Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| dynamics of plc gene transcription and alpha-toxin production during growth of clostridium perfringens strains with contrasting alpha-toxin production. | the aim of the present study was to investigate transcription dynamics of the alpha-toxin-encoding plc gene relative to two housekeeping genes (gyra and rpll) in batch cultures of three clostridium perfringens strains with low, intermediate, and high levels of alpha-toxin production, respectively. the plc transcript level was always low in the low alpha-toxin producing strain. for the two other strains, plc transcription showed an inducible pattern and reached a maximum level in the late exponen ... | 2009 | 19559545 |
| dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for recovery of diverse microbes from water. | dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) is an alternative approach to tangential-flow hollow-fiber ultrafiltration that can be readily employed under field conditions to recover microbes from water. the hydraulics of deuf and microbe recovery for a new deuf method were investigated using 100-liter tap water samples. pressure, flow rate, and temperature were investigated using four hollow-fiber ultrafilter types. based on hydraulic performance, the asahi kasei rexeed 25s ultrafilter was selected for micr ... | 2009 | 19561183 |
| clostridium perfringens type d epsilon intoxication in one-day-old calves. | 2009 | 19561353 | |
| recombinant cpe fused to tumor necrosis factor targets human ovarian cancer cells expressing the claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors. | using gene expression profiling, others and we have recently found that claudin-3 (cldn3) and claudin-4 (cldn4) are two of the most highly and consistently up-regulated genes in ovarian carcinomas. because these tight junction proteins are the naturally occurring receptors for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), in this study, we used the cooh-terminal 30 amino acids of the cpe (cpe(290-319)), a fragment that is known to retain full binding affinity but have no cytolytic effect, to target ... | 2009 | 19567823 |
| bsac standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 8). | there have been considerable changes to the format of the recommendations since the previous version (version 7). the majority of the footnotes to the tables have been removed and the notations added to the end column; it is hoped that this change will avoid confusion in interpretation. antibiotics have been separated into groups, e.g. beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, etc. recommendations for urinary tract infections (utis) have been removed for most agents except for those that are administered s ... | 2009 | 19587067 |
| wheat starch digestion rate affects broiler performance. | two experiments were conducted to determine the differences in starch digestion rate (kds) among wheats from different cultivars and origins and to verify if chickens would benefit from a certain digestion rate of starch. in the first experiment, 192 chickens (21 d) were assigned to 4 diets containing 55% of each wheat sample (3 cultivars, one of them from 2 origins). starch and protein digestion were calculated from the remaining starch and protein in 4 segments of the small intestine and in ex ... | 2009 | 19590082 |
| use of an ez-tn5-based random mutagenesis system to identify a novel toxin regulatory locus in clostridium perfringens strain 13. | although useful for probing bacterial pathogenesis and physiology, current random mutagenesis systems suffer limitations for studying the toxin-producing bacterium clostridium perfringens. | 2009 | 19597556 |
| antimicrobial resistance in clostridium perfringens isolates from broilers in belgium. | the antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from belgian broilers between may and september 2007 was investigated. all 39 tested isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin, erythromycin, tylosin, florfenicol and bacitracin. twenty-six (66%) and 24 (61%) out of the 39 tested isolates showed acquired resistance to tetracycline and lincomycin, respectively. the c. perfringens isolates were also screened by pcr for the presence of the resistance genes tet(k), tet(l), te ... | 2009 | 19597952 |
| clinicopathologic features of experimental clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxemia in cattle. | this study was designed to experimentally reproduce enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type d in cattle and to characterize the clinicopathologic findings of this disease. fourteen 9-month-old calves were inoculated intraduodenally according to the following schedule: group 1 (n = 4), c. perfringens type d whole culture; group 2 (n = 3), c. perfringens type d washed cells; group 3 (n = 5), c. perfringens type d filtered and concentrated supernatant; group 4 (n = 2), sterile, nontoxic cultu ... | 2009 | 19605912 |
| further characterization of clostridium perfringens small acid soluble protein-4 (ssp4) properties and expression. | clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) is usually caused by c. perfringens type a strains that carry a chromosomal enterotoxin gene (cpe) and produce spores with exceptional resistance against heat and nitrites. previous studies showed that the extreme resistance of spores made by most fp strains is mediated, in large part, by a variant of small acid soluble protein 4 (ssp4) that has asp at residue 36; in contrast, the sensitive spores made by other c. perfringens type a isolates con ... | 2009 | 19609432 |
| simultaneous identification of seven foodborne pathogens and escherichia coli (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) using capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism coupled with multiplex pcr. | the objective of this study was to develop a novel technique for parallel analysis of eight important foodborne microbes using capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (ce-sscp) coupled with multiplex pcr. specific primers for multiplex pcr amplification of the 16s rrna gene were designed, corresponding to eight species of bacteria, including escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella enterica, listeria monocytogenes, vibrio parahae ... | 2009 | 19610337 |
| undiagnosed cases of fatal clostridium-associated toxic shock in californian women of childbearing age. | in 2005, 4 clostridium sordellii-associated toxic shock fatalities were reported in young californian women after medical abortions. the true incidence of this rare disease is unknown, and a population-based study has never been performed. additional clostridia-associated deaths were sought to describe associated clinical characteristics. | 2009 | 19628200 |
| the protease cspb is essential for initiation of cortex hydrolysis and dipicolinic acid (dpa) release during germination of spores of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning isolates. | the genome of the clostridium perfringens food poisoning isolate sm101 encodes a subtilisin-like protease, cspb, upstream of the slec gene encoding the enzyme essential for degradation of the peptidoglycan cortex during spore germination. slec is an inactive pro-slec in dormant spores that is converted to active slec during spore germination and csp proteases convert pro-slec to the active enzyme in vitro. in this work, the germination and viability of spores of a cspb deletion mutant of strain ... | 2009 | 19628563 |
| mechanistic analysis of the blood group antigen-cleaving endo-beta-galactosidase from clostridium perfringens. | the a and b antigens are of vital importance in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. the specificity of eabase, an endo-beta-galactosidase from c. perfringens, toward the cleavage of a and b trisaccharides from glycoconjugates is unique and holds significant potential for use in modifying blood group antigens on cell surfaces. the mechanism of this enzyme and others in its family (gh98) and the identities of its catalytic residues have not previously been experimentally determined. direc ... | 2009 | 19630404 |
| physiological role of carbon dioxide in spore germination of clostridium perfringens s40. | germination of clostridium perfringens is known to be triggered by nutrients such as l-alanine and inosine, and facilitated by co2, however the role of co2 has not been fully understood. during the studies of the germination-specific protease gsp, we found that co2 could be replaced by bicarbonate or weakly acidic ph (ph 6.0-6.5). we also found that the spores obtained from the c. perfringens s40 overproducing gsp could germinate without co2. moreover, the spores could germinate in the absence o ... | 2009 | 19914579 |
| expression, purification and crystallization of an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. | an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepca) from clostridium perfringens has been expressed in escherichia coli in a soluble form with an amino-terminal his tag. the recombinant protein is enzymatically active and two crystal forms have been obtained. complete diffraction data extending to 3.13 angstrom resolution have been measured from a crystal soaked in kau(cn)(2), using radiation at a wavelength just above the au l(iii) edge. the asymmetric unit contains two tetramers of pepca. | 2009 | 19923749 |
| a 61-year-old-man with massive intravascular hemolysis. | 2009 | 19892684 | |
| chorioamnionitis and intrauterine fetal death after second-trimester amniocentesis. | we report an intrauterine fetal death that occurred less than 24 h after transabdominal amniocentesis. chorioamnionitis was confirmed by amniotic fluid culture which showed multiple enteric organisms and postmortem examination of the fetus that showed clostridium perfringens. the patient was treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and uterine evacuation and her condition rapidly improved. intra-amniotic infection after amniocentesis requires a high index of suspicion and prompt aggre ... | 2009 | 19893298 |
| salmonellosis in a free-ranging population of javelinas (pecari tajacu) in south central arizona. | the javelina, or collared peccary (pecari tajacu), is indigenous to arizona, new mexico, and texas in the united states and ranges throughout latin america. from june 2004 to april 2005, an estimated 105 javelinas died in a mortality event that occurred in tucson, arizona, and neighboring areas. clinical signs observed in sick animals included emaciation, dehydration, lethargy, and diarrhea. in addition, some animals showed labored breathing and hind limb weakness. we necropsied 34 animals, and ... | 2009 | 19901370 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium perfringens]. | a 40-year-old man undergoing allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia and developing diarrhea was administered prophylactic antibiotics including levofloxacin, fluconazole, cotrimoxazole, and vancomycin. stool specimens were positive for toxin a in enzyme immunoassay but negative for toxin b in cell culture assay with a neutralization test, indicating that toxin a detection was false-positive. stool culture yielded enterotoxin producing clostridium perfringen ... | 2009 | 19860258 |
| detection of beta2 and major toxin genes by pcr in clostridium perfringens field isolates of domestic animals suffering from enteritis or enterotoxaemia. | the production of clostridium (c.) perfringens toxins in the intestine is an important cause of enteritis and enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the present study, the alpha toxin and the genes encoding beta2 and epsilon toxin could be frequently detected by means of phenotypical and pcr examinations in these bacteria. the c. perfringens isolates originated from 1213 field samples taken from diseased or perished livestock located in the north-eastern administrative districts of baden-württemberg (g ... | 2009 | 19863004 |
| characterization of selected nutrients and bacteria from anaerobic swine manure lagoons on sow, nursery, and finisher farms in the mid-south usa. | swine (sus scrofa domestica) production in the mid-south usa comprises sow, nursery, and finisher farms. a 2007 packing plant closure started a regional shift from finisher to sow and nursery farms. changes in manure stored in lagoons and land-applied as fertilizer were expected but were unknown because nutrient and bacterial levels had not been characterized by farm type. the objectives of this study were to quantify selected nutrients and bacteria, compare levels by farm types, and project imp ... | 2009 | 19875798 |
| survival of clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient. | clostridium perfringens sepsis following orthotopic liver transplantation (olt) is a rare but reported complication that historically results in mortality or emergent retransplantation (retx). complications from c. perfringens emphysematous gastritis have contributed to the death of a healthy live liver donor as well. herein, we describe the first documented survivor of c. perfringens sepsis following olt managed without laparotomy or emergent retx. | 2009 | 19877220 |
| clostridial abomasal disease in connecticut dairy calves. | over 2 years, 24 dairy calves died of emphysematous abomasitis and abomasal bloat. anaerobic cultures of necrotic abomasal mucosa yielded clostridium perfringens from 10 of 15 calves. sarcina were observed in 17 of 22 examined histologically. a change in the antibiotic regimen for newborns and improved sanitizing of feeding utensils eliminated further losses. | 2009 | 19881926 |
| immunization of broiler chickens against clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis using purified recombinant immunogenic proteins. | this study identified and assessed secreted proteins of clostridium perfringens additional to those previously described for their ability to protect broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis (ne). secreted proteins of virulent and avirulent c. perfringens were electrophoretically separated and reacted with serum of chickens immune to ne. three immunoreactive protein bands unique to the virulent c. perfringens were identified by mass spectrometry as the toxin c. perfringens large cytotoxin (tp ... | 2009 | 19848081 |
| evaluation of pcr and dna sequencing for direct detection of clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of broilers. | the aim of this investigation was to determine the presence of the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens by pcr and dna sequencing, without previous cultivation. this methodology was then used to investigate how c. perfringens was affected by different preventive measures, such as ionophores and feed additives, for necrotic enteritis in broilers chickens. dna was extracted from the intestinal content or intestinal tissue by dna extraction kits. detection limits for 16s rrna, alpha-toxin ... | 2009 | 19848086 |
| comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters. | human-specific bacteroides hf183 (hs-hf183), human-specific enterococci faecium esp (hs-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (hs-avs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (hs-pvs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. the sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., escherichia coli, enterococci and clostridium perfringens) and enteric viruses such as enteroviruses (evs), sapoviruses (svs) ... | 2009 | 19818987 |
| clostridium perfringens vaccines. | both clostridium perfringens spores and toxins have reportedly been considered as a biological warfare agents. the spores may be incorporated into weapons which cause traumatic injury, and the resulting delivery of spores deep into tissues would result in the development of gas gangrene. of the c. perfringens toxins, the epsilon-toxin is of particular concern and now appears on the list of cdc select agents. currently there are no licensed vaccines suitable for use in humans which protect agains ... | 2009 | 19837285 |
| a 72-year-old man with a rapidly progressive sepsis caused by a rare but life-threatening infection. | 2009 | 19841488 | |
| influence of enrichment broths on multiplex pcr detection of total coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens, in spiked water samples. | although multiplex pcr amplification condition for simultaneous detection of total coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens in water sample has been developed, results with high sensitivity are obtained when amplifying purified dna, but the sensitivity is low when applied to spiked water samples. an enrichment broth culture prior pcr analysis increases sensitivity of the test but the specific nature of enrichment broth can affect the pcr results. three enrichment broths, l ... | 2009 | 19842417 |
| effect of bismuth citrate, lactose, and organic acid on necrotic enteritis in broilers. | clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis causes significant economic losses. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bismuth citrate, lactose, and organic acid on the development of necrotic enteritis in broilers. the first study was a dose response that evaluated bismuth citrate at 50, 100, or 200 ppm on bacterial intestinal colonization and lesion development associated with our c. perfringens challenge model. the second study evaluated bismuth citrate, lactose, ... | 2009 | 19834076 |
| the effect of grobiotic-p combined with yeast cell wall and gluconic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. | two experiments were conducted with new hampshire x columbian chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet to examine the efficacy of varying levels and combinations of grobiotic p (gb), a prebiotic-type product that contains dairy and yeast fractions and dried fermentation extracts, gluconic acid, and yeast cell wall (ycw) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbial populations. in experiment 1, chicks were allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal basal diet or the basal d ... | 2009 | 19834087 |
| clostridium difficile toxin cdt induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis by production of the rho gtpase-glucosylating toxins a and b. recently emerging hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains additionally produce the binary adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdt (clostridium difficile transferase), which adp-ribosylates actin and inhibits actin polymerization. thus far, the role of cdt as a virulence factor is not understood. here we report by using time-lapse- and immunofluoresce ... | 2009 | 19834554 |
| [induced expression of alpha-toxin gene of clostridium perfringens in recombinant lactobacillus casei and their immunoprotective in mice]. | the prepared an oral vaccine by constructing recombinant lactobacillus casei expressing alpha-toxin gene of clostridium perfringens, for preventing poisoning by clostridium perfringens. | 2009 | 19835176 |
| identification of the channel-forming domain of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin (etx). | epsilon-toxin (etx) is a potent toxin produced by clostridium perfringens strains b and d. the bacteria are important pathogens in domestic animals and cause edema mediated by etx. this toxin acts most likely by heptamer formation and rapid permeabilization of target cell membranes for monovalent anions and cations followed by a later entry of calcium. in this study, we compared the primary structure of etx with that of the channel-forming stretches of a variety of binding components of a-b-type ... | 2009 | 19835840 |
| clostridial toxins. | clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in severe diseases in humans and other animals. most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins responsible for gangrenes and gastrointestinal diseases. among them, perfringolysin has been extensively studied and it is the paradigm of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, whereas clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and clostridium septicum alpha-toxin, which are related to aerolysin, are the prototy ... | 2009 | 19824793 |
| application of quantitative microbial risk assessments for estimation of risk management metrics: clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products as an example. | the u.s. department of agriculture, food safety and inspection service is exploring quantitative risk assessment methodologies to incorporate the use of the codex alimentarius' newly adopted risk management metrics (e.g., food safety objectives and performance objectives). it is suggested that use of these metrics would more closely tie the results of quantitative microbial risk assessments (qmras) to public health outcomes. by estimating the food safety objective (the maximum frequency and/or c ... | 2009 | 19833039 |
| microbiological quality of saffron from the main producer countries. | a microbiological study of saffron spice was undertaken in the context of a european research project (methodologies for implementing international standards for saffron purity and quality, the acronym for which is saffic), analyzing 79 samples obtained from the main producer countries, namely greece, iran, italy, morocco, and spain. current microbiological quality criteria are the same as for other spices, but saffron is added in minute quantities during the cooking process, so the health risk ... | 2009 | 19833050 |
| characterization of an atp binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi. | a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild-type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ... | 2009 | 19682412 |
| treatment of septicaemia and severe bacterial infections in foals with a new cefquinome formulation: a field study. | a multicentre field study was conducted in accordance with vich guideline on good clinical practice (vich 2000) to confirm the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of cefquinome for the treatment of naturally occurring severe bacterial infections and septicaemia in foals. thirty-nine foals suffering from severe bacterial infections (such as pneumonia, gastro-enteritis, arthritis, omphalitis, or wound infections) or acute septicaemia were treated twice daily with the test product (1 mg cefqui ... | 2009 | 19813447 |
| beta2-toxin of clostridium perfringens in a hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas) with enteritis. | an 11-yr-old female hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas) that died with a history of diarrhea and anorexia was submitted for necropsy. major pathologic changes were restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. the small intestinal contents were watery and sanguinous, with a deepening of the red color in the large intestines. the intestinal mucosa was hyperemic. microscopically, lesions consisted of surface epithelial cell necrosis in association with numerous rod-shaped bacteria and high numbers of t ... | 2009 | 20063832 |
| spontaneous intrahepatic gas gangrene and fatal septic shock. | gas gangrene of the liver is a rare clinical syndrome associated with a high rate of mortality. it is mostly associated with malignancy and immunosuppression. we report on a male patient who presented at the department of emergency medicine with high fever but no localised complaints. ct scan revealed a cavitary lesion filled with air in the liver. clostridium perfringens was proved to be present in the hepatic lesion and the blood, and clostridium perfringens sepsis with gas gangrene of the liv ... | 2009 | 19943601 |
| in silico analysis of the potential infection mechanisms of magnaporthe grisea from horizontal gene transfer hypothesis. | horizontal gene transfer (hgt) has long been considered as a principal force for an organism to gain novel genes in genome evolution. homology search, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide composition analysis are three major objective approaches to arguably determine the occurrence and directionality of hgt. here, 21 genes that possess the potential to horizontal transfer were acquired from the whole genome of magnaporthe grisea according to annotation, among which three candidate genes (corresp ... | 2009 | 19944380 |
| [toxins of clostridium perfringens]. | clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacillus. it is one of the pathogens with larger distribution in the environment; it can be isolated from soil and water samples, which also belongs to the intestinal flora of animals and humans. however, on some occasions it can act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases such as gas gangrene, enterotoxemia in sheep and goats and lamb dysentery, among others. in human beings, it is associated to diseases such as food poi ... | 2009 | 20085190 |
| comparison of the metabolic activities of four wild-type clostridium perfringens strains with their gatifloxacin-selected resistant mutants. | the production of short-chain fatty acids, reductive enzymes, and hydrolytic enzymes by four gatifloxacin-selected, fluoroquinolone-resistant, mutant strains of c. perfringens, with stable mutations either in dna gyrase or in both dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv, was compared with that produced by the wild-type parent strains to investigate the effect of mutations associated with the selection of gatifloxacin resistance on bacterial metabolic activities. the mutants differed from their respectiv ... | 2009 | 19855959 |
| mucosal flora in crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - an overview. | the intestinal flora harbors varies pathogens. clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene), enterococci (endocarditis), enterobacteriaceae (sepsis), bacteroides (abscesses) are present in the large intestine of every healthy person in high concentrations. these bacteria are, however, separated from the colonic wall by an impenetrable mucus layer and are tolerated by the host. this separation is disturbed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), where bacteria adhere to the mucosa and invade ... | 2009 | 20224153 |
| fatal plasmodium falciparum, clostridium perfringens, and candida spp. coinfections in a traveler to haiti. | malaria is one of the most common causes of febrile illness in travelers. coinfections with bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens may not be suspected unless a patient fails to respond to malaria treatment. using novel immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, plasmodium falciparum, clostridium perfringens, and candida spp. coinfections were confirmed in a german traveler to haiti. plasmodium falciparum-induced ischemia may have increased this patient's susceptibility to c. perfringens and ... | 2009 | 20339463 |
| mastitis in dairy buffalo and cattle in egypt due to clostridium perfringens: prevalence, incidence, risk factors and costs. | although clostridium perfringens is recognised as an important cause of clostridial enteric diseases, there is only limited knowledge about the association of particular c. perfringens toxinotypes (types a to e) with mastitis in domestic animals. in this study, mastitis was detected in 213/623 (34.12%) and 8/83 (9.64%) of the quarter milk samples collected from cases of clinical mastitis in cows and buffalo, respectively. the micro-organism was isolated in an incidence of 16/357 (4.48%) of milk ... | 2009 | 20462154 |
| clostridial myonecrosis clinically resembling black quarter in an indian elephant (elephas maximus). | an indian elephant (elephas maximus) which died of acute fatal myonecrosis was examined to determine the aetiology of the infection. the causative organism was identified as clostridium perfringens type a. out of five genes encoding for major toxins (cpa, cpb, etx, ia, and cpe genes) the isolate was found to harbour the cpa gene only, as tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. it flanks a 324 base pair segment in the cpa gene, indicating the presence of the alpha toxin gene. the organism ... | 2009 | 20462165 |
| identification and sequence determination of recombinant clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin by use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | only a few methods exist for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of alpha-toxin in clinical and biological samples. the aim of our study was to establish a procedure for the production of an antibody against a recombinant antigen with confirmed sequence identity. we applied a noble approach based on proteomics using a mass spectrometer for the conclusive identification of the recombinant alpha-toxin that was subsequently used as an antigen. the recombinant alpha-toxin was produced in escherich ... | 2009 | 20528092 |
| ruptured tuboovarian abscess and septic shock with clostridium perfringens in a postmenopausal woman: a case report. | clostridium perfringens is the most common causative organism of gas gangrene, a necrotizing infection of soft tissue classically associated with traumatic injuries. recently, awareness of its occurrence in spontaneous nontraumatic contexts has been increasing. the authors report an unusual case of nontraumatic/spontaneous c perfringens gas gangrene localized to the adnexae. | 2009 | 20677488 |
| benefits of supplementation of an electrolyte scour treatment with a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial for calves. | a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (dfm), omni-boscb™, added to an electrolyte was evaluated as a therapy for scours. fecal shedding of presumptive clostridium perfringens at day 7 was reduced in scouring calves treated with electrolyte plus dfm compared to scouring calves treated with electrolyte alone. total therapeutic treatment costs during the first 2 weeks were significantly reduced by supplementing the electrolyte with the dfm: $18.69 and $21.57 for electrolyte plus dfm and electrolyte ... | 2009 | 26783130 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens. | clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 c. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. all strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin ... | 2009 | 24031355 |
| investigation of bioaerosols released from swine farms using conventional and alternative waste treatment and management technologies. | microbial air pollution from concentrated animal feeding operations (cafos) has raised concerns about potential public health and environmental impacts. we investigated the levels of bioaerosols released from two swine farms using conventional lagoon-sprayfield technology and ten farms using alternative waste treatment and management technologies in the united states. in total, 424 microbial air samples taken at the 12 cafos were analyzed for several indicator and pathogenic microorganisms, incl ... | 2008 | 19192808 |
| functional characterization and localization of the tcph conjugation protein from clostridium perfringens. | in clostridium perfringens, conjugative plasmids encode important virulence factors, such as toxins and resistance determinants. all of these plasmids carry a conjugation locus that consists of 11 genes: intp and tcpa to tcpj. three proteins, tcpa, a potential coupling protein, tcpf, a putative atpase that is similar to orf15 from tn916, and tcph, which contains virb6-like domains, are essential for conjugation in the prototype conjugative plasmid pcw3. to analyze the functional domains of tcph, ... | 2008 | 18487333 |
| aquaporin-4 in acute cerebral edema produced by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin. | sheep, particularly lambs, with high circulating levels of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin develop severe neurologic signs and often die suddenly. on microscopic examination, in the brain, there is microvascular endothelial injury and diffuse vasogenic edema. the aquaporin (aqp) family of membrane water-channel proteins, especially aqp-4, is important in the regulation of water balance in the brain and facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid. in rats given epsilon toxin, generalize ... | 2008 | 18487486 |
| structural basis of actin recognition and arginine adp-ribosylation by clostridium perfringens iota-toxin. | the adp-ribosylating toxins (adprts) produced by pathogenic bacteria modify intracellular protein and affect eukaryotic cell function. actin-specific adprts (including clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) adp-ribosylate g-actin at arg-177, leading to disorganization of the cytoskeleton and cell death. although the structures of many actin-specific adprts are available, the mechanisms underlying actin recognition and selective adp-ribosylation of arg-177 remain u ... | 2008 | 18490658 |
| noncytotoxic clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) variants localize cpe intestinal binding and demonstrate a relationship between cpe-induced cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. | clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the symptoms of a very common food poisoning. to assess whether cpe-induced cytotoxicity is necessary for enterotoxicity, a rabbit ileal loop model was used to compare the in vivo effects of native cpe or recombinant cpe (rcpe), both of which are cytotoxic, with those of the noncytotoxic rcpe variants rcpe d48a and rcpe(168-319). both cpe and rcpe elicited significant fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops, along with severe mucosal damage that ... | 2008 | 18505809 |
| naturally acquired antibodies against clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin in goats. | clostridium perfringens type d-producing epsilon toxin is a common cause of death in sheep and goats worldwide. although anti-epsilon toxin serum antibodies have been detected in healthy non-vaccinated sheep, the information regarding naturally acquired antibodies in ruminants is scanty. the objective of the present report was to characterize the development of naturally acquired antibodies against c. perfringens epsilon toxin in goats. the levels of anti-epsilon toxin antibodies in blood serum ... | 2008 | 18538416 |
| berberine-dna complexation: new insights into the cooperative binding and energetic aspects. | the equilibrium binding of the cytotoxic plant alkaloid berberine to various dnas and energetics of the interaction have been studied. at low ratios of bound alkaloid to base pair, the binding exhibited cooperativity to natural dnas having almost equal proportions of at and gc sequences. in contrast, the binding was non-cooperative to dnas with predominantly high at or gc sequences. among the synthetic dnas, cooperative binding was observed with poly(da).poly(dt) and poly(dg).poly(dc) while non- ... | 2008 | 18549823 |
| molecular typing of clostridium perfringens isolated from turkey meat by multiplex pcr. | to determine the presence of toxin genes in 22 clostridium perfringens isolated from turkey meat samples by molecular typing. | 2008 | 18554263 |
| coaggregation between and among human intestinal and oral bacteria. | coaggregation is believed to facilitate the integration of new bacterial species into polymicrobial communities. the aim of this study was to investigate coaggregation between and among human oral and enteric bacteria. stationary phase cultures of 10 oral and 10 enteric species, chosen on the basis of numerical and ecological significance in their respective environments together with their ease of cultivation, were tested using a quantitative spectrophotometric coaggregation assay in all possib ... | 2008 | 18554305 |
| clindamycin-resistant clostridium perfringens cellulitis. | clostridium perfringens is responsible for a number of clinical conditions ranging from relatively mild food poisoning to the potentially life-threatening gas gangrene. fortunately, c. perfringens has remained relatively susceptible to first line antibiotics in the treatment of soft tissue infection, however, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is increasing amongst other anaerobic organisms. a case of anaerobic cellulitis caused by a clindamycin-resistant c. perfringens is described here, e ... | 2008 | 18558488 |
| characterization of two different endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidases from probiotic and pathogenic enterobacteria, bifidobacterium longum and clostridium perfringens. | endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase (endo-alpha-galnac-ase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the o-glycosidic bond between alpha-galnac at the reducing end of mucin-type sugar chains and serine/threonine of proteins to release oligosaccharides. previously, we identified the gene engbf encoding endo-alpha-galnac-ase from bifidobacterium longum, which specifically released the disaccharide gal beta 1-3galnac (fujita k, oura f, nagamine n, katayama t, hiratake j, sakata k, kumagai h, yamamoto k. 2005. ... | 2008 | 18559962 |
| a comparison of efficiencies of microbiological pollution removal in six sewage treatment plants with different treatment systems. | six sewage treatment plants (stp) were investigated over a 12-month period in order to measure the microbiological load of untreated municipal wastewater and to evaluate the removal efficiencies of different treatment systems. the stp investigated can be classified into three categories: bigger plants with tertiary treatment, smaller plants with enhanced secondary treatment, and very small compact facilities. the plants studied had a considerable quantitative impact on the hydrology of the catch ... | 2008 | 18565791 |
| molecular target therapies in endometrial cancer: from the basic research to the clinic. | molecular targeted therapies represent an interesting field of pharmacological research in endometrial cancer. the loss of pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) function, with consequent activation of the pi3k (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase)-akt (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase)-mtor (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, occurs in 32-83% of endometrioid-type endometrial carcinomas, thus suggesting a role for mtor inhibition in this malignancy. some ... | 2008 | 18569027 |
| clostridium perfringens infection following endometrial ablation. | 2008 | 18569497 | |
| nosocomial diarrhea caused by clostridium perfringens in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. | we examined the incidence of nosocomial diarrhea caused by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpent) in three tertiary hospitals in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. in addition, isolated strains were genomically characterized. among 294 stool specimens submitted for c. difficile toxin a (cdtxa) assay during a period of 6 months, 6 (0.42 cases per 1000 beds monthly) and 79 (5.5) were positive for cpent and cdtxa, respectively. c. perfringens with the cpe gene was detected in 15 (5%) of th ... | 2008 | 18574660 |
| stroke as initial manifestation of a fulminant c. perfringens sepsis. | 2008 | 18574946 | |
| assessment of microbiological and parasitological quality of composted wastes: health implications and hygienic measures. | feedstock and compost samples were collected from twenty composting plants and analysed from the microbiological point of view. faecal indicator organisms were determined in order to evaluate the efficacy of processes for the removal of pathogenic micro-organisms with similar survival characteristics and to verify their suitability as appropriate markers of microbial quality of composted products. in addition to the classical bacterial indicators, selected organisms, such as salmonella, giardia, ... | 2008 | 18578158 |
| levels and toxigenicity of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens from retail seafood. | for the period 1990 through 2003, seafood was the most commonly identified food linked to foodborne outbreaks in the united states. fish as a commodity has rarely been examined for the presence of bacillus cereus in particular. for the present study, 347 fresh and processed retail seafood samples were examined for the presence of clostridium botulinum, clostridium perfringens, and b. cereus. the presence of c. botulinum was not confirmed in any of the isolates, but c. perfringens was confirmed i ... | 2008 | 18592743 |
| a national survey of the microbiological quality of retail raw meats in australia. | a national survey of the microbiology of meat (ground beef and diced lamb) at the retail level in australia was undertaken. for ground beef samples (n = 360), the mean aerobic plate count (apc) was 5.79 log cfu/g, and escherichia coli was detected in 17.8% of samples; the mean population for these positive samples was 1.49 log cfu/g. enterobacteriaceae were detected in 96.9% of samples (mean for positive samples, 3.01 log cfu/g), and coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in 28.1% of sam ... | 2008 | 18592751 |
| oral immunization of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis with an attenuated salmonella vaccine vector expressing clostridium perfringens antigens. | necrotic enteritis (ne) in broiler chickens is caused by clostridium perfringens but currently no effective vaccine is available. our previous study showed that certain c. perfringens secreted proteins when administered intramuscularly protected chickens against experimental infection. in the current study, genes encoding three c. perfringens proteins: fructose-biphosphate-aldolase (fba), pyruvate:ferredoxin-oxidoreductase (pfor) and hypothetical protein (hp), were cloned into an avirulent salmo ... | 2008 | 18597901 |
| acalculous and clostridial cholecystitis in a pig. | a 21-month-old domestic hanford pig (sus scrofa domestica) in a 1-year study for experimental myocardial infarction was euthanized at the end of the study. one week earlier, the animal had symptoms and elevated clinical chemistry results suggestive of hepatobiliary disease, which resolved after medical therapy. at necropsy, the gallbladder was markedly enlarged, discolored, and had a thickened wall. within the gallbladder, there was abundant friable green-brown material. a culture of the gallbla ... | 2008 | 18599865 |
| risk profiles of pork and poultry meat and risk ratings of various pathogen/product combinations. | risk profiles of pork and poultry meat were carried out using an excel-based software program, risk ranger. it is a semi-quantitative risk estimator answering various questions relating to the probability of exposure to a hazard, susceptibility of the population of interest, severity of the illness caused by the hazard if present and probability of food containing an infectious dose. therefore, qualitative and quantitative inputs were used to estimate and rank the risk of various hazards/food co ... | 2008 | 18602180 |
| the solution structure of the c-terminal modular pair from clostridium perfringens mu-toxin reveals a noncellulosomal dockerin module. | the genome of the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes a large number of secreted glycoside hydrolases. their predicted activities indicate that they are involved in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and other glycans found in the mucosal layer of the human gastrointestinal tract, within the extracellular matrix, and on the surface of host cells. one such group of these enzymes is the family 84 glycoside hydrolases, which has predicted hyaluronidase activity and comprises ... | 2008 | 18602403 |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium perfringens type a is associated with 5-20% cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) even though clostridium difficile is implicated in the most severe cases. fecal specimens from one hundred hospitalized patients, who developed diarrhea regardless of antibiotic intake and who were negative for c. difficile toxin assay, were investigated for c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). simultaneously, cultures were set up for other possible aetiological factors. ten healthy controls were a ... | 2008 | 18603680 |
| enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006. | in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ... | 2008 | 18604503 |
| prevalence and characterization of enterotoxin gene-carrying clostridium perfringens isolates from retail meat products in japan. | clostridium perfringens is an important anaerobic pathogen causing food-borne gastrointestinal (gi) diseases in humans and animals. it is thought that c. perfringens food poisoning isolates typically carry the enterotoxin gene (cpe) on their chromosome, while isolates from other gi diseases, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, carry cpe on a transferable plasmid. however, food-borne gi disease outbreaks associated with c. perfringens isolates carrying plasmid-borne cpe (plasmid cpe isolates) ... | 2008 | 18606797 |
| listeria monocytogenes septicaemia and concurrent clostridial infection in an adult alpaca (lama pacos). | a 10-year-old alpaca with a history of anorexia, weight loss and diarrhoea was humanely destroyed and shown to have a multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis and colitis, as well as an ulcerative to diphtheroid ileitis. immunohistochemical examination revealed listeria monocytogenes antigen in the liver and ileum. in addition, l. monocytogenes and listeria sp.-specific gene fragments were detected by the polymerase chain reaction. l. monocytogenes was isolated from liver and small intestine ... | 2008 | 18619608 |
| inhibitory effects of polyphosphates on clostridium perfringens growth, sporulation and spore outgrowth. | this study evaluated the effects of various polyphosphates (spp, stpp, sapp and tspp) on growth, sporulation and spore germination of clostridium perfringens, and germination and outgrowth of c. perfrinegns spores in poultry meat. we have found that the requirements of polyp (0.8-1.0%) to inhibit c. perfringens bacterial growth were higher than those reported for other bacteria. sub-lethal concentrations of polyp significantly (p<0.01) inhibited sporulation of c. perfringens by reducing sporulat ... | 2008 | 18620972 |
| real-time pcr detection of pathogenic microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in southeast queensland, australia. | in this study, the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater was assessed by monitoring the concentrations of escherichia coli, enterococci, clostridium perfringens, and bacteroides spp. in rainwater obtained from tanks in southeast queensland, australia. samples were also tested using real-time pcr (with sybr green i dye) for the presence of potential pathogenic microorganisms. of the 27 rainwater samples tested, 17 (63%), 21 (78%), 13 (48%), and 24 (89%) were positive for e. coli, en ... | 2008 | 18621865 |
| effects of clostridium perfringens beta-toxin on the rabbit small intestine and colon. | clostridium perfringens type b and type c isolates, which produce beta-toxin (cpb), cause fatal diseases originating in the intestines of humans or livestock. our previous studies demonstrated that cpb is necessary for type c isolate cn3685 to cause bloody necrotic enteritis in a rabbit ileal loop model and also showed that purified cpb, in the presence of trypsin inhibitor (ti), can reproduce type c pathology in rabbit ileal loops. we report here a more complete characterization of the effects ... | 2008 | 18625730 |
| gas gangrene of the liver after a choledocho-jejunostomy. | 2008 | 18628626 | |
| top-down systems biology integration of conditional prebiotic modulated transgenomic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. | gut microbiome-host metabolic interactions affect human health and can be modified by probiotic and prebiotic supplementation. here, we have assessed the effects of consumption of a combination of probiotics (lactobacillus paracasei or l. rhamnosus) and two galactosyl-oligosaccharide prebiotics on the symbiotic microbiome-mammalian supersystem using integrative metabolic profiling and modeling of multiple compartments in germ-free mice inoculated with a model of human baby microbiota. we have sh ... | 2008 | 18628745 |
| high-level expression of his-tagged clostridial collagenase in clostridium perfringens. | clostridium histolyticum collagenase is used to isolate cells from various organs and tissues for tissue engineering, and also to treat destructive fibrosis; thus, the demand for high-grade enzyme preparations is increasing. in this study, we constructed a plasmid encoding c. histolyticum type ii collagenase (colh) with a c-terminal hexahistidine tag (colh-his) to facilitate the purification of the enzyme through immobilized metal affinity chromatography (imac). when colh-his was expressed in a ... | 2008 | 18629492 |
| occurrence and prevalence of clostridium perfringens in polar bears from svalbard, norway. | to obtain insight into the occurrence and prevalence of clostridium perfringens and its major toxins in polar bears (ursus maritimus), we took fecal samples for bacteriologic analysis from live-captured bears in the svalbard archipelago, norway, in 2001. clostridium perfringens was isolated from 40 of 92 samples (44%). thirty strains were further characterized by determining toxin type and were classified to be type a, while one was also positive for the gene encoding beta2-toxin. despite the fa ... | 2008 | 18263831 |
| the relationship between the metabolism of sphingomyelin species and the hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes induced by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. | clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes by activating the metabolism of sphingomyelin (sm) via a gtp binding protein in membranes. alpha-toxin stimulated the formation of 15-n-nervonoyl sphingosine (c24:1-ceramide), which was identified by positive ion fast atom bombardment-ms and 1h-nmr spectroscopy. c24:1-ceramide stimulated the toxin-induced hemolysis of saponin-pretreated sheep erythrocytes and increased the production of sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) ... | 2008 | 18263851 |
| involvement of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-induced plasma extravasation in mice. | clostridium perfringens beta-toxin, an important agent of necrotic enteritis, causes plasma extravasation due to the release of a tachykinin nk(1) receptor agonist in mouse skin. in this study, we investigated the role of cytokines in beta-toxin-induced plasma extravasation. | 2008 | 18264118 |
| netb, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens. | for over 30 years a phospholipase c enzyme called alpha-toxin was thought to be the key virulence factor in necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens. however, using a gene knockout mutant we have recently shown that alpha-toxin is not essential for pathogenesis. we have now discovered a key virulence determinant. a novel toxin (netb) was identified in a c. perfringens strain isolated from a chicken suffering from necrotic enteritis (ne). the toxin displayed limited amino acid sequenc ... | 2008 | 18266469 |
| antimicrobial activity of lupulone against clostridium perfringens in the chicken intestinal tract jejunum and caecum. | owing to the spread of antibiotic resistance among human infectious agents, there is a need to research antibiotic alternatives for use in animal agricultural systems. antibiotic-free broiler chicken production systems are known to suffer from frequent outbreaks of necrotic enteritis due in part to pathogenic type a clostridium perfringens. hop (humulus lupulus) bitter acids are known to possess potent antimicrobial activity. lupulone was evaluated for in vivo antimicrobial activity to inhibit c ... | 2008 | 18276602 |
| isolates of clostridium perfringens recovered from costa rican patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are mostly enterotoxin-negative and susceptible to first-choice antimicrobials. | to assess the prevalence of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens among adults suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in a costa rican hospital, faecal samples were analysed from 104 patients by a cultivation approach. the 29 strains obtained, which accounted for an isolation frequency of 28 %, were genotyped and investigated with regard to their in vitro susceptibility to penicillin, imipenem, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol and metronidazole using an agar-dilution method. a multiplex pcr ... | 2008 | 18287298 |
| binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins and their use as molecular trojan horses for drug delivery into eukaryotic cells. | binary bacterial toxins are unique ab-type toxins, composed of two non-linked proteins that act as a binding/translocation component and an enzyme component. all known actin-adp-ribosylating toxins from clostridia possess this binary structure. this toxin family is comprised of the prototypical clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile cdt, and clostridium spiroforme toxin. once in the cytosol of host cells, these toxins transfer an adp-ribose moie ... | 2008 | 18289001 |
| divergent modes of glycan recognition by a new family of carbohydrate-binding modules. | the genomes of myonecrotic clostridium perfringens isolates contain genes encoding a large and fascinating array of highly modular glycoside hydrolase enzymes. although the catalytic activities of many of these enzymes are somewhat predictable based on their amino acid sequences, the functions of their abundant ancillary modules are not and remain poorly studied. here, we present the structural and functional analysis of a new family of ancillary carbohydrate-binding modules (cbms), cbm51, which ... | 2008 | 18292090 |
| severe hemolytic anemia and acute psychosis caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis. | clostridium perfringens septicaemia with massive hemolysis is well known. the infection induced acute hemolytic attack frequently occur in chronic corpuscular hemolytic anemias. alterations in mental status are common in septic patients. | 2008 | 18301361 |
| rna-dependent lipid remodeling by bacterial multiple peptide resistance factors. | multiple peptide resistance (mprf) virulence factors control cellular permeability to cationic antibiotics by aminoacylating inner membrane lipids. it has been shown previously that one class of mprf can use lys-trna(lys) to modify phosphatidylglycerol (pg), but the mechanism of recognition and possible role of other mprfs are unknown. here, we used an in vitro reconstituted lipid aminoacylation system to investigate the two phylogenetically distinct mprf paralogs (mprf1 and mprf2) found in the ... | 2008 | 18305156 |
| application of pcr-based detection of clostridium perfringens cpb2 in fecal samples. | 2008 | 18313238 | |
| [relationship between clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and intestinal microecosystem disorder in patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. | this study was to investigate the relationship between clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) and intestinal microecosystem in patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct) and to clarify clinical characteristics of intestinal microecosystem disorder. clostridium difficile (cd) was isolated and identified by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay using clostridium difficile premier toxins a&b kit and anaerobic culture in 44 cases with diarrhea. fecal flora ... | 2008 | 18315917 |
| recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens induces protective responses against necrotic enteritis in chickens. | clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (ne) is a widespread disease in chickens that causes high mortality and reduced growth performance. traditionally, ne was controlled by the routine application of antimicrobials in the feed, a practice that currently is unpopular. consequently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of ne, and it has become a threat to the current objective of antimicrobial-free farming. the pathogenesis of ne is associated with the proliferation of c. per ... | 2008 | 18337376 |
| domain mapping of a claudin-4 modulator, the c-terminal region of c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, by site-directed mutagenesis. | a c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) is a modulator of claudin-4. we previously found that upon deletion of the c-terminal 16 amino acids, c-cpe lost its ability to modulate claudin-4. tyrosine residues in the 16 amino acids were involved in the modulation of claudin-4. in the present study, we performed functional domain mapping of the 16-amino acid region of c-cpe by replacing individual amino acids with alanine. to evaluate the ability of the alanine-substitute ... | 2008 | 18342294 |