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application of bioluminescence imaging to therapeutic intervention of herpes simplex virus type i - thymidine kinase/ganciclovir in glioma.lentiviral vector containing the hsv1-tk and firefly luciferase (fluc) gene was infected into c6 and c6-tl expressing hsv1-tk and fluc gene was generated. c6-tl showed higher [(125)i]ivdu uptake than c6. the survival rate of c6-tl decreased more rapidly with increasing gcv dose and was well correlated with fluc activity. the images of micropet clearly demonstrated higher uptake of [(18)f]fhbg into the c6-tl tumor. inhibition of tumor growth was observed in c6-tl tumor-bearing mice treated with g ...201020819721
herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d interferes with binding of herpesvirus entry mediator to its ligands through downregulation and direct competition.to initiate membrane fusion and virus entry, herpes simplex virus (hsv) gd binds to a cellular receptor such as herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). hvem is a tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor family member with four natural ligands that either stimulate (light and ltα) or inhibit (btla and cd160) t cell function. we hypothesized that the interaction of gd with hvem affects the binding of natural ligands, thereby modulating the immune response during infection. here, we investigated the effect ...201020826693
moxibustion activates host defense against herpes simplex virus type i through augmentation of cytokine production.moxibustion is a technique used in traditional oriental medicine, the aim of which is to cure and/or prevent illness by activating a person's ability for self-healing. in this study, we assessed how moxibustion would affect the immune system and whether it would augment protective immunity. mice were treated with moxibustion at zusanli (st36) acupoints; we analyzed mortality and cytokine activity in sera after infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and cytokine gene expression in th ...201020840154
phosphoinositide 3 kinase signalling may affect multiple steps during herpes simplex virus type-1 entry.early interactions of herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) with cells lead to cytoskeletal changes facilitating filopodia formation and membrane fusion. here, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 kinase (pi3k) signalling may affect multiple steps during hsv-1 entry. an inhibitor of pi3k (ly294002) blocked hsv-1 entry and the blockage was cell-type- and gd receptor-independent. entry inhibition was also observed with primary cultures of the human corneal fibroblasts and unrelated β- and γ-herpes ...201020810749
grey matter changes associated with host genetic variation and exposure to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) in first episode schizophrenia.we previously reported reduced prefrontal cortex (pfc) grey matter volume among first episode, antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia subjects (sz) exposed to hsv1 but not among healthy subjects (hs) (prasad et al., 2007). independently, rs1051788, an exonic polymorphism of the mhc class i polypeptide-related sequence b (micb) gene was associated with hsv1 seropositivity, as well as sz risk. in this study, we examined whether pfc grey matter changes associated with hsv1 exposure varied against the ba ...201020138739
relocalization of upstream binding factor to viral replication compartments is ul24 independent and follows the onset of herpes simplex virus 1 dna synthesis.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) induces relocalization of several nucleolar proteins. we have found that, as for fibrillarin, the hsv-1-induced redistribution of two rna polymerase i components, upstream binding factor (ubf) and rpa194, was independent of the viral protein ul24, which affects nucleolin localization. nevertheless, the kinetics and sites of redistribution for fibrillarin and ubf differed. interestingly, ubf remained associated with rpa194 during infection. although ubf is redistrib ...201020147409
glycan structures and antiviral effect of the structural subunit rvh2 of rapana hemocyanin.molluscan hemocyanins are very large biological macromolecules and they act as oxygen-transporting glycoproteins. most of them are glycoproteins with molecular mass around 9000 kda. the oligosaccharide structures of the structural subunit rvh2 of rapana venosa hemocyanin (rvh) were studied by sequence analysis of glycans using maldi-tof-ms and tandem mass spectrometry on a q-trap mass spectrometer after enzymatical liberation of the n-glycans from the polypeptides. our study revealed a highly he ...201020863484
viral loads of herpes simplex virus in clinical samples--a 5-year retrospective analysis.viral loads of herpes simplex virus (hsv) are not monitored usually for the effective clinical management of hsv-related diseases. however, recently, there has been more interest about the typical hsv levels in clinical specimens, and how such data may improve understanding of the behavior of this virus in such clinical presentations, particularly in immunocompromised patients, where more prolonged therapy using higher doses of antiviral drugs may be required. using an in-house quantitative hsv- ...201020872718
the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k is important for herpes simplex virus-1 propagation.the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) k is an evolutionarily conserved protein with roles in signal transduction and gene expression. an impact of hnrnp k on the life cycle of a broad range of viral pathogens was reported while functional data for herpesviruses were lacking. in this study we show that hnrnp k is important for herpes simplex virus 1 egress. in absence of hnrnp k, viral entry, gene expression, viral dna replication, and maturation of nuclear particles appear normal w ...201020888333
[use of interferon inducers for pharmacological correction of cytokine disturbances in patients with recurrent genital herpes].the level ofcytokines was studied in the blood of 111 women aged 18 to 56 with recurrent genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 or 2 (for the frequency of relapses within 6-9 year) treated with interferon inducers iodantipyrin, cycloferon and amixin in combination with basic aciclovir therapy. it is found that, in patients with clinical effect of treatment (decrease in the frequency of relapses) the level of cytokines of nonspecific immune response (alpha-interferon, beta-int ...201020919558
interferon alpha induces establishment of alphaherpesvirus latency in sensory neurons in vitro.several alphaherpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and pseudorabies virus (prv), establish lifelong latency in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion (tg). although it is thought that efficient establishment of alphaherpesvirus latency is based on a subtle interplay between virus, neurons and the immune system, it is not clear which immune components are of major importance for the establishment of latency.201020927329
the use of ozonated water and 0.2% chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis patients: a clinical and microbiologic study.the development of periodontal disease has been thought to be associated with several restricted members of the oral anaerobic species, such as black-pigmented porphyromonas species and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (aa), in the subgingival environment. apart from bacteria, certain viruses and fungi that are associated with periodontal disease are also present in the subgingival plaque .201020930341
characterisation of the epitope for a herpes simplex virus glycoprotein b-specific monoclonal antibody with high protective capacity.monoclonal antibody (mab) 2c, specific for glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus (hsv), had been shown to mediate clearance of infection from the mucous membranes of mice, thereby completely inhibiting mucocutaneous inflammation and lethality, even in mice depleted of both cd4(+) and cd8(+) cells. additionally, ganglionic infection was highly restricted. in vitro, mab 2c exhibits a potent complement-independent neutralising activity against hsv type 1 and 2, completely inhibits the viral cell-t ...201020931340
1,2,4-triazoloazine derivatives as a new type of herpes simplex virus inhibitors.a new class of inhibitors of herpes simplex virus replication was found. the compounds under study are derived from condensed 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, structural analogues of natural nucleic bases. antiherpetic activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were studied. the corresponding triphosphates of several active compounds were prepared and tested as inhibitors of dna synthesis catalyzed by herpes simplex virus polymerase. the potential mecha ...201020947122
characterization of the subcellular localization of herpes simplex virus type 1 proteins in living cells.in this study, we presented the construction of a library of expression clones for the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) proteome and subcellular localization map of hsv-1 proteins in living cells using yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) fusion proteins. as a result, 21 proteins showed cytoplasmic or subcytoplasmic localization, 16 proteins showed nuclear or subnuclear localization, and others were present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. interestingly, most capsid proteins showed enriched or ...201020949280
coexistent cervical spine fusion and thoracic disc herniations with acute myelitis.thoracic disc herniations are commonly found in asymptomatic individuals, sometimes with genetic predisposition. congenital fusions of cervical vertebrae occur in klippel-feil syndrome, which may be asymptomatic or cause compressive myelitis due to cervical instability or associated herniated discs. we report the case of a 72-year-old man with monophasic acute transverse myelitis probably caused by herpes simplex virus, coexistent with fused cervical vertebrae (c4-c5) and thoracic herniated disc ...201020956874
the herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cell protein 22.as one of the immediate-early (ie) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), icp22 is a multifunctional viral regulator that localizes in the nucleus of infected cells. it is required in experimental animal systems and some nonhuman cell lines, but not in vero or hep-2 cells. icp22 is extensively phosphorylated by viral and cellular kinases and nucleotidylylated by casein kinase ii. it has been shown to be required for efficient expression of early (e) genes and a subset of late (l) genes ...201020960278
herpes simplex virus type 1 icp27 protein: its expression, purification and specific antiserum production.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is the causative agent of cold sores and other more serious diseases. hsv-1 infected-cell protein 27 (icp27) is an immediate-early regulatory phosphoprotein homologous to gene products identified in all classes of herpesviruses so far. to raise the antiserum to icp27 for further characterization of its biological function, the icp27 gene was cloned into the pet-28a (+) vector, then icp27 protein was expressed in e. coli and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic ...201020960294
[genital herpes--epidemiological and clinical issue still of importance].genital herpes (gh) is one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases and the most frequent cause of genital ulcer diseases. its etiological agent is herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or 2 (hsv-2). the role of hsv-1 as a cause of gh is increasing, especially among adolescents in developed countries. the principal route of infection with hsv is asymptomatic viral shedding. the infection is life-long, despite treatment. the data on the prevalence and incidence of gh is incomplete, mainly ...201020976950
pemphigus vulgaris and herpesviruses: is there any relationship?pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, which results from interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors. one of these environmental factors is viral infections particularly, herpesviruses. we aimed to detect the presence of hsv 1 and 2 (herpes simplex virus) and hhv8 (human herpesvirus 8) in our patients who were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris.201021038546
modalities to decrease stromal herpes simplex keratitis reactivation rates. 201021060060
head-to-tail intramolecular interaction of herpes simplex virus type 1 regulatory protein icp27 is important for its interaction with cellular mrna export receptor tap/nxf1.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) protein icp27 has many important functions during infection that are achieved through interactions with a number of cellular proteins. in its role as a viral rna export protein, icp27 interacts with tap/nxf1, the cellular mrna export receptor, and both the n and c termini of icp27 must be intact for this interaction to take place. here we show by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) that icp27 interacts directly with tap/nxf1 during infection, and t ...201021060739
noncytotoxic inhibition of viral infection through eif4f-independent suppression of translation by 4egi-1.the eukaryotic initiation factor eif4f recruits ribosomes to capped mrnas while eif2 mediates start codon recognition to initiate protein synthesis. increasing interest in targeting translation to suppress tumor growth has led to the development of new classes of inhibitors, including 4egi-1, which disrupts eif4f complexes. however, the full effects of this inhibitor and its potential uses in the treatment of other disease states remain unclear. here, we show that overall rates of protein synthe ...201021068241
negative association of epstein-barr virus or herpes simplex virus-1 with tumefactive central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.central nervous system (cns) demyelination has been suggested to be associated with infections caused by the epstein-barr virus (ebv) or herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1. cns inflammatory demyelinating disease (idd) rarely presents as a large lesion. we evaluated samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect recent infection with these viruses and analyzed csf and brain specimens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunohistochemical studies for evi ...201021070119
the effect of herpes simplex virus-1 on nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain: the role of glucocorticoids.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) is a common cause of viral encephalitis manifested by activation of the adrenocortical axis, fever and behavioral changes. we investigated the early effects of hsv-1 on constitutive (c) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity in rat brain and in mixed glial cell culture. the effect of glucocorticoids (gcs) on nos responses to hsv-1 was also determined.201021071988
resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for recurrent orolabial and genital infections. the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections includes acyclovir (acv) and penciclovir (pcv) with their respective prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir. these compounds are phosphorylated by the viral thymidine kinase (tk) and then by cellular kinases. the triphosphate forms selectively inhibit the viral dna polymerase (dna pol) activity. drug-resistant hsv isolates are fre ...201021078929
changes to euchromatin on lat and icp4 following reactivation are more prevalent in an efficiently reactivating strain of hsv-1.epigenetic mechanisms, via post-translational histone modifications, have roles in the establishment and maintenance of latency of the hsv-1 genome in the sensory neurons. considering that many post-translational histone marks are reversible in nature, epigenetic mechanisms may also play a critical role in the process of induced hsv-1 reactivation.201021079815
inhibition of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase blocks human cytomegalovirus-induced glycolytic activation and severely attenuates production of viral progeny.viruses depend on the host cell to provide the energy and biomolecular subunits necessary for production of viral progeny. we have previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection induces dramatic changes to central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleotide biosynthesis. here, we explore the mechanisms involved in hcmv-mediated glycolytic activation. we find that hcmv virion binding and tegument protein del ...201021084482
genital herpes evaluation by quantitative taqman pcr: correlating single detection and quantity of hsv-2 dna in cervicovaginal lavage fluids with cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical data.to evaluate the utility of a single quantitative pcr (qpcr) measurement of hsv (hsv-1&2) dna in cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens collected from women with predominantly chronic hsv-2 infection in assessing genital hsv shedding and the clinical course of genital herpes (gh) within a cohort with semiannual schedule of follow up and collection of specimens.201021087488
projected cost-savings with herpes simplex virus screening in pregnancy: towards a new screening paradigm.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in newborns are an uncommon but potentially devastating consequence of genital hsv infection in women. current practice focuses on preventing perinatal transmission by women with prevalent hsv, but transmission risk is greatest when genital hsv is acquired for the first time late in pregnancy. the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of identifying pregnant women at risk of de novo hsv acquisition as a means of preve ...201021097810
molecular engineering and validation of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 transcriptionally targeted to midkine-positive tumors.expression profile analyses of midkine (mdk), a multifunctional protein important in development but repressed postnataly, indicate that it is highly expressed in approximately 80% of adult carcinomas and many childhood cancers including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (mpnst). in the present study, we sought to leverage its selective expression to develop a novel oncolytic herpes simplex virus (ohsv) capable of targeting developmentally primitive cancers that express mdk.201020603890
[analysis of mutations in dna polymerase and thymidine kinase genes of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates resistant to antiherpetic drugs].the primary structures of dna-polymerase (ul30) and thymidine kinase (ul23) genes from several herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) clinical isolates which differed in sensitivity for a number of antiherpetic drugs were determined and compared with those for two laboratory hsv-1 strains one of which was acv-sensitive (l2), while the another was resistant (l2) to acv. the phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that conserved regions of ul30 gene of hsv-1 clinical isolates and l2 strain were ...201020608173
synthesis and biological evaluation of (+)-labdadienedial, derivatives and precursors from (+)-sclareolide.labdadienedial and a series of c15,c16-functionalized derivatives were synthesized from commercial (+)-sclareolide and evaluated for their cytotoxic, antimycotic, and antiviral activities. their precursors were similarly evaluated.201020619938
pi3k/akt signaling mediated apoptosis blockage and viral gene expression in oral epithelial cells during herpes simplex virus infection.phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (pi3ks) function in the anti-apoptotic pathway, and are commonly exploited by various viruses to accomplish the viral life cycle. this study examined the role of the pi3k pathway in human oral epithelial cells following herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection. the results showed that hsv-1 induced the phosphorylation of akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (gsk-3). phosphorylation of akt, but not gsk-3, induced by hsv-1 was pi3k-dependent. the expression of hsv ...201020620179
synergistic action of oncolytic herpes simplex virus and radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines.despite much research in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a fatal disease, highly resistant to all treatment modalities. recent developments in the field of herpes simplex virus (hsv) engineering have allowed the generation of a number of promising virus vectors for treatment of many cancers, including pancreatic tumours. this study examined the use of one such virus, nv1023, in combination with radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines.201020629009
egress of hsv-1 capsid requires the interaction of vp26 and a cellular tetraspanin membrane protein.hsv-1 viral capsid maturation and egress from the nucleus constitutes a self-controlled process of interactions between host cytoplasmic membrane proteins and viral capsid proteins. in this study, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, ctmp-7, was shown to physically interact with hsv-1 protein vp26, and the vp26-ctmp-7 complex was detected both in vivo and in vitro. the interaction of vp26 with ctmp-7 plays an essential role in normal hsv-1 replication. additionally, analysis of a recombinant ...201020630051
myosin va enhances secretion of herpes simplex virus 1 virions and cell surface expression of viral glycoproteins.the final step in the egress of herpes simplex virus (hsv) virions requires virion-laden vesicles to bypass cortical actin and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing virions into the extracellular space. little is known about the host or viral proteins involved. in the current study, we noted that the conformation of myosin va (myova), a protein known to be involved in melanosome and secretory granule trafficking to the plasma membrane in melanocytes and neuroendocrine cells, respectively, was ...201020631136
the varicella-zoster virus ie4 protein: a conserved member of the herpesviral mrna export factors family and a potential alternative target in antiherpetic therapies.during a viral infection, in addition to cellular mrnas, amounts of viral mrnas have to be efficiently transported to the cytoplasm for translation. it is now established that herpesviruses encode a conserved gene family whose proteins act as viral mrna export factors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral transcripts and eventually modulate through this mechanism the antiviral response. this conserved family of proteins contains the ie4 protein of the varicella-zoster virus (vzv). he ...201020650265
interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent pathways are critical for control of herpes simplex virus type 1 central nervous system infection.the initiation of the immune response at the cellular level relies on specific recognition molecules to rapidly signal viral infection via interferon (ifn) regulatory factor 3 (irf-3)-dependent pathways. the absence of irf-3 would be expected to render such pathways inoperative and thereby significantly affect viral infection. unexpectedly, a previous study found no significant change in herpes simplex virus (hsv) pathogenesis in irf-3(-/-) mice following intravenous hsv type 1 (hsv-1) challenge ...201020660188
identification of binding domains in the herpes simplex virus type 1 small capsid protein pul35 (vp26).in this study, fragments of the small capsid protein pul35 (vp26) from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) were generated to identify binding domains for a number of known ligands. analysis of the binding of dynein light chain subunits, dynlt1 and dynlt3, as well the hsv-1 structural proteins pul19 (vp5) and pul37 was then undertaken using the lexa yeast two-hybrid assay. the n-terminal half of pul35, in particular residues 30-43, was identified as a common region for the binding of dynlt1 and d ...201020668116
significance of host cell kinases in herpes simplex virus type 1 egress and lamin-associated protein disassembly from the nuclear lamina.the nuclear lamina is thought to be a steric barrier to the herpesvirus capsid. disruption of the lamina accompanied by phosphorylation of lamina proteins is a conserved feature of herpesvirus infection. in hsv-1-infected cells, protein kinase c (pkc) alpha and delta isoforms are recruited to the nuclear membrane and pkc delta has been implicated in phosphorylation of emerin and lamin b. we tested two critical hypotheses about the mechanism and significance of lamina disruption. first, we show t ...201020674954
seroprevalence of herpes simplex 1-2 antibodies in brazil.to estimate the seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies in brazil and to analyze factors associated.201020676563
a single-amino-acid substitution in herpes simplex virus 1 envelope glycoprotein b at a site required for binding to the paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (pilralpha) abrogates pilralpha-dependent viral entry and reduces pathogenesis.paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (pilrα) is a herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) entry receptor that associates with o-glycans on hsv-1 envelope glycoprotein b (gb). two threonine residues (thr-53 and thr-480) in gb, which are required for the addition of the principal gb o-glycans, are essential for binding to soluble pilrα. however, the role of the two threonines in pilrα-dependent viral entry remains to be elucidated. therefore, we constructed a recombinant hsv-1 carrying an alanine r ...201020686018
synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dithiones and their s-glycoside analogues as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents.previously, we synthesized and evaluated several thienopyrimidine derivatives containing heterocyclic ring substituents linked to the pyrimidine-2-thione nucleus at c-2 by a two- to four-atom spacer as potential anti-hiv-1 and antimicrobial agents. also, from the literature, s-substituted pyrimidin-4-ones a and b exhibited interesting anti-hiv-1 activity. to further investigate the synthesis, tools and biological activities, we synthesized several new thienopyrimidine derivatives derived from th ...201020691339
infection of porcine cells with human herpesviruses.porcine organs are valuable candidate materials for xenotransplantation to humans. long-term maintenance of well functioning transplants is a prerequisite for success. transplanted organs may be damaged by immune reactions or by infectious agents in hosts. human herpesviruses (hhvs) establish life-long latency in humans after a primary infection. they can be reactivated with various stimuli, including immunosuppression. this study was performed to verify the infectivity of some hhvs toward porci ...201020692426
evaluation of a novel serology algorithm to detect herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 antibodies.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-type specific serology (tss) testing has been commercially available for nearly a decade. guidelines on appropriate use of such testing exist, including canadian-based recommendations. despite this, most canadian laboratories do not offer hsv-type specific serology and many provide only nontype-specific hsv serology tests.201020693937
characterization of specific cdna background synthesis introduced by reverse transcription in rt-pcr assays.to block expression of nmda receptor nr1 subunit, we injected into rat hippocampus a herpes simplex virus type 1 derived vector bearing a sequence for nr1 antisense. rt-pcr assays with rna from hippocampus of animals injected either with nr1 antisense vector, control vector or vehicle, showed an amplification signal compatible with nr1 antisense which could be attributed either to an endogenous nr1 antisense or to an artifact. rt-pcr was performed either with different primers or without primers ...201020709138
in vitro activity of dermaseptin s1 derivatives against genital pathogens.the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of nine dermaseptin-s1 (drs-s1) derivatives (synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified) against different pathogens causing genital infections (trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, papillomavirus). the in vitro activity on t. vaginalis was determined by counting the protozoon in a hemocytometer after vital staining with trypan blue; antiviral activity of the compounds was tested on monolayers of vero cells for herpes sim ...201020718719
poly(a)-binding protein 1 partially relocalizes to the nucleus during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in an icp27-independent manner and does not inhibit virus replication.infection of cells by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) triggers host cell shutoff whereby mrnas are degraded and cellular protein synthesis is diminished. however, virus protein translation continues because the translational apparatus in hsv-infected cells is maintained in an active state. surprisingly, poly(a)-binding protein 1 (pabp1), a predominantly cytoplasmic protein that is required for efficient translation initiation, is partially relocated to the nucleus during hsv-1 infection. thi ...201020573819
delaying the expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein b (gb) to a true late gene alters neurovirulence and inhibits the gb-cd8+ t-cell response in the trigeminal ganglion.following herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) ocular infection of c57bl/6 mice, activated cd8(+) t cells specific for an immunodominant epitope on hsv-1 glycoprotein b (gb-cd8 cells) establish a stable memory population in hsv-1 latently infected trigeminal ganglia (tg), whereas non-hsv-specific cd8(+) t cells are lost over time. the retention and activation of gb-cd8 cells appear to be influenced by persistent viral antigenic exposure within the latently infected tg. we hypothesized that the lo ...201020573821
the ig-like v-type domain of paired ig-like type 2 receptor alpha is critical for herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated membrane fusion.paired immunoglobulin (ig)-like type 2 receptor alpha (pilralpha) and pilrbeta are paired receptors that are highly homologous to each other. when engaged by ligand, pilralpha is inhibitory whereas pilrbeta is activating. pilralpha is a newly identified herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b (gb) receptor and is associated with membrane fusion and entry activity of hsv-1. pilralpha is a 303-amino-acid protein with an ig-like v (variable)-type domain from amino acid 31 to 150, whereas ...201020573830
[expression, purification and activity determination of cyanovirin-n].cyanovirin-n (cvn) is an 11 kda anti-hiv protein originally isolated from extracts of a cyanobacterium, nostoc ellipsosporum. the protein binds with high affinity to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and irreversibly inactivates diverse hiv strains. a fusion gene consisting of cvn, sumo and 6xhis tag was synthesized by pcr according to the codon bias of escherichia coli. the fusion protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of e. coli in a soluble form and up to 28% of the total protein. the reco ...201020575444
multifront assault on antigen presentation by japanese encephalitis virus subverts cd8+ t cell responses.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. however, there is little information describing the mechanisms by which jev subverts immune responses that may predispose the host to secondary infections. in this study, we found that jev induced the subversion of cd8(+) t cell responses in a transient manner that was closely correlated with viral multiplication. subsequently, analysis using a tcr-transgenic system revealed that cd8(+) t cells purifi ...201020581148
a study of cytotoxicity of novel chlorokojic acid derivatives with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities.a series of 6-chloromethyl-3-hydroxy-2-substituted 4h-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. mannich base derivatives were prepared through the reaction of substituted piperazine or piperidine derivatives on chlorokojic acid and formaline. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, esi-ms, and elemental analysis. according to the activity studies, compounds 2-7 (mic: 1-2 microg/ml) were foun ...201020591538
antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer to nmda nr1-containing neurons in rat neocortex by helper virus-free hsv-1 vector particles containing a chimeric hsv-1 glycoprotein c-staphylococcus a protein.because of the heterogeneous cellular composition of the brain, and especially the forebrain, cell type-specific expression will benefit many potential applications of direct gene transfer. the two prevalent approaches for achieving cell type-specific expression are using a cell type-specific promoter or targeting gene transfer to a specific cell type. targeted gene transfer with herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) vectors modifies glycoprotein c (gc) to replace the heparin binding domain, which binds ...201020599821
hemophagocytic syndrome caused by primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection: report of a first case.hemophagocytic syndrome represents a severe hyperinflammatory condition by activated macrophages. leading viral triggering agents are epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and adenovirus.201020602145
role of herpes simplex virus icp0 in the transactivation of genes introduced by infection or transfection: a reappraisal.icp0, a promiscuous transactivator that enhances the expression of genes introduced by infection or transfection, functions in both nucleus and cytoplasm. the nuclear functions include degradation and dispersal of nd10 bodies and suppression of silencing of viral dna. subsequently, icp0 shifts to the cytoplasm. transfection of dna prior to infection has no effect on the localization of icp0 in cells that are efficient expressers of transgenes (e.g., vero and hek293) but results in delayed cytopl ...201020164233
detailed characterization of t cell responses to herpes simplex virus-2 in immune seronegative persons.in 2003, we described a small cohort of subjects (n = 6) who possessed no detectable serum abs to hsv-1 or hsv-2 and no clinical or virological evidence of mucosal hsv infection yet possessed consistently detectable hsv-specific t cell responses measured primarily by lymphoproliferative (lp) and ctl assays to whole hsv-2 ag. we termed these persons immune seronegative (is). this report characterizes the t cell responses in 22 is subjects largely recruited from studies of hsv-seronegative subject ...201020164419
microsatellite analysis of hsv-1 isolates: from oropharynx reactivation toward lung infection in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.according to recent reports, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) induces bronchopneumonitis (bpn) in immunocompetent patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation (mv), whose respiratory functions deteriorate with a poor outcome. hsv-1 bpn is associated with hsv symptomatic or symptomless reactivation in the oropharynx.201020172760
therapeutic efficacy of human hepatocyte transplantation in a scid/upa mouse model with inducible liver disease.severe combined immune deficient (scid)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa) mice undergo liver failure and are useful hosts for the propagation of transplanted human hepatocytes (hh) which must compete with recipient-derived hepatocytes for replacement of the diseased liver parenchyma. while partial replacement by hh has proven useful for studies with hepatitis c virus, complete replacement of scid/upa mouse liver by hh has never been achieved and limits the broader application of these m ...201020174638
a highly lipophilic sulfated tetrasaccharide glycoside related to muparfostat (pi-88) exhibits virucidal activity against herpes simplex virus.although sulfated polysaccharides potently inhibit the infectivity of herpes simplex virus (hsv) and human immunodeficiency virus in cultured cells, these compounds fail to show protective effects in humans, most likely due to their poor virucidal activity. herein we report on sulfated oligosaccharide glycosides related to muparfostat (formerly known as pi-88) and their assessment for anti-hsv activity. chemical modifications based on the introduction of specific hydrophobic groups at the reduci ...201020176055
transcriptional and translational dual-regulated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 for targeting prostate tumors.the aim of this project was to demonstrate that an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) can replicate in a tissue- and tumor-specific fashion through both transcriptional (prostate-specific promoter, arr(2)pb) and translational (5'-untranslated regions (5'utrs) of rfgf-2) regulation of an essential viral gene, icp27. we generated two recombinant viruses, arr(2)pb-icp27 (a27) and arr(2)pb-5'utr-icp27 (au27) and tested their efficacy and toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. the arr(2)pb pr ...201020179676
design and synthesis of 3'-fluoropenciclovir analogues as antiviral agents.based on fluorine switch approach, a series of 3'-fluoropenciclovir analogues with different purine and pyrimidine bases were designed and synthesized. direct reduction of beta-fluoroester to the corresponding 3-fluoroalcohol provided an easy and new entry pathway towards the synthesis of 3'-fluoropenciclovir analogues. the synthesized 3'-fluoropenciclovir analogues were evaluated for their antiviral activities against the poliovirus, hsv-1, hsv-2 and hiv.201020195818
redundancy in the immune system restricts the spread of hsv-1 in the central nervous system (cns) of c57bl/6 mice.resistance to lethal encephalitis in mice infected with hsv-1 via the oral mucosa is mouse strain dependent. in susceptible balb/c, hsv-1 spreads throughout the cns but in resistant bl/6 mice, virus is restricted to the brainstem. to examine the contribution of cellular immunity in restricting viral spread, we used a combination of antibody depleted and ko mice. individually, nk/nkt, inkt, cd4(+), cd8(+), and gammadelta t-cells do not restrict hsv-1 spread. in contrast, virus spreads throughout ...201020199790
syncytial phenotype of c-terminally truncated herpes simplex virus type 1 gb is associated with diminished membrane interactions.the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein b (gb) from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is an important regulator of membrane fusion. c-terminal truncations of the cytoplasmic domain lead to either hyperfusion or fusion-null phenotypes. currently, neither the structure of the cytoplasmic domain nor its mechanism of fusion regulation is known. here we show, for the first time, that the full-length cytoplasmic domain of hsv-1 gb associates stably with lipid membranes, preferentially binding to memb ...201020200237
disseminated mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in an immunocompetent woman.disseminated mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in an immunocompetent person is quite rare. a 19-year-old healthy japanese woman presented with painful, umbilicated vesicles and pustules on her genital region, both nipples and on the forearm 10 days after the last sexual contact with her partner who had cold sore at that time. tzanck test and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated mucocutaneous hsv infection. she did not have any visceral hsv disease. skin lesions improve ...201020215631
contributions of nucleotide excision repair, dna polymerase eta, and homologous recombination to replication of uv-irradiated herpes simplex virus type 1.the effects of uv irradiation on herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gene expression and dna replication were examined in cell lines containing mutations inactivating the xpa gene product required for nucleotide-excision repair, the dna polymerase eta responsible for translesion synthesis, or the cockayne syndrome a and b (csa and csb) gene products required for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. in the absence of xpa and csa and csb gene products, virus replication was reduced 10 ...201020215648
sequence variability in clinical and laboratory isolates of herpes simplex virus 1 reveals new mutations.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a well-adapted human pathogen that can invade the peripheral nervous system and persist there as a lifelong latent infection. despite their ubiquity, only one natural isolate of hsv-1 (strain 17) has been sequenced. using illumina high-throughput sequencing of viral dna, we obtained the genome sequences of both a laboratory strain (f) and a low-passage clinical isolate (h129). these data demonstrated the extent of interstrain variation across the entire genome o ...201020219902
effect of corilagin on anti-inflammation in hsv-1 encephalitis and hsv-1 infected microglias.the aim of this explore is to study the anti-inflammatory effect of corilagin in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 infected microglial cells and hsv-1 infected mouse brain. the cellular model was set with microglial cells stimulated by hsv-1 and divided respectively, into virus, astragalus polysaccharides (aps), dexamethasone and corilagin group. a normal control group consisting of uninfected microglial cells was also included. elisa for measuring tnf-alpha, il-1beta and il-10 and greiss method for ...201020338162
[image of the month. kaposi-juliusberg syndrome]. 201020344912
using time-structured data to estimate evolutionary rates of double-stranded dna viruses.double-stranded (ds) dna viruses are often described as evolving through long-term codivergent associations with their hosts, a pattern that is expected to be associated with low rates of nucleotide substitution. however, the hypothesis of codivergence between dsdna viruses and their hosts has rarely been rigorously tested, even though the vast majority of nucleotide substitution rate estimates for dsdna viruses are based upon this assumption. it is therefore important to estimate the evolutiona ...201020363828
a novel bicistronic high-capacity gutless adenovirus vector that drives constitutive expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and tet-inducible expression of flt3l for glioma therapeutics.glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) is a deadly primary brain tumor. conditional cytotoxic/immune-stimulatory gene therapy (ad-tk and ad-flt3l) elicits tumor regression and immunological memory in rodent gbm models. since the majority of patients enrolled in clinical trials would exhibit adenovirus immunity, which could curtail transgene expression and therapeutic efficacy, we used high-capacity adenovirus vectors (hc-ads) as a gene delivery platform. herein, we describe for the first time a novel bic ...201020375153
effect of high versus low oral doses of valacyclovir on herpes simplex virus-1 dna shedding into tears of latently infected rabbits.to assess the effect of high doses of valacyclovir (vcv) on hsv-1 dna shedding into tears of latently infected rabbits.201020393107
modifications of c-2 on the pyrroloquinoline template aimed at the development of potent herpesvirus antivirals with improved aqueous solubility.a series of c-2 pyrroloquinoline analogs designed to improve aqueous solubility were examined for herpesvirus polymerase and antiviral activity. several analogs were identified that maintained the antiviral activity of the previous development candidate against hcmv, hsv-1 and vzv, but with significantly improved aqueous solubility.201020403696
mir-132 regulates antiviral innate immunity through suppression of the p300 transcriptional co-activator.micrornas are small, non-coding rnas that negatively regulate gene expression. it has been proposed that micrornas could function in the regulation of innate immunity, but this has not been demonstrated for viral infection. here we test this hypothesis using the human pathogenic virus kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and one of its putative natural cellular targets, primary lymphatic endothelial cells (lecs). we show that an early antiviral microrna response (6 h post-infection) in ...201020418869
identification of the ent1 antagonists dipyridamole and dilazep as amplifiers of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 replication.oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (ohsv) vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells, where they kill through oncolysis while sparing normal cells. one of the drawbacks of ohsv vectors is their limited replication and spread to neighboring cancer cells. here, we report the outcome of a high-throughput chemical library screen to identify small-molecule compounds that augment the replication of ohsv g47delta. of the 2,640-screened bioactives, 6 compounds were identified and subsequently validated ...201020424118
the virion host shutoff endonuclease (ul41) of herpes simplex virus interacts with the cellular cap-binding complex eif4f.the herpes simplex virus vhs endonuclease degrades host and viral mrnas. isolated vhs cuts any rna at many sites. yet, within cells, it targets mrnas and cuts at preferred sites, including regions of translation initiation. previous studies have shown that vhs binds the translation factors eif4a and eif4h. here, we show that vhs binds the cap-binding complex eif4f. association with eif4f correlated with the ability of vhs to bind eif4a but not eif4h. all vhs proteins that degrade mrnas associate ...201020427534
enhanced reactivity of peripheral blood immune cells to hsv-1 in primary achalasia.achalasia is the best characterized oesophageal motor disorder but the etiology is unknown. the pathology is characterized by a decrease in nitric oxide-producing neurons and the presence of an activated t-cell inflammatory infiltrate in the myenteric plexus that are reactive to hsv-1 viral antigens. these findings are not present in normal controls. the current study compared the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) between patients with primary achalasia and normal controls ...201020438398
accumulation of oxidized proteins in herpesvirus infected cells.oxidative stress gives rise to an environment that can be highly damaging to proteins, lipids, and dna. previous studies indicate that herpesvirus infections cause oxidative stress in cells and in tissues. the biological consequences of virus-induced oxidative stress have not been characterized. studies from many groups indicate that proteins which have been damaged through oxidative imbalances are either degraded by the 20s proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent fashion or form aggregates that a ...201020441790
herpes simplex virus type 1 persists in the aged brain through hypothetical expression of accessory genes.herpes simplex virus type 1 persists in the brain of most aged individuals and may contribute to the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease. the virus likely utilizes accessory genes for neural spread within the nervous system and herpes simplex virus type 1 may regulate various host responses through an array of accessory genes. this mini-review focuses on these viral accessory genes that may shed light on the potential mechanisms of this enigmatic phenomenon in the elderly brain.201020450378
oral mucosal lesions in children from 0 to 12 years old: ten years' experience.the exact prevalence of oral lesions in childhood is not well known. we sought to define the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a large group of children.201020452255
cellular localization of the herpes simplex virus icp0 protein dictates its ability to block irf3-mediated innate immune responses.interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) is important for innate antiviral responses; accordingly, many viruses target and inactivate irf3. the ability of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) immediate early protein icp0 to inhibit irf3 is controversial and has not been studied solely in the context of a wild type hsv-1 infection. discrepancies in the literature surround the mechanism by which icp0 antagonizes the irf3 pathway, the cellular localization of icp0 inhibitory activity and the abilit ...201020454685
development of a universal anti-polyethylene glycol reporter gene for noninvasive imaging of pegylated probes.a reporter gene can provide important information regarding the specificity and efficacy of gene or cell therapies. although reporter genes are increasingly used in experimental and clinical studies, a highly specific yet nonimmunogenic reporter that can track genes and cells in vivo by multiple imaging technologies still awaits development. in this study, we constructed a versatile and nonimmunogenic reporter gene to noninvasively image gene expression or cell delivery by optical imaging, mri, ...201020484433
the novel hsv-1 us5-1 rna is transcribed off a domain encoding us5, us4, us3, us2 and alpha22.the genome of herpes simplex virus 1 encodes at least 84 transcripts from which proteins are translated and several additional rnas whose status as mrnas is unknown. these rnas include latency-associated transcript, oris1 and oris2 rnas and in case of alpha4 null mutant additional transcript that spans the junction between l and s component of the hsv-1 genome. current data do not suggest that a peptide is translated from these rnas.201020492679
the capsid protein encoded by u(l)17 of herpes simplex virus 1 interacts with tegument protein vp13/14.the u(l)17 protein (pu(l)17) of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) likely associates with the surfaces of dna-containing capsids in a heterodimer with pu(l)25. pu(l)17 is also associated with viral light particles that lack capsid proteins, suggesting its presence in the tegument of the hsv-1 virion. to help determine how pu(l)17 becomes incorporated into virions and its functions therein, we identified pu(l)17-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation with pu(l)17-specific igy at 16 h postinfecti ...201020504930
targeting hsv-1 virions for specific binding to epidermal growth factor receptor-viii-bearing tumor cells.oncolytic herpes simplex virus (hsv) vectors have been used in early phase human clinical trials as a therapy for recurrent malignant glioblastoma. this treatment proved safe but limited improvements in patient survival were observed. the potency of these vectors might be enhanced by targeting vector infectivity to tumor cells. glioma tumors often express a mutant form (viii) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) resulting in the presence of a novel epitope on the cell surface. this epi ...201020508670
herpes simplex virus infects skin gamma delta t cells before langerhans cells and impedes migration of infected langerhans cells by inducing apoptosis and blocking e-cadherin downregulation.the role individual skin dendritic cell (dc) subsets play in the immune response to hsv remains unclear. we investigated the effect of hsv on dc virus uptake, viability, and migration after cutaneous infection in vitro and in vivo. hsv increased the emigration of skin dcs from whole skin explants over 3 d postinfection (p.i.) compared with mock controls, but the kinetics of emigration was influenced by the skin dc subset. uninfected (bystander) langerhans cells (lcs) were the major emigrant dc s ...201020519652
asp2151, a novel helicase-primase inhibitor, possesses antiviral activity against varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.to evaluate and describe the anti-herpesvirus effect of asp2151, amenamevir, a novel non-nucleoside oxadiazolylphenyl-containing herpesvirus helicase-primase complex inhibitor.201020534624
apoptosis induction after herpes simplex virus infection differs according to cell type in vivo.we compared apoptosis induction in mice following three routes of infection. after intravenous infection, wild-type herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 and us3delta mutants infected the adrenal gland and caused apoptosis. corneal infection with wild-type virus resulted in apoptosis in a fraction of infected epithelium cells. interestingly, many uninfected cells were apoptotic in the retina. although neurons in the trigeminal ganglion were heavily infected, no apoptotic neurons were observed ...201020535504
nortriterpene lactones from the fruits of schisandra arisanensis.fractionation of an acetone extract from the fruits of schisandra arisanensis afforded five new nortriterpene lactones, compounds 1-5, together with four known compounds, schindilactones d and e (6 and 7) and preschisanartanins a and b (8 and 9). compound 1, a wuweiziartane-type nortriterpenoid, possesses a new type of fused ring system with a gamma-lactone ring between c-15 and c-17. compounds 2, 6, and 7 may be categorized as schisanartane-type nortriterpenoids and compounds 3-5, 8, and 9 as p ...201020536188
depletion of gr-1+, but not ly6g+, immune cells exacerbates virus replication and disease in an intranasal model of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.in the absence of a viable 'knockout' mouse, researchers have relied extensively on monoclonal antibody (mab) rb6-8c5 [anti-granulocyte receptor 1 (gr-1)] to deplete neutrophils in murine models of inflammation and infection. using an intranasal model of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection, we demonstrate that mab rb6-8c5 also binds to plasmacytoid dendritic cells, f4/80(+) macrophages/monocytes and cd8(+) t cells recovered from the airways of hsv-1-infected mice. in contrast, mab 1a8 ...201020538903
distribution of lignin-carbohydrate complex in plant kingdom and its functionality as alternative medicine.lignin-carbohydrate complexes (lccs) are major cell wall components formed by the dehydrogenation of three monolignols, p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. diverse pharmacological activities of lccs distributed into various plants were summarized. lccs showed one order higher anti-hiv activity than tannins and flavonoids. mechanism of anti-hiv activity induction includes the inhibition of hiv adsorption to and penetration into the cells, and inhibition of reverse transcriptase and protea ...201020547183
human flt3l generates dendritic cells from canine peripheral blood precursors: implications for a dog glioma clinical trial.glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and carries a dismal prognosis. we have developed a conditional cytotoxic/immunotherapeutic approach using adenoviral vectors (ads) encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine, human soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hsflt3l) and the conditional cytotoxic molecule, i.e., herpes simplex type 1- thymide kinase (tk). this therapy triggers an anti-tumor immune response that leads to tumor regression and anti-tumor im ...201020552015
association of human t lymphotropic virus 1 amplification of periodontitis severity with altered cytokine expression in response to a standard periodontopathogen infection.periodontal diseases (pds) are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that lead to tissue destruction. recently, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pds. individuals infected with human t lymphotropic virus 1 (htlv-1) present with abnormal oral health and a marked increased prevalence of periodontal disease.201020038241
in vitro antiviral activity of neem (azardirachta indica l.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type-1 infection.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) causes significant health problems from periodical skin and corneal lesions to encephalitis. we report here that an aqueous extract preparation from the barks of neem plant azardirachta indica acts as a potent entry inhibitor against hsv-1 infection into natural target cells. the neem bark extract (nbe) significantly blocked hsv-1 entry into cells at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 microg/ml. the blocking activity of nbe was observed when the extract was ...201020041417
a viral e3 ligase targets rnf8 and rnf168 to control histone ubiquitination and dna damage responses.the icp0 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 is an e3 ubiquitin ligase and transactivator required for the efficient switch between latent and lytic infection. as dna damaging treatments are known to reactivate latent virus, we wished to explore whether icp0 modulates the cellular response to dna damage. we report that icp0 prevents accumulation of repair factors at cellular damage sites, acting between recruitment of the mediator proteins mdc1 and 53bp1. we identify rnf8 and rnf168, cellular ...201020075863
exacerbation of corneal scarring in hsv-1 gk-immunized mice correlates with elevation of cd8+cd25+ t cells in corneas of ocularly infected mice.we have shown previously that exacerbation of corneal scarring (cs) in hsv-1 glycoprotein k (gk) immunized mice was associated with cd8+ t cells. in this study, we investigated the type and the nature of the immune responses that are involved in the exacerbation of cs in gk-immunized animals. balb/c mice were vaccinated with baculovirus expressed gk, gd, or mock-immunized. twenty-one days after the third immunization, mice were ocularly infected with 2 x 10(5) pfu/eye of virulent hsv-1 strain mc ...201020079918
myelin-associated glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion and entry of neurotropic herpesviruses.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) are prevalent neurotropic herpesviruses that cause various nervous system diseases. similar to other enveloped viruses, membrane fusion is an essential process for viral entry. therefore, identification of host molecules that mediate membrane fusion is important to understand the mechanism of viral infection. here, we demonstrate that myelin-associated glycoprotein (mag), mainly distributed in neural tissues, associates with vzv glycopr ...201020080767
glycoprotein d actively induces rapid internalization of two nectin-1 isoforms during herpes simplex virus entry.entry of herpes simplex virus (hsv) occurs either by fusion at the plasma membrane or by endocytosis and fusion with an endosome. binding of glycoprotein d (gd) to a receptor such as nectin-1 is essential in both cases. we show that virion gd triggered the rapid down-regulation of nectin-1 with kinetics similar to those of virus entry. in contrast, nectin-1 was not constitutively recycled from the surface of uninfected cells. both the nectin-1alpha and beta isoforms were internalized in response ...201020089288
phloroglucinol glycosides from the fresh fruits of eucalyptus maideni.five new phloroglucinol glycosides, eucalmainosides a-e (1-5), were isolated from the fresh fruits of eucalyptus maideni, along with 15 flavonoids (6-20), seven (+)-oleuropeic acid derivatives (15, 16, and 22-26), three hydrolyzable tannins (32-34), and six simple phenolic compounds (21, 27-31). their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including hsqc, hmbc, and acidic hydrolysis. the in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) assay indicated that the flavonols, ...201020092288
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