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a potent postentry restriction to primate lentiviruses in a yinpterochiropteran bat.bats are primary reservoirs for multiple lethal human viruses, such as ebola, nipah, hendra, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), and, most recently, sars-cov-2. the innate immune systems of these immensely abundant, anciently diverged mammals remain insufficiently characterized. while bat genomes contain many endogenous retroviral elements indicative of past exogenous infections, little is known about ...202032934084
small particle aerosol exposure of african green monkeys to mers-cov as a model for highly pathogenic coronavirus infection.emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in »35% of cases. primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. for initial development of a mers-cov primate model, 12 african green monkeys were expos ...202032744989
a single dose of chadox1 mers provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques.developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with chadox1 mers. the vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. mers-cov replication in type i and ii pneumocytes of c ...202032577525
clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with sars-cov-2.effective therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed. while many investigational, approved, and repurposed drugs have been suggested as potential treatments, preclinical data from animal models can guide the search for effective treatments by ruling out those that lack efficacy in vivo. remdesivir (gs-5734) is a nucleotide analogue prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2 that is currently being investigated in covid-19 clinical trials and recently received emerge ...202032516797
prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (gs-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of mers-cov infection.the continued emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. remdesivir (gs-5734) effectively inhibited mers coronavirus (mers-cov) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov in a mouse model. here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of mers-cov infection, the r ...202032054787
effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) on the nervous system. what can we expect from sars -cov-2?coronaviruses cause respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders in animals and humans. the current sars-cov-2, the covid-19 infectious agent, belongs to a subgroup called betacoronavirus including the sars-cov and mers-cov responsible for epidemics in 2002 and 2012, respectively.these viruses can also infect the nervous system due to their affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) expressed in neurons and glial cells. infections with sars-cov, mers-cov, and now sars-cov-2 also ...202033152201
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pneumonia that emerged in 2012. there is limited information on mers-cov pathogenesis, as data from patients are scarce and the generation of animal models reproducing mers clinical manifestations has been challenging. human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hdpp4-ki) mice and a mouse-adapted mers-cov (mersma-6-1-2) were recently described. hdpp4-ki mice infected with mersma-6-1-2 show pathological signs of respiratory ...202033144319
anti-s1 mers-cov igy specific antibodies decreases lung inflammation and viral antigen positive cells in the human transgenic mouse model.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 and causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available. in this study, we have developed egg yolk antibodies (immunoglobulin y (igy)) specific for mers-cov spike protein (s1) in order to evaluate their neutralizing efficiency against mers-cov infection. s1-specific immunoglobulins were produced by injecting chickens with ...202033139631
molecular diversity of coronavirus host cell entry receptors.coronaviruses are a group of viruses causing disease in a wide range of animals including humans. since 2002, the successive emergence of bat-borne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov) and sars-cov-2 have reinforced efforts in uncovering the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms governing coronavirus cell tropism and interspecies transmission. decades of studies have ...202033118022
neutralizing and binding activities against sars-cov-1/2, mers-cov, and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 by normal human intravenous immunoglobulin derived from healthy donors in japan.there are several types of coronaviruses that infect humans and cause disease. the latest is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is an emerging global threat with no current effective treatment. normal intravenous immunoglobulin (n-ivig) has been administered to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) patients to control severe inflammation and the cellular immune response. however, the neutralizing activity of n-ivig against sars-cov-2 has not yet been fully evaluate ...202033104267
utility of proteomics in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by rna viruses.emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to rna viruses cause major negative consequences for the quality of life, public health, and overall economic development. most of the rna viruses causing illnesses in humans are of zoonotic origin. zoonotic viruses can directly be transferred from animals to humans through adaptation, followed by human-to-human transmission, such as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respir ...202033095583
inhibition of coronavirus entry in vitro and ex vivo by a lipid-conjugated peptide derived from the sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein hrc domain.the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (sars-cov-2), the etiological agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (covid-19), has erupted into a global pandemic that has led to tens of millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. the development of therapeutics to treat infection or as prophylactics to halt viral transmission and spread is urgently needed. sars-cov-2 relies on structural rearrangements within a spike (s) glycoprotein to mediate fu ...202033082259
update of the current knowledge on genetics, evolution, immunopathogenesis, and transmission for coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19).in december 2019, an acute respiratory disease caused by novel species of coronavirus (sars-cov-2), emerged in china and has spread throughout the world. on 11th march 2020, the world health organization (who) officially declared coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) a pandemic, severe coronavirus-mediated human disease. based on genomic and phylogenetic studies, sars-cov-2 might originate from bat coronaviruses and infects humans directly or through intermediate zoonotic hosts. however, the exact o ...202033061805
immunopathogenesis of coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards): potential infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in december 2019 in wuhan, china, introduced the third highly pathogenic coronavirus into humans in the 21st century. scientific advance after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) epidemic and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emergence enabled clinicians to understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of sars-cov-2. in this review, we summarize and discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, an ...202033055229
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the virus is released in the secretions of the infected camels, especially the nasal tract. the virus shedding curve through the nasal secretions was studied. although human transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract of close contact people with dromedary reported previously, the exact mechanism of transmission is still largely unknown. the main goal of this st ...202033050973
immunosuppressive drugs and covid-19: a review.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). it is currently unknown whether immunosuppressive drugs are advantageous or detrimental in patients with covid-19. immunosuppressive drugs could be harmful in the initial phase of covid-19. in this phase, the host immune response is necessary to inhibit viral replication. however, immunosuppressive drugs might have a beneficial effect in the later, more severe phase of covid-19. in this ...202032982743
comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against mers-cov.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease associated with more than 2468 human infections and over 851 deaths in 27 countries since 2012. there are no approved treatments for mers-cov infection although a combination of lopinavir, ritonavir and interferon beta (lpv/rtv-ifnb) is currently being evaluated in humans in the kingdom of saudi arabia. here, we show that remdesivir (rdv) and ifnb have superior antiviral activity to lpv ...202031924756
quantification of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus rna in tissues by quantitative real-time rt-pcr.since the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, more than 2280 confirmed human infections and 800 associated deaths had been reported to the world health organization. mers-cov is a single-stranded rna virus that belongs to the coronaviridae family. mers-cov infection leads to a variety of clinical outcomes in humans ranging from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe acute lung injury and multi-organ failure and death. to study the pathogenesis of ...202031883090
antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (cov) in this century. to date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 mers-cov associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. rapid laboratory diagnosis of mers-cov is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. though the gold standard for diagnosing mers-cov in ...202031883089
middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection into established hdpp4-transgenic mice accelerates lung damage via activation of the pro-inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infects the lower respiratory airway of humans, leading to severe acute respiratory failure. unlike human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hdpp4), a receptor for mers-cov, mouse dpp4 (mdpp4) failed to support mers-cov infection. consequently, diverse transgenic mouse models expressing hdpp4 have been developed using diverse methods, although some models show no mortality and/or only transient and mild-to-moderate clinical signs following mers-cov in ...202031838832
focus on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).since the first case of human infection by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia in june 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed mers-cov infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of october 2018. the vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in saudi arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike sars-cov that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. due to the hi ...202031727466
zoonotic diseases in oman: successes, challenges, and future directions.objective: this article describes the situation analysis of endemic and emerging zoonoses, and includes prevention and control of zoonoses in oman. it also suggests possible recommendations toward elimination and risk reduction of emerging zoonoses. methods: epidemiologic information has been drawn from official to assess the situation. there has been significant progress in reducing the risk of brucellosis, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and cutan ...202031486732
a systematic review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first described in 2012 and attracted a great international attention due to multiple healthcare associated outbreaks. the disease carries a high case fatality rate of 34.5%, and there is no internationally or nationally recommended therapy.202031252170
molecular basis of binding between middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and cd26 from seven bat species.continued reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012. mers-cov is prone to cause endemic disease in the middle east, with several dozen spillover infections to other continents. it is hypothesized that mers-cov originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir. although gene segments identical to mers-cov were sequenced from certain species of bats and one spe ...202031776269
immunogenicity of different forms of middle east respiratory syndrome s glycoprotein.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 during the first middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreaks. mers-cov causes an acute lower-respiratory infection in humans, with a fatality rate of ~35.5%. currently, there are no registered vaccines or means of therapeutic protection against mers in the world. the mers-cov s glycoprotein plays the most important role in the viral life cycle (virus internalization). the s protein is an immunodominant antig ...202031024747
detecting emerging infectious diseases: an overview of the laboratory response network for biological threats.the laboratory response network (lrn) was established in 1999 to ensure an effective laboratory response to high-priority public health threats. the lrn for biological threats (lrn-b) provides a laboratory infrastructure to respond to emerging infectious diseases. since 2012, the lrn-b has been involved in 3 emerging infectious disease outbreak responses. we evaluated the lrn-b role in these responses and identified areas for improvement. lrn-b laboratories tested 1097 specimens during the 2014 ...202031682559
targeting polyamines inhibits coronavirus infection by reducing cellular attachment and entry.coronaviruses first garnered widespread attention in 2002 when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged from bats in china and rapidly spread in human populations. since then, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged and still actively infects humans. the recent sars-cov-2 outbreak and the resulting disease (coronavirus disease 2019, covid19) have rapidly and catastrophically spread and highlighted significant limitations to our ability to contr ...202032966040
stability of mers-cov rna on spin columns of rna extraction kit at room temperature.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus causing a highly fatal respiratory disease in humans. confirmation of mers-cov infection and molecular study on the virus may require transportation of samples to specialized laboratories. while freezing at -80 °c is the gold standard method for rna preservation, maintaining the integrity of viral rna during transport will require additional precautions and, as a result, increase transport costs. we aimed at testing the ...202032947111
molecular basis of pathogenesis of coronaviruses: a comparative genomics approach to planetary health to prevent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century.in the first quarter of the 21st century, we are already facing the third emergence of a coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. comparative genomics can inform a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of covid-19. previous strains of coronavirus, sars-cov, and middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), have been known to cause acute lung injuries in humans. sars-cov-2 ...202032940573
coronavirus infections in children: from sars and mers to covid-19, a narrative review of epidemiological and clinical features.emerging and re-emerging viruses represent an important challenge for global public health. in the 1960s, coronaviruses (covs) were recognized as disease agents in humans. in only two decades, three strains of covs have crossed species barriers rapidly emerging as human pathogens resulting in life-threatening disease with a pandemic potential: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002, middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 and the recently emerged ...202032921726
structural basis of sars-cov-2 main protease inhibition by a broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drug.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), took tens of thousands of lives and caused tremendous economic losses. the main protease (mpro) of sars-cov-2 is a potential target for treatment of covid-19 due to its critical role in maturation of viral proteins and subsequent viral replication. conceptually and technically, targeting therapy against mpro is similar to target therapy t ...202032905393
predicting the recombination potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) recently emerged to cause widespread infections in humans. sars-cov-2 infections have been reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia, where middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes seasonal outbreaks with a case fatality rate of ~37 %. here we show that there exists a theoretical possibility of future recombination events between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov rna. through computational analyses, we have identified homolog ...202032902372
current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for covid-19: impact of basic science discoveries.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 is closely related to two other coronaviruses that caused disease epidemic breakouts in humans in the last 2 decades, namely, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the similarities have enabled the scientists to apply the basic scientific discoveries garnered from studying the structure and ...202032889088
coronaviruses and endocrine system: a systematic review on evidences and shadows.coronaviruses are a big family of viruses that can infect mammalians and birds. in humans they mainly cause respiratory tract infections, with a large spectrum of severity, from mild, self-limited infections to highly lethal forms as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). scanty data are reported for the involvement of endocrine glands by human coronaviruses, in particular sars-cov ...202032888287
in silico structure modelling of sars-cov-2 nsp13 helicase and nsp14 and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs as dual inhibitors.the high mortality rate from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections in humans and the lack of effective therapeutic regime for its treatment necessitates the identification of new antivirals. sars-cov-2 relies on non-structural proteins such as nsp13 helicase and nsp14 which are the key components of the replication-transcription complex (rtc) to complete its infectious life cycle. therefore, targeting these essential viral proteins with small molecules will ...202032875166
an overview of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines in preclinical studies.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes high mortality in humans. no vaccines are approved for use in humans; therefore, a consistent effort to develop safe and effective mers vaccines is needed.202032842811
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from wuhan, china, in december 2019. the causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars- cov-2). few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars- cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infectio ...202032840560
approach to childhood asthma in the era of covid-19: the official statement endorsed by the saudi pediatric pulmonology association (sppa).coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that infect humans, which may result in mild symptoms similar to those of the common cold. covid-19 is most recent subtype similar or even worse than the two previous pandemic strains which were the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first cases of covid-19 emerged in december 2019. since then, the virus causing the disease has infected more than four million peo ...202032838011
structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3c-like protease enzyme.coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand rna viruses belonging to family coronaviridae and order nidovirales which cause infections in birds and mammals. among the human coronaviruses, highly pathogenic ones are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) which have been implicated in severe respiratory syndrome in humans. there are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines for the treatment of human cov infection to d ...202032837113
covid-19 vaccines: a race against time in the middle of death and devastation!the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has turned into a global human tragedy and economic devastation. governments have implemented lockdown measures, blocked international travel, and enforced other public containment measures to mitigate the virus morbidity and mortality. as of today, no drug has the power to fight the infection and bring normalcy to the utter chaos. this leaves us with only one choice namely an effective and safe vaccine that shall be manufactured as soon as possible and av ...202032837093
antiviral potential of garlic (allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: a systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data.garlic (allium sativum l.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (oscs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. however, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.202032836826
neurological manifestations of covid-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review.to describe the main neurological manifestations related to coronavirus infection in humans.202032834527
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on covid-19.interspecies transmissions of viruses between animals and humans may result in unpredictable pathogenic potential and new transmissible diseases. this mechanism has recently been exemplified by the discovery of new pathogenic viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic, middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus epidemic in saudi arabia, and the deadly outbreak of ebola in west africa. the. sars-cov-2 causes coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19 ...202032813065
the global emergency of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2): an update of the current status and forecasting.over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). in december 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (sars-cov-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-ncov) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in wuhan, china. sars-cov-2 ...202032764417
[replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronavirus].the three known highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins, accessory proteins and ribonucleic acid. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replic ...202032762165
approaches and advances in the development of potential therapeutic targets and antiviral agents for the management of sars-cov-2 infection.virus onslaughts continue to spread fear and cause rampage across the world every now and then. the twenty first century is yet again witnessing a gross global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). globally no vaccines or drug specific to covid-19 is available. corona viruses have been in mutual relationship with humans and other hosts over many decades though aggressive zoonotic strains have caused havoc. zoonotic e ...202032739174
neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of sars-cov-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in covid-19 patients.respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. these immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. the new "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (sars-cov-2) is one of the respiratory viruses cau ...202032725449
lessons for covid-19 immunity from other coronavirus infections.a key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is developing an effective vaccine. development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. however, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by ...202032717182
covid-19: a new turning point for dental practice.recent new zoonotic respiratory viruses have infected humans and led to severe acute respiratory syndrome: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), influenza a h5n1, influenza a h1n1 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first sars-cov outbreak took place in 2003, in guangdong, china. a decade later, another pathogenic coronavirus, mers-cov caused an endemic in middle eastern countries. the latest pandemic coronavirus infectious disease (covid-19) has ...202032696908
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): state of the science.coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause disease outbreaks ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. since 2003, three zoonotic members of this family evolved to cross species barriers infecting humans and resulting in relatively high case fatality rates (cfr). compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov, cfr = 10%) and pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, cfr = 6%), the middle east respiratory syn ...202032630780
covid-19: precautionary guidelines for ophthalmologists.several coronaviruses can infect humans, and the globally endemic human coronaviruses, hcov-229e (human coronavirus 229e), hcov-nl63 (human coronavirus nl63), and others, tend to cause mild respiratory diseases. the zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type1 (sars-cov-1) have high fatality rates. in december 2019, the world health organization (who) was notified by chinese authorities about an outbreak of pneumonia bef ...202032607305
covid-19 vaccines: "warp speed" needs mind melds, not warped minds.in this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid "warp speed" development of vaccines to counter the covid-19 pandemic. we review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. the isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from covid-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. the nature and longevity of the anti ...202032591466
human and novel coronavirus infections in children: a review.coronaviruses, seven of which are known to infect humans, can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. four human coronaviruses (hcovs)-229e, hku1, nl63 and oc43-circulate globally, commonly infect children and typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. three novel coronaviruses of zoonotic origin have emerged during the past two decades: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1), middle east respir ...202032584199
challenge infection model for mers-cov based on naturally infected camels.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that infects humans and camels with no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine. some vaccines are in development for camels as a one-health intervention where vaccinating camels is proposed to reduce human viral exposure. this intervention will require an understanding of the prior exposure of camels to the virus and appropriate vaccine efficacy studies in camels.202032552831
genomic determinants of pathogenicity in sars-cov-2 and other human coronaviruses.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. using integrated comparative genomics and machine learning techniques, we identify key genomic features that differentiate sars-cov-2 and the viruses behind the two previous deadly cor ...202032522874
genomic sequencing and analysis of eight camel-derived middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) isolates in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory illness in humans; the second-largest and most deadly outbreak to date occurred in saudi arabia. the dromedary camel is considered a possible host of the virus and also to act as a reservoir, transmitting the virus to humans. here, we studied evolutionary relationships for 31 complete genomes of betacoronaviruses, including eight newly sequenced mers-cov genomes isolated from dromedary camels in saudi arabia. throu ...202032503352
an update on novel covid-19 pandemic: a battle between humans and virus.in the 21st century, human civilization has witnessed three major epidemics caused by coronaviruses namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) in 2003, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov) in 2012 and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 ncov) or coronavirus disease (covid 19) in 2019. among these, covid-19 has greater transmission and mortality rate. 2019 ncov belongs to a large family of positive sense single-stranded rna viruses (+ssrna) that can be isolated in ...202032495921
replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in human respiratory epithelium.currently, there are four seasonal coronaviruses associated with relatively mild respiratory tract disease in humans. however, there is also a plethora of animal coronaviruses which have the potential to cross the species border. this regularly results in the emergence of new viruses in humans. in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged and rapidly disappeared in may 2003. in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified as a possible ...202032434888
increased pathogenicity and virulence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade b in vitro and in vivo.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe acute respiratory disease in humans. mers-cov strains from early epidemic clade a and contemporary epidemic clade b have not been phenotypically characterized to compare their abilities to infect cells and mice. we isolated the clade b mers-cov chinagd01 strain from a patient infected during the south korean mers outbreak in 2015 and compared the phylogenetics and pathogenicity of mers-cov emc/2012 (clade a) and chinagd01 (cla ...202032434886
characterization and noncovalent inhibition of the deubiquitinase and deisgylase activity of sars-cov-2 papain-like protease.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent for covid-19, is a novel human betacoronavirus that is rapidly spreading worldwide. the outbreak currently includes over 3.7 million cases and 260,000 fatalities. as a betacoronavirus, sars-cov-2 encodes for a papain-like protease (plpro) that is likely responsible for cleavage of the coronavirus (cov) viral polypeptide. the plpro is also responsible for suppression of host innate immune responses by virtue of its ...202032428392
human coronaviruses with emphasis on the covid-19 outbreak.human coronaviruses are known as respiratory pathogens mainly associated with a range of respiratory diseases. in the past 18 years, the beginning of severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (sars-hcov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and now the (covid-19) have driven the hcov into the platform of the scientific community due to their high pathogenicity in humans. our study about the hcov has contributed extensively to the understanding of hcov pathogenesis i ...202032399479
characterization of a human monoclonal antibody generated from a b-cell specific for a prefusion-stabilized spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory infection and continues to infect humans, thereby contributing to a high mortality rate (34.3% in 2019). in the absence of an available licensed vaccine and antiviral agent, therapeutic human antibodies have been suggested as candidates for treatment. in this study, human monoclonal antibodies were isolated by sorting b cells from patient's pbmc cells with prefusion stabilized spike (s) probes and a direct immunogl ...202032384116
molecular evolution and structural mapping of n-terminal domain in spike gene of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012. there is no vaccine for mers and anti-viral treatment is generally not applicable. we investigated the evolution of the mers-cov spike gene sequences and changes in viral loads over time from patients in saudi arabia from 2105-2017. all the mers-cov strains belonged to lineage 5, and showed high sequence homology (99.9%) to 2017 strains. recombination analysi ...202032370153
feasibility of known rna polymerase inhibitors as anti-sars-cov-2 drugs.coronaviruses (covs) are positive-stranded rna viruses that infect humans and animals. infection by covs such as hcov-229e, -nl63, -oc43 and -hku1 leads to the common cold, short lasting rhinitis, cough, sore throat and fever. however, covs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and the newest sars-cov-2 (the causative agent of covid-19) lead to severe and deadly diseases with mortality rates ranging between ~1 t ...202032357471
coronavirus (covid-19): a review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.coronavirus (covid-19) is an enveloped rna virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. a total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. they are known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. the past few decades have seen endemic outbreaks in the form of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (sars-cov). yet again, we see the emergence of another outbreak due ...202032328367
safety and immunogenicity of a candidate middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral-vectored vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial.cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection continue to rise in the arabian peninsula 7 years after it was first described in saudi arabia. mers-cov poses a significant risk to public health security because of an absence of currently available effective countermeasures. we aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the full-length spike surface glycoprotein, chadox1 mers, in humans.202032325038
coronavirus infections in children including covid-19: an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children.coronaviruses (covs) are a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, zoonotic rna viruses. four covs commonly circulate among humans: hcov2-229e, -hku1, -nl63 and -oc43. however, covs can rapidly mutate and recombine leading to novel covs that can spread from animals to humans. the novel covs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012. the 2019 novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) is currently causing a ...202032310621
[replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses].the three known human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins and accessory proteins. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replicate in host cells ...202032298055
ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity.fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ...202032295925
coronaviruses and sars-cov-2coronaviruses (covs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, hcov 229e, hcov nl63, hcov hku1 and hcov oc43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. the others namely sars-cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), mers-c ...202032293832
subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses.seven coronaviruses (covs) have been isolated from humans so far. among them, three emerging pathogenic covs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and a newly identified cov (2019-ncov), once caused or continue to cause severe infections in humans, posing significant threats to global public health. sars-cov infection in humans (with about 10% case fatality rate) was first reported from china in 2002, while m ...202032265848
single-dose, intranasal immunization with recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) spike protein protects mice from fatal mers-cov infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) can cause severe and fatal acute respiratory disease in humans and remains endemic in the middle east since first being identified in 2012. there are currently no approved vaccines or therapies available for mers-cov. in this study, we evaluated parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5)-based vaccine expressing the mers-cov envelope spike protein (piv5/mers-s) in a human dpp4 knockin c57bl/6 congenic mouse model (hdpp4 ki). following a single-dose intra ...202032265331
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) seropositive camel handlers in kenya.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (mers-cov). camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring mers-cov infections. however, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in africa. the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to mers-cov in high-risk groups in kenya. sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, we ...202032260186
covid-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses.the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which emerged in wuhan, china and spread around the world. genomic analysis revealed that sars-cov-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (sars-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. the intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, t ...202032257431
covid-19: the outbreak caused by a new coronavirus.before the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, coronaviruses (covs) were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans. however, it was this epidemic that highlighted this group of viruses and included them among the causative agents of emerging epidemic diseases. in addition, in 2012, another new cov responsible for the middle east respiratory syndrome was identified. both infections were considered a threat to global health security. at present, the third epidemic caused by ...202032226003
a tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses.world health organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) a public health emergency of international concern. the virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. human infection with sars-cov-2 leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, mild, moderate to severe. the severe cases present with pneumonia, which can progress to acute respirator ...202032172672
a review of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19).there is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in wuhan, hubei province, china in december 2019. there have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (05/03/2020). the disease is transmi ...202032166607
emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: biology and therapeutic options.the new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as sars-cov-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19) in wuhan, china. it is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in humans. the source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of sars-cov- ...202032161092
zoonotic implications of camel diseases in iran.approximately 60% of all human pathogens and 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (of animal origin). camel zoonotic diseases can be encountered in all camel-rearing countries. in this article, all studies carried out on camel zoonotic diseases in iran are reviewed to show the importance of camels for public health in this country. more than 900 published documents were systematically searched to find relevant studies from 1,890 until late 2018. the collected articles were classified ...202032160657
seroprevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus in dromedaries and their traders in upper egypt.camel trade in egypt depends mainly on importation. seemingly healthy imported camels are responsible for the ingress of serious diseases into egypt. a striking example of this concerning public health globally is the middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) which causes case fatalities of over 34%. here, we determined the seroepidemiological situation of the mers-cov in imported camels and their traders in upper egypt.202032146454
middle east respiratory syndrome.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in saudi arabia and jordan in 2012. intermittent sporadic cases, community clusters, and nosocomial outbreaks of mers-cov continue to occur. between april 2012 and december 2019, 2499 laboratory-confirmed cases of mers-cov infection, including 858 deaths (34·3% mortality) were reported from 27 countries to who, the majority of which were reported by saudi arabia (2106 cas ...202032145185
perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19).last decade witnessed the outbreak of many life-threatening human pathogens including nipah, ebola, chikungunya, zika, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and more recently novel coronavirus (2019-ncov or sars-cov-2). the disease condition associated with novel coronavirus, referred to as coronavirus disease (covid-19). the emergence of novel coronavirus in 2019 in wuhan, china marked the third highly pathogenic corona ...202032134278
spatial association between primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and exposure to dromedary camels in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic disease. exposure to dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection. although saudi arabia reports the highest rate of human mers-cov infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide, their spatial association has not yet been investigated. thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distributio ...202032112508
composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ace2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2.from the beginning of 2002 and 2012, severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) crossed the species barriers to infect humans, causing thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths, respectively. currently, a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2), which has become the cause of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), was discovered. until 18 february 2020, there were 72 533 confirmed covid-19 cases (including 10 644 severe ...202032100877
distinct roles for sialoside and protein receptors in coronavirus infection.coronaviruses (covs) are common human and animal pathogens that can transmit zoonotically and cause severe respiratory disease syndromes. cov infection requires spike proteins, which bind viruses to host cell receptors and catalyze virus-cell membrane fusion. several cov strains have spike proteins with two receptor-binding domains, an s1a that engages host sialic acids and an s1b that recognizes host transmembrane proteins. as this bivalent binding may enable broad zoonotic cov infection, we ai ...202032047128
polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe respiratory disease in humans. the mers-cov spike (s) glycoprotein mediates viral entry into target cells. for this, mers-cov s engages the host cell protein dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4, cd26) and the interface between mers-cov s and dpp4 has been resolved on the atomic level. here, we asked whether naturally-occurring polymorphisms in dpp4, that alter amino acid residues required for mers-cov s binding, influence ce ...202031964246
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness, from asymptomatic to mild to fatal. mers-cov is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans and occasionally through human-to-human contact. current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans with symptomatic mers, but little evidence suggests the possibility of transmission from camel products or asymptomatic mer ...202031961300
t-cell responses to mers coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in nigeria: an observational cohort study.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) remains of global public health concern. dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. over 70% of mers coronavirus (mers-cov)-infected dromedaries are found in africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in africa. we aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in africa had been infected by mers-cov.202033035474
comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in late 2012 in saudi arabia. for this study, we conducted a large-scale comparative genome study of mers-cov from both human and dromedary camels from 2012 to 2019 to map any genetic changes that emerged in the past 8 years. we downloaded 1309 submissions, including 308 full-length genome sequences of mers-cov available in genbank from 2012 to 2019. we used bioinformatics tools to describe the genome structure and organization ...202032803835
some pathological observations on the naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia 2018-2019.background: the natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels is understudied. recent experimental studies showed no obvious clinical signs in the infected dromedary camels.aim: to study the pathological changes associated with natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels.methods: tissues from three mers-cov positive animals as well as two negative animals were collected and examined for the presence of pathological changes. the screening of the animals was carried out first by the rapid aggl ...202032543343
cross-sectional prevalence study of mers-cov in local and imported dromedary camels in saudi arabia, 2016-2018.the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) is an endemic virus in dromedaries. annually, saudi arabia imports thousands of camels from the horn of africa, yet the epidemiology of mers-cov in these animals is largely unknown. here, mers-cov prevalence was compared in imported african camels and their local counterparts. a total of 1399 paired sera and nasal swabs were collected from camels between 2016 and 2018. imported animals from sudan (n = 829) and djibouti (n = 328) were sa ...202032453746
detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camel's seminal plasma in saudi arabia 2015-2017.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emergent respiratory virus. dromedary camels are currently the only known reservoir of mers-cov and are capable of transmitting the virus within a herd. the role of semen in the transmission of mers-cov has never been investigated as yet, to the best of our knowledge. our goal was to test semen collected from dromedary camels for mers-cov. a total of 67 seminal plasma samples from infertile and 13 from fertile dromedary camels wer ...202032374945
seroprevalence of mers-cov in healthy adults in western saudi arabia, 2011-2016.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. however, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community.202032005618
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in bactrian and hybrid camels from dubai.so far, dromedary camels are the only known animal reservoir for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). previous published serological studies showed that sera of bactrian camels were all negative for mers-cov antibodies. however, a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of bactrian camels intranasally with mers-cov can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion. in this study, we examined the presence of mers-cov antibodies in bactrian and ...202031969478
coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery.the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ...202032964796
immunogenicity of a dna vaccine candidate for covid-19.the coronavirus family member, sars-cov-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the pandemic viral pneumonia disease, covid-19. at this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. we have previously engineered a synthetic dna vaccine targeting the mers coronavirus spike (s) protein, the major surface antigen of coronaviruses, which is currently in clinical study. here we build on this prior experience to generate a synthetic dna-based vaccine candidate ta ...202032433465
selection of viral variants during persistent infection of insectivorous bat cells with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) are speculated to have originated in bats. the mechanisms by which these viruses are maintained in individuals or populations of reservoir bats remain an enigma. mathematical models have predicted long-term persistent infection with low levels of periodic shedding as a likely route for virus maintenance and spillover from bats. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells and m ...202032350357
impact of covid-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have been associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. sars-cov-2 belongs to the human coronavirus family, and since this infection shows a pandemic trend it will involve many pregnant women.202033148440
serpentoviruses: more than respiratory pathogens.in recent years, nidoviruses have emerged as important respiratory pathogens of reptiles, affecting captive python populations. in pythons, nidovirus (recently reclassified as serpentovirus) infection induces an inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary tract which can develop into a severe, often fatal proliferative pneumonia. we observed pyogranulomatous and fibrinonecrotic lesions in organ systems other than the respiratory tract during full postmortem examinations on 30 serpentovi ...202032641481
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