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a modulatory interleukin-10 response to staphylococcal peptidoglycan prevents th1/th17 adaptive immunity to staphylococcus aureus.toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 on antigen-presenting cells (apcs) enables these cells to recognize peptidoglycan-embedded lipopeptides and glycopolymers in the staphylococcus aureus cell wall and mount an inflammatory response to this microbe. tlr2 signalling can also modulate immunity to s. aureus by inducing an interleukin (il)-10 response in apcs. what determines the balance between proinflammatory and modulatory responses to s. aureus is unknown. we show that the modulatory il-10 response prefer ...201121673036
improved proteolytic stability of chicken cathelicidin-2 derived peptides by d-amino acid substitutions and cyclization.a truncated version of host defense peptide chicken cathelicidin-2, c1-15, possesses potent, broad spectrum antibacterial activity. a variant of this peptide, f(2,5,12)w, which contains 3 phenylalanine to tryptophan substitutions, possesses improved antibacterial activity and lipopolysaccharide (lps) neutralizing activity compared to c1-15. in order to improve the proteolytic resistance of both peptides we engineered novel chicken cathelicidin-2 analogs by substitution of l- with d-amino acids a ...201121376095
activity of simulated serum concentrations of daptomycin versus vancomycin during the first 24h of treatment in the presence of physiological albumin concentrations against vancomycin-susceptible, -tolerant or -intermediate-resistant staphylococcus aureus.in order to determine whether reduced susceptibility or tolerance to vancomycin in staphylococcus aureus influences the activity of daptomycin by simulating serum concentrations in the first 24h of treatment in the presence of physiological concentrations of human albumin, a computerised pharmacodynamic simulation was performed using mueller-hinton broth with 4 g/dl human albumin concentrations. for daptomycin, the media was adjusted to physiological ionised calcium concentrations by adding 100 ...201121388792
molecular signatures of a disturbed nasal barrier function in the primary tissue of wegener's granulomatosis.wegener's granulomatosis (wg) is a complex autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, frequently involving localized inflammation of the nasal mucosa as an early manifestation. the current hypothesis suggests that the disease is triggered by a disturbed interaction between genetic and environmental effects, such as an altered microflora at mucosal layers. in this study, a systematic assessment of 49 transcripts with potential pathophysiological relevance was performed using quantitative real-time p ...201121412229
antibacterial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants from south india.to screen the antimicrobial potential of three ethnomedicinal plants chassalia curviflora thw. (c. curviflora), cyclea peltata hook. f. & thomson (c. peltata) and euphorbia hirta l (e. hirta) used in folk medicines in aarukani hills kani tribe, tamil nadu, india against human bacterial pathogens.201121771680
cigarette smoke-exposed neutrophils die unconventionally but are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages.pulmonary accumulation of neutrophils is typical for active smokers who are also predisposed to multiple inflammatory and infectious lung diseases. we show that human neutrophil exposure to cigarette smoke extract (cse) leads to an atypical cell death sharing features of apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. accumulation of tar-like substances in autophagosomes is also apparent. before detection of established cell death markers, cse-treated neutrophils are effectively recognized and non-phlogistic ...201121412277
synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids.eight hydroxylammonium-based room temperature ionic liquids (ils) have been synthesized by acid-base neutralization of ethanolamines with organic acids. the ils were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and elemental analysis. their anti-microbial activities were determined using the well-diffusion method. all eight ils were toxic to staphylococcus aureus, while 2-hydroxyethylammonium lactate and 2-hydroxy-n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-n-methylethanaminium acetate showed ...201121421256
surface display of human lactoferrin using a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of saccharomyces cerevisiae in pichia pastoris.a cell surface display system was developed in pichia pastoris using the gene tip1, encoding the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored protein of saccharomyces cerevisiae (sctip). human lactoferrin cdna (hlf) was fused to a full-length tip1 dna (sctip ( 630 )) or a short-tip1 fragment (sctip ( 120 )) encoding the 40 c-terminal amino acids of sctip. both hlf-sctip fusion genes were expressed in p. pastoris smd 1168. the fused protein was detected by western blotting after extraction of the ...201121267758
staphylococcus aureus metalloprotease aureolysin cleaves complement c3 to mediate immune evasion.complement is one of the first host defense barriers against bacteria. activated complement attracts neutrophils to the site of infection and opsonizes bacteria to facilitate phagocytosis. the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus has successfully developed ways to evade the complement system, for example by secretion of specific complement inhibitors. however, the influence of s. aureus proteases on the host complement system is still poorly understood. in this study, we identify the metalloprot ...201121502375
screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococci in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital.this study investigated the nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs) in dogs (n=177) prior to medical examination or surgery in a veterinary teaching hospital. nasal swab samples were collected after induction of anaesthesia and incubated overnight in salt enriched trypticase-soy broth. cultures were analysed on two different agar media containing cefoxitin. suspected mrs isolates were genotypically identified and characterised by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and staph ...201121726884
differences in toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production after stimulation with heat-killed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.innate immune surveillance in the blood is executed mostly by circulating monocytes, which recognize conserved bacterial molecules such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. toll-like receptors (tlr) play a central role in microbe-associated molecular pattern detection. the aim of this study was to compare the differences in tlr expression and cytokine production after stimulation of peripheral blood cells with heat-killed gram-negative and gram-positive human pathogens: neisseria meningitidi ...201121399944
intrinsic alterations of pro-inflammatory mediators in unstimulated and tlr-2 stimulated keratinocytes from atopic dermatitis patients.in many patients with atopic dermatitis (ad), the disease is complicated by their enhanced susceptibility to bacterial skin infections, especially with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus). resistance to bacterial skin infections, e.g. s. aureus, is based on the function of intact innate immune mechanisms in the epidermis, mainly provided by keratinocytes. toll-like receptor (tlr)-2 recognizes components of s. aureus and is known to be expressed on keratinocytes. the aim of this study was to invest ...201121447101
bactericidal activity and in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of hydroxyapatite containing gold nanoparticles.hydroxyapatite (ha) containing gold (au) nanoparticles was synthesized for the biomedical applications. the morphology, structure and thermal properties of the ha containing au nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (fe-sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem), energy dispersive x-ray (edx) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (xrd), fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir) and thermogravimetry (tga). xrd patterns clearly revealed the formation of ha ...201121830474
inhibitory effects of lipoteichoic acid from staphylococcus aureus on platelet function and platelet-monocyte aggregation.objective: lipoteichoic acid (lta) from staphylococcus aureus has been demonstrated to inhibit agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation. however, its effects on platelet inflammatory mediator release and platelet-monocyte aggregation are still unclear. in the present study, lta is examined for its anti-inflammatory properties and effects on platelet-monocyte aggregation. methods: blood samples were obtained from 5 healthy volunteers who had taken no medicine in the previous 2 weeks. washed platel ...201121503720
linezolid-associated hypoglycemia in a 64-year-old man with type 2 diabetes.older diabetic patients are at increased risk for skin infections, often with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). linezolid offers oral therapy with mrsa coverage. we present a case of linezolid-associated hypoglycemia in a 64-year-old diabetic patient with presumed mrsa cellulitis.201121459312
initial efforts toward the optimization of arylomycins for antibiotic activity.while most clinically used antibiotics were derived from natural products, the isolation of new broad-spectrum natural products has become increasingly rare and narrow-spectrum agents are typically deemed unsuitable for development due to intrinsic limitations of their scaffold or target. however, it is possible that the spectrum of a natural product antibiotic might be limited by specific resistance mechanisms in some bacteria, such as target mutations, and the spectra of such "latent" antibiot ...201121630667
fibronigen is a ligand for the s. aureus mscramm bbp (bone sialoprotein-binding protein).mscramms (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) are bacterial surface proteins mediating adherence of the microbes to components of the extracellular matrix of the host. on staphylococci the mscramms often have multiple ligands. consequently we hypothesized that the s. aureus mscramm bbp (bone sialoprotein-binding protein) might recognize host molecules other than the identified bone protein. a ligand screen revealed that bbp binds human fibrinogen (fg) but not fg f ...201121642438
a concise synthesis and antimicrobial activities of 3-polyamino-23,24-bisnorcholanes as steroid-polyamine conjugates.a series of steroid-polyamine conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. this study was focused on the effect of stereochemistry at the c-3 and c-5 of steroids and types of polyamine at c-3 on activity against various human pathogens. all the conjugates exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against gram-positive strains. compound 18 was found to be the most potent in these series with a mic value as low as 1 μg/ml against the bacterium staphylococcus aureus a ...201121652210
sortase a as a tool for high-yield histatin cyclization.cyclic peptides are highly valued tools in biomedical research. in many cases, they show higher receptor affinity, enhanced biological activity, and improved serum stability. technical difficulties in producing cyclic peptides, especially larger ones, in appreciable yields have precluded a prolific use in biomedical research. here, we describe a novel and efficient cyclization method that uses the peptidyl-transferase activity of the staphylococcus aureus enzyme sortase a to cyclize linear synth ...201121525488
fat embolism syndrome after femur fracture with intramedullary nailing: case report.fat embolism syndrome is a life-threatening condition that can develop after orthopedic injury and surgery. this syndrome developed in a 19-year-old man after a traumatic femoral fracture that was surgically repaired with intramedullary nailing. the complications experienced by the patient highlight the importance of prevention and early detection of fat embolism syndrome. although minimization of the syndrome focuses primarily on prehospital care and early stabilization of a patient's condition ...201121532048
factors associated with the quality of well water and the prevalence of waterborne diseases in the municipality of abomey-calavi in benin.the objective of this work is to assess the factors associated with the water quality of household wells, suggest solutions to improve it, and study the prevalence of water-borne diseases in this community. the quality of well water and the prevalence of waterborne diseases in the municipality were studied by analysis of the microbiological indicators currently used to assess drinking-water quality and the retrospective study of waterborne diseases treated in the local health centres. the wells ...201121700557
management of dental unit waterline biofilms in the 21st century.dental chair units (dcus) use water to cool and irrigate dcu-supplied instruments and tooth surfaces, and provide rinsewater during dental treatment. a complex network of interconnected plastic dental unit waterlines (duwls) supply water to these instruments. duwls are universally prone to microbial biofilm contamination seeded predominantly from microorganisms in supply water. consequently, duwl output water invariably becomes contaminated by high densities of microorganisms, principally gram-n ...201122004039
the role of horizontal gene transfer in staphylococcus aureus host adaptation.staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that also causes economically important infections of livestock. in a recent paper, we employed a population genomic approach to investigate the molecular basis of ruminant host adaptation by s. aureus. the data suggest that the common pathogenic clone associated with small ruminants originated in humans but has since adapted to its adopted host through a combination of allelic diversification, gene loss and acquisition of mobile genetic eleme ...201121555917
rapid identification of bovine mastitis pathogens by high-resolution melt analysis of 16s rdna sequences.accurate identification of mastitis pathogens is often compromised when using conventional culture-based methods. here, we report a novel, rapid assay tested for speciation of bacterial mastitis pathogens using high-resolution melt analysis (hrma) of 16s rdna sequences. real-time pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene fragment, spanning the variable region v5 and v6 was performed with a resulting amplicon of 290bp. first, a library was generated of melt curves of 9 common pathogens that are implicat ...201121944716
composite electrospun nanomembranes of fish scale collagen peptides/chito-oligosaccharides: antibacterial properties and potential for wound dressing.the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial properties and the biocompatibility of composite electrospun nanofibrous membranes (nfms) with low-molecular-weight fish scale collagen peptides (fscp) and chito-oligosaccharide (cos), to determine their potential for use as wound dressings.201121556341
adhesion mechanisms of staphylococci.staphylococcal adherence to an either biotic or abiotic surface is the critical first event in the establishment of an infection with these serious pathogens. especially staphylococcus aureus harbours a variety of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous adhesins that mediate attachment to a multitude of host factors, such as extracellular matrix and plasma proteins and human host cells, or intercellular adhesion, which is essential for biofilm accumulation. proteinaceous adhesins may be classified i ...201121557060
influence of the recombinant human 70-kda heat-shock protein on simulation of gram-positive sepsis in rats. 201121562946
nsars is a cell-envelope-stress sensing two-component system of staphylococcus aureus.s. aureus possesses 16 two-component systems (tcs), two of which (grars & nsars) belong to the intramembrane-sensing histidine kinase (im-hk) family, conserved within the firmicutes. nsars has recently been documented as being important for nisin-resistance in s. aureus. in this study we present a characterization of nsars and reveal that, as with other im-hk tcs, it responds to disruptions in the cell-envelope. analysis using a lacz reporter-gene fusion demonstrated that nsars expression is upr ...201121565927
gut cavp is an innate immune protein against bacterial challenge in amphioxus branchiostoma belcheri.the importance of calcium-binding proteins in immune response of vertebrates is determined, but whether they have the role in invertebrates is largely unknown. in the present study, phylogenetic analysis indicated that calcium vector protein (cavp), a protein unique to amphioxus, shared 68% similarity in amino acid sequence with human and mouse calmodulin (cam). cavp cdna was cloned into a bacterial vector pet-32a, and its his-tagged fusion protein was produced in eschherichia coli cells (bl21). ...201121624472
new insights into the prevention of staphylococcal infections and toxic shock syndrome.staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen capable of causing various diseases, from skin infections to life-threatening pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome. s. aureus exoproteins, including superantigens, contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of this organism. antibiotics inhibit growth, but often provide no protection from s. aureus exoproteins. with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant s. aureus, new therapeutic options to treat or prevent s. aureus-associated diseases are critica ...201021625323
[evaluation of epidemic risk from pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria isolated from water of its various use types].the investigation was concerned with wild gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (e. coli spp., klebsiella spp., salmonella spp., and the nonfermentative bacteria pseudomonas spp.) isolated from the waters of different types, as well as museum cultures (e. coli strain 1257, e. coli strain 675, salmonella enteritidis atcc 5765, staphylococcus aureus 906, and pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 10145). the wild strains were isolated from water when conducting experimental and field studies; these ...201021341500
lactobacillus fermentum isolated from human colonic mucosal biopsy inhibits the growth and adhesion of enteric and foodborne pathogens.a number of lactobacillus species are used as probiotic strains in order to benefit health. we have isolated l. fermentum from human colonic mucosal biopsy samples that possess antimicrobial activities against entroinvasive and foodborne pathogens such as escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi a, shigella sonnei, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vibrio sp. in addition to lactic acid, l. fermentum secretes antimicrobial proteinacious com ...201021535608
antibacterial effects of tungsten nanoparticles on the escherichia coli strains isolated from catheterized urinary tract infection (uti) cases and staphylococcus aureus.a significant proportion of all incidents of nosocomial infections in acute-care hospitals is due to contaminated catheters. alternative strategies e.g. antibiotics as well as surface modifications have been devised in an attempt to reduce the incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (cauti), but most have proven unsuccessful. therefore, the race to identify such substances which can combat pathogenic bacteria is ongoing in order to improve the quality of health care. novel tech ...201021213591
hypoxia selectively inhibits respiratory burst activity and killing of staphylococcus aureus in human neutrophils.neutrophils play a central role in the innate immune response and a critical role in bacterial killing. most studies of neutrophil function have been conducted under conditions of ambient oxygen, but inflamed sites where neutrophils operate may be extremely hypoxic. previous studies indicate that neutrophils sense and respond to hypoxia via the ubiquitous prolyl hydroxylase/hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and that this can signal for enhanced survival. in the current study, human neutrophils we ...201021135168
disruption of the alternative pathway convertase occurs at the staphylococcal surface via the acquisition of factor h by staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen that causes skin-structure, invasive, and hospital-associated infections worldwide. the complement system is vital to innate defense against many bacterial infections. as shown with other pathogens, mechanisms for circumventing complement attack may include recruitment of the complement regulatory protein factor h (fh). in the present study, we show that s. aureus binds fh in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. interestingly, this int ...201021163532
daptomycin-induced eosinophilia without pulmonary involvement.the case of a patient who developed peripheral eosinophilia associated with the use of daptomycin is described.201021116001
the heme sensing response regulator hssr in staphylococcus aureus but not the homologous rr23 in listeria monocytogenes modulates susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptide plectasin.host defence peptides (hdps), also known as antimicrobial peptides (amps), have emerged as potential new therapeutics and their antimicrobial spectrum covers a wide range of target organisms. however, the mode of action and the genetics behind the bacterial response to hdps is incompletely understood and such knowledge is required to evaluate their potential as antimicrobial therapeutics. plectasin is a recently discovered hdp active against gram-positive bacteria with the human pathogen, staphy ...201021122114
novel benzyl-substituted n-heterocyclic carbene-silver acetate complexes: synthesis, cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies.from the reaction of 1-methylimidazole (1a), 4,5-dichloro-1h-imidazole (1b(i)) and 1-methylbenzimidazole (1c) with p-cyanobenzyl bromide (2a), non-symmetrically substituted n-heterocyclic carbene (nhc) [(3a-c)] precursors, 5,6-dimethyl-1h-benzimidazole (1d) and 4,5-diphenyl-1h-imidazole (1e) with p-cyanobenzyl bromide (2a) and benzyl bromide (2b), symmetrically substituted n-heterocyclic carbene (nhc) [(3d-f)] precursors were synthesised. these nhc-precursors were then reacted with silver(i) ace ...201021135954
epidural abscess t5t8 due to methicillin-resistent staphylococcus aureus in an immunocompetent patient.a 28-year-old man was admitted with severe thoracic pain, a body temperature of 37.20, paraplegia and sphincter disturbances. mri revealed an epidural abscess t5t8. a decompressive laminectomy t5t8 was performed and the abscess was removed. a methicillin-resistent staphylococcus aureus was cultured. vancomycin was administered. six months later muscle testing showed values from 3/5 to 4/5. mri is the first choice diagnostic tool. laminectomy, drainage and intravenous antibiotics constitute the b ...201021138231
spa, clfa, and fnba genetic variations lead to staphaurex test-negative phenotypes in bovine mastitis staphylococcus aureus isolates.staphylococcus aureus encodes many proteins that act as virulence factors, leading to a variety of diseases, including mastitis in cows. among these virulence factors, spa, clfa, clfb, fnba, and fnbb are important for the ability of s. aureus to adhere to and invade host cells as well as to evade host immune responses. the interaction between these s. aureus surface proteins and human immunoglobulin g and fibrinogen that are coupled to latex particles is utilized to induce latex agglutination re ...201021147952
tlr2-dependent pathway of heterologous down-modulation for the cc chemokine receptors 1, 2, and 5 in human blood monocytes.during innate immune responses, the inflammatory cc chemokine receptors ccr1, ccr2, and ccr5 mediate the recruitment of blood monocytes to infected tissues by promoting cell migration in response to chemokines ccl2-5. toll-like receptors also play an essential role, allowing pathogen recognition by the recruited monocytes. here, we demonstrate that toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) stimulation by lipoteichoic acid (lta) from staphylococcus aureus leads to gradual down-modulation of ccr1, ccr2, and ccr ...201021148810
antimicrobial phenalenone derivatives from the marine-derived fungus coniothyrium cereale.the marine-derived fungus coniothyrium cereale was isolated from the green alga enteromorpha sp. and found to produce the new phenalenone derivatives 1-7 as well as the known compounds lactone 8, (-) sclerodin (9), lamellicolic anhydride (10), (-) scleroderolide (11), and (-) sclerodione (12). the structures of these closely related compounds were established from extensive spectroscopic investigations on the basis of one and two dimensional nmr spectroscopic studies ((1)h, (13)c, cosy, noesy, h ...201021103541
destructive pulmonary staphylococcal infection in a boy with hyper-ige syndrome: a novel mutation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) gene (p.y657s).hyper ige syndrome (hies) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder, characterized by eczema, recurrent skin and lung infections, and significantly elevated serum ige level. it was previously diagnosed based on clinical manifestations and laboratory markers that were not specific to the disease. recent studies have demonstrated that mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) cause the autosomal dominant or sporadic hies, which make the disease definitively characte ...201021107604
phytochemical screening and modulation of antibiotic activity by ocimum gratissimum l.escherichia coli is known to produce enterotoxins whose properties and its role in diarrheal disease has been extensively investigated. some species of staphylococcus are often recognized as etiological agents of many animal and human opportunistic infections. this study is the first test of change in resistance of antibiotic activity by ocimum gratissimum l. against multiresistant strains of e. coli and staphylococcus aureus. in this study, the hexane and methanol extract of o. gratissimum l. w ...201021115320
treatment of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive bacteria.an increasing proportion of staphylococcus aureus infections are caused by methicillin-resistant s aureus. treatment of infections caused by this organism is challenging, especially because therapy with vancomycin, the traditional antibiotic of choice for methicillin-resistant s aureus infections, is associated with an increasing frequency of treatment failure, and vancomycin insensitive and vancomycin-resistant strains have emerged. in addition, enterococcus sp. isolated from human infections a ...201020823699
nuclease expression by staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps.neutrophils are key effectors of the host innate immune response against bacterial infection. staphylococcus aureus is a preeminent human pathogen, with an ability to produce systemic infections even in previously healthy individuals, thereby reflecting a resistance to effective neutrophil clearance. the recent discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) has opened a novel dimension in our understanding of how these specialized leukocytes kill pathogens. nets consist of a nuclear dna back ...201020829609
fulminant fatal swine influenza (h1n1): myocarditis, myocardial infarction, or severe influenza pneumonia?the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic began in mexico and rapidly spread worldwide. as is the case with pandemic influenza a, the majority of early deaths have been in young healthy adults. the complications of pandemic h1n1 have been reported from several centers. noteworthy has been the relative rarity of bacterial coinfection in bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized adults with h1n1 pneumonia. simultaneous bacterial community-acquired pneumonia due to methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus o ...201020831976
the environment as a factor in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus transmission.in recent years, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has become a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality in the united states. the epidemiology of the organism has changed, with novel strains emerging in the community among individuals lacking any healthcare contact. although direct human-to-human transmission via skin contact is one way for this organism to spread, transmission via environmental contamination of fomites or through air are other potential ways ...201020839557
a case report of a septic hip secondary to a psoas abscess.abstract: psoas abscess was first described by mynter in 1881. though rare, its prevalence is increasing with advances in radiology and an increasing ability to accurately diagnose the condition. the symptoms of a psoas abscess can be insidious and nonspecific, and patients often present with a limp, fever, weight loss, and flank or abdominal pain.a psoas abscess can be classified as either primary or secondary depending on the presence or absence of an underlying disease. primary psoas abscess ...201020846379
tlr-2-mediated cytokine and chemokine secretion in human keratinocytes.the human epidermis provides a first line of defense against exogenous pathogens. resistance to bacterial skin infections, e.g. with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), is based on the function of intact innate immune mechanisms in the epidermis, mainly provided by keratinocytes. they establish the local cytokine and chemokine milieu which is necessary for attracting other cells participating in an immune response. toll-like receptor (tlr)-2 recognizes components of s. aureus and is known to be e ...201020849532
plasma protein binding may reduce antimicrobial activity by preventing intra-bacterial uptake of antibiotics, for example clindamycin.although plasma protein binding (ppb) is accepted to be an essential factor in reducing antimicrobial activity, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. one possibility includes impaired penetration of an antimicrobial into bacterial cells in the presence of ppb. as a prerequisite for testing this hypothesis an optimized medium displaying high protein binding without impairing bacterial growth had to be identified for our model compound clindamycin.201021044975
human papillomaviruses prevalence and genital co-infections in hiv-seropositive women in ouagadougou (burkina faso).the vaginal swabs among hiv-positive women in africa often revealed opportunistic infections such as human papillomavirus (hpv) and mycoplasma that induce respectively cervix cancer and diseases such as vaginosis, abortions, infertility in through salpingitis. the purposes of this study were to: (1) seek for, the prevalence of pathogens such as hpv and mycoplasma; (2) characterize the strains of hpv and estimate their prevalence; (3) identify among these women, those who were co-infected by thes ...201021313918
septic knee-induced deep venous thrombosis in a young adult.this article describes a case of a 26-year-old man presenting with left knee pain of 1 week's duration, fever, and acute onset of shortness of breath the day of admission. an arthrocentesis of the knee joint was grossly positive for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. a left lower extremity venous duplex showed thrombosis of the superficial femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, peroneal, and gastrocnemius veins. pulmonary computed tomography-angiography was positive for acute pulmonary ...201020954653
[negative pressure wound therapy was useful in treating empyema with bronchopleural fistula].we report a case for whom negative pressure wound therapy (npwt) was applied for empyema with bronchopleural fistula. the patient was a 64-year-old man with a history of gastric resection and diabetes visited our hospital with chief complaints of fever and respiratory failure. in spite of conservative treatment after being diagnosed as empyema, bronchopleural fistula developed. in order to manage the pyothorax, the bronchopleural fistula was closed with endobronchial watanabe spigot, and fenestr ...201021066844
desiccation tolerance in staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that not only causes a diverse array of human diseases, but also is able to survive in potentially dry and stressful environments, such as the human nose, on skin and on inanimate surfaces such as clothing and surfaces. this study investigated parameters governing desiccation tolerance of s. aureus and identified several components involved in the process. initially, the role of environmental parameters such as temperature, growth phase, ce ...201021088825
requirement of the agr locus for colony spreading of staphylococcus aureus.the important human pathogen staphylococcus aureus is known to spread on soft agar plates. here, we show that colony spreading of s. aureus involves the agr quorum-sensing system. this finding can be related to the agr-dependent expression of biosurfactants, such as phenol-soluble modulins, suggesting a connection between spreading motility and virulence.201021169484
additive effects of orexin b and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on ll-37-mediated antimicrobial activities.the present study examined the bactericidal effects of orexin b (orxb) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) alone or combined with cationic antimicrobial peptides, such as ll-37, on escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus mutans and staphylococcus aureus. the bactericidal effect of orxb or vip alone was detected in low nacl concentration, but attenuated in physiological nacl concentration (150 mm). however, such attenuated bactericidal activities of orxb and vip in 150 mm nacl ...201021176972
staphylococcus aureus toxin gene hitchhikes on a transferable antibiotic resistance element.virulence and antibiotic resistance of the dangerous human pathogen staphylococcus aureus are to large extent determined by the acquisition of mobile genetic elements (mges). up to now, these elements were known to comprise either resistance or virulence determinants, but not a mixture of the two. queck et al. now found a cytolysin gene of the phenol-soluble modulin (psm) family within sccmec elements, which contain methicillin resistance genes and are largely responsible for the spread of methi ...201021178414
asymptomatic bacteriuria among hiv positive pregnant women.the prognostic significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria resides in the observation that the prevalence is, relatively, high in persons with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. this prevalence might, even, be higher in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. hence, this study set out to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among symptom free and newly enrolled hiv infected pregnant women attending pmtct unit of antiretroviral clinic o ...201021178431
[chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant--antimicrobial and scanning electron microscopic evaluation].selection of irrigant is very important for long-term success of root canal therapy.201021180084
exogenous heat shock protein hsp70 suppresses bacterial pathogen-induced activation of human neutrophils. 201021184302
cutting edge: nlrc5-dependent activation of the inflammasome.the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins, nlrs, are intracellular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. a subgroup of nlrs can form inflammasome complexes, which facilitate the maturation of procaspase 1 to caspase 1, leading to il-1β and il-18 cleavage and secretion. nlrc5 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and has not been studied for inflammasome function. rna interference-mediated knockdown of n ...201021191067
orientation and expression of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus small rnas by direct multiplexed measurements using the ncounter of nanostring technology.staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterial opportunist responsible for a wide spectrum of infections. several genomes of this major human pathogen have been publicly available for almost 10 years, but comprehensive links between virulence or epidemicity and genome content of the bacterium are still missing. this project aims at characterizing a set of small transcribed molecules currently ignored by standard automated annotation algorithms. we assessed the nanostring's ncounter analysis syst ...201021195730
poly(vinyl benzoate) nanoparticles for molecular delivery: studies on their preparation and in vitro properties.the preparation and properties of poly(vinyl benzoate) nanoparticle suspensions as molecular carriers are described for the first time. these nanoparticles can be formed by nanoprecipitation of commercial poly(vinyl benzoate) in water using pluronic f68 as surfactant, to create spherical nanostructures measuring 200-250nm in diameter. these nanoparticles are stable in phosphate buffer and blood serum, and only slowly degrade in the presence of esterases. pluronic f68 stabilizes the nanoparticle ...201020728487
isolation of staphylococcus aureus from raw fish in relation to culture methods.five hundred and fifty fish samples from various stages in the course of distribution in hyogo prefecture (209 retailed in super markets, 173 obtained from fishery cooperatives at a harbor, 91 caught by trawling and 77 caught by rod fishing) were examined for contamination with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus). s. aureus was detected in 41 (19.6%) of the retail fish samples and 46 (26.6%) of the samples from the fishery cooperatives. no s. aureus was isolated from the live fish (91 trawled and ...201020953131
evidence-based point-of-care tests and device designs for disaster preparedness.to define pathogen tests and device specifications needed for emerging point-of-care (poc) technologies used in disasters.201021162410
complement inhibition by gram-positive pathogens: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.the plasma proteins of the complement system are essential in the innate immune response against bacteria. complement labels bacteria with opsonins to support phagocytosis and generates chemoattractants to attract phagocytes to the site of infection. in turn, bacterial human pathogens have evolved different strategies to specifically impair the complement response. here, we review the large arsenal of complement inhibitors produced by the gram-positive pathogens staphylococcus aureus and group a ...201020062962
[cutaneous ulcers and glycogen storage disease type 1b].glycogen storage disease type 1b is a rare disorder caused by 6-glucose-phosphatase transport deficiency. it is characterised primarily by metabolic disorders combined with hypoglycaemia and hyperlactacidaemia and a predisposition to staphylococcal infections associated with polynuclear neutrophil abnormality. herein, we report the case of a patient with glycogen storage disease type 1b who developed ulcers of the lower limbs and we discuss the possible significance of this association which, to ...201020470920
two genes on a/j chromosome 18 are associated with susceptibility to staphylococcus aureus infection by combined microarray and qtl analyses.although it has recently been shown that a/j mice are highly susceptible to staphylococcus aureus sepsis as compared to c57bl/6j, the specific genes responsible for this differential phenotype are unknown. using chromosome substitution strains (css), we found that loci on chromosomes 8, 11, and 18 influence susceptibility to s. aureus sepsis in a/j mice. we then used two candidate gene selection strategies to identify genes on these three chromosomes associated with s. aureus susceptibility, and ...201020824097
chemical composition and antibacterial activities of illicium verum against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.in recent years, human pathogenic microorganisms have developed multiple drug resistance and caused serious nosocomial infections. in this study, we identified four new antimicrobial compounds from the chinese herbal medicine illicium verum and assessed their antibacterial efficacies. the supercritical co₂ and ethanol extracts of illicium verum showed substantial antibacterial activity against 67 clinical drug-resistant isolates, including 27 acinetobacter baumannii, 20 pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ...201020828316
staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 5 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 9 from human neutrophils.staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (ssls) constitute a family of exoproteins exhibiting structural similarities to superantigens and enterotoxins but no superantigenic activity. in this article, we present evidence that ssl5 specifically binds to matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp-9) and inhibits its enzymatic activity. when human neutrophil cell lysate was applied to recombinant his-tagged ssl5 conjugated to sepharose, the bound fraction gave a major band of approximately 100 kda in sds-pol ...201020479083
a mouse model of post-arthroplasty staphylococcus aureus joint infection to evaluate in vivo the efficacy of antimicrobial implant coatings.post-arthroplasty infections represent a devastating complication of total joint replacement surgery, resulting in multiple reoperations, prolonged antibiotic use, extended disability and worse clinical outcomes. as the number of arthroplasties in the u.s. will exceed 3.8 million surgeries per year by 2030, the number of post-arthroplasty infections is projected to increase to over 266,000 infections annually. the treatment of these infections will exhaust healthcare resources and dramatically i ...201020830204
anti-inflammatory effect of catechin on cultured human dental pulp cells affected by bacteria-derived factors.catechins (bioactive polyphenols in green tea) are known to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties. however, the anti-inflammatory effects of catechins on inflamed dental pulp tissue are not known. in this study, we investigated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) and epicatechin gallate (ecg), the major components of green tea catechins, on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in human dental pulp cells stimulated with bacteria-derived factors suc ...201020487003
ventilator-associated pneumonia due to shewanella putrefaciens.the first reported u.s. case of ventilator-associated pneumonia evidently caused by shewanella putrefaciens is described.201020516471
maldi-tof mass spectrometry speciation of staphylococci and their discrimination from micrococci isolated from indoor air of schoolrooms.the focus of our work is the identification of medically relevant staphylococci from the environment; these organisms are among the major opportunistic pathogens associated with human disease. andersen sampling was performed in schoolrooms during the school year. eleven of thirty six isolates (all gram-positive tetrads) were identified as staphylococci and 23 were characterized as micrococci. maldi-tof ms profiling was used as the first stage in the classification followed by standard biochemica ...201020383373
temporal expression of adhesion factors and activity of global regulators during establishment of staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization.the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus successfully colonizes its primary reservoir, the nasal cavity, most likely by regulatory adaptation to the nose environment. cotton rats represent an excellent model for the study of bacterial gene expression in the initial phases of colonization. to gain insight into the expression profile necessary for the establishment of colonization, we performed direct transcript analysis by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on ...201020307206
staphylococcus aureus nonribosomal peptide secondary metabolites regulate virulence.staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that is resistant to numerous antibiotics in clinical use. we found two nonribosomal peptide secondary metabolites--the aureusimines, made by s. aureus--that are not antibiotics, but function as regulators of virulence factor expression and are necessary for productive infections. in vivo mouse models of bacteremia showed that strains of s. aureus unable to produce aureusimines were attenuated and/or cleared from major organs, including the spleen, ...201020522739
novel h1n1 influenza and panton-valentine leukocidin staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia.the association between seasonal influenza and staphylococcal pneumonia has long been recognized (chickering and park, 1919; roberts et al, 2008), and both meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and panton-valentine leukocidin s. aureus have been associated with seasonal influenza pandemics (roberts et al, 2008; kearns et al, 2009; murray et al, 2010).201020551877
clumping factor a interaction with complement factor i increases c3b cleavage on the bacterial surface of staphylococcus aureus and decreases complement-mediated phagocytosis.the human complement system is important in the immunological control of staphylococcus aureus infection. we showed previously that s. aureus surface protein clumping factor a (clfa), when expressed in recombinant form, bound complement control protein factor i and increased factor i cleavage of c3b to ic3b. in the present study, we show that, compared to the results for the wild type, when isogenic clfa-deficient s. aureus mutants were incubated in serum, they bound less factor i, generated les ...201020100856
formyl peptide receptor-mediated proinflammatory consequences of peptide deformylase inhibition in staphylococcus aureus.the biosynthesis of proteins with n-terminal formylated methionine residues and subsequent protein deformylation are unique and invariant bacterial processes. they are exploited by the capacity of the human innate immune system to sense formylated peptides (fps) and targeted by the deformylation-blocking antibiotic actinonin. we show that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes respond via the formyl peptide receptor (fpr) with increased calcium ion fluxes, chemotactic migration, il-8 release, and cd ...201020156579
improved accuracy of cell surface shaving proteomics in staphylococcus aureus using a false-positive control.proteolytic treatment of intact bacterial cells is an ideal means for identifying surface-exposed peptide epitopes and has potential for the discovery of novel vaccine targets. cell stability during such treatment, however, may become compromised and result in the release of intracellular proteins that complicate the final analysis. staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, causing community and hospital-acquired infections, and is a serious healthcare concern due to the increasing preval ...201020217865
enhancement of antibacterial effects of extracts from cirsium species using sodium picolinate and estimation of their toxicity.in this study, antimicrobial properties and toxicity of extracts from cirsium spp.: cirsium arvense, c. oleraceum, c. palustre, c. rivulare and c. vulgare in combination with sodium picolinate (ps) or sodium benzoate (bs), were investigated. three micro-organisms were used: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of extracts was found at 1.56-50.0 mg ml(-1). unlike the case of bs, adding ps to extracts from flowers of c. palustr ...201020397105
a study of cytotoxicity of novel chlorokojic acid derivatives with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities.a series of 6-chloromethyl-3-hydroxy-2-substituted 4h-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. mannich base derivatives were prepared through the reaction of substituted piperazine or piperidine derivatives on chlorokojic acid and formaline. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, esi-ms, and elemental analysis. according to the activity studies, compounds 2-7 (mic: 1-2 microg/ml) were foun ...201020591538
in this issue.prohibition that works: prohibitin 1: prohibitin 1 (phb1) was cloned in 1991 based on its ability to suppress the regrowth of liver tissue. that task was not trivial - phb1 turned out to be a buddy of just about anyone of any importance. it is highly conserved, ubiquitous among eukaryotes, and exerts a controlling interest in apoptosis, cell cycle, differentiation, and senescence. it, in turn, is controlled by a variety of post-translational modifications. did i say it is a tumor suppressor, too ...201020397235
staphylococcus aureus induces apoptosis of human monocytic u937 cells via nf-kappab signaling pathways.staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen and the major causative agent of numerous infections. s. aureus have been shown to induce apoptosis in many cell types. however, the mechanisms regulating primary monocytes and human monocytic u937 cell death following s. aureus challenge are unknown. in this study, we found that infection of primary monocytes and human monocytic u937 cells with s. aureus induced rapid cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner displaying the ch ...201020600795
inhibition of biological activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) by apple juice and apple polyphenols.the foodborne pathogen staphylococcus aureus produces the virulent staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea), a single-chain protein that consists of 233 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27 078 da. sea is a superantigen that is reported to contribute to animal (mastitis) and human (emesis, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and toxic shock) syndromes. changes of the native structural integrity may inactivate the toxin by preventing molecular interaction with cell membrane receptor si ...201020402509
contribution of il-18 to eosinophilic airway inflammation induced by immunization and challenge with staphylococcus aureus proteins.we previously reported that intranasal challenge with ovalbumin (ova) plus il-18 induces airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and eosinophilic airway inflammation in mice with ova-specific t(h)1 cells. these two conditions can be prevented by neutralizing anti-ifn-gamma and anti-il-13 antibodies, respectively. the mice develop ahr and eosinophilic airway inflammation after challenge with ova plus lps instead of il-18 and endogenous il-18 is known to be involved. in contrast, il-18 does not facilitat ...201020497957
infectious complications in the early postoperative period in liver transplant patients.liver transplantation (ltx) is a technically well established procedure in acute and in end-stage liver diseases. however, opportunistic infections remain one of the important complications in short and long-term outcome of ltx patients. bloodstream and pulmonary infections are the major cause of death in the first year following liver transplantation. due to extended use of chinolons and third generation cephalosporines there is a shift towards multidrug-resistant bacteria including methicillin ...201021037551
tnf receptor i on human keratinocytes is a binding partner for staphylococcal protein a resulting in the activation of nf kappa b, ap-1, and downstream gene transcription.primary human keratinocytes and immortalized hacat cells were analysed for their capacity to bind purified staphylococcal protein a (spa). co-incubation with fitc-labelled spa led to a dose-depending attachment. pull-down experiments with cellular extracts revealed the tnfα receptor i (tnf ri) as binding partner on keratinocytes. thus, we next looked for expression of this receptor in human epidermis and cultured keratinocytes. tnf ri is strongly expressed on all keratinocytes analysed, both at ...201020955203
[comparative research of the efficacy of the gatifloxacin and levofloxacin for bacterial conjunctivitis in human eyes].to evaluate the different efficacy and safety to the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis between the fluoroquinolone antibiotics gatifloxacin and levofloxacin.201021055198
different staphylococcus aureus whole bacteria mutated in putative pro-inflammatory membrane components have similar cytokine inducing activity.the role of the different major cell wall components of gram-positive bacteria for immune stimulation is controversial. we thus compared the cytokine inducing capacity of different staphylococcus aureus (sa) mutants lacking either lipoproteins (sa 113δlgt), or wall teichoic acids (wta) (δta), or possessing a reduced d-alanine content in lipoteichoic acid (lta) (sa 113δdlt) to its corresponding wildtype (sa 113wt). inactivated whole bacteria and their purified cell wall components peptidoglycan a ...201020965605
statins enhance formation of phagocyte extracellular traps.statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmg-coa) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. recent clinico-epidemiologic studies correlate patients receiving statin therapy with having reduced mortality associated with severe bacterial infection. investigating the effect of statins on the innate immune capacity of phagocytic cells against the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus, we uncovered a beneficial effect of statins on bacterial clearance by ...201021075355
hyperbranched poly(nipam) polymers modified with antibiotics for the reduction of bacterial burden in infected human tissue engineered skin.the escalating global incidence of bacterial infection, particularly in chronic wounds, is a problem that requires significant improvements to existing therapies. we have developed hyperbranched poly(nipam) polymers functionalized with the antibiotics vancomycin and polymyxin-b that are sensitive to the presence of bacteria in solution. binding of bacteria to the polymers causes a conformational change, resulting in collapse of the polymers and the formation of insoluble polymer/bacteria complex ...201020933276
effect of flash-heat treatment on antimicrobial activity of breastmilk.abstract background and objectives: the world health organization recommends human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive mothers in resource-poor regions heat-treat expressed breastmilk during periods of increased maternal-to-child transmission risk. flash-heat, a "low tech" pasteurization method, inactivates hiv, but effects on milk protein bioactivity are unknown. the objectives were to measure flash-heat's effect on antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and whole milk and on the ...201021091243
in vitro antimicrobial activity of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis inhibitors against staphylococcus aureus isolates.staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of invasive and superficial human infections, is increasingly antibiotic resistant, and is therefore the target for the development of new antimicrobials. compounds (1835f03 and targocil) were recently shown to function as bacteriostatic inhibitors of wall teichoic acid (wta) biosynthesis in s. aureus. to assess the value of targeting wta biosynthesis in human infection, it was therefore of interest to verify the involvement of wta in bacterial binding ...201021098254
functional assessment of toll-like receptor 2 and its relevance in patients with staphylococcus aureus infection of joint prosthesis.staphylococcus aureus induces inflammation in experimental models through toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2). the clinical relevance of this observation is debated. we evaluated the relationship between tlr2 r753q single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) and s aureus infection of joint prosthesis. human embryonic kidney 293 (hek293) cells transfected with wild-type and mutant r753q tlr2 gene were assessed for response to s aureus peptidoglycan. real-time polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing of dna ...201020937339
mode-of-action studies of the novel bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide mt02 against staphylococcus aureus.screening of various bisquaternary bisnaphthalimides against a variety of human pathogens revealed one compound, designated mt02, with strong inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria. the mics ranged from 0.31 μg/ml against community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) lineage usa300 to 20 μg/ml against streptococcus pneumoniae. radioactive whole-cell labeling experiments indicated a strong impact of mt02 on bacterial dna replication. dna microarray studies gener ...201020937782
testing spatiotemporal hypothesis of bacterial evolution using methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus st239 genome-wide data within a bayesian framework.staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infections that has undergone rapid global spread over recent decades. formal phylogeographic methods have not yet been applied to the molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens because the limited genetic diversity of data sets based on individual genes usually results in poor phylogenetic resolution. here, we investigated a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) data set of health care-associated methicillin-resistant s. aureus sequence ...201021112962
powerful usage of phylogenetically diverse staphylococcus aureus control strains for detecting multidrug resistance genes in transcriptomics studies.staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen responsible for life-threatening septicemia, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome. although positive (mrsa; atcc 33591) and negative (mssa; atcc 25923) control strains have been used for various pathogenesis or assay studies, little is known about the genomic structure of the strains, and there has been little genome-wide expression analysis. phylogenetic analyses revealed that atcc 33591 and atcc 25923 are the most genetically diverse strai ...201020652498
expression of δ-toxin by staphylococcus aureus mediates escape from phago-endosomes of human epithelial and endothelial cells in the presence of β-toxin.staphylococcus aureus is able to invade non-professional phagocytes by interaction of staphylococcal adhesins with extracellular proteins of mammalian cells and eventually resides in acidified phago-endosomes. some staphylococcal strains have been shown to subsequently escape from this compartment. a functional agr quorum-sensing system is needed for phagosomal escape. however, the nature of this agr dependency as well as the toxins involved in disruption of the phagosomal membrane are unknown. ...201020946243
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