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immune evasion by rabies viruses through the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity.the attenuated rabies virus (rv) strain challenge virus standard (cvs)-f3 and a highly pathogenic strain associated with the silver-haired bats (shbrv) can both be cleared from the central nervous system (cns) tissues by appropriate antiviral immune mechanisms if the effectors are provided access across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). in the case of shbrv infection, antiviral immunity develops normally in the periphery but fails to open the bbb, generally resulting in a lethal outcome. to determi ...200819016377
neuronal apoptosis does not play an important role in human rabies encephalitis.it is generally accepted that there are not prominent features of neuronal cell death in rabies encephalitis. however, hemachudha and coworkers recently reported widespread apoptosis in the central nervous system of several human rabies cases (bmc infect dis 5: 104, 2005). in this study we have evaluated morphological features and markers of neuronal apoptosis in postmortem brain tissue from 12 cases of human rabies who died in four different countries. histopathological analysis, tunel (termina ...200819023689
[rabies control should be done from their origin]. 200819031689
[survey and anslysis of infection rate of dog rabies in the regions with high incidence of human rabies].to investigate the situation of dog rabies and analyze it's relationship with human rabies.200819031690
[characterization of rabies virus phosphoprotein in high prevalence provinces of china].characterization of rabies virus phosphoprotein through analyzation of genetic variations about rabies virus phosphoproteins in high-incidence regions in china.200819031691
[the primary application of direct rapid immunohistochemical test to rabies diagnosis in china].evaluation of the direct rapid immumohistochemical test (drit) for laboratory surveillance of rabies.200819031692
[characterization of rdrp gene of rabies virus in china].characterization of rdrp gene (l) of rabies virus ag and ctn181 strain in china.200819031693
[rescue of chimeric rabies virus expressing green fluorescent protein].green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was inserted into the pseudogene (psi) region of genome of rabies virus rhep-flury strain, and a recombinant rabies virus carrying gfp, designated as hep-gfp, was rescued by reverse genetics system. it was demonstrated that green fluorescent protein could be expressed in the chimeric virus after 5 passages in bhk-21 cell line. the research indicated that the pseudogene (psi) region in the genome of rhep-flury strain, as an independent functional unit in the p ...200819035331
antibody seroprevalences against rabies in dogs vaccinated under field conditions in bolivia.bolivia currently has one of the highest numbers of cases for human and canine rabies and is thus clue to the elimination process. the objective of the present study was to assess antibody seroprevalences against rabies in dogs vaccinated under field conditions and other factors that might influence the success of the on-going rabies control programmes in an endemic area of the disease, santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia. all 240 study animals, selected using area-stratified random sampling, were ...200818975125
[who recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies using japanese rabies vaccine].after severe exposure to suspected rabid animal, who recommends a complete vaccine series using a potent effective vaccine that meets who criteria, and administration of rabies immunoglobulin (rig). rig is not available globally, and is not marketed in japan. if pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies is given, rig is unnecessary even after severe exposure. it is thus important to give pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies to people who plan to go to rabies-endemic areas. in japan, pre-exposure prophy ...200818975587
molecular and geographic analyses of vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies in central brazil.vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in latin america. in order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in brazil.200818983685
characterization of retinoic acid-inducible gene-i expression in primary murine glia following exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus that closely resembles its deadly cousin, rabies virus. in mice, vsv elicits a rapid and severe t cell-independent encephalitis, indicating that resident glial cells play an important role in the initiation of central nervous system (cns) inflammation. recently, retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like helicases have been shown to function as intracellular pattern recognition receptors for replicative viral rna mot ...200818991139
mongoose rabies and the african civet in zimbabwe. 200818997193
formulation of a protein-free medium based on ipl-41 for the sustained growth of drosophila melanogaster s2 cells.an animal protein-free medium was developed for drosophila melanogaster s2 (s2acgpv2) cells genetically modified to produce the rabies virus g glycoprotein (gpv). ipl-41, used as a basal medium, was supplemented with yeastolate, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids aiming initially to reduce and further to eliminate the need of fetal bovine serum. the s2acgpv2 cells were fully capable of growing in serum-free supplemented ipl-41 medium containing 6 g l(-1) yeastolate ultrafiltrate, 10 g l(-1) g ...200819003168
insect cells respiratory activity in bioreactor.specific respiration rate ( [formula: see text]) is a key parameter to understand cell metabolism and physiological state, providing useful information for process supervision and control. in this work, we cultivated different insect cells in a very controlled environment, being able to measure [formula: see text]. spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells have been used through virus infection as host for foreign protein expression and bioinsecticide production. transfected drosophila melanogaster (s2) ...200819003170
bioreactor culture of recombinant drosophila melanogaster s2 cells: characterization of metabolic features related to cell growth and production of the rabies virus glycoprotein.although several reports have been published on recombinant protein expression using drosophila cells, information on their metabolism and growth in vitro is relatively scarce. in the present study, we have analyzed the growth and metabolism of transfected s2 cells (s2acrvgp) in bioreactor cultures with serum-free medium sf900 ii, to evaluate its potential for mass production of a rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp). cells were cultured in a 3 l-stirred-tank bioreactor at 28 degrees c with ph contr ...200819003173
enhanced production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) by drosophila melanogaster s2 cells through control of culture conditions.culture conditions that affect product quality are important to the successful operation and optimization of recombinant protein production. the objective of this study was to optimize culture conditions for growth of recombinant drosophila melanogaster s2 cells (s2acrvgp) in order to enhance the production of rrvgp. the addition of dmso and glycerol to the medium and growth at a reduced temperature (22 degrees c) were the culture condition variations selected to be tested. experimental cultures ...200819003174
growth of recombinant drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells producing rabies virus glycoprotein in bioreactor employing serum-free medium.drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells have been increasingly used as a suitable expression system for the production of different recombinant proteins, and the employment of bioreactors for large-scale culture is an important tool for this purpose. in this work, drosophila s2 cells producing the rabies virus glycoprotein rvgp were cultivated in bioreactor, employing a serum-free medium, aiming an improvement in cell growth and in glycoprotein production. to overcome cell growth limitati ...200819003175
enhancing effect of a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph on recombinant protein production.gene expression in animal cells allows large scale production of proteins used for either structure and function studies or therapeutic purposes. maximizing recombinant protein production is necessary to optimize cell growth and protein expression. some studies have demonstrated the presence of pharmacologically active substances in insect hemolymph. in this work, we have identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of the rabies virus glycopro ...200819003176
a synthetic peptide encompassing the g5 antigenic region of the rabies virus induces high avidity but poorly neutralizing antibody in immunized animals.the immunization of goats with a synthetic peptide encompassing the g5 antigenic site of the rabies virus surface glycoprotein induces a strong humoral immune response in the absence of a carrier protein. the immunized animals mounted high antibody titers and showed a strong avidity maturation of the b cell immune response to both the g5-peptide and purified surface glycoprotein g. this antibody weakly neutralized rabies virus carrying the g5 epitope but failed to neutralize escape mutants carry ...200818955098
retraction. tracking the footprints of the rabies virus: are we any closer to decoding this elusive virus? 200818955584
serologic survey for selected viral pathogens in free-ranging endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) and other mustelids from south-western france.to investigate the possible role of selected pathogens in the decline of endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) populations and the potential for these pathogens to affect mink survival, a serologic survey was conducted using serum samples collected from march 1996 to march 2003 in eight departments of south-western france. in total, 481 free-ranging individuals of five mustelid species (including the european mink) were tested. sympatric mustelids can serve as sentinels to determine the pr ...200818957635
prevalence of tetracycline and rabies virus antibody in raccoons, skunks, and foxes following aerial distribution of v-rg baits to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada.more than 3.6 million baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) oral rabies vaccine were aerially or hand-distributed during 1999-2006 in an approximate 4,000-9,000 km(2) area of eastern ontario, canada, as part of a multitactic approach to control the raccoon variant of rabies. the efficacy of the program was assessed through the collection and testing of > 6,900 animals for bait acceptance and rabies virus-specific antibodies. raccoon acceptance of rabies vaccine ...200818957651
skunk rabies in california (1992-2003)--implications for oral rabies vaccination.skunk-variant rabies is endemic in california (united states), and the development of oral vaccines and baits to vaccinate skunks is in progress. in 2003, the california department of public health (cdph) began to quantify the impacts of skunk-variant rabies and to assess the feasibility of using oral rabies vaccination (orv) as a containment measure. the cdph rabies case data for skunks were spatially depicted and analyzed using a geographic information system. statewide, rabid skunks (1992-200 ...200818957660
comparison of suburban vaccine distribution strategies to control raccoon rabies.helicopters and hand baiting are commonly used to distribute vaccine-laden baits to help control raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in suburban landscapes, but these techniques may be labor intensive, costly, or unavailable in some areas. we tested conventional baiting strategies against polyvinyl-chloride (pvc) bait stations in erie county (new york, usa) during july and august 2003-05. hand, helicopter, and bait station treatments were randomly assigned to six 25-km(2) suburban study sites. to est ...200818957661
protection of mice from rabies by intranasal immunization with inactivated rabies virus.the mucosal immunization method is a needle-free alternative way of vaccination. this study evaluated the efficacy of mucosal immunization for rabies. mice were intranasally administered five times with inactivated and concentrated rabies virus antigen (crv) supplemented with or without cholera toxin (ct). the anti-rabies virus antibody titer of mice intranasally immunized with crv plus ct (crv/ct) was comparable to that of mice intraperitoneally immunized twice with the same amount of crv. viru ...200818256513
the origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus.rabies is a progressively fatal and incurable viral encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus infection. almost all of the 55 000 annual rabies deaths in humans result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). despite the importance of rabies for human health, little is known about the spread of rabv in dog populations, and patterns of biodiversity have only been studied in limited geographical space. to address these questions on a global scale, we sequenced 62 new isolates and performed an exte ...200818931062
efficient post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies by applying a four-dose dna vaccine intranasally.we tested two post-exposure prophylaxes (peps) for rabies in laboratory animals; one was a traditional antirabies vaccine for humans via intramuscular route (im), and the other was a dna vaccine administered by intranasal route (in). in contrast to the world health organization's recommended five-dose pep, we gave only four doses without hyper-immune antirabies sera, making the pep more rigorous. all animals were challenged with challenge virus strain (cvs); 16h later, pep was applied. all anima ...200818940223
first administration to humans of a monoclonal antibody cocktail against rabies virus: safety, tolerability, and neutralizing activity.immediate passive immune prophylaxis as part of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) often cannot be provided due to limited availability of human or equine rabies immunoglobulin (hrig and erig, respectively). we report first clinical data from two phase i studies evaluating a monoclonal antibody cocktail cl184 against rabies. the studies included healthy adult subjects in the usa and india and involved two parts. first, subjects received a single intramuscular dose of cl184 or placebo in a do ...200818804136
immune modulating effect by a phosphoprotein-deleted rabies virus vaccine vector expressing two copies of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene.the type of immune response induced by a vaccine is a critical factor that determines its effectiveness in preventing infection or disease. inactivated and live rabies virus (rv) vaccine strains elicit an igg1-biased and igg1/igg2a-balanced antibody response, respectively. however, igg2a antibodies are potent inducers of anti-viral effector functions, and therefore, a viral vaccine vector that can elicit an igg2a-biased antibody response may be more effective against rv infection. here we descri ...200818804506
rabies awareness in eight asian countries.rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease most often transmitted to humans through a dog bite. human mortality from endemic canine rabies is estimated by who to be around 55,000 deaths annually, with over 31,000 deaths in asia alone, mostly children. most of these deaths could be prevented through post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), including immediate wound washing, rabies immunoglobulin administration and vaccination. unfortunately, at-risk populations are not well-informed of the risk of rabies and wh ...200818804507
a pilot study on intradermal vaccination of japanese rabies vaccine for pre-exposure immunization.japanese rabies vaccine, a purified chick embryo cell vaccine manufactured by kaketsuken (pcec-k), is normally given subcutaneously; however, this requires a large amount of vaccine, and the pre-exposure vaccination regimen requires 6 months to complete. these factors often hamper appropriate vaccination. therefore, we examined whether this vaccine could induce adequate level of viral neutralizing antibody (vna) when vaccinated according to the world health organization (who) intradermal regimen ...200818804510
genetic characterisation of rabies virus isolates in bosnia and herzegovina.serotyping of five rabies virus isolates with monoclonal anti-nucleoprotein antibodies for classical rabies virus and rabies-related viruses and phylogenetic relationships among sequences indicate that viruses circulating in population of animals in bosnia and herzegovina belong to the sero-genotype 1 of classical rabies virus. phylogenetic relationships among sequences of our viruses have shown the presence of two phylogenetic lines, one which is present in the northwestern part and other which ...200818816256
[epizootic situation and measures for control of wild animals' rabies in republic of bashkortostan].epizootologic characteristics of rabies incidence in the republic of bashkortostan for the period 1998 - 2006 are presented. districts of bashkortostan are divided on 3 zones according to severity of epizootic situation. three years-cyclicity of rabies incidence with peak during winter was determined. foxes, raccoons, wolves, lynxes, badgers, minks and, during recent years, corsacs are involved into the epizootic chain. main source of rabies in the republic is foxes with share of 91.9% among sic ...200818819417
blood-brain barrier changes and cell invasion differ between therapeutic immune clearance of neurotrophic virus and cns autoimmunity.cns tissues are protected from circulating cells and factors by the blood-brain barrier (bbb), a specialization of the neurovasculature. outcomes of the loss of bbb integrity and cell infiltration into cns tissues can differ vastly. for example, elevated bbb permeability is closely associated with the development of neurological disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) but not during clearance of the attenuated rabies virus cvs-f3 from the cns tissues. to probe whether difference ...200818829442
rabies in a dog imported from iraq--new jersey, june 2008.rabies vaccination and stray dog control have led to successful control of canine rabies in the united states. the number of rabid dogs reported decreased from approximately 5,000 in 1950 to 79 in 2006, when the canine rabies virus variant associated with dog-to-dog rabies transmission was declared eliminated in the united states. on june 18, 2008, a mixed-breed dog, recently shipped from iraq into the united states, was confirmed to have rabies by the public health and environmental laboratorie ...200818830211
importation of dogs into the united states: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases.the importation of dogs into the united states poses a risk for the introduction of rabies and other zoonotic diseases. federal regulations (42 cfr 71.51) currently require proof of valid rabies vaccination for imported dogs, but allow the importation of some unvaccinated dogs, including dogs less than 3 months of age, provided certain requirements for confinement are met until the dog is vaccinated. although there are no accurate surveillance data on the number of dogs imported each year, it is ...200818833595
potential effect of prior raccoonpox virus infection in raccoons on vaccinia-based rabies immunization.the usda, wildlife services cooperative oral rabies vaccination (orv) program uses a live vaccinia virus-vectored (genus orthopoxvirus) vaccine, raboral v-rg (v-rg), to vaccinate specific wildlife species against rabies virus in several regions of the u.s. several naturally occurring orthopoxviruses have been found in north america, including one isolated from asymptomatic raccoons (procyon lotor). the effect of naturally occurring antibodies to orthopoxviruses on successful v-rg vaccination in ...200818834520
post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) of rabies-infected indian street dogs.a rabies post-exposure prophylaxis study was carried out to examine the efficacy of two commercially available rabies vaccines and the efficacy of a 5- or 3-dose vaccination regime. healthy, native breed dogs (n = 40), seronegative for rabies antibody, were challenged intramuscularly with virulent rabies virus brain suspension (10(4.4) mld50) by direct inoculation into the masseter muscle. the dogs were divided into four equal groups and injected intramuscularly with either nobivac rabies (inter ...200818848596
a sindbis virus replicon-based dna vaccine encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein elicits immune responses and complete protection in mice from lethal challenge.a sindbis virus replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein (g) was developed by subcloning rabies g gene into a sindbis virus replicon-based vaccine vector (palpha). the self-amplification of rna transcripts and translation efficiency of rabies g was analyzed in palpha-rab-g-transfected mammalian cells using rt-pcr, sds-page and western blot analysis. the transfected cells also showed induction of apoptosis which is an important event in the enhancement of immune responses. fu ...200818848857
validation of a virus neutralization potency test in bhk-21 cells for rabies immunoglobulins in a two-center study.a rabies virus neutralization potency test (vnpt), adapted to microplates from the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) for rabies therapeutic immunoglobulin potency evaluation, was standardized and validated in a two-center study in brazil. the two institutes involved in the study were: instituto nacional de controle de qualidade em saúde (fundação oswaldo cruz) and instituto butantan. two equine rabies immunoglobulin samples, all diluted to 1iu/ml, were tested against the who 2nd ra ...200818851992
[establishment of a fluorescent quantitative pcr detection method for rabies virus and preparation of rna positive controls].establish the fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr detection method for rabies virus (rv) and construct rnase-resistant virus-like particles as positive controls.200819544660
concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies.rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains an important public health problem worldwide and causes more than 70,000 human deaths each year. the causative agent of rabies is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism are the main features that define the pathogenesis of rabies. although rv pathogenicity is a multigenic trait involving several elements of the rv genome, the rv glycoprotein plays a major role in rv pathogenesis by c ...200819578477
[reverse genetics of rabies virus and its applications]. 200819226958
interferon-beta expressed by a rabies virus-based hiv-1 vaccine vector serves as a molecular adjuvant and decreases pathogenicity.type i interferon is important in anti-viral responses and in coordinating the innate immune response. here we explore the use of interferon-beta to adjuvant the response to a rabies virus (rv) vaccine vector expressing both hiv-1 gag and ifn-beta. viral load and immune responses of immunized mice were analyzed over time. our results indicate that the rv expressing ifn-beta (ifn+) is highly attenuated when compared to control rv and demonstrate that the expression of ifn-beta reduces viral repli ...200818945463
retrograde tracing with recombinant rabies virus reveals correlations between projection targets and dendritic architecture in layer 5 of mouse barrel cortex.a recombinant rabies virus was used as a retrograde tracer to allow complete filling of the axonal and dendritic arbors of identified projection neurons in layer 5 of mouse primary somatosensory cortex (s1) in vivo. previous studies have distinguished three types of layer 5 pyramids in s1: tall-tufted, tall-simple, and short. layer 5 pyramidal neurons were retrogradely labeled from several known targets: contralateral s1, superior colliculus, and thalamus. the complete dendritic arbors of labele ...200818946547
an outbreak of pig rabies in hunan province, china.the first dog-associated outbreak of rabies in swine in china (hunan province) has been diagnosed and the related virus isolated. sequence analysis showed that the pig isolate was a genotype 1 rabies virus with a very high nucleotide identity to local dog isolates.200817559696
arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history.forty-one newly sequenced isolates of arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from genbank. four phylogenetic lineages of arctic viruses were identified. arctic-1 viruses circulate in ontario, arctic-2 viruses circulate in siberia and alaska, arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage arctic-4 circulates locally in alaska. the oldest available isolates from siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the arc ...200817599781
characterization of growth and metabolism of drosophila melanogaster cells transfected with the rabies-virus glycoprotein gene.in the present study, the growth and key metabolic features of a gene-transfected drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) s2 (schneider 2) cell population (s2acrvgp cells), cultured in sf900-ii medium, have been evaluated to provide substantial support for the development of a bioprocess to produce rvgp (rabies-virus glycoprotein). experimental cultures were grown both in a 100 ml schott flask incubated in a shaker at 28 degrees c and 100 rev./min and in a 3 litre stirred-tank bioreactor at 28 degree ...200817570830
cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses to recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length lyssavirus glycoprotein genes.lyssaviruses cause acute, progressive encephalitis in mammals. current rabies vaccines offer protection against the lyssaviruses, with the notable exceptions of mokola virus (mokv), lagos bat virus (lbv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). here we describe the cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses induced by experimental recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the glycoprotein genes of rabies virus (rabv), mokv and wcbv, either singly or in dual combinations. constructs expressing ...200817588277
molecular epidemiology of rabies in guangxi province, south of china.surveillance data for rabies in guangxi province in china showed that human rabies cases have gradually increased since 1996.200717588806
transvascular delivery of small interfering rna to the central nervous system.a major impediment in the treatment of neurological diseases is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which precludes the entry of therapeutic molecules from blood to brain. here we show that a short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) enables the transvascular delivery of small interfering rna (sirna) to the brain. this 29-amino-acid peptide specifically binds to the acetylcholine receptor expressed by neuronal cells. to enable sirna binding, a chimaeric peptide was synthesi ...200717572664
culture of transgenic drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells in serum-free media based on tc100 basal medium.requirements of eliminating animal proteins from cell culture have intensified in recent years, with the pressure of regulatory agencies related to biopharmaceuticals production. in this work, the substitution of fetal bovine serum by yeastolate and a soy hydrolysate (hy soy) for the culture of drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells transfected for the production of rabies virus g glycoprotein was evaluated. tc100 supplemented with glucose, glutamine, lipid emulsion and pluronic f68 was emplo ...200717582824
[analyses on the isolation and characterization of canine rabies virus isolates in henan].to analyze the genetic characteristics of two rabies virus isolates from henan province and to compare their relations hip with known rabies virus isolates and vaccine strains.200717649660
[expression, purification and antigenic characterization of the epitope-g1 gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus in escherichia coli].the epitope-g1 gene, cloned from the pmd-g plasmid including g protein gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv), was subcloned into expression vector pgex-4t-1 to construct pgex-g1 recombinant plasmid successfully. the pgex-g1 was transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) to be induced with iptg. the optimal expression conditions for g1 gene were obtained, which included reaction temperature 16 degrees c, induction time 18h and iptg concentration 0.1 mmol/l. the soluble target protein was purified w ...200717672313
phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from carnivora in brazil.the incidence of canine rabies has been widely reported in brazil, and new rabies virus (rv) variants, genetically similar to canine rv, have recently been isolated from foxes. in order to derive the epidemiological characteristics of brazilian carnivora rv, brazilian rvs isolated from dogs, cats, and foxes were genetically analyzed. brazilian carnivora rv isolates were divided into 2 main lineages. the predominant lineage was found in dogs and cats, which included the argentinean and bolivian c ...200717675798
genetic diversity of bat rabies viruses in brazil.thirty-three brazilian bat rabies viruses (rvs) were studied by sequence analysis and were compared against sequences of bat-related rvs from other regions of the americas. phylogenetic analysis revealed that bat-related rvs formed several monophyletic lineages and that these were associated with bat species. brazilian bat rvs were found to include nine major lineages, one of which grouped with rvs isolated from lasiurus spp. from different regions of the americas. these results suggest that the ...200717680325
are all lyssavirus genes equal for phylogenetic analyses?individual lyssavirus genes were evaluated for phylogenetic studies from available full genome sequences. the full genome of the era rabies virus was sequenced and its accuracy was confirmed through virus recovery by reverse genetics. the full length of the era is 11,931 nucleotides (nt), with a leader sequence of 58 nt, the nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1350 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 891 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 606 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1572 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (l) g ...200717681631
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006.during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ...200717696853
current status of human rabies transmitted by dogs in latin america.latin american countries made the political decision to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs by the year 2005. the purpose of the current study is to evaluate to what extent this goal has been reached. the epidemiological situation and control measures were analyzed and broken down within the countries by georeferencing. the 27 human cases reported in 2003 occurred in some 0.2% of the second-level geopolitical units (municipalities or counties) in the region, suggesting that the disease is ...200717700940
[bat rabies in europe and the czech republic].in 2005, six children were treated in our department who had been in contact with a bat infected with european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1). in the czech republic, this was the first confirmed case of rabies since 2002, but the fourth case of bat rabies since 1994. all the cases were related to southern moravia and bat species which almost do not migrate. this suggests only endemic prevalence of ebl1 in this country. bat rabies is different from rabies in terrestic mammals. based on genetic analyses, ...200717703400
unphosphorylated rhabdoviridae phosphoproteins form elongated dimers in solution.the phosphoprotein (p) is an essential component of the replication machinery of rabies virus (rv) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and the oligomerization of p, potentially controlled by phosphorylation, is required for its function. up to now the stoichiometry of phosphoprotein oligomers has been controversial. size exclusion chromatography combined with detection by multiangle laser light scattering shows that the recombinant unphosphorylated phosphoproteins from vsv and from rv exist as ...200717705401
susceptibility of sheep to european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study.european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. in this study, we have confirmed eblv-1 and eblv-2 susceptibility in sheep (ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with eblv-1 and 100% of those that were cha ...200717706900
[production and characterization of a polyclonal antibody against rabies virus phosphoprotein].the expression of recombinant viral proteins has been a useful tool to study molecular biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. because commercial specific antibodies to rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) are currently unavailable, these antibodies must be generated de novo in order to study the role of p protein during the infectious process.200717713636
evaluation of antiviral activity of south american plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and rabies virus.this paper describes the screening of different south american plant extracts and fractions. aqueous and organic extracts were prepared and tested for antiherpetic (hsv-1, kos and 29r strains) and antirabies (pv strain) activities. the evaluation of the potential antiviral activity of these extracts was performed by using an mtt assay for hsv-1, and by a viral cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibitory method for rabies virus (rv). the results were expressed as 50% cytotoxicity (cc(50)) for mtt assay an ...200717604374
molecular epidemiology identifies only a single rabies virus variant circulating in complex carnivore communities of the serengeti.understanding the transmission dynamics of generalist pathogens that infect multiple host species is essential for their effective control. only by identifying those host populations that are critical to the permanent maintenance of the pathogen, as opposed to populations in which outbreaks are the result of 'spillover' infections, can control measures be appropriately directed. rabies virus is capable of infecting a wide range of host species, but in many ecosystems, particular variants circula ...200717609187
molecular medicine: entry granted. 200717611531
simian immunodeficiency virus vector pseudotypes differ in transduction efficiency and target cell specificity in brain.lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of brain cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, we have examined the central nervous system (cns) transduction efficiencies and patterns of a self-inactivating simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac)-derived lentiviral vector pseudotyped with glycoproteins from the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g), the amphotropic murine leukemia virus (mlv4070aenv), the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv-gp), the ross river virus ( ...200717611586
ultrastructural description of rabies virus infection in cultured sensory neurons.primary cultures were made from adult mouse spinal ganglia for depicting an ultrastructural description of rabies virus (rabv) infection in adult mouse sensory neuron cultures; they were infected with rabies virus for 24, 36, and 48 h. the monolayers were processed for transmission electron microscopy and immunochemistry studies at the end of each period. as previously reported, sensory neurons showed great susceptibility to infection by rabv; however, in none of the periods evaluated were assem ...200717612763
control of rabies: epidemiology of rabies in asia and development of new-generation vaccines for rabies.rabies is an enzootic viral disease widespread throughout the world. although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, the annual number of human deaths caused by rabies is estimated to be 32,000 in asia. phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the partial n gene of rabies viruses in asia has shown that the viruses are divided into five genogroups, distributed in middle east, south asia, south east asia, malay, and arctic regions. the genetic relationships among these rabies viruses agree ba ...200717619057
antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins.in europe, three genotypes of the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (rabv, genotype 1), european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2, genotype 6). the entire authentic nucleoprotein (n protein) encoding sequences of rabv (challenge virus standard, cvs, strain), eblv-1 and eblv-2 were expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. purification of recombinant n proteins by caesium chloride gradi ...200717619134
short-interfering rnas as antivirals against rabies.this study aimed to test in vitro a rna-interference based antiviral approach for rabies with short-interfering rnas (sirnas) against rabies virus nucleoprotein mrna. bhk-21 cells were infected with serial dilutions of pv rabies virus strain and transfected with a pool of three sirnas. direct immunofluorescence staining showed a 5-time decrease in virus titer when compared to a non-treated plate, showing a promising new approach to the development of antivirals for rabies treatment.200717625766
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus.a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus detection was evaluated using 51 clinical samples and 4 isolates of rabies virus. the quick detection of rabies virus under field conditions may be helpful in determining if post-exposure prophylaxis is needed, thereby avoiding unnecessary treatments, as well as undue economic burden. there are several widely used diagnostic methods for rabies, including fluorescent antibody tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and electron mi ...200717628707
descriptive spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of the 2000-2005 canine rabies endemic in santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia.the authors analysed laboratory samples testing positive for rabies virus collected between 2000 and 2005 from santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia, to assess the spatial and spatio-temporal distribution of the endemic of canine rabies. according to the results of the spatial analysis, canine rabies was not evenly distributed in the city. significant spatio-temporal clustering of canine rabies cases showed a trend towards clusters with high incidence rates in two particular areas compared with surro ...200717631264
use of neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies to rabies glycoprotein in passive immunotherapy against rabies.passive immunization is an important parameter of post exposure rabies prophylaxis. two types of rabies immunoglobulin (rigs) are currently available for passive immunization against rabies i.e., human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) and equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig). the former is very expensive and not easily available and the latter causes side effects because of which its utility is limited. in the present study we have produced murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rabies glycoprotein ( ...200717637573
molecular epidemiology of rabies in colombia 1994-2005 based on partial nucleoprotein gene sequences.one hundred and twenty-four rabies viruses (rabv) were isolated from humans and eight species of mammals in colombia during 1994-2005. to determine the genetic and reservoir-associated diversity cdna fragments encoding 88 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the nucleoprotein were sequenced and used in phylogenetic analyses. eight genetic lineages (gl) were characterized. gl1, gl2 and gl3 consisted of dog-associated antigenic variant (av) 1 rabv, isolated in the centre-east, north and southwe ...200717643540
pre-exposure rabies vaccination using purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine intradermally is immunogenic and safe.to demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of intradermal rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) in schoolchildren age 5 to 8 years in thailand.200717643772
improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (sa-neethling) recombinants.lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is being developed as a vector for recombinant vaccines against diseases of veterinary importance. a strategy for generating viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene-disrupted recombinants which are stable and homogeneous using the south african neethling vaccine strain of lsdv as vector has been developed. to assist with the selection process, the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) visual marker gene was incorporated into the constructs. however, the use of lacz ...200717644196
"switched-on" flexible chalcogenopyrylium photosensitizers. changes in photophysical properties upon binding to dna.2,4-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-alkylthiopyrylium and selenopyrylium dyes are essentially nonfluorescent (phi f < 0.001) and are poor generators of singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. however, upon complexation to calf thymus dna, quantum yields for both fluorescence and generation of singlet oxygen increased dramatically. irradiation of the dye-dna complexes produced strand breaks in the dna. the photodamage is not observed in the absence of oxygen and is suppressed by the addition of the sing ...200717645329
feasibility and challenges in the development of immunocontraceptive vaccine based on zona pellucida glycoproteins.the zona pellucida (zp) glycoproteins play a crucial role during fertilization and thus are considered as important target antigens for the development of immunocontraceptive vaccines aiming to inhibit fertility at a pre-fertilization stage. in order to evaluate the immunocontraceptive potential of zp glycoproteins, bonnet monkey (macaca radiata) zp2, zp3 and zp4 have been cloned and expressed using either e. coli or baculovirus expression systems. active immunization studies with the recombinan ...200717566293
the 24-angstrom structure of respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein-rna decameric rings.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a nonsegmented, negative-sense rna-containing virus, is a common cause of lower respiratory tract disease. expression of rsv nucleocapsid protein (n) in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system leads to the formation of n-rna complexes that are morphologically indistinguishable from viral nucleocapsids. when imaged in an electron microscope, three distinct types of structures were observed: tightly wound short-pitch helices, highly extended helices, ...200717567697
dynein light chain association sequences can facilitate nuclear protein import.nuclear localization sequence (nls)-dependent nuclear protein import is not conventionally held to require interaction with microtubules (mts) or components of the mt motor, dynein. here we report for the first time the role of sequences conferring association with dynein light chains (dlcs) in nls-dependent nuclear accumulation of the rabies virus p-protein. we find that p-protein nuclear accumulation is significantly enhanced by its dynein light chain association sequence (dlc-as), dependent o ...200717567954
identification of novel canine rabies virus clades in the middle east and north africa.four novel phylogenetic clades of canine rabies virus (rabv) variants have been identified in the middle east and north africa. the three novel middle eastern clades comprise rabv isolates from the borders between israel and neighbouring countries. the north african clade (africa 4) comprises four rabv isolates from egypt and one from israel. we characterized various rabv lineages antigenically by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the nucleoprotein (n) and phylogenetically by analysis of ...200717325371
therapy with minocycline aggravates experimental rabies in mice.minocycline is a tetracycline derivative with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and the drug has been shown to have beneficial effects in a variety of models of neurological disorders. the potentially neuroprotective role of minocycline was assessed in experimental in vitro and in vivo models of rabies virus infection. in this study, 5 nm minocycline did not improve the viability of embryonic mouse cortical and hippocampal neurons infected in vitro with the attenuated sad-d29 strai ...200717409147
rabies-update on a global disease. 200717414401
rabies challenge of captive striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) following oral administration of a live vaccinia-vectored rabies vaccine.twenty-four adult striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were administered the raccoon product formulation of rabies vaccine, live vaccinia-vectored (raboral v-rg, merial limited, athens, georgia, usa), either by oral instillation or in vaccine-filled coated sachets either as single or multiple doses. a control group remained unvaccinated. twenty-three of the skunks were challenged 116 days postvaccination with rabies virus (skunk isolate). six of six naive skunks succumbed to challenge. four of six ...200717347402
effects of aerosolized rabies virus exposure on bats and mice.between 1956 and 1977, 4 human cases of rabies virus infection were attributed to aerosolized rabies virus; however, little work has been done to address this topic since the late 1960s. employing modern nebulization equipment coupled with serologic, cell culture, and molecular technology, we have continued the investigation into aerosolized rabies virus as a potential route of transmission. laboratory mice and 2 species of bats were exposed, through aerosol, to 3 variants of rabies virus. all b ...200717357050
elimination of arctic variant rabies in red foxes, metropolitan toronto.to control the arctic variant of rabies virus in red foxes, 332,257 bait doses containing live, attenuated evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth rabies vaccine were distributed in greater metropolitan toronto during 1989-1999. human and pet contact with bait was minimal, and no adverse reactions to the vaccine were noted. significantly fewer rabid foxes were found during the 17 years after fox baiting (5 cases during 1990-2006) than in the 17 years before (96 cases during 1973-1989). the last report of a r ...200717370512
emergence of arctic-like rabies lineage in india.a collection of 37 rabies-infected samples, 10 human saliva and 27 animal brain, were recovered during 2001-2004 from the cities of bangalore and hyderabad in southern india and from kasauli, a mountainous region in himachal pradesh, northern india. phylogenetic analysis of partial n gene nucleotide sequences of these 37 specimens and 1 archival specimen identified 2 groups, divided according to their geographic (north or south) origins. comparison of selected indian viruses with representative ...200717370523
assessing the safety of post-exposure rabies immunization in pregnancy.fourteen pregnant women who received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) at the anti-rabies clinic (arc) of kempegowda institute of medical sciences (kims) were followed up for assessing the safety of modern rabies vaccines and equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) in pregnancy. the women were in the age range of 18-28 years, mostly from urban area (64%) and exposed to suspect rabid dogs (86%). they had received purified vero cell rabies vaccine (verorab = 8 and abhayrab = 4), purified chick em ...200717375003
virus neutralizing antibody response in mice and dogs with a bicistronic dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein and canine parvovirus vp2.a bicistronic dna vaccine against rabies and parvovirus infection of dogs was developed by subcloning rabies glycoprotein and canine parvovirus (cpv) vp2 genes into a bicistronic vector. after characterizing the expression of both the proteins in vitro, the bicistronic dna vaccine was injected in mice and induced immune response was compared with monocistronic dna vaccines. there was no significant difference in elisa and virus neutralizing (vn) antibody responses against rabies and cpv in mice ...200717391817
modulation of hla-g and hla-e expression in human neuronal cells after rabies virus or herpes virus simplex type 1 infections.human leukocyte antigen (hla)-g and e are nonclassical human mhc class i molecules. they may promote tolerance leading to virus and tumor immune escape. we recently described that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a neurotropic virus inducing chronic infection and neuron latency, and rabies virus (rabv), a neuronotropic virus triggering acute neuron infection, up-regulate hla-g expression in human neurons (nt2-n). surface expression was only detected after rabv infection. we investigated ...200717400066
the evolutionary dynamics of canid and mongoose rabies virus in southern africa.two variants of rabies virus (rabv) currently circulate in southern africa: canid rabv, mainly associated with dogs, jackals, and bat-eared foxes, and mongoose rabv. to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of these variants, we performed coalescent-based analyses of the g-l inter-genic region, allowing for rate variation among viral lineages through the use of a relaxed molecular clock. this revealed that mongoose rabv is evolving more slowly than canid rabv, with mean evolutionary rates of 0.8 ...200717401615
generation and evaluation of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine for rabies.modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) has become a vaccine vector of choice for recombinant vaccine development. a mva-based rabies vaccine would be advantageous for use as a vaccine for dogs (and wildlife), particularly if it proves innocuous and efficacious by the oral route. here, the generation and immunological testing of a recombinant mva expressing a rabies virus glycoprotein gene is described. in a murine model, higher dosages of recombinant mva were needed to induce equivocal immune resp ...200717434244
immunogenicity study of abbreviated rabies preexposure vaccination schedules.to evaluate abbreviated preexposure rabies vaccination schedules that would reduce cost and shorten time required for completion.200717437473
organ transplantations and rabies transmission. 200717437474
the dynein light chain 8 binding motif of rabies virus phosphoprotein promotes efficient viral transcription.recent studies indicate that the interaction between rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein and the dynein light chain 8 (lc8) is essential for rv pathogenesis. through its association with the dynein motor complex, lc8 has been suggested as a molecular factor that links the viral ribonucleoprotein to the host cell transport system. recent structural investigations, however, dispute this model. to understand the role of lc8 in rv pathogenesis, we generated recombinant rvs with or without the lc8 bindi ...200717438267
morphological and biochemical characterisation of sensory neurons infected in vitro with rabies virus.this work was aimed at the morphological and biochemical characterisation of the most susceptible neuronal subpopulation to rabies virus (rabv) infection. adult mouse drg cultures were infected with rabv and double-processed for viral antigen detection and neuropeptides: calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), galanin (gal), substance p (sp), neuropeptide y (npy) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip). it was found that 56% of the neurons in culture were small (diameter < 20 microm) but, in spi ...200717440742
topographic distribution of output neurons in cerebellar nuclei and cortex to somatotopic map of primary motor cortex.to investigate the somatotopic organization of the cerebellum, we analysed multisynaptic inputs to the primary motor cortex (mi) using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus. at 3 days after rabies injections into proximal forelimb, distal forelimb and hindlimb representations of the macaque mi, second-order neurons via the thalamus were labeled in the deep cerebellar nuclei, including the dentate (dn), anterior interpositus (ain) and posterior interpositus nuclei. in the dn, the lab ...200717445235
problems in human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis management.this is a prospective study of problems encountered with rabies-exposed patients in an animal bite clinic in a rabies endemic region. five hundred successive patients were analyzed. the study focused mainly on issues that are not well covered in current who and us-cdc rabies manuals. those dealing with immunoglobulin administration, managing severe and unusual injuries, logistic and financial issues headed the list. animal bite patients often present challenging problems, which are not or inadeq ...200717448947
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