Publications

up-regulation of il-10 upon prrsv vaccination impacts on the immune response against csfv.	porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection negatively impacts the efficacy of classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine. this paper investigates whether the prrsv vaccine also impacts the csfv vaccine and if the impact is time-related. forty-eight piglets born from four sows were divided into five groups (g1-g5). the piglets in g1 to g4 were given prrsv vaccine at 14, 21, 28 and 35days of age. the g5 group was not vaccinated with the prrsv. all pigs were given the csf ...	2016	27938685
evidence for tunisian-like pestiviruses presence in small ruminants in italy since 2007.	the genus pestivirus, which belongs to the flaviviridae family, includes ssrna+ viruses responsible for infectious diseases in pigs, cattle, sheep, goats and other domestic and wild ruminants. like most of the rna viruses, pestivirus has high genome variability with practical consequences on disease epidemiology, diagnosis and control. in addition to the officially recognized species in the genus pestivirus, such as bvdv-1, bvdv-2, bdv and csfv, other pestiviruses have been detected. furthermore ...	2016	27041547
evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst european wild boar.	classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. in outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. these analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. however, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. in this study, a unique set of representative virus s ...	2016	26684209
classical swine fever in wild hog: report of its prevalence in northeast india.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease, hog cholera in pigs. the disease is endemic in many parts of the world and vaccination is the only way to protect the animals from csfv infection. wild hogs belong to the species sus scrofa cristatus under the family suidae are quite susceptible to csfv infection. the epidemiological role concerning classical swine fever (csf) in india is largely unknown. we report here the three isolated cases of csf in wi ...	2016	25430917
immune responses against classical swine fever virus: between ignorance and lunacy.	classical swine fever virus infection of pigs causes disease courses from life-threatening to asymptomatic, depending on the virulence of the virus strain and the immunocompetence of the host. the virus targets immune cells, which are central in orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses such as macrophages and conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. here, we review current knowledge and concepts aiming to explain the immunopathogenesis of the disease at both the host and the cell ...	2015	26664939
molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates from kerala, india.	classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important disease of pigs caused by csf virus (csfv) belonging to the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. the disease is endemic in many countries including india. a comprehensive study was carried out to assess the type of csfv circulating in the south indian state of kerala. during the period 2013-2014, clinical samples were collected from 19 suspected csf outbreaks of domestic pigs in different districts of kerala. the samples were t ...	2015	26645036
studying classical swine fever virus: making the best of a bad virus.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. outbreak of csf can cause heavy economic losses to the pig industry. the strategies to prevent, control and eradicate csf disease are based on containing the disease through a systematic prophylactic vaccination policy and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. the quest for prevention, control and eradication of csf has moved research forward in academia and industry, and has pr ...	2015	25510481
the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 2b6 in the b/c domains of classical swine fever virus glycoprotein e2 affects viral binding to hyperimmune sera and replication.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by csf virus (csfv). e2 is the major viral envelope protein of immune dominance that induces neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against csfv infection. the b/c domains of e2 are variable among csfv isolates, which could affect immunogenicity and binding to antibodies. we attempted to characterize the epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody 2b6 (mab-2b6) raised against the e2 b/c domains of the vaccine c-str ...	2015	25370727
chinese border disease virus strain jsls12-01 infects piglets and down-regulates the antibody responses of classical swine fever virus c strain vaccination.	during 2012 and 2013, several border disease virus (bdv) strains were identified from chinese goat and sheep herds. at the same time, pigs from the same areas were found to be seropositive to bdv by elisa, without showing clinical signs (unpublished data). to examine the susceptibility of pigs to the chinese bdv strains, bdv isolate jsls12-01, isolated from naturally infected sheep, was used to infect pigs. antibody responses, viremia, clinical signs and pathological changes of the infected anim ...	2015	26117151
emerging pestiviruses infecting domestic and wildlife hosts.	until the early 1990 s there were just three recognized species in the pestivirus genus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), border disease virus (bdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv). subsequently bvdv were divided into two different species, bvdv1 and bvdv2 and four additional putative pestivirus species have been identified, based on phylogenetic analysis. the four putative pestivirus specices, listed in chronological order of published reports, are giraffe (isolated from one of severa ...	2015	26050572
[classical swine fever in wild boar in rhineland-palatinate: evaluation of the official control measures from 2005-2011].	the present study describes the control strategy for fighting classical swine fever in wild boar in rhineland-palatinate from 2005 to 2011 and evaluates its effectiveness. the official control measures were based on the following three main pillars:--serological and virological monitoring: by means of serological monitoring classical swine fever outbreaks could be detected very early. increasing antibody prevalences indicated an imminent classical swine fever outbreak. this could be confirmed by ...	2015	26697717
an investigation of classical swine fever virus seroprevalence and risk factors in pigs in timor-leste.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a highly infectious pathogen of pigs and believed to be a major constraint to pig production in timor-leste. the ministry of agriculture and fisheries conducts vaccination campaigns in an attempt to control clinical disease, however, there is no empirical data available concerning the seroprevalence and distribution of csfv in timor-leste. to help address this knowledge deficit, a cross-sectional study to determine seroprevalence was conducted in the three d ...	2015	26433742
generation and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant pseudorabies virus variant expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus in pigs.	classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). pseudorabies (pr), which is caused by pseudorabies virus (prv), is another important infectious disease of pigs and other animals. coinfections of pigs with prv and csfv occur occasionally in the field. the modified live vaccine bartha-k61 strain has played an important role in the control of pr in many countries, including china. since late 2011, however, increasing ...	2015	26311244
analysis of ttsuv1b antibody in porcine serum and its correlation with four antibodies against common viral infectious diseases.	the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between torque teno sus virus 1b (ttsuv1b) infection and other viral infections or vaccine immunization in conventional pigs.	2015	26260234
[hsp70 fused with the envelope glycoprotein e0 of classical swine fever virus enhances immune responses in balb/c mice].	heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 potentiates specific immune responses to some antigenic peptides fused to it. here, the prokaryotic plasmids harboring the envelope glycoprotein e0 gene of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and/or the hsp70 gene of haemophilus parasuis were constructed and expressed in escherichia coli rosseta 2(r2). the fusion proteins were then purified. groups of balb/c mice were immunized with these fusion proteins, respectively, and sera collected 7 days after the third immuniza ...	2015	26524908
creation of functional viruses from non-functional cdna clones obtained from an rna virus population by the use of ancestral reconstruction.	rna viruses have the highest known mutation rates. consequently it is likely that a high proportion of individual rna virus genomes, isolated from an infected host, will contain lethal mutations and be non-functional. this is problematic if the aim is to clone and investigate high-fitness, functional cdnas and may also pose problems for sequence-based analysis of viral evolution. to address these challenges we have performed a study of the evolution of classical swine fever virus (csfv) using de ...	2015	26485566
episodic adaptive diversification of classical swine fever virus rna-dependent rna polymerase ns5b.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the pathogen that causes a highly infectious disease of pigs and has led to disastrous losses to pig farms and related industries. the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) ns5b is a central component of the replicase complex (rc) in some single-stranded rna viruses, including csfv. on the basis of genetic variation, the csfv rdrps could be clearly divided into 2 major groups and a minor group, which is consistent with the phylogenetic relationships and virule ...	2015	26485449
porcine mx1 fused to hiv tat protein transduction domain (ptd) inhibits classical swine fever virus infection in vitro and in vivo.	classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is highly contagious andcauses significant economic losses in the pig industry throughout the world. previously we demonstrated that porcine mx1 (pomx1), when fused to hiv tat protein transduction domain (ptd), inhibits csfv propagation in pk-15 cells, but it is unknown whether ptd-pomx1 exhibits antiviral activity in other porcine lines and it is efficacious for controlling csfv infection in pigs in china.	2015	26472464
porcine complement regulatory protein cd46 and heparan sulfates are the major factors for classical swine fever virus attachment in vitro.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of a severe multi-systemic disease of pigs. while several aspects of virus-host-interaction are known, the early steps of infection remain unclear. for the closely related bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), a cellular receptor is known: bovine complement regulatory protein cd46. given that these two pestiviruses are closely related, porcine cd46 is also a candidate receptor for csfv. in addition to cd46, cell-culture-adapted csfv strains ...	2015	25559665
differentiation of classical swine fever virus infection from cp7_e2alf marker vaccination by a multiplex microsphere immunoassay.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs that has a tremendous socioeconomic impact. vaccines are available for disease control. however, most industrialized countries are implementing stamping-out strategies to eliminate the disease and avoid trade restrictions. these restrictions can be avoided through the use of marker vaccines such as cp7_e2alf. marker vaccines have to be accompanied by reliable and robust discriminatory assays. in this context, a multiplex mi ...	2015	25378351
complete genome sequence of a field isolate of classical swine fever virus belonging to subgenotype 2.1b from hunan province, china.	we report the complete genome sequence of a field isolate of classical swine fever virus (csfv), hunan 23/2013, belonging to the predominant subgenotype 2.1b. this strain was originally isolated from diseased pigs in hunan province, china. this report will help in understanding the molecular diversity of csfv stains circulating in china and in selecting and developing a suitable vaccine candidate for csf control.	2015	26205876
evaluation of an erns-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to distinguish classical swine fever virus-infected pigs from pigs vaccinated with cp7_e2alf.	infections with classical swine fever virus (csfv) are a major economic threat to pig production. to combat csf outbreaks and to maintain trade, new marker vaccines were developed that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva principle). the chimeric pestivirus cp7_e2alf was shown to be safe and efficacious. its diva strategy is based on the detection of csfv e(rns)-specific antibodies that are only developed on infection. however, for the new marker vaccine to be consider ...	2015	26179095
efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently infected pigs.	classical swine fever (csf) causes major losses in pig farming, with various degrees of disease severity. efficient live attenuated vaccines against classical swine fever virus (csfv) are used routinely in endemic countries. however, despite intensive vaccination programs in these areas for more than 20 years, csf has not been eradicated. molecular epidemiology studies in these regions suggests that the virus circulating in the field has evolved under the positive selection pressure exerted by t ...	2015	26159607
recombinant encephalomyocarditis viruses elicit neutralizing antibodies against prrsv and csfv in mice.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is capable of infecting a wide range of species and the infection can cause myocarditis and reproductive failure in pigs as well as febrile illness in human beings. in this study, we introduced the entire orf5 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or the neutralization epitope regions in the e2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (csfv), into the genome of a stably attenuated emcv strain, t1100i. the resultant viable recombinant ...	2015	26076449
genetic variability and distribution of classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease that affects domestic and wild pigs worldwide. the causative agent of the disease is classical swine fever virus (csfv), which belongs to the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. on the genome level, csfv can be divided into three genotypes with three to four sub-genotypes. those genotypes can be assigned to distinct geographical regions. knowledge about csfv diversity and distribution is important for the understanding of disease ...	2015	26050570
complete genome sequence of a classical swine fever virus isolate belonging to a new subgenotype, 2.1c, from guangxi province, china.	the complete genome sequence of a field isolate of classical swine fever strain (csfv), gxf29/2013, was determined in this study. this strain was originally isolated from infected pigs in guangxi province, china. the most significant difference in the amino acid sequence of the polyprotein from subgenotypes 2.1a and 2.1b is an spa→apv amino acid substitution at positions 88 and 90 in the e2 protein.	2015	26044412
intracellular membrane association of the n-terminal domain of classical swine fever virus ns4b determines viral genome replication and virulence.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a highly contagious disease in pigs that can range from a severe haemorrhagic fever to a nearly unapparent disease, depending on the virulence of the virus strain. little is known about the viral molecular determinants of csfv virulence. the nonstructural protein ns4b is essential for viral replication. however, the roles of csfv ns4b in viral genome replication and pathogenesis have not yet been elucidated. ns4b of the gpe- vaccine strain and of the hi ...	2015	26018962
enhanced expression of the erns protein of classical swine fever virus in yeast and its application in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.	classical swine fever (csf), caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), is a devastating disease of swine worldwide. although a mandatory vaccination with the modified live vaccine c-strain has been implemented in china for decades, csf remains a serious threat to the swine industry. to facilitate the control and eradication of csf in china, the e2-based marker vaccine radv-sfv-e2, an adenovirus-delivered, alphavirus replicon-vectored vaccine, has been developed. accordingly, an accompanying ...	2015	26005003
transfection of rna from organ samples of infected animals represents a highly sensitive method for virus detection and recovery of classical swine fever virus.	translation and replication of positive stranded rna viruses are directly initiated in the cellular cytoplasm after uncoating of the viral genome. accordingly, infectious virus can be generated by transfection of rna genomes into susceptible cells. in the present study, efficiency of conventional virus isolation after inoculation of cells with infectious sample material was compared to virus recovery after transfection of total rna derived from organ samples of pigs infected with classical swine ...	2015	25961582
postnatal persistent infection with classical swine fever virus and its immunological implications.	it is well established that trans-placental transmission of classical swine fever virus (csfv) during mid-gestation can lead to persistently infected offspring. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of csfv to induce viral persistence upon early postnatal infection. two litters of 10 piglets each were infected intranasally on the day of birth with low and moderate virulence csfv isolates, respectively. during six weeks after postnatal infection, most of the piglets remained cl ...	2015	25938664
fatal disease associated with swine hepatitis e virus and porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in china.	in recent decades, porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. hepatitis e virus (hev) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. pcv2 and hev are both highly prevalent in pig farms in china.	2015	25889526
immunogenicity in swine of orally administered recombinant lactobacillus plantarum expressing classical swine fever virus e2 protein in conjunction with thymosin α-1 as an adjuvant.	classical swine fever, caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), is a highly contagious disease that results in enormous economic losses in pig industries. the e2 protein is one of the main structural proteins of csfv and is capable of inducing csfv-neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activities in vivo. thymosin α-1 (tα1), an immune-modifier peptide, plays a very important role in the cellular immune response. in this study, genetically engineered lactobacillus plantaru ...	2015	25819954
close relationship of ruminant pestiviruses and classical swine fever virus.	to determine why serum from small ruminants infected with ruminant pestiviruses reacted positively to classical swine fever virus (csfv)-specific diagnostic tests, we analyzed 2 pestiviruses from turkey. they differed genetically and antigenically from known pestivirus species and were closely related to csfv. cross-reactions would interfere with classical swine fever diagnosis in pigs.	2015	25811683
the n-terminal domain of npro of classical swine fever virus determines its stability and regulates type i ifn production.	the viral protein npro is unique to the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. after autocatalytic cleavage from the nascent polyprotein, npro suppresses type i ifn (ifn-α/β) induction by mediating proteasomal degradation of ifn regulatory factor 3 (irf-3). previous studies found that the npro-mediated irf-3 degradation was dependent of a trash domain in the c-terminal half of npro coordinating zinc by means of the amino acid residues c112, c134, d136 and c138. interestingly, four clas ...	2015	25809915
an investigation of classical swine fever virus seroprevalence and risk factors in pigs in east nusa tenggara, eastern indonesia.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a highly infectious disease of pigs. it has had significant impacts on east nusa tenggara, eastern indonesia since its introduction in 1997. in spite of its importance to this region, little is known about its seroprevalence and distribution, and pig-level and farmer-level factors that may have an impact on the serological status of an individual pig. to address this knowledge deficit, a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2010 involving 2 ...	2015	25792334
molecular characterization of e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus: adaptation and propagation in porcine kidney cells.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease, hog cholera in pigs. the disease is endemic in many parts of the world, and vaccination is the only way to protect the animals from csfv infection. the lapinized vaccine strains are occasionally not protective because of animal to animal passage, inadequate vaccination strategy, suboptimal vaccine dose, and emergence of new variants. the surface glycoprotein e2 of csfv is a major antigenic determinant and c ...	2015	25552311
pathology and molecular diagnosis of classical swine fever in mizoram.	clinical histopathological and molecular diagnosis of classical swine fever disease in pigs of mizoram.	2015	27047001
experimental infection of ornithodoros erraticus sensu stricto with two portuguese african swine fever virus strains. study of factors involved in the dynamics of infection in ticks.	african swine fever (asf) is a frequently devastating hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boar and ornithodoros erraticus sensu stricto argasid ticks are the only biological vectors of african swine fever virus (asfv) known to occur in europe. recently this disease emerged in eastern europe and russian federation, showing a huge potential for a rapid spread between countries. there is some risk of re-emergence of asf in the countries where these ticks exist, that can contribute for the ...	2015	26366570
estimating the basic reproductive number (r0) for african swine fever virus (asfv) transmission between pig herds in uganda.	african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious, lethal and economically devastating haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. insights into the dynamics and scale of virus transmission can be obtained from estimates of the basic reproduction number (r0). we estimate r0 for asf virus in small holder, free-range pig production system in gulu, uganda. the estimation was based on data collected from outbreaks that affected 43 villages (out of the 289 villages with an overall pig population of 26,570) ...	2015	25938429
rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus using real-time pcr and high resolution melting (hrm) analysis.	porcine parvovirus (ppv) is the important causative agent for infectious infertility, which is a fairly tough virus that multiplies normally in the intestine of pigs without causing clinical signs in the world.	2015	25879634
exposure of extensively farmed wild boars (sus scrofa scrofa) to selected pig pathogens in greece.	increased density and distribution of wild boar populations are likely to promote interactions and transmission of certain pathogens, not only among wild boar but also from wild boar to livestock or humans and vice versa.	2015	25774434
thioredoxin 2 is a novel e2-interacting protein that inhibits the replication of classical swine fever virus.	the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is an envelope glycoprotein that is involved in virus attachment and entry. to date, the e2-interacting cellular proteins and their involvement in viral replication have been poorly documented. in this study, thioredoxin 2 (trx2) was identified to be a novel e2-interacting partner using yeast two-hybrid screening from a porcine macrophage cdna library. trx2 is a mitochondrion-associated protein that participates in diverse cellular events. the ...	2015	26041303
small-scale pig farmers' behavior, silent release of african swine fever virus and consequences for disease spread.	the expanding distribution of african swine fever (asf) is threatening the pig industry worldwide. most outbreaks occur in backyard and small-scale herds, where poor farmers often attempt to limit the disease's economic consequences by the emergency sale of their pigs. the risk of african swine fever virus (asfv) release via this emergency sale was investigated. simulation modeling was used to study asfv transmission in backyard and small-scale farms as well as the emergency sale of pigs, and th ...	2015	26610850
first detection of antibodies against african swine fever virus in faeces samples.	african swine fever (asf) is a viral, highly lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine with no available vaccine or effective treatment. introduction of asf into a country triggers immediate restriction measures that cause significant economic losses and threatens spread to neighbouring countries. wild boar populations have been recently assigned an essential role in the spread of african swine fever virus (asfv) to european countries. therefore, effective surveillance and monitoring of wild boar pop ...	2015	26431943
[continuous cell subline a4c2/9k and its application to the african swine fever virus study].	a new continuous cell subline a4c2/9k highly sensitive to the african swine fever virus (asfv) was prepared. all the tested asfv strains isolated in the russian federation in 2008-2013 proliferated in this cell culture exhibiting hemadsorption and accumulated at a titer of up to 6.5 ig hau50/cm3. the cell culture a4c2/9k can be used for asfv isolation or determination of its infectious activity and serotype identity. the culture versions of the asfv strain stavropol 01/08 at passages 24 and 33 i ...	2015	26182658
detection of african swine fever virus dna in blood samples stored on fta cards from asymptomatic pigs in mbeya region, tanzania.	the aim of the study was to assess whether blood samples collected onto fta(®) cards could be used in combination with real-time pcr for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in samples from resource-poor settings under the assumption that asymptomatically (sub-clinically) infected pigs may be present. blood samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs from mbeya region, tanzania. the blood samples were stored on fta(®) cards and analysed by real-time pcr assays in duplica ...	2015	23472656
current status of african swine fever virus in a population of wild boar in eastern poland (2014-2015).	african swine fever virus (asfv) was detected in wild boar in eastern poland in early 2014. so far, 65 cases of asfv infection in wild boar have been recognised. the methods used for asfv detection included highly specific real-time pcr with a universal probe library (upl), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and an immunoperoxidase test (ipt) for identification of anti-asfv antibodies. the positive asf cases were located near the border with belarus in sokółka and białystok counties. som ...	2015	26497350
african swine fever virus georgia 2007 with a deletion of virulence-associated gene 9gl (b119l), when administered at low doses, leads to virus attenuation in swine and induces an effective protection against homologous challenge.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of an often lethal disease of domestic pigs. disease control strategies have been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines against asfv. since its introduction in the republic of georgia, a highly virulent virus, asfv georgia 2007 (asfv-g), has caused an epizootic that spread rapidly into eastern european countries. currently no vaccines are available or under development to control asfv-g. in the past, genetically modified asfvs harbor ...	2015	26063424
[on the situation of african swine fever and the biological characterization of recent virus isolates].	african swine fever (asf), a disease notifiable to the world organization of animal health (oie), is characterized by severe, unspecific clinical signs and high mortality rates. hosts for asf virus (asfv) are only members of the family suidae and soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros. currently, no vaccine is available and therefore, the control is primarily based on strict sanitary measures. the most important part is the early detection of the disease within affected animal holdings and the fas ...	2015	26054220
evaluation of the risk factors contributing to the african swine fever occurrence in sardinia, italy.	this study assesses the relation between hypothesized risk factors and african swine fever virus (asfv) distribution in sardinia (italy) after the beginning of the eradication program in 1993, using a bayesian multivariable logistic regression mixed model. results indicate that the probability of asfv occurrence in sardinia was associated to particular socio-cultural, productive and economical factors found in the region, particularly to large number of confined (i.e., closed) farms (most of the ...	2015	25926829
course and transmission characteristics of oral low-dose infection of domestic pigs and european wild boar with a caucasian african swine fever virus isolate.	in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) was introduced into the transcaucasian countries and russia. since then, it has spread alarmingly and reached the european union. asfv strains are highly virulent and lead to almost 100% mortality under experimental conditions. however, the possibility of dose-dependent disease courses has been discussed. for this reason, a study was undertaken to assess the risk of chronic disease and the establishment of carriers upon low-dose oronasal infection of dom ...	2015	25916610
analysis of hdac6 and bag3-aggresome pathways in african swine fever viral factory formation.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a double-stranded dna virus causing a hemorrhagic fever disease with high mortality rates and severe economic losses in pigs worldwide. asfv replicates in perinuclear sites called viral factories (vfs) that are morphologically similar to cellular aggresomes. this fact raises the possibility that both vfs and aggresomes may be the same structure. however, little is known about the process involved in the formation of these viral replication platforms. in order ...	2015	25856634
african swine fever virus georgia isolate harboring deletions of mgf360 and mgf505 genes is attenuated in swine and confers protection against challenge with virulent parental virus.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the control of african swine fever (asf) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. experimental vaccines have been developed using genetically modified live attenuated asfvs where viral genes involved in virus virulence were removed from the genome. multigene family 360 (mgf360) and mgf505 represent a gro ...	2015	25810553
comparative analysis of african swine fever virus genotypes and serogroups.	african swine fever virus (asfv) causes highly lethal hemorrhagic disease among pigs, and asfv's extreme antigenic diversity hinders vaccine development. we show that p72 asfv phylogenetic analysis does not accurately define asfv hemadsorption inhibition assay serogroups. thus, conventional asfv genotyping cannot discriminate between viruses of different virulence or predict efficacy of a specific asfv vaccine.	2015	25625574
african swine fever virus cd2v and c-type lectin gene loci mediate serological specificity.	african swine fever (asf) is an emerging disease threat for the swine industry worldwide. no asf vaccine is available and progress is hindered by lack of knowledge concerning the extent of asf virus (asfv) strain diversity and the viral antigens responsible for protection in the pig. available data from vaccination/challenge experiments in pigs indicate asf protective immunity is haemadsorption inhibition (hai) serotype-specific. a better understanding of asfv hai serological groups and their di ...	2015	25524164
a study of lymphoid organs and serum proinflammatory cytokines in pigs infected with african swine fever virus genotype ii.	african swine fever virus (asfv), the causative agent of one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs for which no vaccine is available, causes immune system disorders in infected animals. in this study, the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the histological and cellular constitution of lymphoid organs of pigs infected with asfv genotype ii were investigated. the results showed a high degree of lymphocyte depletion in the lymphoid organs, particularly in the sple ...	2015	25797197
alternative sampling strategies for passive classical and african swine fever surveillance in wild boar--extension towards african swine fever virus antibody detection.		2014	25448452
drivers and risk factors for circulating african swine fever virus in uganda, 2012-2013.	we explored observed risk factors and drivers of infection possibly associated with african swine fever (asf) epidemiology in uganda. representative sub-populations of pig farms and statistics were used in a case-control model. indiscriminate disposal of pig viscera and waste materials after slaughter, including on open refuse dumps, farm-gate buyers collecting pigs and pig products from within a farm, and retention of survivor pigs were plausible risk factors. wire mesh-protected windows in pig ...	2014	25066802
suitability of faeces and tissue samples as a basis for non-invasive sampling for african swine fever in wild boar.	a challenging aspect of asfv control in wild boar populations is the design and implementation of effective surveillance and monitoring programmes, both for early warning, and to determine the ongoing epidemiological situation in an infected population. testing blood samples requires invasive sampling strategies like hunting or capture of wild boar. besides being biased towards healthy animals, such strategies are also linked to further spread of the virus. non-invasive sampling strategies would ...	2014	25017975
modern adjuvants do not enhance the efficacy of an inactivated african swine fever virus vaccine preparation.	african swine fever (asf) is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs. in recent years, the disease has spread alarmingly. despite intensive research activities, promising vaccine candidates are still lacking. for this reason, a study was undertaken to re-assess inactivated asfv preparations with state-of-the-art adjuvants. inactivated preparations of asf virus (asfv) "armenia08" were adjuvanted with either polygen™ or emulsigen(®)-d, respectively, and used to immunize six weaner pigs t ...	2014	24877766
a novel bromodeoxyuridine-resistant wild boar lung cell line facilitates generation of african swine fever virus recombinants.	manipulation of african swine fever virus (asfv) genomes, in particular those from field strains, is still a challenge. we have shown recently that generation of a green-fluorescent-protein-expressing, thymidine-kinase-negative (tk-) mutant of the low-pathogenic african swine fever virus field strain nhv was supported by a tk- vero cell line. since nhv, like other asfv field strains, does not replicate well in vero cells, a bromodeoxyuridine (brdu)- resistant cell line derived from wild boar lun ...	2014	24793370
a new nanopcr molecular assay for detection of porcine bocavirus.	nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been used for the detection of virus. for detection of porcine bocavirus (pbov), a sensitive and specific nanopcr assay was developed with a pair of primers that were designed based on ns1 gene sequences available in genbank. under the optimized conditions of the pbov nanopcr assay, the nanopcr assay was 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional pcr assay. the lower detection ...	2014	24642242
first molecular assessment of the african swine fever virus status of ornithodoros ticks from swaziland.	african swine fever (asf) is an economically significant haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. it is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv), a deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)arbovirus. argasid ticks of the genus ornithodoros, which are widely distributed throughout southern africa, play a primary role in virus maintenance and spread within the endemic sylvatic cycle. the asf status of swaziland is unknown, but this land-locked country is surrounded by asf-positive countries, has a burgeonin ...	2014	26304186
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus from domestic pigs in northern tanzania during an outbreak in 2013.	african swine fever (asf) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), a double-stranded dna virus of the family asfarviridae. in this study, molecular diagnosis and characterization of outbreak asfv in northern tanzania, was performed on spleen, lymph node, kidney, and heart samples collected in june and july 2013 from domestic pigs that died during a hemorrhagic disease outbreak. confirmatory diagnosis of asf was ...	2014	24996815
modular framework to assess the risk of african swine fever virus entry into the european union.	the recent occurrence and spread of african swine fever (asf) in eastern europe is perceived as a serious risk for the pig industry in the european union (eu). in order to estimate the potential risk of asf virus (asfv) entering the eu, several pathways of introduction were previously assessed separately. the present work aimed to integrate five of these assessments (legal imports of pigs, legal imports of products, illegal imports of products, fomites associated with transport and wild boar mov ...	2014	24992824
dynamics of african swine fever virus shedding and excretion in domestic pigs infected by intramuscular inoculation and contact transmission.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly virulent swine pathogen that has spread across eastern europe since 2007 and for which there is no effective vaccine or treatment available. the dynamics of shedding and excretion is not well known for this currently circulating asfv strain. therefore, susceptible pigs were exposed to pigs intramuscularly infected with the georgia 2007/1 asfv strain to measure those dynamics through within- and between-pen transmission scenarios. blood, oral, nasal an ...	2014	25256695
genetic features of a translation initiation system composed of ires element, nucleotide context surrounding the initiation codon, and translation initiation region of classical swine fever virus rna.	nucleotide and codon usage are typically examined to investigate viral evolution. in this study, we analyzed the genetic information of 46 strains of classical swine fever virus (csfv) rna, nucleotide usage in the internal ribosome entry site (ires), the nucleotide context surrounding the initiation codon, and synonymous codon usage in the translation initiation region. phylogenetic analysis of the ires element indicated that the genetic diversity of this element is generally similar to the phyl ...	2014	25526200
evaluation of hemostaseological status of pigs experimentally infected with african swine fever virus.	african swine fever is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease of pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv). hemorrhages are the most frequently reported lesions in acute and subacute forms of asf. hemorrhagic lesions are accompanied by impaired hemostasis, which includes thrombocytopenia and changes in the coagulation system. in the present study, experimental infection was conducted to elucidate whether a highly virulent asfv genotype ii circulating in the trans-caucasus and eastern euro ...	2014	25239678
expression library immunization can confer protection against lethal challenge with african swine fever virus.	african swine fever is one of the most devastating pig diseases, against which there is no vaccine available. recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated the protective potential of dna vaccines encoding three african swine fever viral antigens (p54, p30, and the hemagglutinin extracellular domain) fused to ubiquitin. partial protection was afforded in the absence of detectable antibodies prior to virus challenge, and survival correlated with the presence of a large number of hemagglutinin- ...	2014	25210179
pestiviruses.	pestiviruses cause economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs, but they may also infect a wide spectrum of wild species of even-toed ungulates (artiodactyla). bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus of sheep infect their hosts either transiently or persistently. cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting strain is a unique feature of persistent infection (pi) by ruminant pestiviruses. persistence, caused by transplacental infection early in f ...	2014	25384138
first isolation of border disease virus in japan is from a pig farm with no ruminants.	the first isolation of border disease virus (bdv) in japan was from a pig farm of the farrow-to-finishing type that kept no small ruminants or cattle. the infection was detected in the course of sero-surveillance for classical swine fever virus (csfv) in japan. the infected pigs had no clinical symptoms of csfv or other disease; nevertheless, a high sero-positive rate of 58.5% was identified. a persistently infected pig with the bdv was found and suspected to be the cause of sero-prevalence in t ...	2014	24735918
emergence of 2.1. subgenotype of classical swine fever virus in pig population of india in 2011.	limited studies are available on molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in india and are restricted to domestic pigs. these studies show the presence of 1.1. genotype.	2014	25365116
efficacy of csf vaccine cp7_e2alf in piglets with maternally derived antibodies.	there is a need for live diva (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines against classical swine fever (csf). the aim of this study was to investigate whether vaccination with the chimeric pestivirus vaccine cp7_e2alf is efficacious to protect young piglets born from vaccinated sows, thus with maternally derived antibodies (mdas). groups of 10 piglets each, with or without mdas, were vaccinated either intramuscularly (im), at an age of 3 or 6 weeks, or orally (or), at an age of ...	2014	25265929
rescue of the highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain "koslov" from cloned cdna and first insights into genome variations relevant for virulence.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain "koslov" is highly virulent with a mortality rate of up to 100% in pigs. in this study, we modified non-functional cdnas generated from the blood of koslov virus infected pigs by site-directed mutagenesis, removing non-synonymous mutations step-by-step, thereby producing genomes encoding the consensus amino acid sequence. viruses rescued from the construct corresponding to the inferred parental form were highly virulent, when tested in pigs, with infecte ...	2014	25240324
generation and efficacy evaluation of recombinant classical swine fever virus e2 glycoprotein expressed in stable transgenic mammalian cell line.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (csf), which is a highly contagious swine disease that causes significant economic loses to the pig industry worldwide. the envelope e2 glycoprotein of csfv is the most important viral antigen in inducing protective immune response against csf. in this study, we generated a mammalian cell clone (bcsfv-e2) that could stably produce a secreted form of csfv e2 protein (me2). the me2 protein was shown to be n-linked g ...	2014	25198669
establishment and application of a multiplex pcr for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine.	a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in simultaneously detecting mixed viral infections of swine. specific primers were designed and used for testing the six swine viruses: three dna viruses, including pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2); three common rna viruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), and japanese encephalitis v ...	2014	25116201
development of an evagreen-based multiplex real-time pcr assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder.	concurrent infection of pigs with two or more pathogens is common in pigs under intensive rearing conditions. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and pseudorabies virus (prv) are all associated with reproductive or respiratory disorders or both and can cause significant economic losses in pig production worldwide. an evagreen-based multiplex r ...	2014	25102430
induction of immune responses in mice and pigs by oral administration of classical swine fever virus e2 protein expressed in rice calli.	classical swine fever (csf), caused by the csf virus (csfv), is a highly contagious disease in pigs. in korea, vaccination using a live-attenuated strain (lom strain) has been used to control the disease. however, parenteral vaccination using a live-attenuated strain still faces a number of problems related to storage, cost, injection stress, and differentiation of csfv infected and vaccinated pigs. therefore, two kinds of new candidates for oral vaccination have been developed based on the tran ...	2014	25091740
seroprevalence and associated risk factors of important pig viral diseases in bhutan.	a cross-sectional serological study was conducted in bhutan between october 2011 and february 2012 to determine the prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and aujeszky's disease virus (adv). furthermore, risk factors for the seropositive status were investigated. antibodies to siv, subtype h1n1 (likely pandemic h1n1 2009) were detected i ...	2014	25081946
partial activation of natural killer and γδ t cells by classical swine fever viruses is associated with type i interferon elicited from plasmacytoid dendritic cells.	vaccination with live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccines can rapidly confer protection in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. with an aim of providing information on the cellular mechanisms that may mediate this protection, we explored the interaction of porcine natural killer (nk) cells and γδ t cells with csfv. both nk and γδ t cells were refractory to infection with attenuated or virulent csfv, and no stimulatory effects, as assessed by the expression of major histocom ...	2014	25080554
comparative analyses of host responses upon infection with moderately virulent classical swine fever virus in domestic pigs and wild boar.	classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. clinical signs may vary from almost inapparent infection to a hemorrhagic fever like illness. among the host factors leading to different disease courses are age, breed, and immune status. the aim of this study was to compare host responses of different pig breeds upon infection with a recent moderately virulent csf virus (csfv) strain, and to assess their impact on the clinical outcome and the efficiency of immune ...	2014	25073480
a sensitive multiplex real-time pcr panel for rapid diagnosis of viruses associated with porcine respiratory and reproductive disorders.	the objective of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time pcr panel using taqman probes for the detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus north american type (prrsv-na), pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine parvovirus type 1 (ppv1) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev). specific primer and probe combinations for pcv2, prrsv, prv, csfv, ppv1 and jev were selected within the conserv ...	2014	25044282
complete genome sequence of classical swine fever virus genotype 2.2 strain bergen.	the complete genome sequence of the genotype 2.2 classical swine fever virus strain bergen has been determined; this strain was originally isolated from persistently infected domestic pigs in the netherlands and is characterized to be of low virulence.	2014	24874676
early lethality of shrna-transgenic pigs due to saturation of microrna pathways.	rna interference (rnai) is considered as a potential modality for clinical treatment and anti-virus animal breeding. here, we investigate the feasibility of inhibiting classical swine fever virus (csfv) replication by short hairpin rna (shrna) in vitro and in vivo. we generate four different shrna-positive clonal cells and two types of shrna-transgenic pigs. csfv could be effectively inhibited in shrna-positive clonal cells and tail tip fibroblasts of shrna-transgenic pigs. unexpectedly, an earl ...	2014	24793764
vaccination influences the evolution of classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever is a serious, economically damaging disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). the csfv is composed of two clades, according to phylogenetic estimates. attenuated live vaccine such as hclv, has been widely used to protect pigs from csfv, but the influence of vaccination on the evolution of csfv has not been studied. we conducted a systemic analysis of the impact of vaccination on the evolution of csfv by comparing vaccine-related and non-vaccine-related csfv grou ...	2014	24747964
npro of classical swine fever virus contributes to pathogenicity in pigs by preventing type i interferon induction at local replication sites.	classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. the viral protein npro of csfv interferes with alpha- and beta-interferon (ifn-α/β) induction by promoting the degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3). during the establishment of the live attenuated csf vaccine strain gpe-, npro acquired a mutation that abolished its capacity to bind and degrade irf3, rendering it unable to prevent ifn-α/β induction. in a previous study, we showed that th ...	2014	24742209
detection and genetic analysis of porcine bocavirus in different swine herds in north central china.	porcine bocavirus (pbov) has been reported to be associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and pneumonia in pigs. in this study, a survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of pbov in slaughter pigs, sick pigs, asymptomatic pigs and classical swine fever virus (csfv) eradication plan herds in five provinces of china (henan, liaoning, shandong, hebei and tianjin) by means of pcr targeting ns1 gene of pbov. among the total of 403 tissue samples, 11.41% were positive for pbov ...	2014	24701194
diva vaccine properties of the live chimeric pestivirus strain cp7_e2gif.	live modified vaccines to protect against classical swine fever virus (csfv), based on chimeric pestiviruses, have been developed to enable serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). in this context, the chimeric virus cp7_e2gif vaccine candidate is unique as it does not include any csfv components. in the present study, the diva vaccine properties of cp7_e2gif were evaluated in comparison to the conventional live attenuated riemser c-strain vaccine. sera and tonsil ...	2014	24629779
first assessment of classical swine fever marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf for oral immunization of wild boar under field conditions.	oral vaccination against classical swine fever (csf) is a potent tool to control disease outbreaks in wild boar. so far, vaccination campaigns have been carried out using live attenuated vaccines that do not allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). although this drawback is acceptable for wild boar, the use of marker vaccines would facilitate studies on disease and vaccination dynamics. recently, the csf marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf was assessed for ora ...	2014	24565752
the untranslated regions of classic swine fever virus rna trigger apoptosis.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a broad range of disease in pigs, from acute symptoms including high fever and hemorrhages, to chronic disease or unapparent infection, depending on the virus strain. csfv belongs to the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae. it carries a single-stranded positive-sense rna genome. an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' untranslated region (utr) drives the translation of a single open reading frame encoding a 3898 amino acid long polypept ...	2014	24533157
cytokine and immunoglobulin isotype profiles during cp7_e2alf vaccination against a challenge with the highly virulent koslov strain of classical swine fever virus.	cp7_e2alf is a promising marker vaccine candidate against classical swine fever (csf). to better understand the mechanisms of protection, cytokine and isotype-specific antibody profiles were investigated in cp7_e2alf vaccinated pigs before and after challenge with the highly virulent csfv strain "koslov" at 14 days or 6 months post-vaccination. the interference of vaccination with csfv pathogeny-related cytokine responses, previously described following a moderately virulent challenge, was confi ...	2014	24530018
screening of cellular proteins that interact with the classical swine fever virus non-structural protein 5a by yeast two-hybrid analysis.	classical swine fever virus (csfv), the pathogen of classical swine fever (csf), causes severe hemorrhagic fever and vascular necrosis in domestic pigs and wild boar. a large number of evidence has proven that non-structural 5a (ns5a) is not only a very important part of viral replication complex, but also can regulate host cell's function; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. in the current study, aiming to find more clues in understanding the molecular mechanisms of csf ...	2014	24499791
enhancing expression of the classical swine fever virus glycoprotein e2 in yeast and its application to a blocking elisa.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection is a severe swine disease, often causing large economic losses. a pichia pastoris yeast-expressed csfv glycoprotein e2 (ye2) has been shown to induce a protective immune response against the virus. to improve the expression level of ye2, the first codon of e2 gene, arg (cgg), which is the least used in p. pastoris, was optimized to the most favorite codon aga. the yield of e2 protein was remarkably increased in the codon optimized strain (n342). three ...	2014	24468422
efficacy of marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf against challenge with classical swine fever virus isolates of different genotypes.	classical swine fever (csf) is among the most important viral disease of domestic and feral pigs and has a serious impact on animal health and pig industry. in most countries with industrialized pig production, prophylactic vaccination against csf is banned, and all efforts are directed towards eradication of the disease, e.g. by culling of infected herds and animal movement restrictions. nevertheless, emergency vaccination remains an option to minimize the socio-economic impact of outbreaks. fo ...	2014	24411658
porcine circovirus type 2 decreases the infection and replication of attenuated classical swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.	recently, it has been noted that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection adversely affects the protective efficacy of lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), in pigs. in order to investigate the possible mechanisms of the pcv2-derived interference, an in vitro model was established to study the interaction of lpc virus (lpcv) and pcv2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (ams). the results showed that pcv2 reduced the lpcv infection ...	2014	24370262
a promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. it is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), one of the members of the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. the development of a safe and effective vaccine against the csf is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from csfv challenge. that was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein e2 residues 693-707, ...	2014	24269058
the challenges of classical swine fever control: modified live and e2 subunit vaccines.	classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. csf is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), and domestic pigs and wild boars are its only natural hosts. the two main strategies used to control csf epidemic are systematic prophylactic vaccination and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. this review compares the protective efficacy of the routinely used modified live vaccine (mlv) and e2 subunit vaccines and summarizes the factors ...	2014	24211665
differential detection of classical swine fever virus challenge strains in c-strain vaccinated pigs.	control of classical swine fever (csf) by vaccination ideally requires that field strain infection can be detected irrespective of the vaccination status of the herd. to inform on the usefulness of molecular tests compatible with genetic differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) principles when using live-attenuated vaccines, tonsil homogenates from a vaccination-challenge experiment were analyzed using a differential real-time qrt-pcr for the c-strain vaccine or real-time qrt-p ...	2014	25495277
quantification of different classical swine fever virus transmission routes within a single compartment.	during outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf), csf virus (csfv) can be transmitted via different routes. understanding these transmission routes is crucial in preventing the unlimited spread of the virus in a naïve population, and the subsequent eradication of the virus from that population. the objectives of the present study were to quantify virus transmission within a compartment, differentiating between transmission within a pen, transmission between pens via contact through (open) pen par ...	2014	25465177
effects of the nuclear localization of the n(pro) protein of classical swine fever virus on its virulence in pigs.	the n(pro) protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. however, it is unknown whether the nuclear localization of n(pro) correlates with the virulence of csfv in the host. previously, we showed that the n(pro) protein fused with interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) was present only in the cytoplasm. here, we generated and evaluated a recombinant csfv vsm-irf3 harboring the irf3 gene inserted into the n(pro) gene of the highly virulent csfv shimen str ...	2014	25457365