involved, and its expression is regulated by the cara-cars repressor-antirepressor pair. in the dark, cara-operator binding represses carb. cars, produced on illumination, interacts physically with cara to dismantle the cara-operator complex and activate carb. both operator and cars bind to the autonomously folded n-terminal domain of cara, cara(nter), which in excess represses c ... | 2007 | 17233828 |
| taxonomic characterization of members of the genus corallococcus: molecular divergence versus phenotypic coherency. | corallococcus coralloides dsm 2259(t), corallococcus exiguus dsm 14696(t), corallococcus macrosporus dsm 14697(t) and more than 35 strains identified as members of corallococcus on the basis of morphology were subjected to partial sequences analysis of three housekeeping genes (lepa, fusa and rpob), complementing a recent phylogenetic analysis based on genes coding for 16s rrna and gyrb. phylogenetic analysis of each gene, generated by maximum likelihood and two different additive treeing algori ... | 2007 | 16584863 |
| beta-d-allose inhibits fruiting body formation and sporulation in myxococcus xanthus. | myxococcus xanthus, a gram-negative soil bacterium, responds to amino acid starvation by entering a process of multicellular development which culminates in the assembly of spore-filled fruiting bodies. previous studies utilizing developmental inhibitors (such as methionine, lysine, or threonine) have revealed important clues about the mechanisms involved in fruiting body formation. we used biolog phenotype microarrays to screen 384 chemicals for complete inhibition of fruiting body development ... | 2007 | 17056749 |