Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mutations in the u5 sequences adjacent to the primer binding site do not affect trna cleavage by rous sarcoma virus rnase h but do cause aberrant integrations in vivo. | in most retroviruses, the first nucleotide added to the trna primer becomes the right end of the u5 region in the right long terminal repeat (ltr); the removal of this trna primer by rnase h defines the right end of the linear double-stranded dna. most retroviruses have two nucleotides between the 5' end of the primer binding site (pbs) and the ca dinucleotide that will become the end of the integrated provirus. however, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has only one nucleotide at this ... | 2006 | 16352569 |
| respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects neuronal cells and processes that innervate the lung by a process involving rsv g protein. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of morbidity and life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. children with acute rsv bronchiolitis often develop respiratory sequelae, but the disease mechanisms are poorly understood. mounting evidence suggests that rsv may mediate persistent infection. using immunohistochemistry to identify rsv and rsv-infected cell types, we show that rsv infects primary neurons and neuronal processes that innervate the l ... | 2006 | 16352577 |
| the association of respiratory viruses, temperature, and other climatic parameters with the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in sydney, australia. | increases in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) during the colder months of the year in temperate regions are well recognized, but few detailed studies of possible interactions are available. we examined the relationship between virus activity, climatic parameters, and ipd during a winter in which there were separate peak incidences of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. | 2006 | 16355331 |
| respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. part 3: water-soluble benzimidazol-2-one derivatives with antiviral activity in vivo. | the introduction of acidic and basic functionality into the side chains of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion inhibitors was examined in an effort to identify compounds suitable for evaluation in vivo in the cotton rat model of rsv infection following administration as a small particle aerosol. the acidic compounds 2r, 2u, 2v, 2w, 2z, and 2aj demonstrated potent antiviral activity in cell culture and exhibited efficacy in the cotton rat comparable to ribavirin. in a balb/c mouse model, the ... | 2006 | 16368233 |
| influenza related hospitalisations in sydney, new south wales, australia. | routine influenza vaccination for children aged 6-23 months has recently been recommended in the united states. accurate assessment of influenza related burden of illness in children could support similar recommendations in other settings. however, routinely available data underestimate the role of influenza in causing hospitalisation, and indirect estimation methods face difficulties controlling for the concurrent circulation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). recent studies from hong kong a ... | 2006 | 16371373 |
| the potential impact of palivizumab on pediatric airway reconstruction. | to examine the role of palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody vaccine designed to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, in the surgical setting, and to explore the feasibility, in terms of medical benefit and cost, of its use in pediatric airway reconstruction patients. | 2006 | 16360816 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial virus in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | recently, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rna has been identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from a high percentage of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). these data raise the possibility of persistent low-grade infection in this population, which could have implications in copd pathogenesis. | 2006 | 16387798 |
| leflunomide prevents alveolar fluid clearance inhibition by respiratory syncytial virus. | previously, we demonstrated that intranasal infection of balb/c mice with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) resulted in an early 40% reduction in alveolar fluid clearance (afc), an effect mediated via p2y purinergic receptors. | 2006 | 16387801 |
| expression of programmed death-1 ligand (pd-l) 1, pd-l2, b7-h3, and inducible costimulator ligand on human respiratory tract epithelial cells and regulation by respiratory syncytial virus and type 1 and 2 cytokines. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is associated with wheezing illness, and infections can occur repeatedly throughout life. we hypothesized that rsv infection of respiratory tract epithelial cells up-regulates b7 molecules that regulate memory immune responses and that type 1 and 2 cytokines differentially modulate this induction. | 2006 | 16388488 |
| association between severe respiratory syncytial virus infection and il13/il4 haplotypes. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. in both diseases, interleukin (il)-4 and il-13 play important roles. by investigating il4 and il13 polymorphisms in 131 children with severe rsv infection and 270 control subjects, we found an association between il13 polymorphism -1112c/t and severe rsv infection (p = .026). furthermore, certain haplotypes showed an even stronger association with severe rsv infection (p = .0008). the results ... | 2006 | 16388492 |
| surveillance of respiratory virus infections in adult hospital admissions using rapid methods. | both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause epidemics of respiratory illness of variable severity during the winter season. influenza in particular has been blamed for hospital winter bed pressures, although it is thought that rsv may also play a role. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a new respiratory virus reported to be important in children; only a limited number of studies are available for adult populations. we aimed to determine initially the burden of virologically confirme ... | 2006 | 16388686 |
| protection against respiratory syncytial virus by a recombinant newcastle disease virus vector. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly, but no safe and effective rsv vaccine is yet available. for reasons that are not well understood, rsv is only weakly immunogenic, and reinfection occurs throughout life. this has complicated the search for an effective live attenuated viral vaccine, and past trials with inactivated virus preparations have led to enhanced immunopathology following natural infection. we have tes ... | 2006 | 16414990 |
| low prevalence of pertussis among children admitted with respiratory symptoms during respiratory syncytial virus season. | pertussis may go unrecognized during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemics. nosocomially transmitted pertussis can be severe in infants. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening may identify infants with pertussis on admission, allowing for preemptive isolation. in a random sample, 1 (0.6%) of 166 children admitted to the hospital during rsv season were bordetella pertussis pcr positive during a nonepidemic period. these data show that screening may not be useful when pertussis prevalence ... | 2006 | 16418999 |
| respiratory syncytial virus g protein and g protein cx3c motif adversely affect cx3cr1+ t cell responses. | interactions between fractalkine (cx3cl1) and its receptor, cx3cr1, mediate leukocyte adhesion, activation, and trafficking. the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein has a cx3c chemokine motif that can bind cx3cr1 and modify cxcl1-mediated responses. in this study, we show that expression of the rsv g protein or the g protein cx3c motif during infection is associated with reduced cx3cr1+ t cell trafficking to the lung, reduced frequencies of rsv-specific, mhc class i-restricted ifn-gamma- ... | 2006 | 16424189 |
| respiratory syncytial virus induces tlr3 protein and protein kinase r, leading to increased double-stranded rna responsiveness in airway epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) preferentially infects airway epithelial cells, causing bronchiolitis, upper respiratory infections, asthma exacerbations, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, and pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. a replication intermediate of rsv is dsrna. this is an important ligand for both the innate immune receptor, tlr3, and protein kinase r (pkr). one known effect of rsv infection is the increased responsiveness of airway epithelial cells to subsequen ... | 2006 | 16424203 |
| deletion of tlr3 alters the pulmonary immune environment and mucus production during respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the detection of a viral infection by pattern recognition receptors (pamps) is an integral part of antiviral immunity. in these studies we have investigated the role of tlr3, which recognizes dsrna, in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection using b6 background mice with a tlr3 deletion. although we observed no changes in viral growth, we did find that tlr3-/- mice demonstrated significant increases in mucus production in the airways of rsv-infected mice. the qualitative assessment was obser ... | 2006 | 16424225 |
| the interferon antagonist ns2 protein of respiratory syncytial virus is an important virulence determinant for humans. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is targeted for vaccine development, because it causes severe respiratory tract illness in the elderly, young children, and infants. a primary strategy has been to derive live attenuated viruses for use in intranasally administered vaccines that will induce a protective immune response. in the present study, the ns2 gene, whose encoded protein antagonizes the host's interferon- alpha / beta response, was deleted from rsv vaccine candidates by use of reverse gene ... | 2006 | 16425137 |
| gender analysis in acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus. | it is reasonable to compare immune reactions between boys and girls because many infections in the early stages are predominant in males. a relationship between immunomodulatory effects of sex hormone surge in boys at early months and infectious diseases is still unclear. we compared clinical features between boys and girls who suffered from wheezing that was initially triggered by acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. for systemic immune response evaluation, white blood cell (w ... | 2006 | 16426252 |
| mast cell activation and leukotriene secretion in wheezing infants. relation to respiratory syncytial virus and outcome. | the persistence of wheezing after early wheezing episodes in infancy may be related to the virus involved and to the type of inflammation during the initial wheezing. the role of mast cell activation and leukotriene secretion in wheezing, and the relation to outcome, is not known. our objective was to study markers of mast cell activation and leukotriene secretion from wheezing infants, and the relation to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and persistent wheezing. urinary 9alpha,11beta ... | 2006 | 16426253 |
| the cytoplasmic domain of the f protein of human respiratory syncytial virus is not required for cell fusion. | the cytoplasmic domains of the fusion proteins encoded by several viruses play a role in cell fusion and contain sites for palmitoylation associated with viral protein trafficking and virus assembly. the fusion (f) protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) has a predicted cytoplasmic domain of 26 residues containing a single palmitoylated cysteine residue that is conserved in bovine rsv f protein, but not in the f proteins of other pneumoviruses such as pneumonia virus of mice, human m ... | 2006 | 16432027 |
| respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner. | secondary bacterial infections often complicate respiratory viral infections, but the mechanisms whereby viruses predispose to bacterial disease are not completely understood. we determined the effects of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv-3), and influenza virus on the abilities of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae to adhere to respiratory epithelial cells and how these viruses alter the expression of known receptors ... | 2006 | 16439519 |
| importin-beta family members mediate alpharetrovirus gag nuclear entry via interactions with matrix and nucleocapsid. | the retroviral gag polyprotein orchestrates the assembly and release of virus particles from infected cells. we previously reported that nuclear transport of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) gag protein is intrinsic to the virus assembly pathway. to identify cis- and trans-acting factors governing nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, we developed novel vectors to express regions of gag in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the localization of gag proteins was examined in the wild type and in mutant strains deficie ... | 2006 | 16439536 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection reversed anti-asthma effect of neonatal bacillus calmette-guerin vaccination in balb/c mice. | bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccination can protect animals from asthma, but the effect of bcg on childhood asthma prevention is controversial in humans. to verify the hypothesis that the bcg anti-asthma effect in childhood might be reversed by a respiratory virus infection, newborn balb/c mice were divided into five groups. control and ovalbumin (ova) groups were mock vaccinated and mock infected. the bcg/ova group was bcg vaccinated and mock infected. the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)/o ... | 2006 | 16439580 |
| the association of respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza with emergency admissions for respiratory disease in london: an analysis of routine surveillance data. | the importance of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in adults is not well known, because laboratory testing for rsv infection is not routine. both rsv infection and influenza are seasonally related, and it is difficult to disentangle one from the other and to disentangle infection from the season and the cold. | 2006 | 16447109 |
| climate change and the end of the respiratory syncytial virus season. | the seasons associated with laboratory isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) (for 1981-2004) and rsv-related emergency department admissions (for 1990-2004) ended 3.1 and 2.5 weeks earlier, respectively, per 1 degrees c increase in annual central england temperature (p=.002 and .043, respectively). climate change may be shortening the rsv season. | 2006 | 16447114 |
| effect of altitude on hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the foremost cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in young children and infants. because higher rates of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia have been noted in high-altitude regions, we hypothesized that physiologic responses to altitude would predispose children to more severe illness from rsv infection. this study examined the effect of residential altitude on hospitalizations for rsv infection in colorado from 1998 throu ... | 2006 | 16452353 |
| deletion of ccr1 attenuates pathophysiologic responses during respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the role of chemokines in chronic inflammatory responses are central to the recruitment of particular subsets of leukocytes. in the present studies, we have examined the role of ccr1 in the developing pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the lungs of infected balb/c mice. although we did not observe significant differences in clearance of rsv, we were able to identify decreased pathophysiologic responses in ccr1(-/-) mice. ccr1(-/-) mice displayed a significant reduction in both ... | 2006 | 16456018 |
| respiratory syncytial virus, airway inflammation, and fev1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen in adults with cardiopulmonary disease. it has been associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd); however, it has also been detected in the lower airway in the stable state, but the consequences of rsv in stable disease have not previously been determined. we therefore studied the consequences of rsv persistence in adults with copd and its effect on airway inflammation and ... | 2006 | 16456141 |
| [therapeutics with replication--selective virus (rsv) for pancreatic cancer]. | 2006 | 16457255 | |
| suppression of pattern-recognition receptor tlr4 sensing does not alter lung responses to pneumovirus infection. | toll-like receptors (tlr) are an important component in the innate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. recently, a series of studies has addressed the hypothesis that tlr4 also participates in the host innate response against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. in most of the studies available, rsv, which is not a natural pathogen of mice, has been systematically used in mouse models of human bronch ... | 2006 | 16458035 |
| nerve growth factor: the central hub in the development of allergic asthma? | neurotrophins like nerve growth factor (ngf), originally described as nerve growth factors in neuronal development, have been implicated in many physiological processes in the last years. they are now regarded as important factors involved in the resolution of pathological conditions. ngf has profound effects on inflammation, repair and remodeling of tissues. however, in the lung these beneficial effects can transact into disease promoting actions, e.g., in allergic inflammation or respiratory s ... | 2006 | 16458292 |
| [respiratory syncytial virus infections: measures in immunocompromised patients]. | rsv infections are an annually recurring problem of significant morbiditiy and mortality in the immunocompromised host, especially after lung and stem cell transplantation. the effectiveness of hygienic (isolation) and therapeutic (ribavirin, immunoglobulin, pavilizumab) measures depends of high index of suspicion and rapid diagnostic confirmation by the antigen test, pcr and/or culture. allocation of resources require stratification of measures according to the known or estimated risk for compl ... | 2006 | 16459735 |
| seasonal distribution and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus among children in osaka city, japan. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is one of the etiological agents of respiratory tract infection (rti). because clinical symptoms of hmpv resemble those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), clinical diagnosis of hmpv infection is difficult. moreover, hmpv isolation using cultured cells is generally difficult and not efficient compared with reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). | 2006 | 16460998 |
| antiviral activities of purified compounds from youngia japonica (l.) dc (asteraceae, compositae). | the ethanol extract of a biannual medicinal herb, youngia japonica (commonly known as oriental hawk's beard) was reported previously to have potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cultured in hep-2 cells. three anti-microbial agents, namely 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and luteolin-7-o-glucoside were subsequently purified and chemically characterized from the ethanol extract of youngia japonica. the two dicaffeoylquinic acids exhibited promin ... | 2006 | 16469463 |
| epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections in jordan. | this study was carried out to determine the prevalence, seasonal distribution of rsv, the signs and symptoms associated with it in jordan. a total of 200 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from hospitalized children (below 2 years old). rsv was detected in 12.5% of patients using direct immunofluorescence technique. most infections were associated with bronchilolitis, and higher rates of hypoxemia, retractions, tachypnea, hyperinflation and interstitial infiltrates in 1 to 3 months old child ... | 2006 | 16476671 |
| cytokine regulation in sars coronavirus infection compared to other respiratory virus infections. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is poorly understood and cytokine dysregulation has been suggested as one relevant mechanism to be explored. we compared the cytokine profile in caco2 cells after infection of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) with other respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a virus (fluav), and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2). interferon (ifn) system (production and response) was not suppressed by sars-cov infec ... | 2006 | 16482545 |
| human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalised infants in spain. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) causes lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and the elderly. | 2006 | 16399780 |
| deletion of a cys-his motif from the alpharetrovirus nucleocapsid domain reveals late domain mutant-like budding defects. | the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) gag polyprotein is the only protein required for virus assembly and release. we previously found that deletion of either one of the two cys-his (ch) motifs in the rsv nucleocapsid (nc) protein did not abrogate gag-gag interactions, rna binding, or packaging but greatly reduced virus production (e-g. lee, a. alidina et al., j. virol. 77: 2010-2020, 2003). in this report, we have further investigated the effects of mutations in the ch motifs on virus assembly and relea ... | 2006 | 16406458 |
| association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in french infants. | human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses (picornaviridae) are suspected to be major viral etiological causes of bronchiolitis in infants. | 2006 | 16406692 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infections in northeastern brazil: seasonal trends and general aspects. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most prevalent agents of acute respiratory infections in children. consistent data about seasonality of infections caused by this virus in brazil proceed only from southern and southeastern regions. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and the seasonal pattern of rsv infections in children living in fortaleza city in northeastern brazil. nasopharyngeal aspirates of 1,950 patients attending in ambulatories, emergency room, and w ... | 2006 | 16407363 |
| steroid-responsive subacute polymyositis in an adult following respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the role of viral infections in the aetiopathogenesis of polymyositis remains speculative. we report a case of profound subacute polymyositis with incipient ventilatory failure following serologically confirmed infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), with a dramatic and sustained response to pulse corticosteroid therapy. we suggest a possible autoimmune mechanism to account for this sequence of events. | 2006 | 16409434 |
| antiviral prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (agiho) of the german society for hematology and oncology (dgho). | morbidity and mortality in patients with malignancies are increased by viral infections. these mostly are reactivations of asymptomatic latent infections. they primarily concern clinical entities associated with the reactivation of herpes viruses, such as varicella zoster virus (vzv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). respiratory tract infections caused by influenza, parainfluenza or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are less common. since reactivation of latent infections has major clinical impact, ant ... | 2006 | 16410361 |
| differentiation and immune function of human dendritic cells following infection by respiratory syncytial virus. | rsv causes annual epidemics of bronchiolitis in winter months resulting in the hospitalization of many infants and the elderly. dendritic cells (dcs) play a pivotal role in coordinating immune responses to infection and some viruses skew, or subvert, the immune functions of dcs. rsv infection of dcs could alter their function and this could explain why protection after natural rsv infection is incomplete and of short duration. in this study, this interaction between dcs and rsv was investigated ... | 2006 | 16487251 |
| validation of syndromic surveillance for respiratory infections. | a key public health question is whether syndromic surveillance data provide early warning of infectious outbreaks. one cause for skepticism is that biological correlates of the administrative and clinical data used in these systems have not been rigorously assessed. this study measures the value of respiratory data currently used in syndromic surveillance systems to detect respiratory infections by comparing it against criterion standard viral testing within a pediatric population. | 2006 | 16492494 |
| impaired virus-induced interferon-alpha2 release in adult asthmatic patients. | interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) not only serves as a first defence line of the immune system against viral attacks but also interacts with t-helper type 1 (th1)/ t-helper type 2 (th2) regulation and various other cell types like basophils and monocytes, thereby linking innate and acquired immunity. recently, we demonstrated that children with allergic asthma produced significantly lower amounts of virus-induced ifn-alpha2 compared with healthy children or those with intrinsic asthma. | 2006 | 16499644 |
| impact of il8 and il8-receptor alpha polymorphisms on the genetics of bronchial asthma and severe rsv infections. | interleukin 8 (il8) belongs to the family of chemokines. it mediates the activation and migration of neutrophils from peripheral blood into tissue and hereby plays a pivotal role in the initiation of inflammation. thus it is important in inflammatory lung diseases like bronchial asthma or severe infections by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). il8 acts through binding to the il8-receptor alpha (il8ra). for both genes association with asthma has been described. in addition, il8 has been found in ... | 2006 | 16503988 |
| expression of select immune genes (surfactant proteins a and d, sheep beta defensin 1, and toll-like receptor 4) by respiratory epithelia is developmentally regulated in the preterm neonatal lamb. | preterm infants experience enhanced susceptibility and severity to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. terminal airway epithelium is an important site of rsv infection and the extent of local innate immune gene expression is poorly understood. in this study, expression of surfactant proteins a and d (sp-ad), sheep beta defensin 1 (sbd1), and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) mrna were determined in whole lung homogenates from lambs. sp-ad and tlr4 mrna expression increased (p < 0.05) from lat ... | 2006 | 16510184 |
| a single-season prospective study of respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients. | the frequency and complications of respiratory viral infections (rvi) were studied in 50 ambulatory lung transplant patients during a single winter season, using viral antigens, viral cultures and pcr of nasal washes or bronchoalveolar lavages. patients' survival, episodes of acute rejection and occurrence of bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) or bo syndrome (bos) were monitored for 1 yr after the study. overall, 32 (64%) patients had 49 symptomatic episodes. documented infections included eight due ... | 2006 | 16510454 |
| [neopterine and ige during respiratory-syncytial virus infection in infants]. | the number of studies confirms the correlation between ige and neopterine levels. one of the forms of revelation of the immune answer of t-cells is the activation of t-cell system, that in its turn results in secretion of il-2 and inf-gamma by th-1 subtype cells. activation of macrophages by inf-gamma the human organism. the target of our research was the evaluation of the role of the marker of macrophage activation -- neopterine in children with recurrent wheezing developed during onset of rsv ... | 2006 | 16510919 |
| hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children: development of a clinical prediction rule. | because passive immunization against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is costly, its use should be restricted to well-defined groups of high risk children. we aimed to develop a clinical prediction rule that estimates the individual monthly risk of hospitalization for rsv infection in young children. | 2006 | 16511380 |
| evidence that maturation of the n-linked glycans of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) glycoproteins is required for virus-mediated cell fusion: the effect of alpha-mannosidase inhibitors on rsv infectivity. | glycan heterogeneity of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein was demonstrated by proteomics. the effect of maturation of the virus glycoproteins-associated glycans on virus infectivity was therefore examined using the alpha-mannosidase inhibitors deoxymannojirimycin (dmj) and swainsonine (sw). in the presence of sw the n-linked glycans on the f protein appeared in a partially mature form, whereas in the presence of dmj no maturation of the glycans was observed. neither inhibi ... | 2006 | 16513154 |
| respiratory syncytial virus detection by remel xpect, binax now rsv, direct immunofluorescent staining, and tissue culture. | the performance characteristics of xpect rsv (xp) and binax now rsv (bn) were compared to those of direct fluorescent-antibody staining and/or tissue culture for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in nasopharyngeal aspirate and wash samples from children (n = 110) and adults (n = 66). the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of xp were 75%, 98%, 95%, and 90%, respectively; and those of bn were 74%, 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively. the p ... | 2006 | 16517905 |
| [dingchuantang decoction restores the imbalance of th2/th1 in mice infected by respiratory syncytial virus]. | dingchuantang is a traditional chinese medicine decoction which has the qing, xuan and jiang components which have the ability to dispel (xuan), depress (jiang) and heat clear or febrigugal (qing). it has been used for asthma and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. however, the therapeutic mechanisms of the decoction have not been identified. to understand the mechanism of the anti-rsv property of dingchuantang, this study investigated the effects of dingchuantang and its three componen ... | 2006 | 16522244 |
| de novo biosynthesis of dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate by sphingosine kinase 1 in mammalian cells. | sphingosine kinase 1 (sk1) is one of the two known kinases, which generates sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p), a potent endogenous lipid mediator involved in cell survival, proliferation, and cell-cell interactions. activation of sk1 and intracellular generation of s1p were suggested to be part of the growth and survival factor-induced signaling, and overexpression of sk1 provoked cell tumorigenic transformation. using a highly selective and sensitive lc-ms/ms approach, here we show that sk1 overexp ... | 2006 | 16529909 |
| enhanced clinical utility of the nuclisens easyq rsv a+b assay for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples. | the aim of the present study was to compare traditional methods for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus with a newly developed commercial assay based on real-time nucleic acid sequence based amplification. respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of severe respiratory infection in infants and in certain groups of older children and adults. treatment options are limited, but a rapid diagnosis improves patient management and infection control. the rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncyt ... | 2006 | 16534566 |
| high incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections (lrti). viral lrti is a risk factor for bacterial superinfection, having an escalating incidence with increasing severity of respiratory illness. a study was undertaken to determine the incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in infants and children with severe rsv bronchiolitis, using paediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission as a surrogate marker of severity, and to study the impa ... | 2006 | 16537670 |
| lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness as a risk factor for intensive care unit hospitalization in infants with respiratory syncitial virus bronchiolitis. | factors such as genetic heterogeneity in the immune response contribute to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis severity. such heterogeneity may manifest by an aberrant proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps). the proliferation of pbmc was analysed in 52 infants: 21 ambulatory infants with mild rsv bronchiolitis (group i), 26 hospitalized infants with rsv bronchiolitis on ward (group ii) an ... | 2006 | 16542364 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in a murine model of cystic fibrosis. | viral respiratory infections play an important role in the development and progression of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (cf). the cf mouse model provides a tool to examine the relationship between the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) defect and lung disease. this work investigates the cellular response to a common viral pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the lung of cf mice. rsv was administered by intranasal inoculation of cftr(tm1unc)-tg(fabpcftr)1j ... | 2006 | 16555274 |
| genetic diversity among respiratory syncytial viruses that have caused repeated infections in children from rural india. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes repeat infections throughout life. antigenic variability in the rsv g protein may play a significant role in reinfections. a variable region of the rsv g gene was analyzed for 14 viruses from seven children who experienced initial and repeat infections. eleven group a strains were in clades ga2 and ga5 and the three group b viruses were in the newly identified ba clade. in five children reinfections were caused by a heterologous group or genotype of rsv. ... | 2006 | 16555275 |
| vascular endothelial growth factor induction by rhinovirus infection. | vascular participation manifested by a runny nose (rhinorrhea) is a prominent feature of the acute consequences of rhinovirus infection. vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is an angiogenic factor that also induces potent increases in vascular permeability; it is a candidate mediator of rhinorrhea in response to rhinovirus infection as well as contributing to enhanced vascular leakage in rhinovirus-linked asthma exacerbations. it has been shown that rhinovirus induces significant increases ... | 2006 | 16555282 |
| differential resistance/susceptibility patterns to pneumovirus infection among inbred mouse strains. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a prominent cause of airway morbidity in children under 1 yr of age. it is assumed that host factors influence the severity of the disease presentation and thus the need for hospitalization. as a first step toward the identification of the underlying genes involved, this study was undertaken to establish whether inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), the murine counterpart of rsv, which has been shown to accurately mim ... | 2006 | 16556725 |
| the role of the respiratory syncytial virus in airway syndromes in childhood. | the majority of infants admitted to hospital in infancy with lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) have been infected with the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). infants and young children experiencing rsv lrtis experience increased respiratory morbidity in subsequent years, although the prevalence falls rapidly in early childhood. recent data support the suggestion that in most subjects, this recurrent morbidity is not attributable to atopic asthma and that in most respects, the acute and ... | 2006 | 16566858 |
| comparison of human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a virus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children. | we compared the clinical and demographic features of children with lower respiratory tract infection (lri) caused by human metapneumovirus (hmpv), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus and sought to determine whether coinfection by hmpv and other respiratory viruses leads to increased disease severity. | 2006 | 16567983 |
| human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly recognized pathogen associated with respiratory tract disease (rtd). | 2006 | 16567989 |
| 1,4-benzodiazepines as inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the cause of one-fifth of all lower respiratory tract infections worldwide and is increasingly being recognized as a serious threat to patient groups with poorly functioning immune systems. our approach to finding a novel inhibitor of this virus was to screen a 20 000-member diverse library in a whole cell xtt assay. parallel assays were carried out in the absence of virus in order to quantify any associated cell toxicity. this identified 100 compounds with i ... | 2006 | 16570927 |
| the viral bronchiolites diagnosis in children by pcr multiplex. | the aim of the study was to determine the etiology of the viral bronchiolites in children by using direct immunofluorescence test and 3 rt-pcr multiplex (s.bellau-pujol) the study was performed on 122 nasal inspirations collected from 3 weeks-6 month old children hospitalizated in the pediatrics service of ch rouen. the results were that the majority (53%) of bronchiolites in children had like etiology rsv and a lot of these infections had double viral etiology (26% rsv+ rhinovirus; 2,7% rsv+hmp ... | 2006 | 18389721 |
| [epidemiology of respiratory viral infection in 2004-2006.]. | the information on the incidence, seasonal variation and clinical pattern of respiratory virus infections is very important for clinicians in managing their patients. this study was aimed to define the epidemiology of respiratory viral pathogens in seoul and the neighboring areas from march 2004 to february 2006. | 2006 | 18156750 |
| t cell responses and dengue haemorrhagic fever. | the enhancement of severe disease upon secondary infection makes dengue almost unique among infectious pathogens and presents a serious challenge to vaccine design. several key observations have been made which shed light onto this phenomenon particularly that antibodies can enhance fc receptor-dependent uptake of virus into macrophages thereby increasing virus replication. furthermore there seems to be a relationship between the peak virus load and disease severity. however, a second key featur ... | 2006 | 17319161 |
| respiratory syncytial virus is not an important community acquired pathogen in adult hematological malignancy patients. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been reported as a leading cause of upper and lower viral respiratory tract infection in high-risk adult populations. we prospectively studied 48 patients with hematological malignancies over a period of 2 years. throat and nasal washings were subjected to immunofluorescence and cell culture for virus isolation. of these 48 patients, 31 had acute leukemia, 6 had chronic leukemia, 10 had lymphoma and one had multiple myeloma. the median age of the patients wa ... | 2006 | 17333765 |
| environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection. | the present study was performed to determine the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ets) exposure and acute lower respiratory tract infection (lri) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children. | 2006 | 17214063 |
| respiratory syncytial virus: immunopathology and control. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children worldwide. rsv infection in infancy may lead to the onset of asthma or other health problems later in life. an effective vaccine is not yet available against rsv infection. humans respond to rsv infection by mounting an immune response, but the antiviral immunity is incomplete, thus repeat rsv infections continue throughout life. the precise mechanism of rsv-indu ... | 2006 | 20477096 |
| a serum-free vero production platform for a chimeric virus vaccine candidate. | medimmune vaccines has engineered a live, attenuated chimeric virus that could prevent infections caused by parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), causative agents of acute respiratory diseases in infants and young children. the work here details the development of a serum-free vero cell culture production platform for this virus vaccine candidate. efforts to identify critical process parameters and optimize culture conditions increased infectious virus titers b ... | 2006 | 19002888 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in adults with and without respiratory illness. | reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is a powerful tool that allows the detection of minute quantities of viral rna. because of the sensitivity of these assays it is possible that the finding of viral rna indicates not only active infection but also transient colonization or residual nucleic acid from a distant infection. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are two viruses for which rt-pcr is now frequently used for diagnosis in adult disease. | 2006 | 15919236 |
| sequence variation can affect the performance of minor groove binder taqman probes in viral diagnostic assays. | a minor groove binder (mgb) taqman real-time pcr assay was developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in clinical specimens. upon evaluation of the assay, notable differences were observed in the overall fluorescent response obtained from rsv positive specimens, with some linear amplification curves deviating only slightly from baseline fluorescence. sequencing of the probes targets in these rsv strains revealed single base mismatches with the mgb taqman probe. overall, the ... | 2006 | 16002331 |
| cigarette smoke suppresses th1 cytokine production and increases rsv expression in a neonatal model. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects approximately 90% of young children by the age of 2 yr, with peak rates occurring during 2-6 mo of age. exposure to side-stream cigarette smoke (ss) may increase the incidence or manifestation of an rsv infection. we hypothesized that exposure to ss would alter the subsequent immune response to rsv infection in neonatal mice. balb/c mice were exposed to air or 1.5 mg/m3 of ss from day (d) 1 up to 35 d of age. a subset was intranasally infected with 4x10( ... | 2006 | 16126789 |
| induction of balanced immunity in balb/c mice by vaccination with a recombinant fusion protein containing a respiratory syncytial virus g protein fragment and a ctl epitope. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), an important pathogen of the lower respiratory tract, is responsible for severe illness both in new born and young children and in elderly people. however, development of a rsv vaccine has been hampered by the outcome of the infant trials in the 1960s with a formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) preparation. previous studies in mice indicated that g protein immunization resulted in antibody and th2-type response and failed to induce mhc i-restricted cd8(+) t-cell r ... | 2006 | 16159685 |
| diminished lung function, rsv infection, and respiratory morbidity in prematurely born infants. | diminished lung function appears to be a risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection/bronchiolitis in term born infants. | 2006 | 16188957 |
| perspective on the host response to human metapneumovirus infection: what can we learn from respiratory syncytial virus infections? | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered pathogen first identified in respiratory specimens from young children suffering from clinical respiratory syndromes ranging from mild to severe lower respiratory tract illness. hmpv has worldwide prevalence, and is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in the first years of life, with a spectrum of disease similar to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the disease burden associated with hmpv infection has not been fully elucidated; h ... | 2006 | 16182587 |
| u-epx levels and wheezing in infants and young children with and without rsv bronchiolitis. | an association between severe infant bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and subsequent wheezing is well documented. high levels of urinary eosinophil protein x (u-epx) have been related to active disease in asthmatic children. the aim of this study was to analyse whether rsv bronchiolitis leads to an increase in u-epx levels and whether wheezing is more common in children with high u-epx values. seventeen infants requiring in-ward care for verified rsv lower respiratory tract ... | 2006 | 16198099 |
| respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2 specifically inhibits type i interferon signal transduction. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibits type i interferon-induced gene expression by decreasing expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat)2. to identify the rsv protein that mediates effects on stat2, airway epithelial cells were infected with vaccinia virus vectors that express single rsv proteins. expression of rsv nonstructural (ns)2 protein alone was sufficient to decrease stat2 levels. furthermore, decreasing rsv ns2 levels using rna interference in respi ... | 2006 | 16216295 |
| passive immunisation of preterm infants with palivizumab against rsv infection. | palivizumab is a monocloncal antibody used for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. this study reviews the literature regarding evidence of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. the only randomised controlled trial into efficacy of palivizumab in preterm infants demonstrates clinical benefit and suggests a favourable safety profile. further studies, however, do not provide evidence that costs saved by the reduction in hospitalisation would outweigh actual costs of the immuniza ... | 2006 | 16236360 |
| mass spectrometry-based relative quantification of human neutrophil peptides 1, 2, and 3 from biological samples. | human neutrophil peptides (hnps) are cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides stored in neutrophils. the similar structure of hnps -1, -2, and -3 renders them impossible to study individually in biological samples. for the first time, we describe a method of individually identifying the hnps -1-3 from exudative neutrophils using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry, and we demonstrate the ability to quantify the relative changes in the peptides fou ... | 2006 | 16253330 |
| differential response of dendritic cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. | dendritic cells (dcs) play a pivotal role in shaping antiviral immune responses in the respiratory tract. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently identified pathogen and like its better known relative, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), has been increasingly recognized as a major cause of respiratory morbidity in infants and in elderly persons. in the present study, we examined susceptibility as well as cellular responses of human dcs to hmpv compared with rsv. monocyte-derived dcs (modcs) we ... | 2006 | 16284360 |
| cryo-electron microscopy reveals conserved and divergent features of gag packing in immature particles of rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | retrovirus assembly proceeds via multimerisation of the major structural protein, gag, into a tightly packed, spherical particle that buds from the membrane of the host cell. the lateral packing arrangement of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag ca (capsid) domain in the immature virus has been described. here we have used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em) and image processing to determine the lateral and radial arrangement of gag in in vivo and in vitro assembled rous sarcoma v ... | 2006 | 16289202 |
| virological analysis in the diagnosis of sudden children death: a medico-legal approach. | infections are considered to be an important cause of unexpected death in children. it has also been assumed that respiratory viruses are involved in the genesis of sudden infant death syndrome (sids). the spanish national institute of toxicology and forensic sciences act as the forensic reference centre for spain. we analyse the experience of this centre in the virological study of 64 cases of sudden children death where viral serology, virological cultures, herpesviruses polymerase chain react ... | 2006 | 16300916 |
| a 3' utr sequence stabilizes termination codons in the unspliced rna of rous sarcoma virus. | eukaryotic cells target mrnas to the nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) pathway when translation terminates within the coding region. in mammalian cells, this is presumably due to a downstream signal deposited during pre-mrna splicing. in contrast, unspliced retroviral rna undergoes nmd in chicken cells when premature termination codons (ptcs) are present in the gag gene. surprisingly, deletion of a 401-nt 3' utr sequence immediately downstream of the normal gag termination codon caused this ter ... | 2006 | 16301601 |
| rates of hospitalisation for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus among infants and young children. | to inform the development of a national influenza immunisation programme and the potential role of antiviral drugs in young children, we studied 613 children aged 71 months or younger who attended leicester childrens' hospital during winter 2001-2002. during periods of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza, and human metapneumovirus activity, an estimated 12.2% (95% ci: 11.4-13.1), 7.1% (6.3-7.9), and 2.5% (2.1-2.9), respectively, of all medical cases assessed in the hospital were associa ... | 2006 | 16310899 |
| evaluation of viral and mammalian promoters for driving transgene expression in mouse liver. | fifteen luciferase plasmid constructs driven by various promoters including cytomegalovirus (cmv), rous sarcoma virus (rsv), human serum albumin (sa), alpha-1 antitrypsin (aat), cytochrome p450 cyp1a2, cyp2c9, cyp2c18, cyp2d6, cyp3a4, mouse cyp2b10, human amyloid precursor protein (app), chicken beta actin (act), nuclear factor kappa b (nfkappab), and heat shock protein 70 (hs) promoters were hydrodynamically introduced into mouse hepatocytes, and the level and persistence of luciferase gene exp ... | 2006 | 16316630 |
| molecular analysis of respiratory syncytial virus reinfections in infants from coastal kenya. | individuals are reinfected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) repeatedly. the nature of reinfection, in relation to rsv genetic and antigenic diversity, is ill defined and has implications for persistence and vaccine control. | 2006 | 16323133 |
| analysis of the thermal and ph stability of human respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was studied as a function of ph (3-8) and temperature (10-85 degrees c) by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and high-resolution second-derivative absorbance spectroscopies, as well as dynamic light scattering and optical density as a measurement of viral aggregation. the results indicate that the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of rsv are both ph and temperature labile. derivative ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy (intrinsic an ... | 2005 | 16323956 |
| hyperresponsiveness to inhaled but not intravenous methacholine during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. | to characterise the acute physiological and inflammatory changes induced by low-dose rsv infection in mice. | 2005 | 16324223 |
| [construction and effect of the recombinant pshrna plasmid against respiratory syncystial virus m2-1 gene]. | respiratory syncystial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of lower respiratory infections in infants worldwide. there is no reliable vaccine or antiviral drug against rsv at present. rna interference (rnai) technology is a potent method to degrade expression of the cognate mrna. in order to inhibit the replication of rsv at gene level, the effects of specific rnai against m2-1 gene of rsv on inhibition of viral replication in cell culture system was observed in this study. | 2005 | 16316538 |
| development of an improved microneutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus by automated plaque counting using imaging analysis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. although several experimental rsv vaccines are under investigation, immuno therapy is the only treatment currently available. in assessing the immunogenicity of various vaccine formulations, a plaque reduction neutralization assay for the evaluation of rsv neutralizing antibody has been widely used. the method produces reliable results, but it is tedious and labor intensive as ... | 2005 | 16281972 |
| human metapneumovirus induces a profile of lung cytokines distinct from that of respiratory syncytial virus. | lung cytokine and chemokine production by balb/c mice infected with human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was compared to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected mice. hmpv infection induced lower levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (il-1), il-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha but was a more potent inducer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and triggered a more sustained production of the cxc chemokine kc compared to rsv. hmpv was a stronger inducer of both alpha interf ... | 2005 | 16282501 |
| selective accumulation of differentiated cd8+ t cells specific for respiratory viruses in the human lung. | the lungs are frequently challenged by viruses, and resident cd8(+) t cells likely contribute to the surveillance of these pathogens. to obtain insight into local t cell immunity to respiratory viruses in humans, we determined the specificity, phenotype, and function of lung-residing cd8(+) t cells and peripheral blood cd8(+) t cells in a paired analysis. the lung contained markedly higher frequencies of influenza (flu)-specific and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-specific cd8(+) t cells when ... | 2005 | 16301748 |
| epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children with lower respiratory tract infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent pathogen found in hospitalized young children with lower respiratory tract infection, and the virus is distributed worldwide. respiratory distress and respiratory failure are caused by rsv in some severe cases. its appearance always varies every year and depends on differences of latitudes, altitudes and climates. the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of hospitalized children from a hospital located in northern taiwan ... | 2005 | 16302582 |
| direct binding of respiratory syncytial virus to pneumococci: a phenomenon that enhances both pneumococcal adherence to human epithelial cells and pneumococcal invasiveness in a murine model. | in a previous study we showed that pneumococcal adherence to epithelial cells was enhanced by a preceding respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. rsv-glycoproteins, expressed on the infected cell surface, may play a role in this enhanced pneumococcal binding, by acting as bacterial receptors. in the current study, it was attempted to analyze the capacity of pneumococci to interact directly with rsv virions. by flow-cytometry, a direct interaction between rsv and pneumococci could be detecte ... | 2005 | 16306193 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-inducible bcl-3 expression antagonizes the stat/irf and nf-kappab signaling pathways by inducing histone deacetylase 1 recruitment to the interleukin-8 promoter. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a paramyxovirus that produces airway inflammation, in part by inducing interleukin-8 (il-8) expression, a cxc-type chemokine, via the nf-kappab/rela and stat/irf signaling pathways. in rsv-infected a549 cells, il-8 transcription attenuates after 24 h in spite of ongoing viral replication and persistence of nuclear rela, suggesting a mechanism for transcriptional attenuation. rsv infection induces b-cell lymphoma protein -3 (bcl-3) expression 6 to 12 h after v ... | 2005 | 16306601 |
| [respiratory syncytial virus]. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common worldwide cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lri) in infants less than 6 months of age. the prophylaxis against rsv infection by vaccination has been unsuccessful because of its adverse effects. as antiviral drug, ribavirin spray (aerosol) had been used clinically and reduces the amount of virus load, without reducing the necessity of symptomatic therapy and the duration of hospitalization. therefore rsv lri has been treated ma ... | 2005 | 16308533 |
| pneumonia in older adults. new categories add complexity to diagnosis and care. | the microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in older adults, particularly in residents of long-term care facilities, differs from that in the general us population. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are important, newly appreciated causes of pneumonia and triggers of comorbid disease exacerbations that often lead to hospitalization of high-risk elderly patients with underlying heart or lung disease. here, dr high examines the diagnostic and treatment s ... | 2005 | 16296261 |