Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| physical interaction of the hiv-1 nef protein with beta-cop, a component of non-clathrin-coated vesicles essential for membrane traffic. | nef is a 27-kda myristylated protein conserved in most human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates. simian immunodeficiency virus nef is required in macaques for both high viral load and full pathological effects. nef down-regulates the cell surface expression of cd4 by a post-translational mechanism that is not yet fully elucidated. we have used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify cellular proteins that interact with nef. a cdna was isolated which ... | 1994 | 7982906 |
| enantiomeric 2',3'-dideoxycytidine derivatives are potent human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors in cell cultures. | 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-l-cytidine (beta-l-ddc) and its 5-fluoro derivative (beta-l-5-f-ddc) have been stereospecifically synthesized by a multi-step reaction sequence from l-xylose and their anti-hiv properties examined. among these two l-enantiomers, the hitherto unknown beta-l-5-f-ddc emerged as a potent anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 compound in different cell culture systems, with selectivity indices similar or superior to those of the currently licensed drug ddc which has the natural beta-d configuration ... | 1994 | 7987696 |
| bicyclic imidazo derivatives, a new class of highly selective inhibitors for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | in the search for new antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus, different members of two imidazoheterocycle families (imidazothiazoles, imidazopyridines) have been found to display potent inhibitory effects on the replication of hiv-1. three of these derivatives, which show significant anti-hiv-1 activity, have been chosen for further studies. the analysis of these compounds and their comparison to azt and tibo revealed that these bicyclic imidazo derivatives represent a class of hi ... | 1994 | 7993073 |
| [endocarditis due to corynebacterium diphtheriae cause by contact with intravenous drugs: report of 5 cases]. | the clinical features of 5 patients with invasive disease due to nontoxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae are presented. 4 patients had proven left sided endocarditis, and one had probable endocarditis of the mitral valve. 4 patients were intravenous drug abusers, and one had a girl friend who was also an iv-drug abuser. only one patient had antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus. 2 patients with endocarditis of the mitral or the aortic valve, and one patient with endocarditis of a pros ... | 1994 | 7997860 |
| antiviral drugs: present status and future prospects. | 1. there is a limited number of antiviral drugs available for therapy. many investigations and new analytical techniques have unraveled the development and progression of a viral infection. nowadays there is a good understanding of the multiplication cycle of viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus. 2. in this article the currently available antiviral drugs are presented arranged by their mode of action that can be understood by the multiplication cycle of the virus. 3. clinical use ... | 1994 | 8005347 |
| functional significance of the dinucleotide bulge in stem-loop1 and stem-loop2 of hiv-2 tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) encode related proteins called tat-1 and tat-2, respectively, that bind directly to the tar rna element contained at the 5' ends of viral transcripts and thereby stimulate transcription through an as yet unidentified mechanism. the determinants in the hiv-1 tar element (tar-1) that specify binding by the tat-1 protein have been extensively characterized, while little is known about determinants in the hiv-2 tar element (tar-2) that spe ... | 1994 | 8009832 |
| hiv-2 eho isolate has a divergent envelope gene and induces single cell killing by apoptosis. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-related isolate, referred to as hiv-2 eho, has been isolated from an ivory coast patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). infection of cd4 expressing cells with this highly infectious virus mediates a cytopathic effect characterized by single-cell killing as a consequence of apoptosis. nucleotide sequence analysis of the hiv-2 eho genome revealed a significant degree of divergence of its envelope gene from that of other known hiv-2 s ... | 1994 | 8009858 |
| tropical respiratory medicine. 2. impact of human immunodeficiency virus on tuberculosis in developing countries. | mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in approximately 50% of 15-49 year olds in the developing world, while infection in europe and north america is limited largely to the elderly and some disadvantaged groups. the authors concentrate upon the interaction of hiv infection and tuberculosis (tb) in developing countries with a particular focus upon research data from sub-saharan africa. they discuss hiv infection and predisposition for tb, epidemiological determinants of the tb-hiv interaction, ... | 1994 | 8016777 |
| mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkeys. | elucidation of the phylogenetic origins of simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (siv and hiv) is fundamental to the understanding of hiv pathogenesis and the spread of aids worldwide. in this study, we molecularly characterized multiple sivagm isolates from four different african green monkey species (vervet, grivet, sabaeus and tantalus monkeys). phylogenetic analysis of partial (1 kb) env sequences indicated that all sivagm strains cluster together, and that they fall into four distinct s ... | 1994 | 8026477 |
| implications of the occupational safety and health administration's bloodborne pathogen standard for the occupational health professional. | on december 6, 1991. the occupational health and safety administration (osha) issued its final regulation concerning occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens (29 cfr 1910.1030). osha has determined that workers in a variety of settings face a significant health risk as the result of occupational exposure to blood and other body fluids. the pathogens that are of the most concern include human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). osha concludes that the hazard can be min ... | 1994 | 8027880 |
| inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids. | antimicrobial lipids are found in mucosal secretions and are one of a number of nonimmunologic and nonspecific protective factors found at mucosal surfaces. lipids can inactivate enveloped viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. lipid-dependent antimicrobial activity at mucosal surfaces is due to certain monoglycerides and fatty acids that are released from triglycerides by lipolytic activity. medium chain length antiviral lipids can be added to human blood products that contain hiv-1 and hiv-2 ... | 1994 | 8030973 |
| differential replication and pathogenic effects of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in macaca nemestrina. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates representing various geographic regions and distinct viral subtypes were examined for their ability to establish both in vitro and in vivo productive infections of macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaque) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | 1994 | 8031510 |
| tuberculosis and hiv infection in children in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. | of 5180 consecutive outpatients diagnosed with tuberculosis in abidjan, côte d'ivoire (west africa), between july 1989 and december 1990, 289 (6%) were children aged less than 15 years. the overall prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) 1 and/or hiv-2 infection in children with tuberculosis was 11.8% (hiv-1, 10.0%; hiv-2, 0.7%; reactivity to both viruses, 1%). the highest overall age-specific prevalence was in children aged 1-4 years (23.4%), significantly higher than the rate in atten ... | 1994 | 8036665 |
| prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in abidjan, ivory coast. | to compare mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) and to assess the impact of maternal hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections on child survival. | 1994 | 8040982 |
| recent advances in diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases. | in an effort to better diagnose, treat, and control sexually transmitted diseases (std), a number of new diagnostic assays using molecular techniques have been developed. by incorporating molecular amplification, the sensitivity for detecting sexually transmitted infections has become markedly enhanced, and organisms that were difficult or impossible to cultivate, such as human papillomavirus (hpv) or treponema pallidum can now be detected and monitored. by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ... | 1994 | 8042111 |
| transfer of an anti-hiv-1 ribozyme gene into primary human lymphocytes. | we reported previously that human cd4+ t cell lines stably expressing a hairpin ribozyme targeted to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) u5 leader sequence were resistant to challenge with diverse hiv-1 viral clones and clinical isolates (yamada et al., 1994). to simulate more closely the in vivo infection process for investigations of anti-hiv-1 ribozyme gene therapy, we developed a system to transfer this ribozyme gene into freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) ... | 1994 | 7833371 |
| comparative study of single and nested pcr for the detection of proviral hiv2 dna. | we have tested seven pairs of primers for the detection of hiv2 dna by single pcr in positive cultures from 21 infected patients. four of these primer pairs were then used in a comparative study of single and nested pcr for the detection of hiv2 in fresh lymphocytes from 33 patients infected by the virus. hiv2 dna was detected in 17 of the 33 patients (51.5%) by single pcr and 29/33 (88%) by nested pcr. all the patients negative in both nested and single pcr were asymptomatic and had cd4+ lympho ... | 1994 | 7839012 |
| broadly reactive hiv-2 and sivmac specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in immunized and infected cynomolgus monkeys. | antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) was analysed in groups of cynomolgus monkeys that had been immunized with either hiv-2 (strains sbl6669 or sbl-k135) or sivmac. hiv-2- and sivmac-infected monkeys were also studied for adcc. sequential serum samples were collected from the animals, which were followed for 1 to 3 years. sera from the hiv-2-immunized monkeys had adcc against both homologous and heterologous hiv-2 strains as well as cross-reactivity against sivmac-infected target cell ... | 1994 | 7839725 |
| hiv-2 and its neurological manifestations. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) produces a similar spectrum of illness as hiv-1, including aids, and is clinically indistinguishable. there is evidence that it is less pathogenic, with a longer natural history. hiv-2 infection is endemic in west africa, especially in the former portuguese and french colonies. trade, migration, war and tourism have been important factors in the spread of the virus through the subregion and beyond. diagnostic facilities necessary for the accurate d ... | 1994 | 7825087 |
| antigenic variation of primate lentiviruses in humans and experimentally infected macaques. | neutralizing antibodies in primate lentivirus infections closely parallel the pathogenic process. fast progression to disease is concomitant with lack of neutralizing antibodies to autologous virus. slow or no progression to disease is linked with production of neutralizing antibodies to autologous virus. moreover, there is evidence from the monkey model that the extent to which neutralizing antibodies cross-react may also be linked with the pathogenic process. accordingly, slow progression to d ... | 1994 | 7821925 |
| microtube batch protein crystallization: applications to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) protease and human renin. | for therapeutically relevant targets, the evaluation of enzymes in complex with their inhibitors by cocrystallization and high resolution structural analysis has become a vital component of structure-driven drug design and development. two approaches, hanging drop vapor diffusion and a novel microtube batch method, were utilized in parallel to grow crystals of recombinant hiv-2 protease and recombinant human renin in complex with inhibitors. in the case of hiv-2 protease in complex with a reduce ... | 1994 | 7824526 |
| cellular adherence enhances hiv replication in monocytic cells. | cellular adherence is important for monocyte migration and function and is known to induce monocyte activation, leading to the production of mrna for several proto-oncogenes and cytokines. in addition, since cellular adherence has important intracellular signalling function, it has the potential to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in monocytic cells. we have investigated the effects of adhesion of the monocytic cell line thp-1 transfected with hiv1 or hiv2 long terminal rep ... | 1994 | 7800938 |
| viral rna-binding activity of hiv-2 nucleocapsid protein is inhibited by a synthetic peptide containing the first zinc finger motif of hiv-2. | to analyze the antigenic structure and viral rna-binding activity of hiv-2gh-1 nucleocapsid protein (nc). | 1994 | 7802975 |
| serological survey of hiv-1, hiv-2 and human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 for suspected aids cases in ghana. | to determine seroprevalence among suspected aids patients in ghana in relation to clinical manifestations. | 1994 | 7802977 |
| the african aids case definition and hiv serology in medical in-patients at komfo anokye teaching hospital, kumasi, ghana. | in 914 consecutive medical admissions to komfo anokye teaching hospital, the prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-i) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was 12.6%. the prevalence in females was twice that found in males. the infection rate was maximum in the age group 25-29 years for females (45%) and 30-34 years for males (29%). there were 7 cases infected with hiv-2 alone, 55 cases infected with hiv-i alone and 53 cases with dual infection. the case ... | 1994 | 7803336 |
| hiv type 2 proviral load measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction correlates with cd4+ lymphopenia in hiv type 2-infected individuals. | the efficiency of detection of 2 sets of primer pairs from putatively conserved regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome were assessed in 86 seropositive individuals from the gambia by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). hiv-2 long terminal repeat (ltr) target sequences were detected in dna extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in 84 of 86 (97%) individuals whereas hiv-2 integrase (pol) gene sequences were detected in 39 of 41 (95%) individuals. t ... | 1994 | 7811534 |
| multicenter evaluation of a fully automated screening test, vidas hiv 1 + 2, for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | a multicenter study was done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of a new screening test for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) antibodies. the vidas hiv 1 + 2 (biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france) is a fully automated enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay that uses synthetic peptides from immunodominant regions of gp41 of hiv-1 and gp36 of hiv-2 as antigens. a total of 2,984 samples were evaluated with this system in six ... | 1994 | 7814498 |
| [adult t-cell leukemia associated with htlv-1 in a hiv-2 seropositive african]. | the aim of this report is to describe an hiv-2 seropositive patient from mali who had adult-t cell leukaemia/lymphoma associated with htlv-i infection. | 1994 | 7793759 |
| epidemiology of viral infections in the swedish blood-donor population. | the epidemiological situation regarding blood-borne infections in sweden is favourable and under very good control. the prevalence of infectious markers in the blood-donor population is low. in 1993 the frequencies of confirmed positive tests were three in 1,000,000 for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), one in 100,000 for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and three in 100,000 for hepatitis c virus (hcv). the safety of the blood supply is high and relies on strict donor selection, information on ... | 1994 | 7749044 |
| siv- and hiv-2-neutralising antibodies in infected macaques measured by a novel and simple neutralisation test based on a non-commercial antigen-elisa. | a method for the measurement of neutralising antibodies (nab) directed against sivmac or hiv-2 was developed. the assay is based on antigen detection using a non-commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). studies were carried out to determine the influence of the test conditions on the nab titre. the sensitivity of the assay depended mainly on the virus dose and the length of incubation of the serum-virus-mixture. prolongation of the culture time from 9 to 11 days increased the validi ... | 1994 | 7714049 |
| ultrasensitive retrovirus detection by a reverse transcriptase assay based on product enhancement. | reverse transcriptase (rt) is an indispensable component of infectious retroviruses. we have developed an ultrasensitive rt test in which rna of bacteriophage ms2 serves as the template for rt-mediated cdna synthesis. a fragment of the cdna is selectively amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplification product is analyzed by southern blot hybridization or enzyme immunoassay. the procedure was 10(6) to 10(7) times more sensitive than a conventional rt test and detected as little as 1 ... | 1994 | 7509077 |
| new tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1h)-one and -thione derivatives are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and are synergistic with 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs. | tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1h)-one and -thione (tibo) derivatives were shown to specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication through a unique interaction with the hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt). through further modification of the lead compounds and structure-activity relationship analysis several new tibo derivatives that show high potency, selectivity, and specificity against hiv-1 have been obtained. a new tibo derivative, r86183, inhibit ... | 1994 | 7535037 |
| detection of hiv-1, hbv and hcv antibodies in blood donors from surat, western india. | hiv continues to spread in india mainly through heterosexual intercourse, but also among homosexual men and through blood transfusion. the government of india has mandated since 1992 that donor blood from the larger cities be screened for hepatitis b (hbv) and hiv infections. it is expected that this policy will be extended to other cities. surat is a town 250 km north of bombay. approximately 50% of blood is obtained from professional donors to meet the requirement of blood for transfusion. ... | 1994 | 7535499 |
| survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in england and wales: 1990-93. | we report on the first four years (1990-93) of a survey within the national hiv prevalence monitoring programme. the survey's objective is to monitor the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pregnant women in london and elsewhere in england. the survey--based in forty centres that offer antenatal care in london, greater manchester, west yorkshire, and adjacent non-metropolitan areas--uses repeated cross sectional serosurveillance for anti-hiv-1 and 2 and the unl ... | 1994 | 7527276 |
| differentiation between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 isolates by nonradioisotopic reverse transcriptase-typing assay. | we tested whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) could be differentiated from hiv-2 by a reverse transcriptase (rt)-typing assay that measured the reduction of enzyme activity owing to specific antibody. rt-inhibiting antibody was examined for hiv type specificity by a new nonradioisotopic rt assay. antibodies from four rabbits immunized with recombinant hiv-1 rt and from 23 hiv-1-seropositive individuals all specifically inhibited the enzyme activities of two hiv-1 strains (lav-1 a ... | 1994 | 7527425 |
| biological and biochemical anti-hiv activity of the benzothiadiazine class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | a series of benzothiadiazine derivatives were screened against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and certain structure-activity relationships were defined for anti-hiv activity in this chemical class. the selected representative nsc 287474 was a highly potent inhibitor of hiv-induced cell killing and hiv replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as in fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. the compound was active against a panel of biologically diverse laborat ... | 1994 | 7529014 |
| enzymatic properties of two mutants of reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (tyrosine 181-->isoleucine and tyrosine 188-->leucine), resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors. | a number of structurally diverse compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the dna polymerase activity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt). the compounds can be grouped into two broad classes: nucleoside analogs and nonnucleoside inhibitors. the nonnucleoside inhibitors are quite specific for the polymerase activity of hiv-1 rt; they do not affect the polymerase activity of hiv-2 rt or the ribonuclease h (rnase h) activity of either hiv-1 rt or hiv-2 rt. ... | 1994 | 7529032 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by the 5'-triphosphate beta enantiomers of cytidine analogs. | (-)-beta-l-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (l-ddc) and (-)-beta-l-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (l-fddc) have been reported to be potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) in vitro. in the present study, the 5'-triphosphates of l-ddc (l-ddctp) and l-fddc (l-fddctp) were demonstrated to competitively inhibit hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt), with inhibition constants (kis) of 2 and 1.6 microm, respectively, when a poly(ri).oligo(dc)10-15 template pri ... | 1994 | 7530932 |
| the catalytic properties of the reverse transcriptase of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) shares sequence similarity with the rts of other lentiviruses, particularly with the rts of human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively), the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). there is a 41-42% sequence identity between eiav rt and both hiv rts (which have 61% sequence identity to each other). we have compared the enzymic properties of eiav rt with those of hiv-1 r ... | 1994 | 7509281 |
| kinetic and mutational analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibition by inophyllums, a novel class of non-nucleoside inhibitors. | inophyllums are novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 reverse transcriptase identified through an enzyme screening program and isolated from the plant calophyllum inophyllum. the kinetics of reverse transcriptase inhibition by inophyllum b were characterized using recombinant purified enzyme, a heteropolymeric rna template, and a scintillation proximity assay. preincubation of inhibitor with the enzyme-template-primer complex for 11 min was required for max ... | 1994 | 7509800 |
| 3,5,8-trihydroxy-4-quinolone, a novel natural inhibitor of the reverse transcriptases of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2. | the natural product of the red sea sponge verongia sp., identified as 3,5,8-trihydroxy-4-quinolone, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the rna-directed dna synthesis of the reverse transcriptases (rts) of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively). this inhibition was unaffected by the nature of the primer template used for dna synthesis. the dna-dependent dna polymerase activity was inhibited to a lesser extent, whereas the ribonuclease h (rnase h) funct ... | 1994 | 7510944 |
| an epitope in the v1 domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) gp120 protein is recognized by cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes from an siv-infected rhesus macaque. | cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses against the external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were studied in a rhesus macaque infected with sivmac/239. cd8+ t cells enriched from concanavalin a-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells lysed autologous target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus vectors expressing the sivmac/239 or sivsm/h4 envelope protein, which share approximately 80% identity in amino acid sequence. a cd8+ ctl line derive ... | 1994 | 7511178 |
| characterization of hiv-1 strains isolated from patients treated with tibo r82913. | the drug sensitivities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates from a group of four untreated and seven tibo r82913-treated patients were determined in a reverse transcriptase (rt) assay. five of the treated patients harbored hiv-1 isolates with r82913 sensitivity comparable to that of the isolates of untreated patients, ranging from almost 2-fold higher sensitivity to 13-fold lower sensitivity than that of recombinant p66 rt. from one of the seven treated patients, an hiv-1 stra ... | 1994 | 7514016 |
| cell line-dependent release of hiv-like gag particles after infection of mammalian cells with recombinant vaccinia viruses. | we investigated the production of gag particles by vero, cv-1, or 1d cells infected with different vaccinia virus recombinants expressing hiv gag or gag-pol genes. immunoblots of (centrifuged) culture media from 1d cells infected with vmm5, a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the hiv-2 gag-pol genes, revealed the presence of abundant particles that contained (mostly processed) gag antigens. in contrast, gag particles were found only in low amounts in the culture medium from vero cells infect ... | 1994 | 7520722 |
| inhibition of reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and chimeric enzymes of human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 by two novel non-nucleoside inhibitors. | we have studied the effects of two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti), nitrophenyl phenyl sulfone (npps) and a potent derivative of oxathiin carboxanilide (uc-38), on enzymatically active molecular chimeras composed of complementary segments of the reverse transcriptases (rts) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2). the substances inhibit only the dna polymerase activity of hiv-1 rt with no effect on hiv-2 rt. the results suggest that there is a protei ... | 1994 | 7520874 |
| dual tropism for macrophages and lymphocytes is a common feature of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 isolates. | we have investigated the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 isolates to infect and replicate in primary human macrophages. monocytes from blood donors were allowed to differentiate into macrophages by culture in the presence of autologous lymphocytes and human serum for 5 days before infection. a panel of 70 hiv-1 and 12 hiv-2 isolates were recovered from seropositive individuals with different severities of hiv infection. a majority of isolates (55 hiv-1 and all hi ... | 1994 | 7521920 |
| specific ablation of human immunodeficiency virus tat-expressing cells by conditionally toxic retroviruses. | the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as the etiologic agent of aids has led to the proposal of novel intervention strategies to block hiv infection and viral replication or eliminate hiv-infected cells. we have produced recombinant retroviruses for a molecular ablation system, whereby a toxin gene can be delivered to hematopoietic cells for the specific elimination of hiv tat-expressing cells. for this cell-specific ablation, we have coupled the conditional toxin herpes simpl ... | 1994 | 8278395 |
| long-standing protection of macaques against cell-free hiv-2 with a hiv-2 iscom vaccine. | we investigated the capacity of two immunostimulating-complex (iscom) formulations including inactivated native hiv-2 viral proteins and selected peptides to induce protective immunity against hiv-2 in a nonhuman primate. four cynomolgus monkeys were first immunized with five i.m. injections of purified detergent-disrupted hiv-2 virions (total dose, 0.7 mg) in iscoms over a period of 16 months. at months 18 and 20, all four macaques were given booster immunizations with iscom-coupled v3-derived ... | 1994 | 8176640 |
| binding of human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) gp120 to galactosylceramide (galcer): relationship to the v3 loop. | the primary receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the cd4 molecule. however, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that some cells that do not express the cd4 receptor can be infected by hiv-1 and hiv-2, indicating that an alternative mechanism of infection must exist for some cell types. recently it was reported that antibodies against the glycosphingolipid, galactosylceramide (gal beta 1-1'cer;galcer), blocked infection of several cd4 negative cell lines derived from the b ... | 1994 | 8184533 |
| kinetic and modeling studies of subsites s4-s3' of moloney murine leukemia virus protease. | the substrate specificity of the moloney murine leukemia virus protease (mo-mulv pr) was analyzed by using the oligopeptide substrate val-ser-gln-asn-tyr decreases pro-ile-val-gln-nh2 and a series of analogs containing single amino acid substitutions in the p4-p3' positions. mo-mulv pr appears to act similarly to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prs, except for peptides having substitutions at p4 and p2 positions. mo-mulv pr shows a strong preference for the analogs having hydrophobic resi ... | 1994 | 8207003 |
| laboratory diagnosis of hiv infection. | in this article the authors describe the necessity of being able to test human blood for pathogens and, in particular, hiv. hiv serodiagnostic techniques are then described as follows. detection of hiv-specific antibodies can be done by using one or more screening procedures. these are the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and two tests, generally called the rapid test and the simple test. when using elisa, the following antigens are used to detect hiv antibodies synthetic peptides, ... | 1994 | 8207274 |
| construction and characterization of a potent hiv-2 tat transdominant mutant protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) tat proteins tat-1 and tat-2 stimulate transcription of the viral long terminal repeat (ltr) sequences and are required for efficient viral replication. a class of mutant tat proteins, termed "transdominant mutants," has been described that possesses relatively low transactivation activity, yet is able to inhibit the function of wild-type tat. these mutant proteins contain a nonfunctional tar rna-binding domain but apparently retai ... | 1994 | 8207644 |
| risk factors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. | this study examines the prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. from april 1991 to january 1993, 9,518 pregnant women were interviewed and serologically tested for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2; 26 (0.3%) were hiv-1 seropositive, 44 (0.5%) were hiv-2 seropositive, two (0.02%) were dually seropositive, and 9,448 (99.3%) were seronegative. guinea-bissau nationality and age > 25 years were associat ... | 1994 | 8207649 |
| identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in a new zealand resident. | to determine the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types infecting a west african immigrant to new zealand. to develop an hiv type 2 specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | 1994 | 8208481 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity of three pyrazole analogues of distamycin a. | the synthesis of three new monopyrazole analogues of the antiviral compound distamycin a is reported. suitably protected 4-amino-1-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and 3-amino-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives were chosen as starting materials. the construction of the trimeric polyamide framework was accomplished by assembly of the monomeric precursors under condensing conditions by analogy with our previous methodology, although with significant improvements in some pivotal steps. a ... | 1994 | 8060726 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some aminoadamantane derivatives. | the synthesis of some spiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-adamantan]-2-amines and methanamines and some spiro[pyrrolidine-2,2'-adamantanes] is described. the title compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses (influenza a, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, rsv, hsv-1, tk- hsv-1, hsv-2, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, hiv-1, and hiv-2), and some of them (compounds 6b, 6c, 9a, 16a, 16b, and 17) inhibited the cytopathicity of influenza a virus at a ... | 1994 | 8071937 |
| an electron-lucent region within the virion distinguishes hiv-1 from hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. | ultrastructural comparisons of immature or budding particles of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) revealed no significant difference between these genetically distinct, but related, viruses. however, a region encompassing the core of mature hiv-1 virions was found to be more electron lucent than that observed in hiv-2 and sivmac. this ultrastructural distinction cannot be attributed to hiv-1-specific vpu, hiv-2/siv-specific vp ... | 1994 | 8074937 |
| conditional regulatory elements of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat. | mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeat (ltr) revealed a novel cis-acting positive and a negative regulatory element in the u3 region, located upstream of the enhancer-promoter region. these elements acted in a cell type-specific manner, being most active in human lymphocytic cem cells, more active in jurkat cells than in human monocytic u937 cells and least active in epithelioid hela cells. the down-modulatory effect of the negative regulatory ... | 1994 | 8077923 |
| comparison of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the french prospective cohort. the hiv infection in newborns french collaborative study group. | in the french prospective cohort study we compared the mother-infant transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). as of january 1, 1994, 86 infants born to 68 hiv-2-seropositive mothers have been included in the cohort. forty-one children had been followed up for more than 18 months at the time of analysis. during the same period 1758 infants born to 1589 hiv-1-infected mothers were included; 419 mothers were of african origin ... | 1994 | 8078737 |
| localization of the vpx packaging signal within the c terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag precursor protein. | viral protein x (vpx) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus accessory protein that is packaged into virions in molar amounts equivalent to gag proteins. to delineate the processes of virus assembly that mediate vpx packaging, we used a recombinant vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase system to facilitate gag protein expression, particle assembly, and extracellular release. hiv genes were placed under control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter and transfecte ... | 1994 | 8083957 |
| anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities of the beta-l enantiomer of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its 5-fluoro derivative in vitro. | the l enantiomer of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddc) was recently shown to inhibit selectively human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. in the current study, the potent anti-hiv activity of l-ddc was confirmed and extended to several hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in various cell culture systems, including primary human lymphocytes and macrophages. furthermore, its 5-fluoro congener, beta-l-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (l-fddc), was found to have more potent anti-hiv activity and a higher the ... | 1994 | 8092827 |
| seroepidemiological associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis b, and aids in west africa. | serum samples from 51 patients with malaria, 35 patients with hepatitis b virus infection, 111 patients with tuberculosis, and 166 healthy controls were studied to determine any associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis b, and aids in nigeria, west africa. all serum samples were examined for the presence of hiv-1/hiv-2, hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag), and malaria antibodies. only one patient was hiv-1 antibody-positive and none hiv-2 antibody-positive. statistical associat ... | 1994 | 8046426 |
| evaluation of rapid test for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | the genie hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid assay was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot (immunoblot) by using 540 serum specimens from four different populations. the genie hiv-1/hiv-2 assay was easy to perform, required no equipment, provided visual results within 10 min, and demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity compared with the western blot. | 1994 | 8051264 |
| multibranched v3 peptides inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection in human lymphocytes and macrophages. | synthetic polymeric constructions (spcs) including the consensus sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 v3 loop (gpgraf) blocked the fusion between hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected cells and cd4+ uninfected cells. a structure-activity relationship study using v3 spc analogs showed that the most efficient inhibitor of cell fusion was an eight-branched spc with the hexapeptide motif gpgraf (i.e., [gpgraf]8-spc). n-terminal acetylation or incorporat ... | 1994 | 8057453 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors: evaluation of resistance engendered by amino acid substitutions in the enzyme's substrate binding site. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease is a homodimeric aspartyl endopeptidase that is required for virus replication. a number of specific, active-site inhibitors for this enzyme have been described. many of the inhibitors exhibit significant differences in activity against the hiv-1 and hiv type 2 (hiv-2) enzymes. an initial study was conducted to ascertain the hiv-1 protease's potential to lose sensitivity to several test inhibitors while retaining full enzymatic activity. t ... | 1994 | 8117657 |
| two neutralizing domains in the v3 region in the envelope glycoprotein gp125 of hiv type 2. | the purposes of this study were to map the targets for neutralizing abs in the hiv-2 glycoproteins with particular emphasis on the role of the v3 region. sera obtained from guinea pig immunized with peptides representing five immunogenic regions of the envelope proteins were used in cross-neutralization experiments with nine hiv-2 isolates. broad cross-neutralizing activity was elicited by immunization with two peptides representing the central and cooh-terminal portions of the hiv-2 v3 loop. mu ... | 1994 | 8120399 |
| hiv-2 viral protein x association with the gag p27 capsid protein. | vpx is a 16 kda accessory protein expressed in cells infected with hiv-2 and most siv strains and is packaged into virus particles. in order to define the requirements for incorporation of vpx into virions, vpx and hiv-2 gag-pol were expressed independently from a vaccinia virus-based transient expression system. under these conditions, vpx was exported from transfected cells only when coexpressed with the hiv-2 gag-pol plasmid. a 27 kda protein coprecipitating with vpx was found to have an iden ... | 1994 | 8122374 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in 2 seamen of the northwest of spain]. | the first two cases of hiv-2 infection in autoctonous spanish subjects are presented. two sailors (62 and 42 years of age) of galician origin who travelled to east african countries are reported. the epidemiologic, clinico-evolutive characteristics--with manifestations similar to hiv-1 infection (oral candidiasis and villous leukoplasia)--, and therapeutic response to zidovudine are described. the risk of hiv-2 infection in sailors travelling to africa and the absence of opportunistic infections ... | 1994 | 8133709 |
| determination of michellamine b in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. | the national cancer institute is pursuing preclinical development of michellamine b (mb), a novel dimeric polyhydroxylated naphthalene-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from ancistrocladus abbreviatus, as an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) agent. mb protects human lymphoid cells from the cytopathic effects of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 in vitro. a specific, sensitive, and convenient method for assaying the compound in biological fluids has been developed. samples were prepared for analy ... | 1994 | 8135366 |
| genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) mixed infections in india reveals a recent spread of hiv-1 and hiv-2 from a single ancestor for each of these viruses. | dna sequences encoding the surface envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) were amplified by pcr from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with serologically defined hiv-1/hiv-2 mixed infections from bombay, india. hiv-1-specific pcr products were obtained in seven of seven randomly chosen doubly reactive cases, while hiv-2-specific sequences were detected in five of seven cases (71%). dna sequence analysis showed t ... | 1994 | 8139000 |
| variability of the env gene in cynomolgus macaques persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben. | the sequence variability of distinct regions of the proviral env gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (hiv-2ben) isolated sequentially over 3 to 4 years from six experimentally infected macaques was studied. the regions investigated were homologous to the v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, and v7 hypervariable regions identified in the env genes of hiv-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac, respectively. in contrast to findings with hiv-1 and sivmac, the v1- and v2-homologous regions wer ... | 1994 | 8139054 |
| interactions of substrates and inhibitors with a family of tethered hiv-1 and hiv-2 homo- and heterodimeric proteinases. | genes were constructed to encode single-chain tethered human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1/hiv-1 and hiv-2/hiv-2 homodimeric proteinases and two hiv-1/hiv-2 heterodimers which differed in the nature of the interface strands. all four constructs under the control of a heat-inducible promoter were expressed in e. coli and the resultant proteinases were purified therefrom. kinetic parameters (km, kcat and kcat/km) were derived for the interaction of the tethered homo and heterodimeric proteinases wi ... | 1994 | 8106448 |
| a new subtype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (mvp-5180) from cameroon. | a new subtype (mvp-5180) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was isolated from a cameroonian aids patient. mvp-5180 was grown in several human t-cell lines and the monocytic u937 line. mvp-5180 dna could not be amplified by nested primer pcr with conventional env primers and could be only very faintly amplified with gag and pol primers. most german, ivoirian, and malawian anti-hiv-1 sera reacted faintly or moderately with env proteins in an mvp-5180 immunoblot, whereas some cameroonia ... | 1994 | 8107219 |
| multiple cis-acting elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer mediate the response to t-cell receptor stimulation by antigen in a t-cell hybridoma line. | transcription directed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat (hiv-2 ltr) responds to t-cell antigen receptor signaling. agents that stimulate t-cell signaling pathways activated by the antigen receptor, such as phorbol ester, plant lectin, or anti-cd3 antibody treatment, have been shown to increase transcription directed by the hiv-2 ltr. in this study, we examine the activation of the hiv-2 ltr in t cells stimulated with the physiologic ligand of the t-cell receptor, a ... | 1994 | 8142652 |
| in vitro characterization of nonpeptide irreversible inhibitors of hiv proteases. | the irreversible inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) proteases by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epnp) and eight haloperidol derivatives has been studied. epnp specifically inhibits hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases with a stoichiometry of one epnp molecule/dimeric enzyme. the site of modification of hiv-2 protease by epnp has been unambiguously identified as asp-25 using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. the haloperidol derivatives assayed consist ... | 1994 | 8144659 |
| diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection: multicenter evaluation of a newly developed anti-hiv 1 and 2 enzyme immunoassay. | a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (anti-hiv 1 and 2) test is described. it uses recombinant p24 and peptides covering gp32, gp41, and gp120 to identify hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. this test has been shown to be specific (99.5%) and sensitive (99.8%). in this respect, the assay was equal or superior to anti-hiv 1 and 2 tests run as references. the test was able to discriminate sera from patients with hiv infections from those from uninfected individuals with excellence; it also ... | 1994 | 8150950 |
| evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope gene in preimmunized and persistently infected rhesus macaques. | the v3 and v4 domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) env genes from 14 rhesus macaques experimentally infected by hiv-2 sbl6669/h5 were sequenced. no variation was observed in viral sequences from sera and from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells during primary infection. the first mutations were detected 17 months after infection; they mainly concerned the region between the v3 and v4 domains and not those domains themselves, which are known to be hypervariable, sugges ... | 1994 | 8151803 |
| specificity of antipeptide antibodies produced against v2 and v3 regions of the external envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | the v2 region of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and v3 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been reported to be neutralization epitopes. we analysed the corresponding regions in hiv-2. synthetic peptides modeling the v2 (aa 149-168) and v3 (cv3: aa 298-315 and nv3: aa 306-324) regions of the hiv-2 external envelope glycoprotein were coupled to klh and used as immunogens in rabbits. we characterized the resulting antiv2 and antiv3 antibodies for their ability to recogni ... | 1994 | 8152439 |
| purification of crystallizable recombinant sivmac251-32h proteinase. | we have cloned a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) proteinase gene directly from proviral dna of the infectious viral stock sivmac251-32h (11/88 pool). the deduced amino acid sequence from this proteinase gene is similar to that for the published sivmac239 molecular clone. sivmac251-32h proteinase (siv pr) and its flanking pol sequences were expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with most of the t7 bacteriophage gene 10 protein. the expressed protein formed cytoplasmic inclusion bo ... | 1994 | 8167477 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies in tuberculosis patients in lagos, nigeria. | to establish the prevalence of hiv antibodies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 536 new cases presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disorders were randomly selected from the six referral chest clinics in lagos and screened for tuberculosis and hiv infections. sputum and serum samples were obtained from all the patients. the sputum samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli (afb) by both microscopy and culture. the sera were screened for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies by elisa and conf ... | 1994 | 8170009 |
| triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells. | a series of triterpene compounds characterized by a stringent structure-activity relationship were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication. currently studied botulinic derivatives have 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50) against hiv-1 strain iiib/lai in the 10 nm range in several cellular infection assays but are inactive against hiv-2. these compounds did not significantly inhibit the in vitro activities of several purified hiv-1 ... | 1994 | 8170948 |
| envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 alters ion transport in astrocytes: implications for aids dementia complex. | infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is often complicated by a variety of neurological abnormalities. the most common clinical syndrome, termed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) dementia complex, presents as a subcortical dementia with cognitive, motor, and behavioral disturbances and is unique to hiv-1 infection. the pathogenesis of this syndrome is poorly understood but is believed to involve interactions among virally infected macrophages/microglia, astrocytes, and ... | 1994 | 8290553 |
| infectious aids--stretching the germ theory beyond its limits. | the hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) causes aids was advanced in 1984, based only on circumstantial evidence. to this date, the primary evidence are correlations between the presence of antibody against hiv and aids. but these correlations are biased by proponents of the hiv hypothesis in favour of hiv. they ignore hiv-free aids and they base correlations on selected studies because there are no national hiv-aids statistics. the hiv-aids hypothesis has made the following predic ... | 1994 | 8292899 |
| oral hairy leukoplakia in a patient with ulcerative colitis. | a 30-year-old man with ulcerative colitis developed oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl). serological examination for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 infection showed no abnormalities. biopsy specimen of the lateral tongue showed ballooned prickle cells, and electron microscopy revealed herpes-type viruses. immunologic investigation of the patient showed a marked decrease in t-helper cells as a result of immunosuppressive regimen. the present report appears to be the first well-documented ... | 1994 | 8299917 |
| [viral infections--clinical pictures and laboratory diagnosis. part 5: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv 1, hiv 2) to measles virus]. | 1993 | 8307545 | |
| changes in the host range and growth potential of an hiv-1 clone are conferred by the vpu gene. | vpu, alone among the genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), is unique to this virus, with no analogous reading frame evident in the genomes of either hiv-2 or the related sivs. effects of vpu upon levels of virus production from infected cells have been noted, but vpu is dispensable for hiv-1 replication in vitro and its significance in the natural viral life cycle is unclear. we have now identified and characterized a major influence of vpu upon the growth and host cell range of ... | 1993 | 8317102 |
| anti-hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) activity of sulfated paramylon. | sulfated derivatives of paramylon, a water-insoluble (1-3)-beta-d-glucan from euglena gracilis, significantly inhibited the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and the expression of hiv antigen in cultured mt-4, molt-4 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. native paramylon, n,n-dimethylaminoethyl paramylon, n,n-diethylaminoethyl paramylon, 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl paramylon chloride, and carboxymethyl paramylon had little or no anti-hiv activi ... | 1993 | 8317920 |
| protection of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (hiv-2ben) by immunization with the virion-derived envelope glycoprotein gp130. | we have investigated the efficiency of a subunit vaccine consisting of native gp130 micelles of hiv-2ben mixed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). over a period of 52 weeks, nine cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were immunized with seven intramuscular injections of gp130-klh, equivalent to a total of about 1.1 mg of purified gp130 per animal. the first three applications were formulated in freund's incomplete adjuvant. because of the effects of freund's incomplete adjuvant, aluminum hy ... | 1993 | 8318267 |
| comparison of transmission rates of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in a cohort of prostitutes in senegal. | to explore the biological similarities and differences between the hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses, we model the probability of male-to-female transmission of either hiv virus as a function of the number of sexual partners, the prevalence of the viruses and the infectivity per contact. using maximum likelihood estimation theory and data from a prospective study of registered female prostitutes in dakar, senegal, we estimate and compare the infectivities of hiv-1 and hiv-2. graphical goodness-of-fit meth ... | 1993 | 8318928 |
| reactivity of cysteine residues in the protease from human immunodeficiency virus: identification of a surface-exposed region which affects enzyme function. | the protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is essential for the processing of viral polyproteins encoded by the gag and pol genes into mature viral proteins. the 99-residue protease from hiv-1 contains two cysteine residues (cys-67 and cys-95), both of which are usually conserved in viruses isolated from patients. despite this conservation, neither residue is required for enzymatic activity. certain site-specific cysteine mutants of hiv-1 protease are catalytically active, an ... | 1993 | 8323281 |
| bloodborne pathogens. can you become infected from your older patient? | 1. exposure to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace creates acute anxiety in health care workers (hcws); however, hcws are at a greater risk for contracting the hepatitis b virus (hbv) than for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). 2. a postexposure management program (pemp) provides an education of the risk of infection and risk-reduction techniques; a mechanism for assessment of the source patient's risk factors and for obtaining source patient hbv and hiv serologic status; a se ... | 1993 | 8326114 |
| in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides and their effect on clonal growth of hemopoietic cells from human bone marrow. | seven 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides synthesized by substitution of nucleosides using nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase from lactobacillus leichmanii were tested for their anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity. two of them, including 2,6-diaminopurine-2',3'-dideoxyriboside (dapddr) and 6-chlorpurine-2',3'-dideoxyriboside (cpddr) demonstrated high antiviral activity against several strains of hiv-1 and one strain of hiv-2. the selectivity index of the drugs (si; ratio of the drug concentrat ... | 1993 | 8329011 |
| tar loop-dependent human immunodeficiency virus trans activation requires factors encoded on human chromosome 12. | the trans-activator response region (tar) rna in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 long terminal repeat forms stem-loop secondary structures in which the loop sequence is essential for trans activation. we investigated how the hiv trans-activation mechanism encoded on human chromosome 12 relates to the tar rna loop-dependent pathway. dna transfection experiments showed that trans activation in human-hamster hybrid cells with the single human chromosome 12 and human t-cell ... | 1993 | 8331737 |
| genetic evidence that the tat proteins of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 can multimerize in the eukaryotic cell nucleus. | the formation of dimers or higher-order multimers is critical to the biological activity of many eukaryotic regulatory proteins. however, biochemical analyses of the multimerization capacity of the tat trans activator of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) have yielded contradictory results. we used the two-hybrid genetic assay for protein-protein interactions in the eukaryote saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. fields and o.-k. song, nature [london] 340:245-246, 1989) to examine ... | 1993 | 8331738 |
| differential activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 transcription by specific t-cell activation signals. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 enhancers are induced differentially by physiologic t-cell activation signals. in contrast to that of hiv-1, hiv-2 transcription was quite responsive to stimulation of t cells by antigen presentation but weakly induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. like tumor necrosis factor alpha, expression of cloned nf-kappa b subunits strongly activated the hiv-1, but not the hiv-2, enhancer. the differences in response to these physiologic t-cell a ... | 1993 | 8331739 |
| [serology of the human immunodeficiency virus in saliva]. | the presence of immunoglobulins in saliva has allowed it to be proven that they are specific against certain antigens. antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been observed in saliva. the aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of the same by commercial enzymoinmmunoassay (eia) and standardize the technique. | 1993 | 8332019 |
| long-lasting postmortem viability of human immunodeficiency virus: a potential risk in forensic medicine practice. | to determine the time from death when an autopsy could be carried out without any risk of contamination by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), we cultured hiv from serial samples of blood and liquid effusion, collected as long as possible alter death from refrigerated dead bodies of hiv-infected patients. samples were cocultivated with stimulated normal human lymphocytes and viral replication was assessed by p24 hiv1 antigen elisa determination and by reverse transcriptase hiv1 and hiv2 activity ... | 1993 | 8340039 |
| identification of amino acids in hiv-2 integrase involved in site-specific hydrolysis and alcoholysis of viral dna termini. | the human immunodeficiency virus integrase (hiv in) protein cleaves two nucleotides off the 3' end of viral dna and subsequently integrates the viral dna into target dna. in exposes a specific phosphodiester bond near the viral dna end to nucleophilic attack by water or other nucleophiles, such as glycerol or the 3' hydroxyl group of the viral dna molecule itself. wild-type in has a preference for water as the nucleophile; we here describe a class of in mutants that preferentially use the 3' hyd ... | 1993 | 8346016 |
| vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances the release of capsids produced by gag gene constructs of widely divergent retroviruses. | the vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 facilitates the release of virus particles from the surface of infected cells. the ability of the vpu protein to facilitate release of gag proteins from retroviruses that lack a vpu-like protein was examined. the results of these experiments show that vpu significantly increases the release of the gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, visna virus, and moloney murine leukemia virus from hela cells. the results indicate that vpu ... | 1993 | 8346259 |
| productive expression state confers resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2-infected lymphoma cells against superinfection by hiv-1. | in the past, positive as well as negative results pertaining to hiv-1/hiv2 interference have been obtained. therefore, in the present study attention was paid to the viral expression state of preinfected cells at the time of exposure to secondary virus. a clonal hiv-2 infected hut-78 cell line was derived by endpoint dilution and subsequently inoculated with cell-free hiv-1. superinfection with hiv-1 was ruled out by western blot and pcr analysis. the chronically hiv-2 infected cells used for th ... | 1993 | 8347081 |