Publications

sequence analysis of the non-structural 3a and 3c protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates from an endemic country.	a total of 18 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 field isolates belonging to two different lineages (including the divergent group) as delineated earlier in vp1-based phylogeny were sequenced in the non-structural 3a and 3c protein-coding regions. the phylogenetic trees representing the regions coding for the non-structural proteins were very similar to that of the structural vp1 protein-coding region. phylogenetic comparison at 3c region revealed clustering of asia1 viruses with ...	2006	16621341
differential distribution of non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bhk-21 cells.	differences in the kinetics of expression and cell distribution among fmdv non-structural proteins (nsps) have been observed in bhk-21-infected cells. 3d(pol) was the first protein detected by immunofluorescence (1.5 h p.i.), showing a perinuclear distribution. at 2-2.5 h p.i., 2b, 2c, 3b and 3c were detected, mostly exhibiting a punctuated, scattered pattern, while 3a and 3d(pol) appeared concentrated at one side of the nucleus. this distribution was exhibited by all the nsps from 3 h p.i., bei ...	2006	16624365
eradication of fmd virus.		2006	16632535
genomic and antigenic characterization of viruses from the 1993 italian foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.	the origin and evolution of the type o foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) that caused the outbreak occurrence in italy in 1993, the first episode of the disease in the eu after adoption of a non-vaccination policy in 1991, have been studied by the analysis of sequences encoding three main antigenic sites on the viral capsid proteins. the phylogenetic tree derived from sequences spanning the carboxyterminal end of vp1 showed that these italian viruses were grouped in the me-sa topotype, closel ...	2006	16096711
buffalo (bubalus bubalis) interleukin-12: analysis of expression profiles and functional cross-reactivity with bovine system.	interleukin-12, a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine, from water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) was analyzed for its for its tissue specific expression and functionality. concanavalin a stimulated splenocytes displayed an up-regulation of the il-12 p40 subunit 8-24h post-stimulation, whereas the p35 subunit did not show any quantitative variation at different time intervals. basal level expressions of both the subunits were observed by rt-pcr in spleen. in addition p40 transcripts could be det ...	2006	16112195
expressions of bovine ifn-gamma and foot-and-mouth disease vp1 antigen in p. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to fmd antigens.	as a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. ifn-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine ifn-gamma (rboifn-gamma) on a recombinant fmdv vaccine, boifn-gamma, fmdv vp1 and boifn-gamma/vp fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (p. pastoris) respectively, ...	2006	16135391
microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of fmdv serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. we developed a microarray-based test that uses a fmd dna chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype- ...	2006	16139533
enhancing immune responses against a plasmid dna vaccine encoding a fmdv empty capsid from serotype o.	various parameters have been examined for the improvement of immune responses induced by immunisation with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine (pcdna 3.1/p1-2a3c3d, p1) in swine. our findings show that increasing the amount of p1 dna plasmids and pgmcsf adjuvant plasmids induces stronger fmdv specific and neutralising antibody responses, as well as promoting cytokines il-8 and ifngamma secretion, in immunised pigs via multiple inoculation sites.	2006	16154238
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in southern africa.	in areas where foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in wildlife hosts, such as the kruger national park (knp) in south africa, control measures are in place that ensure that potentially infected antelope and buffalo do not come into close contact with domestic animals. in south africa several sat-1 outbreaks occurred nearly simultaneously in cattle and impala between 1971-1981. phylogenetic analysis based on partial 1d gene nucleotide sequencing indicated that several of these outbreaks were ...	2006	16155727
analysis of the immune response to fmdv structural and non-structural proteins in cattle in argentina by the combined use of liquid phase and 3abc-elisa tests.	the successful sanitary campaign implemented to control the 2000-2002 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina was greatly assisted by the combination of an elisa test (3abc-elisa) that detects antibodies directed against fmdv viral non-structural proteins (nsps) and a liquid phase blocking competitive elisa (lpelisa) for the detection of antibodies against the viral structural proteins (sps). the combined use of these two assays in large-scale analysis of field samples allo ...	2006	16171905
secretory iga as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance.	a serotype-specific elisa was developed to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific iga antibody in the saliva of cattle, and the method was evaluated for its feasibility in detecting serotype o fmdv carrier animals, particularly amongst vaccinated cattle that had subsequently become sub-clinically infected. for this purpose, saliva samples were collected from naïve cattle (n = 173), fmdv challenged cattle (n = 10), fmdv vaccinated cattle (n = 40) and fmdv vaccinated-and-challenged ca ...	2006	16203061
interferon-gamma production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated fmdv.	studies were performed to determine whether a rapid method to detect cell mediated immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) could be used either as a diagnostic test or provide a correlate of protection in animals post-vaccination. using protocols based on the bovigam assay for tuberculosis, whole blood samples from fmdv vaccinated or control animals, before and after challenge infection, were stimulated overnight with inactivated fmdv antigen. the quantity of interferon gamma (if ...	2006	16242818
simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3d, 3a and 3b by a multiplexed luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.	for the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3a, 3b and 3d from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. we cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (nsps) as recombinant antigens. the purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-his monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted a ...	2006	16260073
comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs.	this study compares the immune responses and protection induced by intra-typic heterologous vaccination with that induced by homologous vaccination against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protection against challenge with fmdv o taiwan were examined in a non-vaccinated group, a group vaccinated with o taiwan fmd vaccine and a group vaccinated with o manisa fmd vaccine. five pigs from each group were challenged with fmdv type o ta ...	2006	16289709
extract from agaricus blazei murill can enhance immune responses elicited by dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.	the fungus agaricus blazei murill (abm) is particularly rich in polysaccharides, which have shown particularly strong results in treating and preventing cancers. the goal of this study was to investigate whether co-administration of the abm extract with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine could increase the immune responses. compared with the control mice, which received fmdv dna vaccine alone, significant increase in not only the fmdv-specific antibody response but also t cell proli ...	2006	16213597
high expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein vp1 in tobacco chloroplasts.	a tobacco chloroplast expression vector, ptrvp1, containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene and the selective marker aada gene, was constructed and transferred to tobacco by biolistic method. three resistant lines were obtained through spectinomycin selection, and each transgenic line was subjected to a second round of spectinomycin selection. pcr and pcr southern blot analysis revealed that the vp1 gene had integrated into the chloroplast genome. western blot and quantification ...	2006	16320056
utility of automated real-time rt-pcr for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. the feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) as a diagnostic tool for detection of fmdv in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with fmdv and from two in-contact cows held ...	2006	16336929
a modified tmv-based vector facilitates the expression of longer foreign epitopes in tobacco.	based upon a mutant isolated from tobacco infected with a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), a new tmv-based vector was developed in which four to six c-terminal amino acid residues were deleted from the viral coat protein (cp) subunit. the new vector was quite similar to the original tmv-based vector, which all expressed a well characterized epitope peptide f11 (p(142)-a(152)) of vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o in tobacco, in the infectivity, yield of the virus part ...	2006	16337317
picornaviruses and cell death.	members of the picornavirus family, including poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, are widespread pathogens of humans and domestic animals. recent global developments in the resurgence of poliovirus infection and in the control of foot-and-mouth disease infection highlight the problems caused by the ability of picornaviruses to alter the apoptotic machinery of host cells and establish persistent infections. despite the medical, economic and social impact of this family of viruses, little ...	2006	16337385
[protective immune response of guinea pigs against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus by immunization with foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the fmdv structural protein vp1].	the plant constitutive expression vector pbin438/vp1 for vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain o/ china/99 was constructed. mediated with agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 harboring pbin438/vp1, vp1 gene was transferred into cotyledons of tomato. after selected by kanamysin, sixty resistant lines were obtained. the integration and transcription of the vp1 gene in transformed plants was detected by pcr and rt-pcr. after being detected by sandwich-elisa assays, about 40% transformed plant ...	2006	17172031
comparison of different methods of routine typing of indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus.		2006	17177617
[vaccination... health by injection?].		2006	17137226
modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk.	to estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to fmdv.	2006	17144803
the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o from 1998 to 2004 in turkey.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes significant economic losses in turkish livestock. we have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1d sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein vp1, of turkish isolates of serotype a and o collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information.	2006	17144917
ratiometric fluorescence-imaging assays of plant membrane traffic using polyproteins.	fluorescent protein markers are widely used to report plant membrane traffic; however, effective protocols to quantify fluorescence or marker expression are lacking. here the 20 residue self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot and mouth disease virus was used to construct polyproteins that expressed a trafficked marker in fixed stoichiometry with a reference protein in a different cellular compartment. various pairs of compartments were simultaneously targeted. together with a bespoke image analysis t ...	2006	17118121
development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2b peptide as antigen.	forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp). six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2b peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. the performance of the new nsp peptide elisa was compared to that of 4 ...	2006	17121081
high throughput sequencing and comparative genomics of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	despite a basic understanding of many aspects of fmd biology, much information regarding fmdv virulence, host range, and virus transmission remains poorly understood. here we present how the use of high throughput sequencing for complete genome sequences of foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) led to a series of new insights into viral genome sequence conservation and variability, genetic diversity in nature and phylogenetic classification of isolates, including the first complete sequences of th ...	2006	17058478
development of an inhibition elisa test for the detection of non-capsid polyprotein 3abc in viral suspensions destined for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	the use during the last decade of immuno-enzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to the non-capsid proteins (ncps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to assess viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination, supported the incorporation into the oie code of the 'free from fmdv with vaccination' category and opened the way to a 'vaccination to live' policy. eradication programmes in south america include systematic vaccination accompanied by large serosurveys through ncp antibody ...	2006	17058500
comparisons of original laboratory results and retrospective analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr of virological samples collected from confirmed cases of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk in 2001.	there were 2030 designated cases of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) during the course of the epidemic in the uk in 2001 (including four from northern ireland). samples from 1720 of the infected premises (ips) were received in the laboratory and examined for either the presence of fmd virus (virological samples from 1421 ips) or both fmd virus and antibody (virological and serological samples from 255 ips) or antibody alone (from 44 ips). the time taken to issue final diagnostic results ranged from ...	2006	16980522
enhanced immunogenicity to food-and-mouth disease virus in mice vaccination with alphaviral replicon-based dna vaccine expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1).	recently, alphavirus replicon-based dna vaccines, also known as suicidal dna vaccines, have emerged as an important strategy to enhance the potency of dna vaccines. in this study, two different types of dna vaccines encoding the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were constructed and the immunogenicity were investigated and compared in mouse model. the first dna vaccine, pcdp1, is a conventional plasmid dna vaccine in which p1 was driven directly by a cytome ...	2006	16991005
[effect of rgd-containing peptides on platelet aggregation].	the influence of new synthetic peptides argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk (synthesized by the fermentative method) and vpnlrgdlqvla (a fragment of the foot-and-mouth virus's surface peptide) on the adp-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro was studied. all peptides were found to inhibit the human platelet aggregation, but the synthetic peptides (argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk) showed the most pronounced effect. significant decrease in the platelet aggregation was observed at their concentrations within 0.1-10 ...	2006	16995437
effects of picornavirus 3a proteins on protein transport and gbf1-dependent cop-i recruitment.	the 3a protein of the coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), an enterovirus that belongs to the family of the picornaviruses, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport. recently, we elucidated the underlying mechanism by showing that cvb3 3a interferes with adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1)-dependent cop-i recruitment to membranes by binding and inhibiting the function of gbf1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is required for the activation of arf1 (e. wessels et al., dev. cell 11:191-201, 20 ...	2006	17005635
selection and characterization of rna aptamers to the rna-dependent rna polymerase from foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a highly contagious disease of agricultural livestock and is of enormous economic importance. replication of the rna genome of the virus, via negative strand intermediates, involves an rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol). rna aptamers specific to this enzyme have been selected and characterized. some of these molecules inhibit enzymatic activity in vitro, with ic50 values of <20 nm and ki values of 18-75 nm. two of these show similarity, both with each other ...	2006	17018573
efficacy of particle-based dna delivery for vaccination of sheep against fmdv.	as an alternative strategy to classical inactivated viral vaccine against fmdv, naked dna vaccine is attractive because of safety, flexibility and low cost. however dna vaccination is usually poorly efficient in target species. indeed we found that naked dna plasmids encoding for p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins did not induce any detectable immunity against fmdv in sheep. interestingly, we demonstrate herein that formulations of dna on poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) or in lipofectin triggere ...	2006	16949709
geographical and age-stratified distributions of foot-and-mouth disease virus-seropositive and probang-positive cattle herds in the adamawa province of cameroon.	six of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus occur in africa. this paper describes the results of a population-based cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of fmd and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the adamawa province of cameroon. antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes o, a and sat2 viruses had been circulating in the province. the estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle ...	2006	16950886
study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus i. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vp1.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in taiwan. a panel (25) of mabs were found to react with vp1 of o/taiwan/97 (o/97) by elisa with various potencies. the biological identities of these vp1 reacting mabs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype o fmdvs, o/97 and o/taiwan/km1/99 (o/99), were further analyzed. elev ...	2006	16953088
a serological survey for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus in indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana.	a serological survey was conducted in apparently healthy, unvaccinated indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana in order to determine in these animals, the levels of exposure to the south african territories (sat) serotypes: sat 1, sat 2 and sat 3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a total of 250, 142 and 134 goat sera originating respectively from kasane, maun and shakawe districts were tested for fmdv antibodies against the three sat ...	2006	16958266
the 3' end of the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome establishes two distinct long-range rna-rna interactions with the 5' end region.	the untranslated regions (utrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome contain multiple functional elements. in the 5' utr, the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element governs cap-independent translation initiation, whereas the s region is presumably involved in rna replication. the 3' utr, composed of two stem-loops and a poly(a) tract, is required for viral infectivity and stimulates ires activity. here, it was found that the 3' end established two distinct strand-specific, long ...	2006	16963760
molecular epidemiology of the foot-and-mouth disease virus outbreak in the united kingdom in 2001.	the objective of this study was to quantify the extent to which the genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) arising over the course of infection of an individual animal becomes fixed, is transmitted to other animals, and thereby accumulates over the course of an outbreak. complete consensus sequences of 23 genomes (each of 8,200 nucleotides) of fmdv were recovered directly from epithelium tissue acquired from 21 farms infected over a nearly 7-month period during the 2001 fmdv ou ...	2006	16971422
recombination patterns in aphthoviruses mirror those found in other picornaviruses.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is thought to evolve largely through genetic drift driven by the inherently error-prone nature of its rna polymerase. there is, however, increasing evidence that recombination is an important mechanism in the evolution of these and other related picornoviruses. here, we use an extensive set of recombination detection methods to identify 86 unique potential recombination events among 125 publicly available fmdv complete genome sequences. the large number of eve ...	2006	16971423
specificity of the vp1 gh loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus for alphav integrins.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can use a number of integrins as receptors to initiate infection. attachment to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) tripeptide located on the gh loop of vp1. other residues of this loop are also conserved and may contribute to integrin binding. in this study we have used a 17-mer peptide, whose sequence corresponds to the gh loop of vp1 of type o fmdv, as a competitor of integrin-mediated virus binding and infect ...	2006	16973584
role of rna structure and rna binding activity of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protein in vpg uridylylation and virus replication.	the uridylylation of the vpg peptide primer is the first stage in the replication of picornavirus rna. this process can be achieved in vitro using purified components, including 3b (vpg) with the rna dependent rna polymerase (3dpol), the precursor 3cd, and an rna template containing the cre/bus. we show that certain rna sequences within the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 5' untranslated region but outside of the cre/bus can enhance vpg uridylylation activity. furthermore, we have shown that ...	2006	16973591
[retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in west africa from 1970 to 2003].	a retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven west african countries was conducted for the period 1970 to 2003. the study included three cattle-exporting sahel countries (burkina-faso, mali and niger) and four cattle-importing coastal countries (benin, côte d'lvoire, ghana and togo). foot and mouth disease has been enzootic in these countries since 1990/1991. four of the seven serotypes are regularly notified (o, a, sat 1 and sat 2). in the seven countries as a whole, 198 biological s ...	2006	17361767
serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany.	a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ...	2006	17255452
[fusion expression of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus vp1 gene and hsp70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].	vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and m. tuberculosis hsp70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris expression system. the results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after balb/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the genes was cloned into the vector ppiczalpha-a by routine molecular technique. the plasmid fusion (ppiczalphaa-vp1-hsp70) was created that hsp70 located downstre ...	2006	17037194
a decision-support system for real-time risk assessment of airborne spread of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.	[corrected] the application of epidemic models during the first days following the confirmation of a virus outbreak should significantly contribute to minimize its costs. here we describe the first version of a decision-support system for the calculation of the airborne spread of a virus and its application to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the goal is to provide geographical maps depicting infection risk for various animal species to support the national health authorities.	2005	16342927
role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of asian and south american foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine.	in this study, we performed experiments to evaluate the extend of the process of apoptotic cell death by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). apoptosis can also occur in some virus-infected cells, and ability of viruses to either inhibit or promote apoptosis may influence the pathologic outcome of infection. in this study, to determine if apoptosis plays a role in the outcome of fmdv infection in swine, we evaluated apoptosis in diseased tissues collected from pigs inoculated with two different ...	2005	16327217
mutant viral polymerase in the transition of virus to error catastrophe identifies a critical site for rna binding.	a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polymerase (3d) with amino acid replacements g118d, v239m and g373d (triple dmd mutant) was obtained from a molecular clone derived from a virus population treated with ribavirin, in the transition to error catastrophe (virus extinction through lethal mutagenesis). dmd 3d was expressed in escherichia coli, purified, and its activity compared with that of wild-type enzyme and mutant enzymes with either replacement g118d, g118a or d338a (the latter affecting t ...	2005	16216271
development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: marker vaccines and antivirals.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is economically the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. the disease is highly contagious and fmd virus (fmdv) replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. outbreaks in previously fmd-free countries, including taiwan, the united kingdom, and uruguay, and the potential use of fmdv by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit disease spread. the curren ...	2005	16289996
regulation of immunologicals in the european union: current and emerging issues.		2005	16289997
development of synthetic peptide elisa based on nonstructural protein 2c of foot and mouth disease virus.	it was reported that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) 2c, highly conserved nonstructural protein (nsp), whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. but elisa methods using this protein were not reported and developed until recently. in this study, nsp 2c peptides were synthesized within the amino acid sequence of the conserved 2c nonstructural region of fmdv according to the sequences from genbank database and used for identifyin ...	2005	16293996
absence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus in free-ranging roe deer from selected areas of germany (2001-2002).	blood samples (n = 223) of free-ranging roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected from selected hunting grounds in germany between october 2001 and october 2002. samples originated from lower saxony (n = 43) and north-rhine westphalia (n = 108) within a 20-km area ("cordon") cordoned off along the border of the netherlands. this is adjacent to the area of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak that occurred between 21 march and 22 april 2001 in the netherlands. negative control samples were taken ...	2005	16244071
a novel mucosal vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus induces protection in mice and swine.	epitopes of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein vp1 complex and a chimera of 6xhis-tagged cholera toxin b subunit (hctb) were expressed in hansenula polymorpha and used together as a mucosal vaccine. antibody and cytokine responses to vp1-hctb vaccine and protection against fmdv were evaluated by elisa and a virus challenge test in mice, respectively. vp1-hctb directly enhanced the expression of interleukin-5 (il-5) both in serum and supernatants of cultured spleen cells. after ...	2005	16247672
non-capsid proteins to identify foot-and-mouth disease viral circulation in cattle irrespective of vaccination.	the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to establish subclinical and even persistent infection, the so called carrier state, imposes the need to reliably demonstrate absence of viral circulation, to monitor the progress of control measures, either during eradication programs or after reintroduction of virus in free areas. this demonstration becomes critical in immunized populations, because of the concern that silent viral circulation could be hidden by immunization. this concern orig ...	2005	16257539
host and virus determinants of picornavirus pathogenesis and tropism.	the family picornaviridae contains some notable members, including rhinovirus, which infects humans more frequently than any other virus; poliovirus, which has paralysed or killed millions over the years; and foot-and-mouth-disease virus, which led to the creation of dedicated institutes throughout the world. despite their profound impact on human and animal health, the factors that regulate pathogenesis and tissue tropism are poorly understood. in this article, we review the clinical and econom ...	2005	16205710
the "friedrich-loeffler-institut": past, present and future of research in infectious diseases of animals.	the friedrich-loeffler-institut, founded in 1910 by friedrich loeffler, the discoverer of the first animal virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, is the oldest virological research facility in the world. beyond viruses, its area of competence has significantly expanded since its foundation and now also covers bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. presently located at four sites within germany (insel riems, jena,tübingen,wusterhausen) the tasks of the in ...	2005	16206922
dna prime followed by protein boost enhances neutralization and th1 type immunity against fmdv.	prime-boost strategy has been exhibited its potency to enhance immune responses, which would be important to the success to develop a vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). an eukaryotic expression construct encoding the fmdv capsid vp1 protein with a recombinant vp1 protein or a commercial fmdv vaccine were tested in the prime-boost strategy in mice and cattle trials. the levels of induced specific antibodies, t cell proliferations, and dth activities were significantly higher ...	2005	16212533
the alpha(v)beta6 integrin receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is expressed constitutively on the epithelial cells targeted in cattle.	field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) use a number of alpha(v)-integrins as receptors to initiate infection on cultured cells, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in animals. in this study, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and real-time rt-pcr were used to investigate expression of two of the integrin receptors of fmdv, alpha(v)beta6 and alpha(v)beta3, within various epithelia targeted by this virus in cattle. these studies show tha ...	2005	16186231
analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease virus type a24 isolate containing an sgd receptor recognition site in vitro and its pathogenesis in cattle.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection by binding to integrin receptors via an arg-gly-asp (rgd) sequence found in the g-h loop of the structural protein vp1. following serial passages of a type a(24) cruzeiro virus (a(24)cru) in bovine, via tongue inoculation, a virus was generated which contained an sgd sequence in the cell receptor-binding site and expressed a turbid plaque phenotype in bhk-21 cells. propagation of this virus in these cells resulted in the rapid selection of ...	2005	16189001
impairment of thymus-dependent responses by murine dendritic cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a cytopathic virus that experimentally infects mice, inducing a thymus-independent neutralizing ab response that rapidly clears the virus. in contrast, vaccination with uv-inactivated virus induces a typical thymus-dependent (td) response. in this study we show that dendritic cells (dcs) are susceptible to infection with fmdv in vitro, although viral replication is abortive. infected dcs down-regulate the expression of mhc class ii and cd40 molecules and up ...	2005	16148145
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus confers complete clinical protection in 7 days and partial protection in 4 days: use in emergency outbreak response.	recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) demonstrate that this highly contagious viral infection of cloven hoofed animals continues to be a significant economic problem worldwide. debate about the most effective way to respond to outbreaks of fmdv in disease free countries continues to center on the use of vaccines. in this report, we present data showing that a commercially available, standard dose vaccine formulation can fully protect cattle against direct challenge with the vir ...	2005	16153756
a preliminary investigation of tuberculosis and other diseases in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in queen elizabeth national park, uganda.	a survey to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis and certain other infectious diseases was conducted on 42 free-ranging african buffaloes, (syncerus caffer) from may to june 1997 in the queen elizabeth national park, uganda. using the gamma interferon test, exposure to m. bovis was detected in 21.6% of the buffaloes. one dead buffalo and an emaciated warthog (phacochoerus aethiopicus) that was euthanased, were necropsied; both had miliary granulomas from ...	2005	16137132
[foot-and-mouth disease:: an old disease--new solutions].	the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in united kingdom provoked a crisis in the european union with deleterious consequences not only for livestock industry. public opinion is more and more concerned about stamping out measures used to control the disease even with previously vaccinated animals. presently the trend is to "vaccinate for life". this policy change requires to improve vaccines and diagnostic tools. it is not foreseen nevertheless to come back to a generalized vaccination of ...	2005	16116814
tissue distribution of a plasmid dna containing epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus in mice.	it is known that only the minority of plasmid dnas effect a cure or prevention after intramuscular injection into host. but what is the fate of the majority? and indeed how many of the injected dnas work? till now, little is known about it. to answer these questions, two methods including pcr and autoradiography were used in distribution study in mice that had received a single muscular inoculation of plasmid dna containing antigenic epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. the results showed t ...	2005	16125283
development of a lightcycler-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	one step taqman real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (r/t rt-pcr) using a set of primers/probes was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. the gene-specific probes labeled fluorogen for the internal ribosomal entry site, leader sequence and 2b regions were used to detect fmd virus (fmdv). this assay specifically detected fmdv both in cell culture preparations and clinical samples, and was capable of distinguishing fmd from other viral diseases sim ...	2005	16131823
analysis of the epidemiological dynamics during the 1982-1983 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in denmark based on molecular high-resolution strain identification.	an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causing a total of 23 cases in 1982-1983, primarily on the island of funen, denmark, was subjected to molecular epidemiological investigations. in an attempt to exploit the quasi-species nature of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains for molecular high-resolution strain identification in order to analyse the dynamics of this epidemic, full-length vp1 coding regions were sequenced for 17 isolates collected at different farms during the epidemic. the seq ...	2005	16099917
[expression of foot and mouth disease virus antigens in transgenic plants].	owing to its geographical distribution and its highly contagious character, the foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus is responsible for one of the most dreaded of all livestock diseases. the currently-used vaccine is polyvalent and is based on an inactivated virus. current research on fmd vaccines focuses on the creation of vaccines that are easier and cheaper to produce, and that avoid manipulation of large quantities of virus. the use of transgenic plants to express relevant antigens has been ev ...	2005	16110887
rapid control of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks: is rnai a possible solution?		2005	15668119
the nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/fra/1/2001 and comparison with its british parental strain o/ukg/35/2001.	the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/fra/1/2001 (bovine isolate) was determined from five cdna clones covering most of the genome and compared with the british porcine isolate (o/ukg/35/2001) it originated from. seven substitutions, out of which three resulted in amino acid changes (in the leader protease, 3a protein and 3d rna-dependent rna polymerase sequences) were identified and confirmed by direct sequencing of rt-pcr products obtained from in vitro infe ...	2005	15681075
comparative studies of the capsid precursor polypeptide p1 and the capsid protein vp1 cdna vectors for dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a severe livestock disease, and the virus is an interesting target for virology and vaccine studies.	2005	15693054
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus type c of indian origin.	comparison of nucleotide sequences of the partial 1d region of foot-and-mouth disease type c viruses of indian origin with those of european, south american, and southeast asian viruses revealed that the indian viruses form a distinct genotype. the vaccine strain c ind/51/79 belongs to this genotype and may be a prototype strain of this genotype.	2005	15695720
foot-and-mouth disease virus replication sites form next to the nucleus and close to the golgi apparatus, but exclude marker proteins associated with host membrane compartments.	picornavirus infection of cells generally results in the production of membranous vesicles containing the viral proteins necessary for viral rna synthesis. to determine whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection induced similar structures, and which cellular components were involved, the subcellular distribution of fmdv proteins was compared with protein markers of cellular membrane compartments. using immunofluorescence analysis and digital deconvolution, it was shown that fmdv struc ...	2005	15722529
recent spread of fmd virus serotype asia 1.		2005	15995241
vaccination against foot and mouth disease reduces virus transmission in groups of calves.	the aim of vaccination during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease (fmd) is not to induce clinical protection, but to reduce virus transmission. since no quantitative data were available on the effectiveness of vaccination in cattle, we investigated whether a single vaccination against fmd could reduce virus transmission in groups of calves by estimating the reproduction ratio r, i.e. the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious animal in a susceptible population. we performed ...	2005	16002192
invariant aphthovirus consensus nucleotide sequence in the transition to error catastrophe.	rna viruses replicate as complex distributions of non-identical but closely related variant genomes termed viral quasispecies. when the error rate during genome replication exceeds a threshold value, the genetic information cannot be maintained and the system enters error catastrophe. this violation of the error threshold results in virus extinction and it is currently being investigated as a new antiviral strategy, based on antiviral activity of some mutagenic agents. previous studies with the ...	2005	16002345
antigenic and genetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates for selection of candidate vaccine strain reveals emergence of a variant virus that is responsible for most recent outbreaks in india.	recent reports indicated presence of two antigenic and genetic groups (genotypes vi and vii) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a in india and are divergent from the vaccine strains. in order to choose suitable field isolate as candidate vaccine strain, anti-sera against representative isolates from both the genotypes and two in-use vaccine strains are tested in neutralization assay. two candidate vaccine strains from both the genotypes are selected with close antigenic match to the fie ...	2005	16022900
the application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease.	detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (nsp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was compared with conventional serological and virological methods and with rt-pcr for the identification of fmdv carrier animals obtained after experimental contact challenge of vaccinated cattle. transmission from carriers to sentinels was also monitored. twenty fmdv vaccinated and five unvaccinated cattle were challenged by direct contact with five donor cattle excreting fmdv and monitored unti ...	2005	16039761
a survey to investigate movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, with reference to the potential transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.	to quantify the numbers and extent of movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, in order to construct more realistic simulation models to investigate how infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might spread.	2005	16044181
development of monoclonal antibody-linked elisa for sero-diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-in) using baculovirus expressed glycoprotein.	the gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (gp) of vesicular stomatitis virus serotype, indiana (vsv-in), was expressed under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the recombinant gp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of cattle and horse antibodies to vsv. in addition, the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to gp of vsv-in was used as trapping antibody in a mab-linked indirect elisa (mli-elisa) or detecting antibody in a mab-linked competitive elisa (mlc-elisa). the dia ...	2005	16076499
the adjuvant effect of levamisole on killed viral vaccines.	to explore adjuvants that are capable of promoting th1-biased immune response, we investigated the usefulness of levamisole (lms) as one such adjuvant for two different preparations of killed viral vaccines, derived from the foot mouth disease virus (fmdv) or the porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) and tested respectively in balb/c or c57 bl/6 mice. the results showed that lms induced different types of immune responses in the host, depending on its dosage. while a high level ...	2005	16095767
cross-inhibition to heterologous foot-and-mouth disease virus infection induced by rna interference targeting the conserved regions of viral genome.	rna interference (rnai) is the process by which double-stranded rna (dsrna) directs sequence-specific degradation of messenger rna in animal and plant cells. in mammalian cells, rnai can be triggered by 21-23 nucleotide duplexes of small interfering rna (sirna). strategies to inhibit rna virus multiplication based on the use of sirnas have to consider the high genetic polymorphism exhibited by this group of virus. here we described a significant cross-inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) v ...	2005	15866070
linear hoof defects in sheep infected with foot-and-mouth disease.	during the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the netherlands in 2001, a sheep farm was identified that had been subclinically infected with the disease. the fmd virus genome was detected in 12 of 16 probang samples collected from the sheep and the virus was isolated from four of these samples. linear defects were observed, 1 to 3 cm from the coronary band, in the hooves of several of the sheep. the defects were thought to have been caused by the fmd infection. it was thought that the d ...	2005	15866901
effects of multiple copies of cpg on dna vaccination.	it has previously been demonstrated that a dose-dependent enhancement of immune response is derived from immunization with several copies of the cpg motif. following that lead, we sought to incorporate a higher copy number of cpg motifs into an expression construct to evaluate the augmentation of immune responses. by multiple insertions, 30 copies of the cpg motif were cloned into the backbone of an expression construct encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein vp1. after i ...	2005	15869406
transgenic plants for the production of veterinary vaccines.	the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has been increasingly used in the development of experimental vaccines, particularly oriented to the development of edible vaccines. hence, this technology becomes highly suitable to express immunogenic proteins from pathogens. foot and mouth disease virus, bovine rotavirus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus are considered to be the most important causative agents of economic loss of cattle production in argentina, and they are thus optimal candidate ...	2005	15877600
the binding of foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase to eif4gi involves conserved ionic interactions.	the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initially cleaves itself from the polyprotein. subsequently, l(pro) cleaves the host proteins eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4gi and 4gii. this prevents protein synthesis from capped cellular mrnas; the viral rna is still translated, initiating from an internal ribosome entry site. l(pro) cleaves eif4gi between residues g674 and r675. we showed previously, however, that l(pro) binds to residues 640-669 of eif4gi. binding w ...	2005	15885108
rapid protection of cattle from direct challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by a single inoculation with an adenovirus-vectored fmdv subunit vaccine.	we have previously demonstrated that swine vaccinated with one dose of a replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vector containing the capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were protected when challenged 7 days later with homologous virus. in the current study, we have extended this approach to cattle, the most economically important animals susceptible to fmd. five cattle were vaccinated with the ad5-fmdv subunit vaccine and these animals and ...	2005	15893355
utility of recombinant integrin alpha v beta6 as a capture reagent in immunoassays for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.	recombinant integrin alpha v beta6 was evaluated as a capture ligand in a sandwich elisa for the detection and serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. our routinely applied method employs seven serotype-specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies as capture ligands and seven serotype-specific guinea pig polyclonal antibodies as detecting reagents. the recombinant integrin bound fmd virus of all seven serotypes but not that of another vesicular disease, swine vesicular disease (svd). consider ...	2005	15893568
inhibition of cellular protein secretion by picornaviral 3a proteins.	during poliovirus infection, anterograde traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi is inhibited due to the action of 3a, an 87 amino acid viral protein. the ability of poliovirus protein 3a to inhibit er-to-golgi traffic is not required for virus growth. instead, we have suggested that the inhibition of host protein secretion, shown to reduce the secretion of interferon-beta, il-6, and il-8 and the expression of both newly synthesized mhc class i and tnf receptor in the plasma memb ...	2005	15914217
induction of active immune suppression by co-immunization with dna- and protein-based vaccines.	although immunization has been used for eliciting immune response, here we show that it can also induce immune suppression. when a dna vaccine encoding a viral antigen such as the vp1 protein from the foot and mouth disease virus is administered together with its recombinant protein antigen or a viral preparation containing the same antigen, the immunized animals developed significantly reduced antigen-specific t cell-mediated responses and became impaired to subsequent rechallenge with the same ...	2005	15914231
factors required for the uridylylation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3b1, 3b2, and 3b3 peptides by the rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol) in vitro.	the 5' terminus of picornavirus genomic rna is covalently linked to the virus-encoded peptide 3b (vpg). foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is unique in encoding and using 3 distinct forms of this peptide. these peptides each act as primers for rna synthesis by the virus-encoded rna polymerase 3d(pol). to act as the primer for positive-strand rna synthesis, the 3b peptides have to be uridylylated to form vpgpu(pu). for certain picornaviruses, it has been shown that this reaction is achieved by t ...	2005	15919922
immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease dna vaccines can be enhanced by coinjection with the isatis indigotica extract.	the isatis indigotica extract is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza, epidemic hepatitis, epidemic encephalitis b etc. the goal of this study was to investigate whether coinjection of the isatis indigotica extract with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine could increase the protective immune response. mice were vaccinated twice with either fmdv dna vaccine plus the isatis indigotica extract or dna vaccine alone. compared with the group of dna vaccine alone, ...	2005	15920343
identification and antigenic site analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus from pigs and cattle in korea.	from may to june 2002, a total of 16 foot-and mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks due to the serotype o virus, pan asia strain, were recorded in korea. the viruses were identified by antigen elisa, rt-pcr and sequence analysis. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence of the vp1 region among the 4 isolates in 2002 was 0 to 1.4%, but between o/skr/2002 and o/skr/2000 isolates was 1.9-4.9%. phylogenetic analysis with the some known strains from east asian countries showed that the 4 korean isolates in ...	2005	15933431
several recombinant capsid proteins of equine rhinitis a virus show potential as diagnostic antigens.	equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a significant pathogen of horses and is also closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). despite these facts, knowledge of the prevalence and importance of erav infections remains limited, largely due to the absence of a simple, robust diagnostic assay. in this study, we compared the antigenicities of recombinant full-length and fragmented erav capsid proteins expressed in escherichia coli by using sera from experimentally infected and naturally expo ...	2005	15939754
novel purification method for recombinant 3ab1 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals. the test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3ab1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle w ...	2005	15945381
fmdv-2a sequence and protein arrangement contribute to functionality of cyp2b1-reporter fusion protein.	two optimized forms of green fluorescence proteins (gfp), enhanced gfp (egfp) and humanized renilla gfp (hrgfp), were used to track expression of cytochrome p450 2b1 (cyp2b1), an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound protein. in transiently expressing hek293 cells we show that cyp2b1-gfp fusion proteins are stable and functional, whereas the vice-versa-arranged gfp-cyp2b1 fusions are not. the cyp2b1-hrgfp fusion protein is characterized by reduction in mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) to less th ...	2005	15955524
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus internalization events in cultured cells.	it has been demonstrated that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can utilize at least four members of the alpha(v) subgroup of the integrin family of receptors in vitro. the virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah loop of vp1. while there have been extensive studies of virus-receptor interactions at the cell surface, our understanding of the events during viral entry into the infected cel ...	2005	15956593
early events in integrin alphavbeta6-mediated cell entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we have shown that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection mediated by the integrin alphavbeta6 takes place through clathrin-dependent endocytosis but not caveolae or other endocytic pathways that depend on lipid rafts. inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by sucrose treatment or expression of a dominant-negative version of ap180 inhibited virus entry and infection. similarly, inhibition of endosomal acidification inhibited an early step in infection. blocking endosomal acidificati ...	2005	15956594
structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a10 61 alone and complexed with oligosaccharide receptor: receptor conservation in the face of antigenic variation.	foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) target epithelial cells via integrin receptors, but can acquire the capacity to bind cell-surface heparan sulphate (or alternative receptors) on passage in cell culture. vaccine viruses must be propagated in cell culture and, hence, some rationale for the selection of variants in this process is important. crystal structures are available for type o, a and c viruses and also for a complex of type o strain o(1)bfs with heparin. the structure of fmdv a10(61) ...	2005	15958669
infectious diseases. turf war halts spain's foot-and-mouth disease studies.		2005	15961639
patterns of spread and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease types a, o and asia-1 in turkey: a meta-population approach.	despite significant control efforts, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) persists in turkey, and new strains of serotypes a, o and asia-1 are periodically reported to enter the country from the east. the status of fmd in turkey is important regionally because the country forms a natural bridge between asia where the disease is endemic, and europe which has disease-free status. this study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of fmd occurrence in turkey to explore factors associated with the disease's ...	2005	15962561