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effects of degraded optical conditions on behavioural responses to alarm cues in a freshwater fish.prey organisms often use multiple sensory cues to gain reliable information about imminent predation threat. in this study we test if a freshwater fish increases the reliance on supplementary cues when the reliability of the primary cue is reduced. fish commonly use vision to evaluate predation threat, but may also use chemical cues from predators or injured conspecifics. environmental changes, such as increasing turbidity or water colour, may compromise the use of vision through changes in the ...201222745663
molecular characterization and expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) in common carp, cyprinus carpio.a full-length cdna encoding the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) was cloned from the liver of common carp (cyprinus carpio) by rt-pcr. the igfbp-3 cdna sequence is 1,680 bp long and has an open reading frame of 882 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 293 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 25 amino acid residues resulting in a mature protein of 268 amino acids. a single band of approximate 1.9 kb was found in liver b ...201222736237
sublethal propoxur toxicity to juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio l., 1758): biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and genotoxicity effects.the sublethal toxicological and genotoxic potential of propoxur, a widely used carbamate insecticide against household pests, in veterinary medicine, and in public health, was evaluated on carp as a model species (cyprinus carpio l., 1758) using the erythrocyte micronucleus test. based on the 96-h lethal concentration, 50% (lc50) data from the u.s. environmental protection agency ecotox database (10 mg/l), a sublethal exposure concentration of 5 mg/l was used under static bioassay laboratory con ...201222730006
molecular cloning and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of igf2a genes in the common carp (cyprinus carpio).we studied whether two igf2 transcripts in common carp are similar to those found in zebrafish. the full-length igf2a cdna contains a 5'-terminal untranslated region (utr) of 105 bp, a 3'-terminal utr of 1358 bp and an open reading frame of 612 bp, which encodes a 206-amino acid protein. a 6614-bp full-length igf2a dna molecule, including the 5'-flanking region, was isolated. genomic dna structure analysis revealed that the igf2a gene contains four exons and three introns. bioinformatics analysi ...201222653579
changes in biogenic amines of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets stored at different temperatures and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen, microbiological and sensory score.biogenic amines have received considerable attention owing to their undesirable effects in humans. there are few studies of changes in biogenic amine contents related to freshwater fish. silver carp is an important freshwater fish species in china. this study aimed to investigate the changes in biogenic amines and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen (tvb-n), microbiological and sensory score of silver carp fillets stored at 0, 3 and 15 °c.201222653554
pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in carp blood and head kidney leukocytes exposed to cyanotoxin stress--an in vitro study.cyanotoxins are toxic, secondary metabolites produced by different species of cyanobacteria that are present all over the world in aquatic environments. no data are available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress associated with exposure of fish immune cells to low concentrations of cyanotoxins. the purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression of cytokines that underlie immune regulation are changed after incubation of fish leukocytes with pure cyanotoxins: microc ...201222641113
protective role of propolis in chlorpyrifos-induced changes in the haematological parameters and the oxidative/antioxidative status of cyprinus carpio carpio.the protective effect of propolis on haematological parameters and antioxidant status were evaluated in the blood and various tissues of carp exposed to chlorpyrifos (cpf). the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of cpf (0.040 and 0.080 mg/l) for 10 days, and propolis (10 mg per kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered. samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, inclu ...201222634289
the effects of subchronic exposure to terbuthylazine on early developmental stages of common carp.the aim of this study was to assess the impact of terbuthylazine in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. subchronic toxic effects on embryos and larvae of common carp (cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test. the exposure to terbuthylazin showed no effect on mortality, but significant differences (p < 0.0001) were revealed on weight and growth parameters at concentrations of 520 and 820 μg/l. the inhibition of specific growth rate at concentrations of 52 ...201222629165
identification of housekeeping genes suitable for gene expression analysis in jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian) is an important economic fish species cultured in china. in this report, we performed a systematic analysis to identify an appropriate housekeeping (hk) gene for the study of gene expression in jian carp. for this purpose, partial dna sequences of four potential candidate genes (elongation factor 1 alpha (ef-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (gapdh), beta-actin (actb), and 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) were isolated, and their expression levels were studied usi ...201222789712
assessment of pollution in ataturk dam lake (adiyaman, turkey) using several biochemical parameters in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.ataturk dam lake, the largest impounded lake in turkey, has been contaminated by domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents coming from adiyaman city. in this study, we investigated the possible effects of pollutants on several biochemical parameters in the cyprinid fish, cyprinus carpio, by comparing the parameters in fish collected from a polluted area (sitilce) to a relatively clean area (samsat) in august 2011. the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alka ...201222782360
oxidative stress in cyprinus carpio to analyze microcystin impact in eutrophic shallow lakes: a preliminary study.microcystins (mcysts) are toxins produced by cyanobacteria in aquatic environment and are of high potential risk to aquatic organisms. the physiological responses and pathobiological developments that they elicit in fish have been extensively studied, mainly through acute toxicity experiments. this study was designed to examine the seasonal fluctuation of biochemical markers of oxidative stress in different tissues of a natural population of cyprinus carpio inhabiting a shallow mediterranean lak ...201222766939
expression pattern of potential biomarker genes related to growth, ion regulation and stress in response to ammonia exposure, food deprivation and exercise in common carp (cyprinus carpio).waterborne ammonia has become a persistent pollutant of aquatic habitats. during certain periods (e.g. winter), food deprivation may occur simultaneously in natural water. additionally, under such stressful circumstances, fish may be enforced to swim at a high speed in order to catch prey, avoid predators and so on. consequently, fish need to cope with all these stressors by altering physiological processes which in turn are controlled by their genes. in this present study, toxicogenomic analyse ...201222750116
withaferin a inhibits the proteasome activity in mesothelioma in vitro and in vivo.the medicinal plant withania somnifera has been used for over centuries in indian ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide spectrum of disorders. withaferin a (wa), a bioactive compound that is isolated from this plant, has anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. here we investigated malignant pleural mesothelioma (mpm) suppressive effects of wa and the molecular mechanisms involved. wa inhibited growth of the murine as well as patient-derived mpm cells in pa ...201222912669
identification of common carp (cyprinus carpio) micrornas and microrna-related snps.micrornas (mirnas) exist pervasively across viruses, plants and animals and play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes. in the common carp, mirna targets have not been investigated. in model species, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been reported to impair or enhance mirna regulation as well as to alter mirna biogenesis. snps are often associated with diseases or traits. to date, no studies into the effects of snps on mirna biogenesis and regulation in the co ...201222908890
characterization of myosin subfragment-1 of summer and winter silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle.myosin subfragment-1 (s1) was prepared from myofibrils of summer and winter silver carp by chymotryptic digestion in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta). two s1 heavy chain isoforms with different molecular sizes of 91 kda and 95 kda were detected in the fast skeletal muscle from summer and winter silver carp, respectively. atpase inactivation assay indicated that winter s1 was about 20-fold unstable comparing to summer s1. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-f ...201222900620
assessment of metabolic stability using the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver s9 fraction.standard protocols are given for assessing metabolic stability in rainbow trout using the liver s9 fraction. these protocols describe the isolation of s9 fractions from trout livers, evaluation of metabolic stability using a substrate depletion approach, and expression of the result as in vivo intrinsic clearance. additional guidance is provided on the care and handling of test animals, design and interpretation of preliminary studies, and development of analytical methods. although initially de ...201222896006
the effects of diphenyl diselenide on oxidative stress biomarkers in cyprinus carpio exposed to herbicide quinclorac (facet®).the occurrence of pollutants in the aquatic environment can produce severe toxic effects on non-target organisms, including fish. these sources of contamination are numerous and include herbicides, which represent a large group of toxic chemicals. quinclorac, an herbicide widely applied in agriculture, induces oxidative stress due to free radical generation and changes in the antioxidant defense system. the aim of this study was to assess if dietary diphenyl diselenide (phse)₂ has a protective e ...201222608528
hypoxia associated nmda receptor 2 subunit composition: developmental comparison between the hypoxia-tolerant subterranean mole-rat, spalax, and the hypoxia-sensitive rat.vertebrate brains are sensitive to oxygen depletion, which may lead to cell death. hypoxia sensitivity originates from the high intrinsic rate of atp consumption of brain tissue, accompanied by the release of glutamate, leading to the opening of ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors (nmdars). the relative expression levels of the four nmdar-2 (nr2) subunits change during mammalian development with higher levels of units nr2b and nr2d observed during early ...201222576753
comparison of structural, architectural and mechanical aspects of cellular and acellular bone in two teleost fish.the histological diversity of the skeletal tissues of fishes is impressive compared with that of other vertebrate groups, yet our understanding of the functional consequences of this diversity is limited. in particular, although it has been known since the mid-1800s that a large number of fish species possess acellular bones, the mechanical advantages and consequences of this structural characteristic - and therefore the nature of the evolution of this feature - remain unclear. although several ...201222573778
how well do muscle biomechanics predict whole-animal locomotor performance? the role of ca2+ handling.it is important to determine the enabling mechanisms that underlie locomotor performance to explain the evolutionary patterns and ecological success of animals. our aim was to determine the extent to which calcium (ca(2+)) handling dynamics modulate the contractile properties of isolated skeletal muscle, and whether the effects of changing ca(2+) handling dynamics in skeletal muscle are paralleled by changes in whole-animal sprint and sustained swimming performance. carp (cyprinus carpio) increa ...201222573763
characterization and dietary regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase in different ploidy fishes.glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) plays a crucial role in amino acid deamination and has been used as an inductor of nutrients metabolism. in this study, we cloned and analyzed the gdh cdnas in diploids (red crucian carp), triploids and tetraploids and characterized their expression profiles upon dietary treatments. results showed a high sequence similarity of gdh among the three kinds of ploidy fishes and other vertebrates. expression analysis revealed that gdh exhibited a distinct spatial pattern ...201222569960
evidence for dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in wastewater collection systems in the new york metropolitan area.polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs) are persistent organic pollutants targeted by the stockholm convention. both contain aromatic chlorines and are subject to microbial dechlorination. dechlorination of pcbs in sewers in the delaware river basin was recently reported. in this work, two data sets on concentrations of pcbs and pcbs+pcdd/fs in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were analyzed to look for evidence that the ...201222568653
[polymorphism of the cytochrome oxidase b gene (cyt b) in russian populations of common carp and wild common carp (cyprinus carpio l.)].polymorphism of the mitochondrial cyt b gene was examined in 35 individuals of common carp and wild common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). the fish examined represented two natural populations from khabarovsk krai (ac and am), volga wild common carp, don wild common carp, and two common carp breeds, ropsha (strains bb and mm) common carp and hungarian common carp. the highest level of nucleotide (pi) and haplotype (h) diversity was detected in two strains of ropsha common carp (mm, pi = 0.67%, h = 0. ...201222567860
estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna.environmental dna (edna) from aquatic vertebrates has recently been used to estimate the presence of a species. we hypothesized that fish release dna into the water at a rate commensurate with their biomass. thus, the concentration of edna of a target species may be used to estimate the species biomass. we developed an edna method to estimate the biomass of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) using laboratory and field experiments. in the aquarium, the concentration of edna changed initially, but r ...201222563411
the binding spectra of carp c3 isotypes against natural targets independent of the binding specificity of their thioester.the central component of complement, c3, plays a versatile role in innate immune defense of vertebrates and some invertebrates. a notable molecular characteristic of this component is an intra-chain thioester site that enables c3 to bind covalently to its target. it has been reported that the binding preference of the thioester to hydroxyl or amino groups is primarily defined by presence or absence of the catalytic histidine residue at position 1126 in human c3. in teleosts, a unique c3 (non-his ...201222561425
hybridization between native barbless carp (cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (c. carpio) in xingyun lake, china.hybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (c. carpio) in xingyun lake in the yunnan-guizhou plateau of china. a total of 203 individuals of cyprinus from xingyun lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly sugg ...201222559965
effects of pharmaceuticals on the expression of genes involved in detoxification in a carp primary hepatocyte model.fish in many surface freshwaters are exposed to a range of pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment works effluent discharges. in mammals the pregnane x receptor (pxr) plays a key role in the regulation of a suite of genes involved in drug biotransformation, but information on the role of this response pathway in fish is limited. here we investigated the effects of exposure of carp (cyprinus carpio) primary hepatocytes to the human pxr agonist rifampicin (rif) on expression of target genes invol ...201222559005
emergence of epizootic ulcerative syndrome in native fish of the murray-darling river system, australia: hosts, distribution and possible vectors.epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus) is a fish disease of international significance and reportable to the office international des epizootics. in june 2010, bony herring nematalosa erebi, golden perch macquaria ambigua, murray cod maccullochella peelii and spangled perch leiopotherapon unicolor with severe ulcers were sampled from the murray-darling river system (mdrs) between bourke and brewarrina, new south wales australia. histopathology and polymerase chain reaction identified the fungus-lik ...201222558170
detection of feeding behaviour in common carp cyprinus carpio by using an acceleration data logger to identify mandibular movement.miniaturized acceleration data loggers were attached to the lower mandible of common carp cyprinus carpio to remotely identify feeding behaviour. whether the acceleration signal could distinguish the quantity and quality of food was also investigated. the frequency and amplitude of the lower mandible stroke, calculated from surging acceleration determined by continuous wavelet transformation, significantly increased during the feeding period compared to that during the non-feeding period. these ...201222551186
characteristics of disease spectrum in relation to species, serogroups, and adhesion ability of motile aeromonads in fish.an attempt was made to delineate the relationship between of aeromonas species and/or serogroups and specific disease symptoms in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum. the adhesion of aeromonas strains to various tissues in relation to disease spectrum was also tested. all strains of a. hydrophila caused skin ulcers as well as septicaemia in both carp and trout while the other strains were able to cause only skin ulcers or some specific internal lesions wi ...201222550470
recombinant human leptin attenuates stress axis activity in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).proper functioning of the endocrine stress axis requires communication between the stress axis and other regulatory mechanisms. we here describe an intimate interplay between the stress axis and recombinant human leptin (rhleptin) in a teleostean fish, the common carp cyprinus carpio. restraint stress (by netting up to 96h) increased plasma cortisol but did not affect hepatic leptin expression. perifusion of pituitary glands or head kidneys with rhleptin revealed direct effects of rhleptin on bo ...201222543190
odorant tuning of olfactory crypt cells from juvenile and adult rainbow trout.teleost fish lack independent olfactory organs for odorant and pheromone detection. instead, they have a single sensory epithelium with two populations of receptor neurons, ciliated and microvillous, that are conserved among vertebrates, and a unique receptor cell type named the olfactory crypt cell. crypt cells were shown to be chemosensory neurons that project to specific areas in the olfactory bulb, but their odorant tuning and overall function remain unclear. reproduction in fish is generall ...201222539741
disruption of a gata4/ankrd1 signaling axis in cardiomyocytes leads to sarcomere disarray: implications for anthracycline cardiomyopathy.doxorubicin (adriamycin) is an effective anti-cancer drug, but its clinical usage is limited by a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity characterized by widespread sarcomere disarray and loss of myofilaments. cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (carp, ankrd1) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that is extremely susceptible to doxorubicin; however, the mechanism(s) of doxorubicin-induced carp depletion and its specific role in cardiomyocytes have not been completely defined. we report that doxorubicin tr ...201222532871
characterization of common carp transcriptome: sequencing, de novo assembly, annotation and comparative genomics.common carp (cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important aquaculture species of cyprinidae with an annual global production of 3.4 million tons, accounting for nearly 14% of the freshwater aquaculture production in the world. due to the economical and ecological importance of common carp, genomic data are eagerly needed for genetic improvement purpose. however, there is still no sufficient transcriptome data available. the objective of the project is to sequence transcriptome deeply and provid ...201222514716
prey capture behavior of native vs. nonnative fishes: a case study from the colorado river drainage basin (usa).the colorado river drainage basin is home to a diverse but imperiled fish fauna; one putative challenge facing natives is competition with nonnatives. we examined fishes from colorado river tributaries to address the following questions: do natives and nonnatives from the same trophic guild consume the same prey items? will a given species alter its behavior when presented with different prey types? do different species procure the same prey types via similar feeding behaviors? roundtail chub (g ...201222514041
unique combination of 22q11 and 14qter microdeletion syndromes detected using oligonucleotide array-cgh.we report an infant with a unique combination of 22q11 deletion syndrome and 14q terminal deletion syndrome. the proband had clinical symptoms compatible with diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome: microcephaly, micrognathia, high-arched palate, hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, square nasal root, prominent tubular nose, hypoplastic nasal alae, bulbous nasal tip, dysplastic low-set ears, short philtrum, and heart defect, but no cell-mediated immunodeficiency typical for the syndrome. g-ban ...201222511897
an unusual variant of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis masquerading as tinea versicolor.confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (carp), also known as gougerot-carteaud syndrome, is a rare disorder. it usually presents as hyperkeratotic brown papules that coalesce into plaques with a reticulated periphery on the central trunk of young adults. confluent and reticulated papillomatosis is most often clinically confused with tinea versicolor and usually does not respond to therapy with antifungals. minocycline is the treatment of choice.201222508877
a comparative study on the sensitivity of cyprinus carpio muscle and liver fbpase toward amp and calcium.the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbpase; ec 3.1.3.11) isozymes is influenced by amp, ca2+ and by reversible interactions with subcellular structures. in contrast to mammalian and avian isozymes, the kinetic properties of fbpases from ectothermal vertebrates are not fully described. to get some insight into mechanism of glycogen resynthesis in ectothermal vertebrates we examined the features of fbpases isolated from cyprinus carpio skeletal muscle and liver. to investigate the evoluti ...201222495200
higher attack rate of fish-borne trematodes (heterophyidae) in common carp fingerlings (cyprinus carpio) at lower fish weight.fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzts) can cause pathology in humans. fish weight was reported as important risk factor for transmission from snail to fish. however, in fingerlings, the relation between fish weight and infection is unknown. aim was quantifying the effect of fish weight on infection probability, attack rate, and metacercariae burden of fzts in common carps (cyprinus carpio) between 1 and 20 g. fish were either used as controls (n = 66) or exposed to 250 parapleurolophocercous cerc ...201222488202
comparison of bioconcentration and biomagnification factors for poorly water-soluble chemicals using common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).existing regulatory criteria for bioaccumulation assessment of chemicals are mainly based on a bioconcentration factors (bcf) not a biomagnification factors (bmf). we performed dietary exposure tests for nine poorly water-soluble chemicals and developed a linear regression between the 5 % lipid normalized bcf (bcf(l)) and the lipid-corrected bmf (bmf(l)). the bmf(l) of substances with bcf(l) = 5,000 was 0.31 (95 % ci 0.11-0.87), whereas the bcf(l) of substances with bmf(l) = 1 was 13,000 (95 % c ...201222484798
a proteomics strategy for determining the synthesis and degradation rates of individual proteins in fish.in order to study the protein dynamics in the tissues of fish we have developed a proteomics-based strategy to determine the rates of synthesis and degradation of individual proteins. we have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by measuring the turnover of multiple isoforms of parvalbumin (β1-7) in the skeletal muscle of common carp (cyprinus carpio). a stable isotope-labelled amino acid ([(2)h(7)] l-leucine) was administered to the carp via the diet and its incorporation into the isof ...201222484057
enhancement of hsp70 synthesis protects common carp, cyprinus carpio l., against lethal ammonia toxicity.exposure to tex-oe®, a patented extract of the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica) containing chaperone-stimulating factor, was shown to protect common carp, cyprinus carpio l., fingerlings against acute ammonia stress. survival was enhanced twofold from 50% to 95% after exposure to 5.92 mg l(-1) nh(3) , a level determined in the ammonia challenge bioassay as the 1-h ld50 concentration for this species. survival of tex-oe®-pre-exposed fish was enhanced by 20% over non-exposed controls dur ...201222724455
structure and function of the median finfold in larval teleosts.this paper offers a structural and mechanical analysis of the median finfold in larval teleosts. the median finfold is strengthened by bundles of collagen fibres, known as actinotrichia. we demonstrate that these structures contribute to increase the mass of backward accelerated water during swimming. the amount, dimensions, orientation and growth of actinotrichia were measured at various locations along the finfold in several developmental stages of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish ( ...201222723474
comparison of the exomes of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (danio rerio).research on common carp, cyprinus carpio, is beneficial for zebrafish research because of resources available owing to its large body size, such as the availability of sufficient organ material for transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. here we describe the shot gun sequencing of a clonal double-haploid common carp line. the assembly consists of 511891 scaffolds with an n50 of 17 kb, predicting a total genome size of 1.4-1.5 gb. a detailed analysis of the ten largest scaffolds indicates ...201222715948
elevated expressions of gh/igf axis genes in triploid crucian carp.growth hormone (gh), growth hormone receptor (ghr) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) are pivotal signaling factors of the gh/igf axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating growth in vertebrates. in this study, gh, ghr and igf-1 cdnas were cloned from triploid and tetraploid crucian carp. in addition, mrna expression levels were characterized in diploid red crucian carp, triploids and tetraploids. reverse transcriptase pcr indicated that gh genes were only expressed in the pituitary, w ...201222713693
molecular identification and real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for rapid detection of thelohanellus kitauei, a myxozoan parasite causing intestinal giant cystic disease in the israel carp.intestinal giant-cystic disease (igcd) of the israel carp (cyprinus carpio nudus) has been recognized as one of the most serious diseases afflicting inland farmed fish in the republic of korea, and thelohanellus kitauei has been identified as the causative agent of the disease. until now, studies concerning igcd caused by t. kitauei in the israel carp have been limited to morphological and histopathological examinations. however, these types of diagnostic examinations are relatively time-consumi ...201222711920
in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesion and permeation enhancement of polymeric amphiphilic nanoparticles.oleoyl-carboxymethy-chitosan (ocmcs) nanoparticles based on chitosan with various molecular weights were prepared using coacervation process, which demonstrated particle size of 150-350 nm, zeta potential of 10-20 mv, and high encapsulation efficiency of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (fd4). ocmcs nanoparticles were found to be adsorbed onto the excised carp intestinal mucosa, the extent of adsorption increased with increasing chitosan molecular weight. in comparison to fd4 solution, ocmcs n ...201224750743
an interlaboratory comparison study for the determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in environmental and biological samples.a series of interlaboratory comparison exercises were conducted to assess the accuracy of dialkyl phthalate ester (dpe) concentration measurements in environmental and biological samples. five laboratories participated in analyses to determine dpe concentrations in standard test solutions; marine sediments; three certified reference materials, including carp-2 (fish muscle) and bcr-07 (fortified milk powder); and several livestock samples (sheep's milk, liver, and muscle). in addition, one labor ...201222707032
diversification of ifnγ-inducible cxcb chemokines in cyprinid fish.we earlier identified two cxcl8-like lineages in cyprinid fish, which are functional homologues of the mammalian cxcl8, but with diverged functions. we here investigated whether the carp ifn-γ-inducible cxcb gene, related to the mammalian cxcl9, -10 and -11 chemokines, was subject to a similar diversification. on the zebrafish genome, a cluster of seven cxcb genes was found on chromosome five. analysis of the promoter of the zebrafish cxcb genes suggests a partially shared, but differential indu ...201222705555
assessment of the sublethal toxicity of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio).this study is aimed at evaluating the sublethal effects of endosulfan (eds) in juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio). for this purpose, fish were exposed for 15 days to the technical eds (95% pure) diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) 0.1% of the total volume in water solution in a semi-static system at sublethal concentration (1 μg/l). subsequently, the liver somatic index (lsi) and factor condition (k) were determined. the total cytocrome p450 (cyp), cyp1a isoform, and the ethoxyresorufin-o-d ...201222702825
accelerating cardiac bidomain simulations using graphics processing units.anatomically realistic and biophysically detailed multiscale computer models of the heart are playing an increasingly important role in advancing our understanding of integrated cardiac function in health and disease. such detailed simulations, however, are computationally vastly demanding, which is a limiting factor for a wider adoption of in-silico modeling. while current trends in high-performance computing (hpc) hardware promise to alleviate this problem, exploiting the potential of such arc ...201222692867
quality and biochemical properties of artificially hibernated crucian carp for waterless preservation.the aim of this study was to explore the artificial hibernation of crucian carp for waterless preservation and to characterize the quality and biochemical properties during and after the hibernation. anesthetized crucian carp using eugenol were stored at 8 °c with 90 % oxygen and 95-100 % relative humidity for 38 h and then transferred to fresh water to recover. liquid loss and cooking loss had no significant changes (p > 0.05). the total volatile basic nitrogen content and 2-thiobarbituric acid ...201222688451
influence of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and expression levels of δ6 desaturase-like and elovl5-like elongase in common carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).the effects of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and liver expression levels of δ6 desaturase-like and elovl5-like elongase were investigated in common carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian). two δ6 desaturase-like cdnas (fad6-a and fad6-b) and two elovl5-like elongase (elovl5-a and elovl5-b) cdnas were cloned. juvenile carp were fed three semi-purified diets (d1-3) for 6 weeks with different lipid sources: d1, fish oil with high highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas); d2, corn oil ...201222677415
improved diagnosis of spring viremia of carp by nested reverse-transcription pcr: development of a chimeric positive control for prevention of false-positive diagnosis.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays allow for the rapid and accurate detection of infectious agents through identification of nucleic acid sequences. however, contamination of samples with positive dna can lead to false-positive results. in this study, positive control plasmids were developed to minimize false-positive reactions due to pcr contamination during detection of svcv by semi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. an ampicillin resistance gene was truncated by pcr amplification, and the ...201222677224
cyprinus carpio decoction improves nutrition and immunity and reduces proteinuria through nephrin and cd2ap expressions in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy.cyprinus carpio decoction (ccd) is a well-known chinese food medicine formula, accepted widely as a useful therapy in preventing edema and proteinuria caused by renal disease. however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. the current study investigated the potential mechanism of ccd in alleviating nephropathy induced by adriamycin (adr) in rats. 70  eight-week-old wistar rats were randomly divided into normal, model, fosinopril, yd, yg groups. all rats except for the normal grou ...201222675377
differential effects of chronic hypoxia and feed restriction on the expression of leptin and its receptor, food intake regulation and the endocrine stress response in common carp.appetite suppression is a common response to hypoxia in fish that confers significant energy savings. yet little is known about the endocrine signals involved in the regulation of food intake during chronic hypoxia. thus, we assessed the impact of chronic hypoxia on food intake, the expression of the potent anorexigenic signal leptin and its receptor (lepr), the mrna levels of key hypothalamic appetite-regulating genes, and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (hpi) axis in comm ...201222675188
flexibility in starting posture drives flexibility in kinematic behavior of the kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary protrusion mechanism in a cyprinid fish, cyprinus carpio.premaxillary protrusion in cypriniform fishes involves rotation of the kinethmoid, an unpaired skeletal element in the dorsal midline of the rostrum. no muscles insert directly onto the kinethmoid, so its rotation must be caused by the movement of other bones. in turn, the kinethmoid is thought to push on the ascending processes of the premaxillae, effecting protrusion. to determine the causes and effects of kinethmoid motion, we used xromm (x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology) to measure ...201222675187
efficacy of two avermectins, doramectin and ivermectin against argulus siamensis infestation in indian major carp, labeo rohita.the efficacy of two avermectins, doramectin and ivermectin via oral and parenteral routes and their prophylactic effects against argulus siamensis infestation in indian major carp, labeo rohita was studied. doramectin and ivermectin were fed once to l. rohita sub-adults naturally infested with a. siamensis parasites at graded levels of 1000, 750 and 500 μg/kg body weight and 500, 300 and 200 μg/kg body weight, respectively. the mean time of clearance of parasites was 24 ± 0.149 h for 1000 and 24 ...201222673107
impact of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible carp (labeo rohita).laboratory evaluations were made to assess the toxicological and biochemical effect of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible freshwater culture carp (labeo rohita). there was a significant negative (p < 0.05) correlation observed between effective doses of cypermethrin and exposure periods; that is, lc₅₀ values decreased from 0.323 μg/l (6 h) to  > 0.278 μg/l (12 h),  > 0.240 μg/l (18 h) and >0.205 μg/l (24 h). exposure to sublethal doses of cypermethrin for 24 h and 96 h exposure period ...201222666103
evaluation of metal pollution in fish and water collected from gorgan coast of the caspian sea, iran.in this study, concentrations of zinc, chromium, cadmium and lead were determined in water and three species of fish sampled from 10 selected stations along gorgan coast using atomic absorption spectrophotometery, summer 2009. mean lead levels in water and fish samples (119.50 ± 22.24 μg/l and 113.80 ± 33.11 μg/kg) were significantly higher than that of cadmium and chromium (p < 0.05). cyprinus carpio had highest metals content than mugila auratus and rutilus frisikutum. the evaluated metals val ...201222664555
26s proteasome regulation of ankrd1/carp in adult rat ventricular myocytes and human microvascular endothelial cells.ankyrin repeat domain 1 protein (ankrd1), also known as cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (carp), increases dramatically after tissue injury, and its overexpression improves aspects of wound healing. reports that ankrd1/carp protein stability may affect cardiovascular organization, together with our findings that the protein is crucial to stability of the cardiomyocyte sarcomere and increased in wound healing, led us to compare the contribution of ankrd1/carp stability to its abundance. we found th ...201222892129
increased expression of rififylin in a < 330 kb congenic strain is linked to impaired endosomal recycling in proximal tubules.cell surface proteins are internalized into the cell through endocytosis and either degraded within lysosomes or recycled back to the plasma membrane. while perturbations in endosomal internalization are known to modulate renal function, it is not known whether similar alterations in recycling affect renal function. rififylin is a known regulator of endocytic recycling with e3 ubiquitin protein ligase activity. in this study, using two genetically similar strains, the dahl salt-sensitive rat and ...201222891072
subchronic toxicity study of gh transgenic carp.a subchronic toxicity study of gh (growth hormone) transgenic carp was carried out with 60 sd rats aged 4 weeks, weight 115∼125 g. ten male and 10 female rats were allotted into each group. animals of the three groups (transgenic carp group (gh-tc), parental carp group (pc) and control group) were fed soy- and alfalfa-free diet (safd) with 10% gh transgenic carp powder, 10% parental carp powder or 10% common carp powder for 90 consecutive days, respectively. in the end of study, animals were kil ...201222889892
species specific differences in the in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant mixture, firemaster® bz-54.firemaster(®) bz-54 is a flame retardant additive and consists of a brominated benzoate (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate; tbb) and a brominated phthalate (bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate; tbph). previous research has shown that fathead minnows exposed in vivo to firemaster(®) bz-54 accumulate tbb and tbph. this study examined the in vitro biotransformation potential of tbb and tbph in hepatic subcellular fractions (i.e., s9, microsomes and cytosol) in the fathead minnow, c ...201222889877
new insights into the plasticity of gill structure.the ability of some fishes to reversibly remodel their gill morphology has become a focus of research after the discovery of extreme morphological gill plasticity in crucian carp and goldfish-both members of the cyprinid genus carassius. their lamellae are largely embedded in an interlamellar cell mass (ilcm) during normoxic conditions in cold water. the ilcm regresses in hypoxia, warm water, and during exercise, whereby the respiratory surface area and the capacity for oxygen uptake are greatly ...201222846495
development and characterization of new single nucleotide polymorphism markers from expressed sequence tags in common carp (cyprinus carpio).the common carp (cyprinus carpio) is an important aquaculture fish worldwide but only limited single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers are characterized from expressed sequence tags (ests) in this species. in this study, 1487 putative snps were bioinformatically mined from 14,066 online ests mainly from the european common carp, with the occurrence rate of about one snp every 173 bp. one hundred and twenty-one of these snps were selected for validation using pcr fragment sequencing, and 48 o ...201222837697
habitat-specific locomotor variation among chinese hook snout carp (opsariichthys bidens) along a river.the wujiang river is a tributary of the upper yangtze river that shows great variations in its flow regime and habitat condition. dams have been built along the wujiang river and have altered the habitats profoundly enough that they may give rise to reproductive isolation. to test whether the swimming performance and morphology of the chinese hook snout carp (opsariichthys bidens), varied among habitats and whether the possible differences had a genetic basis, we measured the steady and unsteady ...201222829884
tetrabromobisphenol a: tissue distribution in fish, and seasonal variation in water and sediment of lake chaohu, china.tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) is the most widely used brominated flame retardants (bfrs). it has been detected in various environment media and has been approved to be high toxic to aquatic organisms. however, the exposure levels of tbbpa in the main watersheds in china have not been investigated sufficiently. in this study tbbpa concentrations in water, sediment and tissues of four fish species from lake chaohu were determined. spatial and temporal distribution patterns of tbbpa in water and se ...201222825637
histopathological effects and bioaccumulation of mercury in the kidney of an indian major carp, labeo rohita (hamilton).the effect of mercuric chloride on the histo-morphology and bioaccumulation in the kidney of an indian major carp, labeo rohita (hamilton) were examined after exposing the fish (15-20 cm) to three sublethal concentrations (0.033, 0.066 and 0.132 mg/l) of hgcl(2) for 30 days. mercury deposition in kidney tissues had increased significantly with dose and exposure duration dependant manner. several histological changes were noted in the kidney of all treated groups in compare to control group.201222810019
presence of bound substrate in lactate dehydrogenase from carp liver.while attempting to purify udp-galactose 4-epimerase from carp liver extract at ph 8.0, it was observed that the preparation even after dialysis could reduce nad to nadh, interfering epimerase assay. the nad reduction activity and the epimerase were co-eluted in a series of chromatographic steps. mass spectrometric analysis of semi-purified fraction revealed that carp liver lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) contained bound lactate which was converted to pyruvate in the presence of nad. the enzyme-boun ...201222803333
effect of ploidy on scale-cover pattern in linear ornamental (koi) common carp cyprinus carpio.the effect of ploidy on scale-cover pattern in linear ornamental (koi) common carp cyprinus carpio was investigated. to obtain diploid and triploid linear fish, eggs taken from a leather c. carpio female (genotype ssnn) and sperm taken from a scaled c. carpio male (genotype ssnn) were used for the production of control (no shock) and heat-shocked progeny. in heat-shocked progeny, the 2 min heat shock (40° c) was applied 6 min after insemination. diploid linear fish (genotype ssnn) demonstrated a ...201222957864
biostatic activity of piscine serum and mucus on myxozoan fish infective stages.since the basis of host specificity in myxozoa, i.e. the differential disposition and extinction of erroneously penetrated myxozoan infective stages in non-susceptible fish hosts, remains puzzling, we aimed to explore the role of the innate immune system in this issue. in a comparative incubation challenge of actinospore sporoplasms of the freshwater parasite species myxobolus cerebralis, henneguya nuesslini and myxobolus pseudodispar to isolates of host and non-host muci and blood sera, we meas ...201222951229
high throughput mining and characterization of microsatellites from common carp genome.in order to supply sufficient microsatellite loci for high-density linkage mapping, whole genome shotgun (wgs) sequences of the common carp (cyprinus carpio) were assembled and surveyed for microsatellite identification. a total of 79,014 microsatellites were collected which were harbored in 68,827 distinct contig sequences. these microsatellites were characterized in the common carp genome. information of all microsatellites, including previously published bac-based microsatellites, was then st ...201222949831
histochemical analysis of glycoproteins in the secretory cells in the epidermis of the head skin of indian major carp, labeo rohita.a series of histochemical procedures were employed to localise and characterise glycoprotein (gp) classes produced by the epithelial cells, the type a and the type b mucous goblet cells (mgcs) and the club cells in the epidermis of labeo rohita. the epithelial cells secreted gps with oxidizable vicinal diols and gps with sialic acid residues without o-acyl substitution in low concentrations. the type a mgcs and the type b mgcs, in contrast, produced these gps in high concentrations. further, the ...201222939776
aphanius arakensis, a new species of tooth-carp (actinopterygii, cyprinodontidae) from the endorheic namak lake basin in iran.a new species of tooth-carp, aphanius arakensissp. n., is described from the namak lake basin in iran. the new species is distinguished by the congeners distributed in iran by the following combination of characters: 10-12 anal fin rays, 28-32 lateral line scales, 10-13 caudal peduncle scales, 8-10 gill rakers, 12-19, commonly 15-16, clearly defined flank bars in males, a more prominent pigmentation along the flank added by relatively big blotches in the middle and posterior flank segments in fe ...201222936871
histopathological changes and antioxidant response in brain and kidney of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos.we investigated oxidative stress response and histopathological changes in the brain and kidney of the common carp after a 40-d exposure to cpf and atr, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery. superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activities and malondialdehyde (mda) content were measured using standard assays. our results indicated that exposure to atr, cpf or a combination of the two for 40 d induced significant changes in antioxidant enzyme (sod, ...201222436588
oxidative stress responses in different organs of carp (cyprinus carpio) with exposure to zno nanoparticles.changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (gsh) content and levels of lipid peroxidation (lpo) in gill, liver, brain and intestine of juvenile carp (cyprinus carpio) were evaluated after exposure to different concentrations (0.5, 5.0 and 50.0mg/l) of waterborne nano-zno for 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 day. the results showed that the variation trendency of antioxidant ...201222425733
transcriptome analysis reveals the time of the fourth round of genome duplication in common carp (cyprinus carpio).common carp (cyprinus carpio) is thought to have undergone one extra round of genome duplication compared to zebrafish. transcriptome analysis has been used to study the existence and timing of genome duplication in species for which genome sequences are incomplete. large-scale transcriptome data for the common carp genome should help reveal the timing of the additional duplication event.201222424280
pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during microcystis-dominated and non-microcystis-dominated periods.performance of pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during a non-microcystis-dominated period (period i) and a microcystis-dominated period (period ii) was investigated in terms of algae cell concentration, total phosphorus content, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton species structure. during period i the ineffective filter-feeding for small green algae resulted in the increase of small single algae, which led to the negative removal of chlorophyll a, and when the biomass was higher, t ...201222466592
expression analysis of heat shock genes in the skin, spleen and blood of common carp (cyprinus carpio) after cadmium exposure and hypothermia.heat shock proteins are chaperones that play a pivotal role in controling multiple regulatory pathways such as stress defense, hormone signaling, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis. in this study, the expression patterns of four well-known heat shock genes (hsp70, hsc70-1, hsc70-2 and hsp90α) were characterized in the skin, spleen and blood cells of the common carp, under unstressed conditions and after cd2+ treatment or hypothermia. the examined genes were ...201222453797
fullerene and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on fish brain antioxidant status.the carbon nanomaterial fullerene (c(60)) can act as anti or pro-oxidant. the aim of this study was to evaluate, in cell suspensions of carp brains (cyprinus carpio, cyprinidae), the effect of c(60) after a pre-treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufas) such as omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, dha) and omega-6 (linoleic acid, la). assays consisted of a pre-treatment with pufa (48 h) and then exposure to c(60) (2 h). cell viability and total anti-oxidant capacity did not differ (p > 0.05). a ...201222451341
mercury in coastal watersheds along the chinese northern bohai and yellow seas.the concentration of total mercury [hg] in waters, sediments and biota (carp and crabs) as well as the concentration of methyl mercury [mehg] in biota from upstream (surface water systems) and downstream (coastal and estuarine systems) areas within coastal watersheds along the chinese northern bohai and yellow seas were investigated. in most waters tested, the [hg] could have adverse effects on coastal wildlife. based on the chinese water quality standards for mercury, 67% of upstream waters can ...201222421344
effects of carbon nanomaterials fullerene c₆₀ and fullerol c₆₀(oh)₁₈₋₂₂ on gills of fish cyprinus carpio (cyprinidae) exposed to ultraviolet radiation.in consequence of their growing use and demand, the inevitable environmental presence of nanomaterials (nms) has raised concerns about their potential deleterious effects to aquatic environments. the carbon nm fullerene (c₆₀), which forms colloidal aggregates in water, and its water-soluble derivative fullerol (c₆₀(oh)₁₈₋₂₂), which possesses antioxidant properties, are known to be photo-excited by ultraviolet (uv) or visible light. to investigate their potential hazards to aquatic organisms upon ...201222417764
distribution of mono-, di- and trisialo gangliosides in the brain of actinopterygian fishes.mono-, di- and trisialo gangliosides are major glycosphingolipids in the brain of higher vertebrates involved in lipid raft assembly. in contrast, the fish brain is abundant in polisialo-gangliosides, whose function is implicated in the modulation of repulsive and attractive intercellular interactions during embryonic development and a temperature adaptation process. the histological distribution of gangliosides is usually studied in rodent and mammalian brains, but to date it has not been descr ...201222206893
patterns of metal composition and biological condition and their association in male common carp across an environmental contaminant gradient in lake mead national recreation area, nevada and arizona, usa.there is a contaminant gradient in lake mead national recreation area (lmnra) that is partly driven by municipal and industrial runoff and wastewater inputs via las vegas wash (lvw). adult male common carp (cyprinus carpio; 10 fish/site) were collected from lvw, las vegas bay (receiving lvw flow), overton arm (oa, upstream reference), and willow beach (wb, downstream) in march 2008. discriminant function analysis was used to describe differences in metal concentrations and biological condition o ...201222206697
cytochrome p450 1c1 complementary dna cloning, sequence analysis and constitutive expression induced by benzo-a-pyrene in nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).cyp1c is the newest member of the cyp1 family of p450s; however, its physiological significance, inducers, and metabolic functions are unknown. in this study, a new complementary dna of the cyp1c subfamily encoding cyp1c1 was isolated from nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) liver after intracoelomic injection with benzo-a-pyrene (bap). the full-length cdna was 2223 base pair (bp) long and contained an open reading frame of 1581 bp encoding a protein of 526 amino acids and a stop codon. the seq ...201222204985
kinetics and thiol requirements of iodothyronine 5'-deiodination are tissue-specific in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).iodothyronine deiodinases determine the biological activity of thyroid hormones. despite the homology of the catalytic sites of mammalian and teleostean deiodinases, in-vitro requirements for the putative thiol co-substrate dithiothreitol (dtt) vary considerably between vertebrate species. to further our insights in the interactions between the deiodinase protein and its substrates: thyroid hormone and dtt, we measured enzymatic iodothyronine 5'-deiodination, dio1 and dio2 mrna expression, and d ...201222198122
pro-inflammatory functions of carp cxcl8-like and cxcb chemokines.numerous cxc chemokines have been identified in fish, however, their role in inflammation is not well established. here, cxc chemokines of the cxcl8-like (cxca_l1 and cxcl8_l2) and cxcl9/10/11-like (cxcb) subset were investigated in carp. recombinant cxca_l1, cxcl8_l2 and cxcb all stimulated chemotaxis of macrophages and granulocytes in vitro. cxcb also attracted lymphocytes. distinct effects on phagocyte activation were observed: the cxcl8-like chemokines increase respiratory burst activity, bu ...201222182503
gastrointestinal absorption, metabolic debromination, and hydroxylation of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by common carp.the gastrointestinal absorption, metabolic debromination, and hydroxylation of three commercial brominated diphenyl ether (bde) mixtures were separately studied in juvenile common carp. the absorption rate of penta-bde was higher than that of octa- and deca-bde, likely because of the lower molecular volumes of its major congeners. however, no significantly positive relationships were found between the number of bromine atoms and the absorption rate, especially for congeners with a bromine atom n ...201222170638
functional differentiation of myoglobin isoforms in hypoxia-tolerant carp indicates tissue-specific protective roles.because of a recent whole genome duplication, the hypoxia-tolerant common carp and goldfish are the only vertebrates known to possess two myoglobin (mb) paralogs. one of these, mb1, occurs in oxidative muscle but also in several other tissues, including capillary endothelial cells, whereas the other, mb2, is a unique isoform specific to brain neurons. to help understand the functional roles of these diverged isoforms in the tolerance to severe hypoxia in the carp, we have compared their o(2) equ ...201222170621
the role of neuromedin u during inflammatory response in the common carp.in the current study, we cloned and characterized the neuromedin u (nmu) gene from the common carp cyprinus carpio l., and identified its participation in immune responses in the teleost. five isoforms of the prepronmu genes were generated by alternative splicing and isolated from carp. the longest form of the carp prepronmu1 (isoform 1) cdna was composed of 803 bp, and contained an 18 bp 5'-utr, a 212 bp 3'-utr and a 573 bp open reading frame, which translates into a peptide comprising 190 amin ...201222122861
dramatic increase of nitrite levels in hearts of anoxia-exposed crucian carp supporting a role in cardioprotection.nitrite (no(2)(-)) functions as an important nitric oxide (no) donor under hypoxic conditions. both nitrite and no have been found to protect the mammalian heart and other tissues against ischemia (anoxia)-reoxygenation injury by interacting with mitochondrial electron transport complexes and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species upon reoxygenation. the crucian carp naturally survives extended periods without oxygen in an active state, which has made it a model for studying how evol ...201222129619
unique physicochemical properties of perfluorinated compounds and their bioconcentration in common carp cyprinus carpio l.carp (cyprinus carpio l.) was exposed to perfluorinated compounds (pfcs)-perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (number of carbon atoms, c = 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 18) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos)-in bioconcentration tests to compare the bioconcentration factors (bcfs) and physicochemical properties of each specific compound. despite having the same number of carbon atoms (c = 8), the bcfs of perfulorooctanoic acid (pfoa) and pfos differed by more than two orders of magnitude (pfoa bcf = < 5.1 ...201222127646
extracellular ph dynamics of retinal horizontal cells examined using electrochemical and fluorometric methods.extracellular h(+) has been hypothesized to mediate feedback inhibition from horizontal cells onto vertebrate photoreceptors. according to this hypothesis, depolarization of horizontal cells should induce extracellular acidification adjacent to the cell membrane. experiments testing this hypothesis have produced conflicting results. studies examining carp and goldfish horizontal cells loaded with the ph-sensitive dye 5-hexadecanoylaminofluorescein (haf) reported an extracellular acidification on ...201222090459
in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of astragalus polysaccharides against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in common carp (cyprinus carpio).the present study is aiming at evaluating the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of astragalus polysaccharide (aps) on the carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4))-induced hepatocyte and liver injury in common carp in vitro and in vivo. in vitro, aps (200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) was added to the carp primary hepatocytes before (pre-treatment), after (post-treatment) and both before and after (pre- and post-treatment) the incubation of the hepatocytes with ccl(4) at 8 mm in the culture medium. aps at conc ...201222089693
dietary tryptophan changes serum stress markers, enzyme activity, and ions concentration of wild common carp cyprinus carpio exposed to ambient copper.effect of dietary tryptophan (trp) on copper toxicity was investigated in common carp, cyprinus carpio. fish were randomly distributed into two triplicate treatments (control and trp) and fed control (trp = 3.1 g kg(-1)) or trp (trp = 8.1 g kg(-1)) diets over a 2-week period. then, both treatments were subjected to 10 mg l(-1) copper sulfate over a 7-day period. mortality and serum cortisol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), sodium, potassium, and chlorid ...201222415861
in vitro exposure to fullerene c(60) influences redox state and lipid peroxidation in brain and gills from cyprinus carpio (cyprinidae).studies concerning the impact of nanomaterials, especially fullerene (c(60) ), in fresh water environments and their effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms are still scarce and conflicting. we aimed to assess in vitro effects of fullerene in brain and gill homogenates of carp cyprinus carpio, evaluating redox parameters. a fullerene suspension was prepared by continued stirring under fluorescent light during two months. the suspension concentration was measured by total carbon content an ...201222410840
occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the haihe river in china.the occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of 22 antibiotics, including eight fluoroquinolones (fqs), nine sulfonamides (sas) and five macrolides (mls), in the haihe river were investigated. surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by hplc-ms/ms. ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, erythromycin and roxithromycin were found in all surface water samples. sas were the predominant antibiotics in surface water samples in the mainstream of haihe river, with the maximum conce ...201222402740
evaluation of spatial and temporal changes in biomarker responses in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) for biomonitoring the meriç delta, turkey.the aim of this study is to examine the activity of several biomarkers in carp, cyprinus carpio l., to determine their response to xenobiotics, such as organochlorine pesticides (ocps), in the meriç delta. fish were collected from contaminated sites and from areas regarded as relatively less contaminated in four sampling periods. hepatic glutathione s-transferase (gst), carboxylesterase (cae), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and acid phosphatase activities were measured as bio ...201222387355
assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagnification in tissues of aquatic food web compartments from a shallow lake and evaluation of potential risks to public health.the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in the main components of the food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, crayfish, shrimp, mussel, snail, fish, frog) of lake pamvotis (nw greece), (2) to investigate the possibility of microcystin biomagnification and (3) to evaluate the potential threat of the contaminated aquatic organisms to human health. significant microcystin concentrations were detected in all the aquatic organisms during tw ...201222383140
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