Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| the anatomy of vocal divergence in north american elk and european red deer. | loud and frequent vocalizations play an important role in courtship behavior in cervus species. european red deer (cervus elaphus) produce low-pitched calls, whereas north american elk (cervus canadensis) produce high-pitched calls, which is remarkable for one of the biggest land mammals. both species engage their vocal organs in elaborate maneuvers but the precise mechanism is unknown. vocal organs were compared by macroscopic and microscopic dissection. the larynx is sexually dimorphic in red ... | 2013 | 23225193 |
| female elk contacts are neither frequency nor density dependent. | identifying drivers of contact rates among individuals is critical to understanding disease dynamics and implementing targeted control measures. we studied the interaction patterns of 149 female elk (cervus canadensis) distributed across five different regions of western wyoming over three years, defining a contact as an approach within one body length (-2 min). using hierarchical models that account for correlations within individuals, pairs, and groups, we found that pairwise contact rates wit ... | 2013 | 24279278 |
| temporal variation in site fidelity: scale-dependent effects of forage abundance and predation risk in a non-migratory large herbivore. | large herbivores are typically confronted by considerable spatial and temporal variation in forage abundance and predation risk. although animals can employ a range of behaviours to balance these limiting factors, scale-dependent movement patterns are expected to be an effective strategy to reduce predation risk and optimise foraging opportunities. we tested this prediction by quantifying site fidelity of global positioning system-collared, non-migratory female elk (cervus canadensis manitobensi ... | 2013 | 23552985 |
| superovulation in waptiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season. | the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three previously unreported ovarian superovulatory treatment protocols in wapiti. protocols were initiated specifically at the time of ovarian follicular wave emergence, and intended to enable determination of the effects of frequency of treatment (i.e., animal handling) and lh supplementation on ovarian response. thirteen parous wapiti hinds, 2 to 4 y of age, were used late in the anovulatory season (july). the ovaries were examined daily by transre ... | 2013 | 23102845 |
| detection of prion protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of elk (cervus canadensis nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease using protein misfolding cyclic amplification. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) has been examined as a possible source for preclinical diagnosis of prion diseases in hamsters and sheep. the present report describes the detection of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the csf of elk and evaluates its usefulness as an antemortem test for cwd. the csf from 6 captive and 31 free-ranging adult elk was collected at necropsy and evaluated for the presence of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein that has been associated with cwd (prp(cwd)) via protein mi ... | 2012 | 22621952 |
| surveillance for mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a mexican wildlife-livestock interface area. | to assess the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (wrs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (wlia) of the mexican highland plateau. | 2012 | 23013189 |
| yersinia enterocolitica: an unlikely cause of positive brucellosis tests in greater yellowstone ecosystem bison (bison bison). | yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:9 has identical o-antigens to those of brucella abortus and has apparently caused false-positive reactions in numerous brucellosis serologic tests in elk (cervus canadensis) from southwest montana. we investigated whether a similar phenomenon was occurring in brucellosis antibody-positive bison (bison bison) using y. enterocolitica culturing techniques and multiplex pcr of four diagnostic loci. feces from 53 yellowstone bison culled from the population and 113 ... | 2012 | 22740518 |
| serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi. | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ... | 2012 | 22795672 |
| Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome. | Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ... | 2011 | 22190723 |
| embryo transfer and sex determination following superovulated hinds inseminated with frozen-thawed sex-sorted y sperm or unsorted semen in wapiti (cervus elaphus songaricus). | the aim of this study was to evaluate embryo production in superovulated wapiti hinds inseminated with either y-sorted or unsorted semen. eighteen hinds were allocated to three treatment groups: ai following multiple ovulation (cidr/fsh) with 10×10(6) y-sorted frozen-thawed semen (y group, n=6), or 10×10(6) and 100×10(6) unsorted frozen-thawed semen for the unsorted (n=6) and the control group (n=6). the embryos from the sixth day following insemination were collected and classified. fifteen ... | 2011 | 21664079 |
| historic, pre-european settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the united states. | the objectives of this analysis were to estimated historic (pre-european settlement) enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from wild ruminants in the contiguous united states and compare these to present-day ch(4) emissions from farmed ruminants. the analysis included bison, elk (wapiti), and deer (white-tailed and mule). wild ruminants such as moose, antelope (pronghorn), caribou, and mountain sheep and goat were not included in the analysis due to their natural range being mostly outside of the co ... | 2011 | 22178852 |
| successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted sika (cervus nippon) sperm in wapiti (cervus elaphus). | the purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in wapiti (cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed sika (cervus nippon) semen. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into x- and y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. wapiti hinds (n=81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 x 10(6) (x1 and y1 ... | 2010 | 19619965 |
| regional seroprevalence of leptospirosis on deer farms in new zealand. | to undertake a seroprevalence survey to estimate the distribution of infection by leptospira spp. serovars hardjobovis, pomona and copenhageni in farmed deer herds regionally throughout new zealand. | 2010 | 20676155 |
| physiologic effects of nasal oxygen or medical air administered prior to and during carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in north american elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis). | this study compared the physiologic effects of carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in elk administered nasal oxygen or medical air. eight female 5 +/- 2-yr-old (mean +/- sd) captive elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis) weighing 245 +/- 20 kg and habituated to chute restraint were studied in a randomized crossover. nasal insufflation of oxygen or medical air (10 l/min) was provided prior to and throughout anesthesia. baseline data were collected before i.m. injection of carfentanil (10 microg/kg) and ... | 2009 | 19368239 |
| genetic variability of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild ruminants from italy and scotland. | the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in several mammalian species. to determine the prnp gene variability in european red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), the prnp open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in red deer, snps were found in codons 15, ... | 2009 | 19461206 |
| socially informed random walks: incorporating group dynamics into models of population spread and growth. | simple correlated random walk (crw) models are rarely sufficient to describe movement of animals over more than the shortest time scales. however, crw approaches can be used to model more complex animal movement trajectories by assuming individuals move in one of several different behavioural or movement states, each characterized by a different crw. the spatial and social context an individual experiences may influence the proportion of time spent in different movement states, with subsequent e ... | 2008 | 18270158 |
| induction of ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti (cervus elaphus). | two experiments were done to test the effects of treatments designed to electively induce ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti for the purpose of group synchronization. in experiment 1, hinds were assigned randomly to three groups and given saline im (controls; n=5), 5mg of estadiol-17beta im (n=4), or 5mg estradiol-17beta plus 100mg progesterone im (n=5). in experiment 2, hinds were assigned randomly to two groups and given no treatment (controls; n=6), or transvaginal ultrasound-guided ... | 2008 | 18706684 |
| prp genotypes of free-ranging wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease. | variation in prp prion gene sequence appears to modulate susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd), a naturally occurring prion disease affecting four north american species of the family cervidae. wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prp is polymorphic at codon 132 [methionine (m) or leucine (l)]. we genotyped 171 samples, collected between 2002 and 2005 from cwd-infected and uninfected wapiti from three free-ranging populations in colorado, usa, to study influences of prp polymorphisms on cwd ... | 2008 | 18420812 |
| fitting probability distributions to animal movement trajectories: using artificial neural networks to link distance, resources, and memory. | animal movement paths are often thought of as a confluence of behavioral processes and landscape patterns. yet it has proven difficult to develop frameworks for analyzing animal movement that can test these interactions. here we describe a novel method for fitting movement models to data that can incorporate diverse aspects of landscapes and behavior. using data from five elk (cervus canadensis) reintroduced to central ontario, we employed artificial neural networks to estimate movement probabil ... | 2008 | 18598199 |
| prion protein genes in caribou from alaska. | prion protein genes were sequenced in free-ranging alaska caribou (rangifer tarandus grantii). caribou prion alleles are identical or nearly so to those of wapiti, white-tailed deer, and mule deer. five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected with substitutions at residues 2 (v-->m), 129 (g-->s), 138 (s-->n), 146 (n-->n), and 169 (v-->m). the 138n codon had been previously reported only in prion pseudogenes of other cervids. in caribou, the 138s and 138n alleles are present at frequencies ... | 2007 | 17495306 |
| evaluation of an ovarian synchronization scheme for fixed-time artificial insemination in wapiti. | the ovarian response to an empirically derived treatment protocol used commercially for fixed-time insemination in wapiti (cervus elaphus) was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography in hinds during transition into the ovulatory season. on september 29, hinds (n=7) were given an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (cidr-b, 1.9 g of progesterone) or left untreated (controls, n=9). fourteen days later, hinds in the treated group were given 200 iu ecg and the cidr was removed. hinds in the ... | 2007 | 17331570 |
| epidemiological characteristics of an invading parasite: dicrocoelium dendriticum in sympatric wapiti and beef cattle in southern alberta, canada. | previous surveys of wild ungulates indicate that the liver fluke, dicrocoelium dendriticum, was rare in the cypress hills area of southeastern alberta. however, 41 of 59 wapiti (cervus elaphus) sampled during the 2003 and 2004 hunting seasons from this region were infected, with 7 hosts containing >1,000 worms. prevalence and mean intensity were similarly high in sympatric beef cattle and mule deer. worm abundance in wapiti was age related, with calves containing significantly higher numbers of ... | 2007 | 17626339 |
| ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics in wapiti during seasonal transitions. | transitions from the anovulatory to the ovulatory season (n=20) and ovulatory to anovulatory season (n=11), were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography in wapiti. in 17 of 20 observations, the first interovulatory interval (ioi) was short (9.1+/-0.3 days; mean+/-s.e.m.) compared with later in the ovulatory season (21.3+/-0.1) and the last ioi (21.2+/-0.6 days). with one exception, the short ioi were composed of only one wave of follicular development. subsequent ioi were composed of two ... | 2007 | 17331569 |
| ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics in wapiti during the estrous cycle. | the reproductive tracts of 13 mature hinds were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography and blood samples were taken daily from october to january to characterize follicular, luteal, and endocrine dynamics in wapiti during the estrous season. follicle development occurred in waves characterized by regular, synchronous development of a group of follicles in temporal succession to a surge in serum fsh concentration. the mean interovulatory interval was 21.3 +/- 0.1 d, but was shorter in hind ... | 2006 | 16009414 |
| northern rivers ecosystem initiative: nutrients and dissolved oxygen - issues and impacts. | anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p) and oxygen-consuming material to aquatic ecosystems can change nutrient dynamics, deplete oxygen, and change abundance and diversity of aquatic plants and animals. the northern rivers ecosystem initiative required a research and assessment program to establish the contribution of pulp mill and sewage discharges to eutrophication and depressions in dissolved oxygen (do) in the athabasca and wapiti rivers of northern alberta, canada and examine ... | 2006 | 16514484 |
| wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in canada: strategies for management and research. | in canada, there are two known regional foci where wildlife populations are infected with bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) and considered to be disease reservoirs. free-ranging populations of wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in and around wood buffalo national park (wbnp) and wapiti (cervus elaphus manitobensis) in and around riding mountain national park (rmnp) are infected with bovine tuberculosis. in this paper, we provide an overview of these diseased wild ungulate populations an ... | 2006 | 16343817 |
| new carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and pleistocene extinctions. | drastic ecological restructuring, species redistribution and extinctions mark the pleistocene-holocene transition, but an insufficiency of numbers of well-dated large mammal fossils from this transition have impeded progress in understanding the various causative links. here i add many new radiocarbon dates to those already published on late pleistocene fossils from alaska and the yukon territory (ak-yt) and show previously unrecognized patterns. species that survived the pleistocene, for exampl ... | 2006 | 16688174 |
| inhibition of protease-resistant prion protein formation in a transformed deer cell line infected with chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease) of north american cervids, i.e., mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk (wapiti). to facilitate in vitro studies of cwd, we have developed a transformed deer cell line that is persistently infected with cwd. primary cultures derived from uninfected mule deer brain tissue were transformed by transfection with a plasmid containing the simian virus 40 genome. a transformed cell line (mdb) was exposed ... | 2006 | 16378962 |
| the phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' megaloceros giganteus. | the giant deer, or 'irish elk', has featured extensively in debates on adaptation, sexual selection, and extinction. its huge antlers--the largest of any deer species, living or extinct--formed a focus of much past work. yet the phylogenetic position of the giant deer has remained an enigma. on the basis of its flattened antlers, the species was previously regarded as closely related to the living fallow deer. recent morphological studies, however, have challenged that view and placed the giant ... | 2005 | 16148942 |
| management of wild ungulate populations in italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. | captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. however, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. consequently, translocations of capt ... | 2005 | 16244928 |
| reproductive performance of pubertal red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds: effects of genetic introgression of wapiti subspecies on pregnancy rates at 18 months of age. | low reproductive productivity of young red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds on new zealand deer farms appears to reflect high incidences of puberty failure at 16 months of age. this is despite the general attainment of average liveweights 15-25 kg in excess of the accepted minimum threshold for puberty in subspecies of western european origin (scoticus, elaphus and hippelaphus) that form the basis of the national herd. the present study tests the hypotheses that introgression of the larger north amer ... | 2005 | 16298276 |
| influence of level of nutrition during late pregnancy on reproductive productivity of red deer (2) adult hinds gestating wapitixred deer crossbred calves. | the present study aimed to relate feed intake of red deer hinds in the later stages of gestating wapitixred deer crossbred foetuses on dam body condition, gestation length, birth weight and calf growth. multiparous hinds (n=18) conceiving at known dates to either wapiti (n=12) or red deer (n=6) sires were housed in individual pens from days 150-220 of pregnancy, during which time they were offered either ad libitum access to pelletised rations (n=6 crossbred-bearing hinds [hh] and n=6 red deer-b ... | 2005 | 15766806 |
| phylogeny and antigenic relationships of three cervid herpesviruses. | elk herpesvirus (elkhv) from north american elk (wapiti, cervus elaphus nelsoni) is a recently identified alphaherpesvirus related to bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). in this study, we determined its relationship with european cervid herpesviruses: cervid herpesvirus-1 (cerhv-1) from red deer and rangiferine herpesvirus (ranhv) from reindeer. for phylogenetic analysis, genes for the gc and gd proteins of these viruses were sequenced. these genes demonstrated an extremely high gc content (76-79%). g ... | 2005 | 16061301 |
| elk winter foraging at fine scale in yellowstone national park. | the link between landscape properties and foraging decisions by herbivores remains unclear, but such knowledge is central to the understanding of plant-herbivore dynamics. our goal was to determine whether fine-scale foraging paths of free-ranging elk (cervus canadensis) respond to spatial structure of habitats in yellowstone national park. during winter 2002 we gathered elk-foraging information by following snow tracks in open habitats located on hillsides and flat terrain. the 21 snow paths su ... | 2005 | 15965755 |
| a cross-sectional study of reproductive indices and fawn mortality in farmed white-tailed deer. | data were obtained from a questionnaire administered to a random sample of canadian and united states white-tailed deer (wtd) farmers. reproductive indices and survival of fawns from birth until 1 y of age were examined. major factors in limiting herd increase were a low reproductive rate (88 fawns per 100 does exposed to bucks) and a 30% mortality of fawns from birth until 1 y of age. the latter figure differs from reported mortality rates in fallow deer and red deer/wapiti. the unacceptably hi ... | 2005 | 16018560 |
| [the occurrence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in bavaria]. | brain samples of 849 free-ranging ruminants (654 roe deer, 189 red deer and 6 chamois) from bavaria were examined for tse. in this respect, detections of prpres were carried out by elisa technique (biorad) and immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody (mab) l42. validation experiments of the elisa technique for the detection of prionprotein from free-ranging ruminants showed that the examination of brains of wild ruminants lead to lower extinctions than that of bovine brain samples. due ... | 2004 | 14964120 |
| ovarian follicle development in wapiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season. | the ovaries of 12 mature wapiti hinds were studied by transrectal ultrasonography during the anovulatory season to characterize follicular dynamics and to test the hypothesis that follicle development occurs in a wave-like fashion. the hinds were examined daily, standing without sedation. follicle size and numbers were recorded, and individual follicles were identified serially. follicle development was considered wave-like if periodic changes in follicle numbers could be associated temporally w ... | 2004 | 14662145 |
| oxidative stress responses in longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus) exposed to pulp and paper mill and municipal sewage effluents. | while recent evidence indicates that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) and associated oxidative damage are frequently observed in fish populations with exposure to pulp and paper mill effluents, the potential for ros generation from municipal sewage effluents has not been addressed. this study investigates the utility of measures of oxidative stress in delineating the effects of both pulp and paper mill and municipal sewage discharges. longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus) were c ... | 2004 | 15063075 |
| a phylogenetic comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochondrial dna. | a phylogeny was constructed for red deer/wapiti (cervus elaphus) subspecies using sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the tree was rooted using cervus nippon (sika deer), cervus albirostris (thorold's white-lipped deer), and several odocoileinae species. a division between the mtdna haplotypes of red deer (european) and wapiti (asian/north american) corresponds to subspecies found on opposite sides of the himalayan mountains and gobi, which suggests wapiti should ... | 2002 | 11884159 |
| effects of gnrh agonist (leuprolide) on reproduction and behaviour in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | fertility control offers a potential alternative to traditional methods for regulating the growth of overabundant wild ungulate populations. however, current technology is limited due to practical treatment application, undesirable side-effects and economic considerations. a promising non-steroidal, non-immunological approach to contraception involves the use of a potent gnrh agonist. two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a gnrh agonist (leuprolide) for controlling fert ... | 2002 | 12220155 |
| effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection of red deer hinds on reproductive performance, and venereal transmission to stags. | to investigate the effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection on the reproductive performance of red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. to determine whether stags may become infected with b. ovis by venereal transmission from mating infected hinds. | 2002 | 16032258 |
| advances in health and welfare of farmed deer in new zealand. | new zealand has lead the world in pastoral farming of red, wapiti and fallow deer since this was first sanctioned in 1970. among technological advances in deer production systems have been milestones in our understanding of deer health and welfare in an intensive pastoral farming environment, contributed by the combined efforts of veterinary practitioners, producers and researchers. these advances have impacted enormously on the health and wellbeing of new zealand's farmed deer population, and c ... | 2002 | 16032253 |
| comparison of lidocaine and compression for velvet antler analgesia in wapiti. | this research compared ring block lidocaine anesthesia (l) and compression (c) for velvet antler removal in elk. thirty-two wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate. the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute and given either a compression device or a lidocaine ring block on the antler pedicle. behavioral and physiological responses to treatment application and antler removal were recorded, and blood was collected for cortisol analysis. during application of l ... | 2002 | 12497964 |
| comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in wapiti. | the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of ring block anesthesia (la) and electroanesthesia (a) for antler removal in elk given a long-acting tranquilizer to remove stress from restraint. thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed. behavioral response to antler removal was scored. significantl ... | 2001 | 11769618 |
| the gestation length of wapiti (cervus elaphus) revisited. | as an ancillary activity to an artificial insemination program in farmed wapiti, the length of gestation of 28 wapiti hinds that delivered single calves of established parentage was calculated. estrus was synchronized in 47 wapiti using progesterone impregnated devices (controlled internal drug release, cidr) and an injection of pmsg. all hinds were artificially inseminated between 60 and 63h after cidr removal. pregnancy was determined between 45 and 65 days by ultrasound. a verifiable figure f ... | 2001 | 11182511 |
| use of naloxone to reverse carfentanil citrate-induced hypoxemia and cardiopulmonary depression in rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | with the use of a crossover study design, we investigated the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of naloxone administration in eight healthy rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) anesthetized with carfentanil (10 microg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.1 mg/kg). anesthetized animals showed profound hypoxemia with mild hypercapnia, tachycardia, hypertension, and acidosis prior to naloxone administration. after monitoring equipment was placed, animals were administered either naloxone (2 micr ... | 2001 | 12790400 |
| outcome of limb amputations in wapiti: 13 cases (1995-2001). | the object of this investigation was to determine the outcome of limb amputation in wapiti. medical records of 13 wapiti that underwent limb amputation were reviewed to determine age, weight, sex, injury preceding amputation, limb amputated, amputation location, length of hospital stay, complications, and outcome. ages ranged from 3 months to 8 years and weights from 70 kg to 280 kg. all animals were female. eleven animals sustained catastrophic long bone fractures prior to amputation. five anim ... | 2001 | 11769619 |
| treatment of hypoxemia during xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam immobilization of wapiti. | hypoxemia is a commonly observed complication during the chemical immobilization of wild ruminants. if severe and left untreated, it can predispose animals to arrhythmias, organ failure, and capture myopathy. the following prospective study was designed to measure the degree of hypoxemia in wapiti that were immobilized with a combination of xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam and to assess the response to nasal oxygen therapy. pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas analysis were used to assess the ... | 2001 | 11708204 |
| evaluation of zuclopenthixol acetate to decrease handling stress in wapiti. | handling stress and capture myopathy are important consequences of intensively managing wildlife species. over the last 15 yr, the use of long-acting neuroleptic (lan) drugs in wildlife has increased, and these drugs have become a valuable tool for decreasing capture and handling stress in many species. at this time, reports on the use of these drugs in north american species are limited. the major objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the lan, zuclopenthixol acetate (clopixol-acuph ... | 2000 | 10941729 |
| microsatellite analysis of north american wapiti (cervus elaphus) populations. | eleven populations of wapiti (cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. samples were taken from vancouver island, british columbia; burwash and french river herds in ontario; ya ha tinda ranch, alberta; and banff, elk island, jasper, kootenay, riding mountain, yellowstone and yoho national parks. overall, wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. the greatest ... | 2000 | 11050551 |
| methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions. | primary and clonal culture systems have been devised and refined for animal-derived satellite cells. satellite cell (sc) culture development includes efficient cell isolation techniques, establishment of effective plating and growth conditions, formulation of media requirements and thorough evaluation of experimental limitations. as the field of muscle cell culture has expanded, the number of animal species from which satellite cells have been isolated has increased. the focus of this paper is t ... | 2000 | 10650335 |
| seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (cervus elaphus canadensis). | captive wapiti hinds were observed during seven periods between june 1996 and november 1997. we investigated their activity and foraging behaviour on two pastures, heavily and lightly grazed, during four phases of the reproductive cycle (early gestation, late gestation, peak lactation, and late lactation). within season, differences in forage availability between pastures had little apparent effect on wapiti feeding behaviour (p0.05). however, within each pasture, hinds tended to select location ... | 2000 | 10719196 |
| phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences. | we determined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) of one subspecies of the european red deer (cervus elaphus in europe), three subspecies of the wapiti (c. elaphus in asia and north america), and six subspecies of the sika deer (c. nippon in japan). our phylogenetic analysis revealed the monophyly of the european red deer, that of the wapiti, and that of the sika deer. the wapiti, however, was shown to be more closely related to the sika deer than to the european red deer. th ... | 2000 | 10764539 |
| genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (1) seasonal luteal cyclicity. | this study compared the onset and duration of the breeding season of female red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). in trial 1 (1995), adult red deer (n=9), f1 hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6) and maternal backcross hybrid pd deer x red deer (i.e., 14 pd; n=9) were maintained together in the presence of a vasectomised red deer stag for 12 months. they were blood-sampled daily or three times wee ... | 2000 | 10804275 |
| genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (2) seasonal and genetic effects on the superovulatory response to exogenous fsh. | this study evaluated the influences of seasons and genotype on the superovulatory response to a standardised ofsh regimen in red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (c.e. nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). adult red deer (n=9), f(1) hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6), and maternal backcross hybrid pd x red deer (i.e., 14 pd hybrid; n=9) were kept together in the presence of a vasectomised stag for 13 months. at 6 weekly intervals, all hinds recei ... | 2000 | 10804276 |
| evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay. | the effectiveness of anthelmintics was evaluated in four herds of captive ruminants, wapiti (cervus elaphus), armenian red sheep (ovis orientalis), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), and pronghorn (antilocapra americana), by the use of fecal egg reduction tests (ferts) and a commercial larval development assay (lda) designed to evaluate susceptibility or resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics. haemonchus sp. was the predominant nematode in the red sheep, giraffe, and pronghorn herds, whereas os ... | 2000 | 11237142 |
| diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a captive rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | a captive 5-yr-old castrated male rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) developed stranguria. rectal palpation and physical examination indicated urethral obstruction that was subsequently relieved by urethrostomy and required only minimal aftercare. the wapiti was able to urinate freely after surgery; however, the obstruction recurred 27 mo later. urethral catheterization relieved the second obstruction, which was caused by a large calculus composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium c ... | 2000 | 10982140 |
| susceptibility of elk to lungworms from cattle. | two studies were conducted to determine the infectivity of the lungworm, (dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle origin, in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or wapiti. in the first study, each of three 9-mo-old elk was administered 3,000 d. viviparus larvae from cattle using a nasogastric tube. in the second study, four 16-mo-old elk were each inoculated with 2,000 d. viviparus from cattle using a nasogastric tube. elk were observed daily for signs of respiratory disease, and fecal samples ... | 2000 | 11085435 |
| management of limb fractures in wapiti (cervus elaphus): 22 cases (1993-1997). | to determine treatment and outcome of a series of wapiti (elk) with fractures of the limbs. | 1999 | 10382027 |
| [the allergenic and immunotropic properties of the preparation pantohematogen]. | experiments on cba/ca lac mice showed that pantohematogen, a drug prepared from whole blood of siberian deer, wapiti, and deer, when administered in a course in doses under study and in chosen conditions of the experiment does not possess allergenic and immunotoxic properties. the immunomodulating properties of the drug were characterized by marked stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity and, under definite conditions, by activation of formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of ... | 1999 | 10650530 |
| comparative reproductive function in cervids: implications for management of farm and zoo populations. | the cervids represent a complex assemblage of taxa characterized by extreme diversity in morphology, physiology, ecology and geographical distribution. farmed species (for example red deer and fallow deer) are usually the common larger-bodied, gregarious and monotocous species that express marked reproductive seasonality in their temperate environment. their commercial importance has facilitated considerable research into reproductive physiology and the development of assisted reproductive techn ... | 1999 | 10692851 |
| problems associated with the depopulation of tuberculosis-infected wapiti herds. | 1999 | 10065316 | |
| observations on animal and human health during the outbreak of mycobacterium bovis in game farm wapiti in alberta. | this report describes and discusses the history, clinical, pathologic, epidemiologic, and human health aspects of an outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in domestic wapiti in alberta between 1990 and 1993, shortly after legislative changes allowing game farming. the extent and seriousness of the outbreak of m. bovis in wapiti in alberta was not fully known at its onset. the clinical findings in the first recognized infected wapiti are presented and the postmortem records for the herd in wh ... | 1999 | 10065319 |
| survey of fascioloides magna in farmed wapiti in alberta. | the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation procedure was used to detect ova of the giant liver fluke, fascioloides magna, in feces of farmed wapiti in alberta. twenty (3.2%) of the 629 fecal samples examined contained ova of f. magna. thirteen (33.3%) of the 39 farms surveyed had wapiti positive for f. magna. the presence of f. magna in farmed wapiti north of the north saskatchewan river is confirmed, and 3 areas where the infection has become endemic are identified. | 1999 | 10200881 |
| management of indigenous north american deer at the end of the 20th century in relation to large predators and primary production. | five deer species occupy north america: caribou (3.6 x 10(6) individuals), moose (1.1 x 10(6)), white-tailed deer (28.5 x 10(6)), mule deer (5.0 x 10(6)) and wapiti (1.1 x 10(6)). caribou characterise the north of the boreal forest and the tundra, whereas moose dominate in coniferous and mixed forests growing further south. white-tailed deer are typical of the deciduous forests of the east while mule deer replace them in the mountainous terrain of the west. wapiti possess the smallest range, mos ... | 1999 | 10213925 |
| routes and doses of lignocaine hydrochloride for analgesia of the velvet antler of stags. | to evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of young stags. | 1999 | 16032097 |
| external skeletal fixation for treatment of comminuted fractures in wapiti: 5 cases. | external skeletal fixators were used successfully to treat severely comminuted fractures in 5 wapiti. | 1998 | 9635171 |
| genetic analysis of farmed deer hybrids. | molecular methods which identify species-specific genetic markers are valuable for identification and genetic analysis of hybrid deer. we have used a variety of molecular techniques to compare père david's deer elaphurus davidianus, red deer cervus elaphus scotticus and north american wapiti c. e. manatobensis. in total, these analyses have identifed over 300 markers in which père david's deer sires are distinct from farmed red deer and over 100 markers in which wapiti sires differ from red deer ... | 1998 | 9704532 |
| isolation, characterization and localization of glycosaminoglycans in growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). | glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the four sections (tip, upper, middle and base) of the main beam of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus) by papain digestion and deae-sephacel chromatography. chondroitin sulfate was the major glycosaminoglycan in each section of antler accounting for, on average, 88% of the total uronic acid. the yield of chondroitin sulfate liberated from the tissue was approximately 6-fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middl ... | 1998 | 9787796 |
| phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna. | red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ... | 1998 | 9878235 |
| isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). | proteoglycans were extracted with 4 m guanidine-hcl from the zone of maturing chondrocytes, the site of endochondral ossification of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). proteoglycans were isolated by deae-sephacel chromatography and separated by sepharose cl-4b chromatography into three fractions. fraction i contained a high molecular mass (> 1000 kda) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan capable of interacting with hyaluronic acid. its amino acid composition resembled that of the cartilage ... | 1998 | 9972315 |
| the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin in young red and wapiti-hybrid deer. | to measure the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin against lungworm and abomasal parasites in weaner wapiti x red deer and to compare this with its efficacy in weaner red deer. | 1998 | 16032046 |
| observations of leptospirosis in farmed deer. | slaughterhouse and on-farm surveys were undertaken to investigate some aspects of leptospirosis (leptospira interrogans) in farmed deer in the lower north island of new zealand. | 1998 | 16032037 |
| hybridization between wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) and sika deer (cervus nippon): a comparison of two artificial insemination techniques. | the present study compared pregnancy rates of sika deer (cervus nippon) hinds artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) semen by laparoscopic intrauterine or transvaginal/cervical artificial insemination (ai) techniques. estrous cycles of 59 sika hinds were synchronized with one-half of a norgestomet ear implant. fourteen days after implant insertion, norgestomet ear implants were removed and hinds received 50 iu of pg-600 intramuscularly, a combination of ... | 1998 | 9809601 |
| a diet supplement for captive wild ruminants. | nutritional husbandry of captive wild ruminants often requires feeding these animals a supplemental diet to enhance their health, reproductive performance, and productivity. although supplemental diets for wild ruminants are commercially available, few have been evaluated in controlled intake and digestion trials. voluntary intake, digestive efficiency, nitrogen retention, and gross energy utilization of pronghorn (antilocapra americana), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mountain sheep (ovis can ... | 1998 | 9732028 |
| characterization of the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase allozymes in the deer cervus elaphus. | the cdna sequences for cu,zn superoxide dismutase from two cervus elaphus subspecies, north american wapiti and european red deer, were determined. the derived amino acid sequences showed two differences: residue 8 was leu in wapiti and met in red deer and residue 25 was his in wapiti and asn in red deer. the extra positive charge at position 25 in the wapiti isoform accounted for its greater mobility towards the cathode during non-denaturing electrophoresis, a procedure widely used in the genet ... | 1997 | 9345726 |
| a parentage evaluation test in north american elk (wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin. | dna microsatellites originally detected in sheep and cattle are also detectable in north american elk (wapiti) using polymerase chain reactions. we have developed a parentage test in elk using eleven microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and informative. | 1996 | 8856904 |
| innervation and anesthesia of the antler pedicle in wapiti and fallow deer. | the heads from 6 mature male wapiti and 8 mature male fallow deer were dissected to provide a description of the nerves supplying the antler pedicles. innervation in both species was found to resemble that of the red deer, with major contributions coming from the infratrochlear and zygomaticotemporal nerves. all heads displayed a dorsal branch from the auriculopalpebral nerve, but in only 2 wapiti and 3 fallow deer heads was this branch observed travelling to the pedicle. the dorsal branches of ... | 1996 | 8853883 |
| xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. ii: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations. | three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. in the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. ... | 1996 | 16031902 |
| effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis). | we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ... | 1996 | 24227589 |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog-induced patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy. | we conducted two studies to determine the pattern of gnrh analog-induced lh secretion in adult female wapiti during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy. in the first study, we measured lh secretion during the breeding season and anestrus in five females challenged with each of five doses of gnrh analog (0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms/50 kg bw). in the second study, lh response was determined in six pregnant females treated with six doses of gnrh analog (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 microgr ... | 1995 | 7626720 |
| experimental infections of sarcocystis spp. in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves. | four 4-mo-old elk calves (cervus elaphus) obtained from northeastern oregon (usa) each were inoculated orally with 250,000 sporocysts of sarcocystis spp., including s. sybillensis and s. wapiti. three similar elk calves of comparable ages and weights served as uninoculated controls maintained with the inoculated elk during the experimental period between september and december 1993. body weights were evaluated at 0 and 90 days postinoculation (pi); packed cell volumes of whole blood were evaluat ... | 1995 | 8592375 |
| one known sarcocystis species and one found for the first time in fallow deer (dama dama). | sarcocysts of free-ranging indigenous fallow deer (dama d. dama) from northeast germany and captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) from the zoo berlin-friedrichsfelde were described using the transmission electron microscope. two sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) were found in d. d. dama, one of them already known, the other new for this host. the known species was also found in d. dama mesopotamica. comparing the literature, former own findings in roe deer, red deer or ... | 1995 | 8528305 |
| one known sarcocystis species and two found for the first time in red deer and wapiti (cervus elaphus) in europe. | three species of sarcocysts from indigenous red deer and captive wapiti (cervus elaphus, cervidae) were characterized by means of light and electron microscopy. two of them were found in this intermediate host species for the first time. comparison of the literature and our results led to the conclusion that the three sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) should be provisionally designated as s. cf. grueneri, s. cf. capreolicanis and s. cf. hofmanni. | 1995 | 8528304 |
| reduction and repair of colonic intussusception in a wapiti/red hybrid hind (cervus elaphus). | 1995 | 8825316 | |
| vaccination guidelines for small ruminants (sheep, goats, llamas, domestic deer, and wapiti). council on biologic and therapeutic agents and the american association of small ruminant practitioners. | 1994 | 7730120 | |
| experimental infections of eimeria wapiti and e. zuernii-like oocysts in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves. | four rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) 10 to 14 wk of age each were inoculated orally with a mixture of 50,000 sporulated oocysts of an eimeria zuernii-like apicomplexan (70%) and e. wapiti (30%). maximum numbers of oocysts per gram of feces (opg) in each elk ranged from 985 to 15,517, but all calves remained healthy and clinical signs of coccidiosis were not observed. the prepatent period for e. zuernii was 8 days and the patent period approximately 37 days, with a maximum mean (+/- se) recov ... | 1994 | 7933299 |
| a comparison of lungworm faecal larval counts and trichostrongyloid faecal egg counts between red deer (cervus elaphus) and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids. | to determine if breed differences in susceptibility to trichostrongyloid and lungworm infection exist, two groups of weaner deer containing seven red deer and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids were compared using faecal egg counts and faecal larval counts. all animals were run on the same pasture at the same time and treated with the same anthelmintics at the same time. results indicated that there were significant differences between red deer and red deer x wapiti hybrids, with red deer having highe ... | 1994 | 16031758 |
| osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in young farmed red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids. | osteochondrosis is reported in association with copper deficiency in young red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids on eight deer farms throughout new zealand. on two farms, more than 30% of fawns were affected. affected animals were lame, often had one or more swollen joints, and in some cases had an abnormal "bunny-hopping" gait or "cow-hocked" stance. lesions were most common in the carpal, tarsal, stifle and hip joints, and were usually bilateral. defects in articular cartilage ranged from loo ... | 1994 | 16031764 |
| a difference in abomasal ph between canadian wapiti affected with chronic illthrift and unaffected deer. | the ph of abomasal fluid from five purebred canadian wapiti which were diagnosed with chronic illthrift ("fading") was found to be elevated compared to ten clinically normal red and hybrid (wapiti x red) deer. the average abomasal ph of the affected elk was 6.3, compared to 2.5 for the unaffected red and hybrid deer. | 1993 | 16031714 |
| genetic analysis of evolutionary relationships among deer (subfamily cervinae). | the evolutionary relationships among 10 taxa of deer from the four genera of the subfamily cervinae (cervus, elaphurus, axis, and dama) were examined by a comparison of their electrophoretic types for 22 proteins. we analyzed the data using both phenetic and cladistic methods and found that the genera of the cervinae were not monophyletic. the genus cervus was split into two distinct groups with red deer, wapiti (c. elaphus ssp.), and sika (c. nippon) in one clade and sambar (c. unicolor) and ru ... | 1993 | 8340615 |
| r51163 as a sedative for handling and transporting plains bison and wapiti. | forty captive wapiti (cervus elaphus) and thirty-two bison (bison bison bison) were tested in april and october 1988, respectively, for their response to the sedative r51163. treatment animals were injected with either 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg of r51163/kg and then observed for 72 hr. behavior was significantly altered by the drug. hyperactive, aggressive, and milling behavior was characteristic of treated wapiti and they were extremely dangerous and reared when hind quarters were touched. although t ... | 1992 | 1602574 |
| gross and microscopic lesions of naturally occurring tuberculosis in a captive herd of wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in colorado. | a mycobacterium bovis-infected herd of captive wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in colorado was depopulated after lesions of bovine tuberculosis were confirmed in 8 of 10 tuberculin skin test reactors. of the 43 animals > 1 year of age, 26 had gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, 24 had microscopic lesions of tuberculosis, and 23 had acid-fast bacilli associated with the lesions. lungs and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were the most frequently affected sites. most lesions grossly and microscop ... | 1992 | 1457546 |
| mycobacterium bovis infection in north american elk (cervus elaphus). | a naturally occurring outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in captive wild elk (wapiti) in montana was confirmed by mycobacteriologic examination. twenty-eight of 143 elk responded to m. bovis purified protein derivative (ppd) tuberculin injected intradermally in the cervical region (sct). the results of comparative cervical tuberculin skin tests conducted within 9 days of sct revealed greater responses to m. bovis ppd tuberculin than to m. avium ppd tuberculin in 23 of 28 elk responding. a ... | 1992 | 1457545 |
| genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte diaphorase in red deer, cervus elaphus l. | nadh diaphorase polymorphism was identified in red deer erythrocyte lysates using starch gel electrophoresis and activity staining. the inheritance of the polymorphism was consistent with predictions of autosomal codominant inheritance of two alleles dia1f and dias. in new zealand's four main feral red deer populations (n = 188) the dia1f allele frequency ranged from 0.491 to 0.985. a sample of north american wapiti (n = 42) was monomorphic for the dia1f allele. | 1992 | 1416251 |
| occurrence of fumonisin in forage grass in new zealand. | fumonisin b(1) (fb(1)) was isolated from samples of forage grass originating in paddocks associated with an idiopathic disease of canadian wapiti and wapiti-red deer hybrids characterized by "ill thrift" and liver dysfunction. four of 40 samples contained 1, 3, 6, and 9 ppm (micrograms per gram) of fb(1) and 4, 0.5, 2, and 0.5 ppm, respectively, of the methyl ester of fb(1). analyses were done by ion spray mass spectrometry and confirmed by both fast atom bombardment (solids probe) and mass spec ... | 1992 | 16348778 |
| concentrations of copper in tissues of wapiti raised in saskatchewan. | 1992 | 17424065 | |
| further information on diseases of wapiti. | 1991 | 17423910 | |
| a brief review of infectious and parasitic diseases of wapiti, with emphasis on western canada and the northwestern united states. | in this paper i review diseases reported in both captive and free-ranging wapiti in western north america, with some reference to diseases in captive red deer in great britain, europe, new zealand, and eastern north america.with the exception of coronavirus in neonates, few viral agents are reported to cause serious disease losses in wapiti in north america at this time. bacterial diseases of current significance include brucellosis (focus in wyoming), clostridial diseases, coliform enteritis of ... | 1991 | 17423839 |
| gastropod availability and habitat utilization by wapiti and white-tailed deer sympatric on range enzootic for meningeal worm. | gastropod occurrence and the utilization of habitat by sympatric populations of wapiti (cervus elephus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on range enzootic for meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were studied on cookson hills wildlife management area (wma) in eastern oklahoma. visual observations and fecal pellet group transect data indicated that wapiti spent the majority of their time in open fields and meadows where we recovered the least numbers of gastropods. although d ... | 1991 | 2023333 |