Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| identification of factors impacting recurrent clostridium difficile infection and development of a risk evaluation tool. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is a growing concern, yet limited data exists to clarify which patients are at highest risk. identification of these patients may better inform decisions of those who may benefit from prophylactic intervention. the purpose of this study was to determine which factors are associated with the recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to develop a risk stratification tool. methods. patients readmitted within 10 weeks of positive c. di ... | 2016 | 27806252 |
| costs and consequences associated with misdiagnosed lower extremity cellulitis. | inflammatory dermatoses of the lower extremity are often misdiagnosed as cellulitis (aka "pseudocellulitis") and treated with antibiotics and/or hospitalization. there is limited data on the cost and complications from misdiagnosed cellulitis. | 2016 | 27806170 |
| clostridium difficile infection: associations with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeting therapy treatments. | although mucositis, diarrhea, and constipation as well as immunosuppression are well recognized side-effects of cancer treatment, the underlying mechanisms including changes in the composition of gut microbiota and clostridium difficile infection have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. | 2016 | 27804875 |
| hydralazine-induced anca vasculitis in the setting of acute clostridium difficile infection. | we report a rare case of hydralazine-induced anca associated glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage in the setting of acute clostridium difficile infection. a 71-year-old caucasian woman with hypertension, who was being treated with hydralazine 25 mg twice a day for six years, presented to the hospital with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and anemia. she had acute kidney injury and urinalysis showed proteinuria, dysmorphic rbcs, and rare rbc cast. she was found to have clostridium difficile coli ... | 2016 | 27801920 |
| molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from a university teaching hospital in china. | while the developed world has seen a significant increase in the number of scientific articles on clostridium difficile infection (cdi), the developing world still lags behind on this subject due to limited laboratory capacity, low awareness, and limited surveillance of this problem. as such, cdi is considered a neglected but potentially huge problem in developing countries. the major aim of this study was to systemically evaluate the utility of several molecular typing tools for cdi, including ... | 2016 | 27799923 |
| eosinophils, probiotics, and the microbiome. | there is currently substantial interest in the therapeutic properties of probiotic microorganisms as recent research suggests that oral administration of specific bacterial strains may reduce inflammation and alter the nature of endogenous microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. eosinophils are multifunctional tissue leukocytes, prominent among the resident cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa that promote local immunity. recent studies with genetically altered mice indicate that eosinophils n ... | 2016 | 27549754 |
| epidemiology and outcome of clostridium difficile infections in patients hospitalized in internal medicine: findings from the nationwide fadoi-practice study. | clostridium difficile (cd) is a leading cause of diarrhoea among hospitalized patients. the objective of this study was to evaluate the rate, the optimal diagnostic work-up, and outcome of cd infections (cdi) in internal medicine (im) wards in italy. | 2016 | 27825317 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: an increased problem. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea is a major health problem that seems to be on the increase. in our study, we analyse the changes in the incidence of this infection over the last 11 years. | 2016 | 27823794 |
| chemical and stress resistances of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, sporogenic and anaerobic bacterium that causes a potentially fatal colitis. c. difficile enters the body as dormant spores that germinate in the colon to form vegetative cells that secrete toxins and cause the symptoms of infection. during transit through the intestine, some vegetative cells transform into spores, which are more resistant to killing by environmental insults than the vegetative cells. understanding the inherent resistance properties of th ... | 2016 | 27833595 |
| vesicoileal fistula and clostridium difficile colitis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 2016 | 27842209 | |
| pharmacologic stress gastropathy prophylaxis may not be necessary in at-risk surgical trauma icu patients tolerating enteral nutrition. | stress gastropathy is a rare complication of the intensive care unit stay with high morbidity and mortality. there are data that support the concept that patients tolerating enteral nutrition have sufficient gut blood flow to obviate the need for prophylaxis; however, no robust studies exist. this study assesses the incidence of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding in surgical trauma intensive care unit (sticu) patients at risk of stress gastropathy secondary to mechanical ventilatio ... | 2016 | 27837045 |
| genome sequence of clostridium paraputrificum 373-a1 isolated in chile from a patient infected with clostridium difficile. | clostridium paraputrificum is a gut microbiota member reported in several cases of bacteremia and coinfections. so far, only one genome sequence of a c. paraputrificum (agr2156) isolate is available. here, we present the draft genome of c. paraputrificum strain 373-a1, isolated from stools from a patient with c. difficile infection. | 2016 | 27811092 |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes and high proportion of 027 and 176 in some hospitals in four south eastern european countries. | while clostridium difficile epidemiology is well documented in many european countries, data are largely missing for south eastern european region. here we report the pcr ribotype distribution of 249 c. difficile isolates received for typing from six hospital settings from croatia, bosnia and herzegovina, republic of macedonia and serbia in time period from 2008 to 2015. twenty-four pcr ribotypes were detected. the majority of strains from bosnia and herzegovina and serbia belonged to pcr riboty ... | 2016 | 27751937 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 018: a problematic emerging type. | recent surveys indicate that the majority of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains isolated in european hospitals belonged to pcr-ribotypes (rts) different from rt 027 or rt 078. among these types, rt 018 has been reported in italy and, more recently, in korea and japan. in italy, strains rt 018 have become predominant in the early 2000s, whereas the majority of strains isolated before were rt 126, a type belonging to the same lineage as the rt 078. in this study, we have found that italian st ... | 2016 | 27725230 |
| gut eradication of vim-1 producing st9 klebsiella oxytoca after fecal microbiota transplantation for diarrhea caused by a clostridium difficile hypervirulent r027 strain. | we report the fecal carriage eradication of a vim-1-producing st9 klebsiella oxytoca strain in a pluripathological 84-year-old woman after fecal microbiota transplantation to control relapsing r027 hypervirulent clostridium difficile infections. the donor was her son, in which the absence of fecal carbapenemase-producing bacteria was corroborated. | 2016 | 27712927 |
| clostridium difficile: a rare cause of pyogenic liver abscess. | extra-intestinal infections due to clostridium difficile have been reported rarely. herein we report a case of pyogenic liver abscess from toxigenic c. difficile in an 80-year-old non-hospitalized woman with diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. the patient was admitted to the emergency department with fever and abdominal pain. there was no history of diarrhea or use of antibiotics. laboratory parameters revealed signs of inflammation and elevated ast and alt levels. ab ... | 2016 | 27693543 |
| molecular types and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile isolates in different epidemiological settings in a tertiary care center in israel. | the aims of this prospective study were to examine the correlation between the molecular types and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile isolates with the source of acquisition and the occurrence of c. difficile infections (cdi) in a tertiary center in israel. all available isolates from community-acquired (ca) cdi episodes (n=43) and matching numbers of isolates from community-onset, hospital acquired (co-ha, n=67) and ha-cdi (n=56) and 32 cases of recurrent cdi wer ... | 2016 | 27638350 |
| a genetic assay for gene essentiality in clostridium. | essential genes of pathogens are potential therapeutic targets, but are difficult to verify. here, gene essentiality was determined by targeted knockout following engineered gene duplication. null mutants of candidate essential genes of clostridium difficile were viable only in the presence of a stable second copy of the gene. | 2016 | 27487328 |
| predictors of clostridium difficile infection-related mortality among older adults. | over 90% of annual deaths caused by clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occur in persons aged ≥65 years. however, no large-scale studies have been conducted to investigate predictors of cdi-related mortality among older adults. | 2016 | 27424303 |
| teaching health care workers to adopt a systems perspective for improved control and prevention of health care-associated infections. | 2016 | 27424302 | |
| a case of multiple recurrence of clostridium difficile infection with severe hematochezia in an immunocompromised host. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in incidence and severity. clinically, diarrhea frequently occurs, but severe hematochezia is rarely seen with cdi. we describe here a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipient who experienced life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding due to severe cdi. subsequent stool surveillance and molecular typing observed the patient who had two episodes of recurrence with a new strain of c. difficile distinct from the initial infection. ... | 2016 | 27377777 |
| clostridium difficile infection epidemiology and management: comparison of results of a prospective study with a retrospective one in a reference teaching and research hospital in northern italy. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is the most common infectious antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a growing health care problem. prevention of clostridium difficile infection focuses on clinical and epidemiologic infection control measures. | 2016 | 27372227 |
| hospitalized patients with heart failure and common bacterial infections: a nationwide analysis of concomitant clostridium difficile infection rates and in-hospital mortality. | patients with heart failure (hf) are frequently hospitalized with common bacterial infections. it is unknown whether they experience concomitant clostridium difficile infection (cdi) more frequently than patients without hf, and whether cdi affects their mortality. | 2016 | 27317844 |
| health care worker hand contamination at critical moments in outpatient care settings. | the delivery of health care in outpatient settings has steadily increased over the past 40 years. the risk of infection in these settings is considered to be low. however, the increasing severity of illness and complexity of care in outpatient settings creates a need to reexamine the transmission of pathogens in this setting. | 2016 | 27287735 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized oncology patients. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among oncology inpatients is poorly understood. in multivariate analysis we identified age, history of cdi, and prior receipt of cephalosporins, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, metronidazole, and blood transfusion as risk factors associated with cdi. reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use, particularly among older patients and those with a cdi history and recent blood transfusions, may decrease cdi risk in this population. | 2016 | 27287733 |
| a pilot study to assess the effectiveness and cost of routine universal use of peracetic acid sporicidal wipes in a real clinical environment. | peracetic acid sporicidal wipes have been shown to be an effective disinfectant, but in controlled test environments. their high cost may restrict use. | 2016 | 27238941 |
| asymptomatic and yet c. difficile-toxin positive? prevalence and risk factors of carriers of toxigenic clostridium difficile among geriatric in-patients. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are the most frequent cause of diarrhoea in hospitals. geriatric patients are more often affected by the condition, by a relapse and complications. therefore, a crucial question is how often colonization with toxigenic clostridium difficile strains occurs in elderly patients without diarrhoea and whether there is a "risk pattern" of colonized patients that can be defined by geriatric assessment. furthermore, the probability for those asymptomatic carriers t ... | 2016 | 27846818 |
| rates of microbiologically diagnosed infection and pathogen detection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. | infections remain a significant cause of mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. evaluations of causes of infection are often unrevealing, and at some sites, increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance have been noticed. we performed a retrospective analysis of infection rates and microbiologic testing yield, or percent of tests ordered to diagnose an infection, in the first 100 days of 30 allogeneic and 56 autologous stem cell transplants performed at san antonio military med ... | 2016 | 27849508 |
| national age group trends in clostridium difficile infection incidence and health outcomes in united states community hospitals. | prior studies have demonstrated an increase in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence in the united states (u.s.) in recent years, but trends among different age groups have not been evaluated. this study describes national cdi incidence by age group over a 10-year period and mortality and hospital length of stay (los) among patients with cdi. | 2016 | 27855653 |
| characterization of the clostridium difficile volatile metabolome using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen capable of causing life-threatening infections of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by severe diarrhea. exposure to certain classes of antibiotics, advanced age, and prolonged hospitalizations are known risk factors for infection by this organism. anecdotally, healthcare providers have reported that they can smell c. difficile infections in their patients, and several studies have suggested that there may indeed be an olfactory signal associat ... | 2016 | 27855313 |
| two novel myoviruses from the north of iraq reveal insights into clostridium difficile phage diversity and biology. | bacteriophages (phages) are increasingly being explored as therapeutic agents to combat bacterial diseases, including clostridium difficile infections. therapeutic phages need to be able to efficiently target and kill a wide range of clinically relevant strains. while many phage groups have yet to be investigated in detail, those with new and useful properties can potentially be identified when phages from newly studied geographies are characterised. here, we report the isolation of c. difficile ... | 2016 | 27854339 |
| draft genome sequence of robinsoniella peoriensis 6600698, a confounder of clostridium difficile diagnosis. | robinsoniella peoriensis is a gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped organism. here, we report the draft genome of r. peoriensis 6600698, initially classified as clostridium difficile due to growth on selective agar, a fecal gdh pcr-positive result, and clinical symptoms. r. peoriensis is a potential confounder of c. difficile diagnosis. | 2016 | 27856584 |
| chlorhexidine bathing and health care-associated infections among adult intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | health care-associated infections (hai) have been shown to increase length of stay, the cost of care, and rates of hospital deaths (kaye and marchaim, j am geriatr soc 62(2):306-11, 2014; roberts and scott, med care 48(11):1026-35, 2010; warren and quadir, crit care med 34(8):2084-9, 2006; zimlichman and henderson, jama intern med 173(22):2039-46, 2013). importantly, infections acquired during a hospital stay have been shown to be preventable (loveday and wilson, j hosp infect 86:s1-70, 2014). i ... | 2016 | 27876075 |
| the role of single-shot metronidazole in the prevention of clostridium difficile infection following ileostomy reversal surgery. | symptomatic infection with clostridium difficile is strongly linked to antibiotic use and rates are higher for colorectal surgery. in february 2015, trust policy for antibiotic prophylaxis of ileostomy reversal surgery was changed from three doses of metronidazole plus cefuroxime to single-dose metronidazole, in a bid to reduce rates of clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27878620 |
| burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients residing in nursing homes: a population-based cohort study. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states. this study aimed to examine the incidence of cdi and evaluate mortality and economic burden of cdi in an elderly population who reside in nursing homes (nhs). | 2016 | 27884118 |
| [adalimumab as induction therapy for crohn's disease - one center study]. | adalimumab is a subcutaneously administered recombinant fully human monoclonal antibody targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha. it has been approved for use in poland to treat patients with crohn's disease under the program of polish national health found since 2010. | 2016 | 27883347 |
| highly divergent clostridium difficile strains isolated from the environment. | clostridium difficile is one of the most important human and animal pathogens. however, the bacterium is ubiquitous and can be isolated from various sources. here we report the prevalence and characterization of c. difficile in less studied environmental samples, puddle water (n = 104) and soil (n = 79). c. difficile was detected in 14.4% of puddle water and in 36.7% of soil samples. environmental strains displayed antimicrobial resistance patterns comparable to already published data of human a ... | 2016 | 27880843 |
| bezlotoxumab approved to prevent clostridium difficile recurrence. | 2016 | 27864194 | |
| liver abscess and bacteremia caused by lactobacillus: role of probiotics? case report and review of the literature. | lactobacilli are non-spore forming, lactic acid producing, gram-positive rods. they are a part of the normal gastrointestinal and genitourinary microbiota and have rarely been reported to be the cause of infections. lactobacilli species are considered non-pathogenic organisms and have been used as probiotics to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhea. there are sporadic reported cases of infections related to lactobacilli containing probiotics. | 2016 | 27863462 |
| rethinking strategies to select antibiotic therapy in clostridium difficile infection. | in recent years, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a global public health threat associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, all of which are exacerbated with disease recurrence. current guidelines informing treatment decisions are largely based on definitions of disease severity at diagnosis, with subjective components not well delineated across treatment algorithms and clinical trials. furthermore, there is little evidence linking severity at onset to ou ... | 2016 | 27862113 |
| evidence for dual receptor-binding sites in clostridium difficile toxin a. | tcda (308 kda) and tcdb (270 kda) disrupt the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and provide an environment favorable for clostridium difficile colonization. recent evidence suggests that entry of tcda into cells is mediated by at least two domains. here, we report the characterization of a second receptor-binding domain (rbd2) for tcda. while both the isolated combined repetitive oligopeptides (crops) and rbd2 fragments are rapidly internalized into cells under physiologic condition ... | 2016 | 27861794 |
| predominance of clostridium difficile ribotypes 017 and 078 among toxigenic clinical isolates in southern taiwan. | ribotypes and toxin genotypes of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan are rarely reported. a prospective surveillance study from january 2011 to january 2013 was conducted at the medical wards of a district hospital in southern taiwan. of the first toxigenic isolates from 120 patients, 68 (56.7%) of 120 isolates possessed both tcda and tcdb. of 52 (43.3%) with tcdb and truncated tcda (tcda-/tcdb+), all were ribotype 017 and none had binary toxin or tcdc deletion. eighteen (15%) toxigenic iso ... | 2016 | 27861606 |
| two clusters of fluoroquinolone and clindamycin-resistant clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 001 strain recognized by capillary electrophoresis ribotyping and multilocus variable tandem repeat analysis. | to perform a retrospective analysis of the high occurrence of clostridium difficile infection in the surgical department of a czech tertiary care hospital and to identify weaknesses in c. difficile infection (cdi) prevention and control policies. | 2016 | 27860531 |
| asymptomatic colitis induced by low-dose methotrexate. | a woman aged 77 years with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) presented with inflammatory colitis confined to her rectum, which was incidentally found by a screening colonoscopy. histopathological examination of colonic biopsies showed non-specific inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes, the cause of which was unknown. she had been diagnosed with ra 5 years before, and she was receiving methotrexate 6 mg weekly, to which tocilizumab had been added 4 years earlier, which achieved stable cont ... | 2016 | 27888222 |
| detection of a cfr(b) variant in german enterococcus faecium clinical isolates and the impact on linezolid resistance in enterococcus spp. | the national reference centre for staphylococci and enterococci in germany has received an increasing number of clinical linezolid-resistant e. faecium isolates in recent years. five isolates harbored a cfr(b) variant gene locus the product of which is capable of conferring linezolid resistance. the cfr(b)-like methyltransferase gene was also detected in clostridium difficile. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for cfr(b)-positive and linezolid-resistant e. faecium isolates and two isog ... | 2016 | 27893790 |
| antimicrobial stewardship programs that target only high-cost, broad-spectrum antimicrobials miss opportunities to reduce clostridium difficile infections. | antimicrobial stewardship programs are promoted as a strategy to reduce clostridium difficile infections. we implemented an antimicrobial stewardship program comprised of formulary restriction plus prospective audit with feedback for high-cost and broad-spectrum antimicrobials. subsequently, we reviewed all heath care facility-onset, health care facility-associated c difficile infections. we found that most of these infections were associated with the antecedent receipt of nonaudited, and often ... | 2016 | 27908435 |
| bezlotoxumab: first global approval. | bezlotoxumab (zinplava™) is a human monoclonal antibody against clostridium difficile toxin b developed by merck & co. in october 2016 it was approved in the usa for reducing the recurrence of c. difficile infection. this article summarizes the milestones in the development of bezlotoxumab leading to this first approval for use in patients receiving antibacterial drug treatment for c. difficile infection who are at high risk for recurrence of c. difficile infection. | 2016 | 27905086 |
| the incidence and drug resistance of clostridium difficile infection in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | it has been widely reported that the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have increased dramatically in north america and europe. however, little is known about cdi in mainland china. in this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of cdi and the main epidemic and drug-resistant strains of c. difficile in mainland china through meta-analysis of related studies published after the year 2010. a total of 51 eligible studies were included. the pooled incidence of tox ... | 2016 | 27897206 |
| dysbiosis of fecal microbiota and high frequency of citrobacter, klebsiella spp., and actinomycetes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and gastroenteritis. | this study was aimed to characterize putative differences of fecal microbiota between irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) and gastroenteritis patients and healthy controls. | 2016 | 27895859 |
| clostridium difficile: a healthcare-associated infection of unknown significance in adults in sub-saharan africa. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) causes a high burden of disease in high-resource healthcare systems, with significant morbidity, mortality, and financial implications. cdi is a healthcare-associated infection for which the primary risk factor is antibiotic usage, and it is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients in the united states. little is known about the disease burden of cdi in sub-saharan africa, where hiv and healthcare-associated infections are more preva ... | 2016 | 27895832 |
| correction: chen, s., et al. identification of an essential region for translocation of clostridium difficile toxin b. toxins 2016, 8, 241. | n/a. | 2016 | 27918428 |
| management of clostridium difficile infection. | since the discovery of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the 1970s, there has been an increase in the incidence, severity, and recurrence rate of the disease. we reviewed the recent cdi literature in pubmed published before february 28, 2016 that focused on advances in therapy. despite a large number of studies describing methods for diagnosing the disease, there is currently no definitive test that identifies this infection with certainty, which complicates therapy. recommended therapy f ... | 2016 | 27917075 |
| familial mediterranean fever mutations lift the obligatory requirement for microtubules in pyrin inflammasome activation. | familial mediterranean fever (fmf) is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease worldwide. it is caused by mutations in the inflammasome adaptor pyrin, but how fmf mutations alter signaling in fmf patients is unknown. herein, we establish clostridium difficile and its enterotoxin a (tcda) as pyrin-activating agents and show that wild-type and fmf pyrin are differentially controlled by microtubules. diverse microtubule assembly inhibitors prevented pyrin-mediated caspase-1 activation and ... | 2016 | 27911804 |
| structural insights into substrate recognition by clostridium difficile sortase. | sortases function as cysteine transpeptidases that catalyze the covalent attachment of virulence-associated surface proteins into the cell wall peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria. the substrate proteins targeted by sortase enzymes have a cell wall sorting signal (cwss) located at the c-terminus. up to date, it is still not well understood how sortases with structural resemblance among different classes and diverse species of bacteria achieve substrate specificity. in this study, we focus on ... | 2016 | 27921010 |
| donor screening experience for fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with recurrent c. difficile infection. | to evaluate our experience with stool donor recruitment, screening, retention, and donor perception for fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). | 2016 | 27984397 |
| clostridium difficile colonization and antibiotics response in polyferms continuous model mimicking elderly intestinal fermentation. | clostridium difficile (cd), a spore-forming and toxin-producing bacterium, is the main cause for antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the elderly. here we investigated cd colonization in novel in vitro fermentation models inoculated with immobilized elderly fecal microbiota and the effects of antibiotic treatments. | 2016 | 27980686 |
| erratum: dietary zinc alters the microbiota and decreases resistance to clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27923021 | |
| stable core virome despite variable microbiome after fecal transfer. | we recently described the 4.5-year time course of the enteric bacterial microbiota and virome of a patient cured from recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) by fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). here, we extended the virome analyses and found the patient's phage population to exhibit highly donor-similar characteristics following fmt, which remained stable for the whole period tested (up to 7 months). moreover, the detected viral populations of donor and patient exhibited comparab ... | 2016 | 27935413 |
| development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the measurement of faecal metronidazole. | metronidazole is an oral antibiotic which is widely used in the treatment of patients with clostridium difficile associated disease. | 2016 | 27932283 |
| acute bronchitis. | cough is the most common illness-related reason for ambulatory care visits in the united states. acute bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis characterized by cough due to acute inflammation of the trachea and large airways without evidence of pneumonia. pneumonia should be suspected in patients with tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, or lung findings suggestive of pneumonia, and radiography is warranted. pertussis should be suspected in patients with cough persisting for more than two weeks that is a ... | 2016 | 27929206 |
| efficacy of computed tomography for the prediction of colectomy and mortality in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | to develop a ct predictor scale for the need for colectomy and to evaluate predictors of all-cause mortality within 30 days after diagnosis ofc. difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 27942384 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a undergoes clathrin-independent, pacsin2-dependent endocytosis. | clostridium difficile infection affects a significant number of hospitalized patients in the united states. two homologous exotoxins, tcda and tcdb, are the major virulence factors in c. difficile pathogenesis. the toxins are glucosyltransferases that inactivate rho family-gtpases to disrupt host cellular function and cause fluid secretion, inflammation, and cell death. toxicity depends on receptor binding and subsequent endocytosis. tcdb has been shown to enter cells by clathrin-dependent endoc ... | 2016 | 27942025 |
| repeat clostridium difficile testing. | 2016 | 27959982 | |
| clostridium difficile infection and fecal microbiota transplant. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major source of morbidity and mortality for hospitalized patients. although most patients have a clinical response to existing antimicrobial therapies, recurrent infection develops in up to 30% of patients. fecal microbiota transplant is a novel approach to this complex problem, with an efficacy rate of nearly 90% in the setting of multiple recurrent cdi. this review covers the current epidemiology of cdi (including toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains, r ... | 2016 | 27959316 |
| antibiotic treatment of hospitalized patients with pneumonia complicated by clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common gastrointestinal complication after antimicrobial treatment. it is estimated that cdi after pneumonia treatment is connected with a higher mortality than other causes of hospitalization. the aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the kind of antibiotic used for pneumonia treatment and mortality from post-pneumonia cdi. we addressed the issue by examining retrospectively the records of 217 patients who met the diagno ... | 2016 | 27966110 |
| evaluation of the novel artus c. difficile qs-rgq, vanr qs-rgq and mrsa/sa qs-rgq assays for the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), and for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) screening. | clostridium difficile, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) are worldwide prevalent healthcare-associated pathogens. we have evaluated three qiagen artus qs-rgq assays for the detection of these pathogens. we examined 200 stool samples previously tested for c. difficile infection (cdi), 94 rectal swabs previously screened for vre and 200 mrsa screening nasal swabs. with the routine diagnostic laboratory results being adopted as the gold st ... | 2016 | 27987047 |
| infection prevention and control of clostridium difficile: a global review of guidelines, strategies, and recommendations. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of health care-associated infections. given the high incidence of c. difficile infection (cdi) and the lack of primary prevention through immunization, health care professionals should be aware of the most current guidance, as well as strengths and limitations of the evidence base underpinning this guidance. | 2016 | 28028434 |
| can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders? | children with autism are commonly affected by gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of probiotics in this population, as it hypothetically may help to improve bowel habits and the behavioral and social functioning of these individuals. the gut microbiome plays an important role in the pathophysiology of organic as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders. microbial modification with the use ... | 2016 | 28028357 |
| homogeneous and digital proximity ligation assays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | the proximity ligation assay (pla) detects proteins via their interaction with pairs of proximity probes, which are antibodies coupled to noncomplementary dna oligonucleotides. the binding of both proximity probes to their epitopes on the target protein brings the oligonucleotides together, allowing them to be bridged by a third oligonucleotide with complementarity to the other two. this enables their ligation and the detection of the resulting amplicon by real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr), whic ... | 2016 | 27990343 |
| novel portable platform for molecular detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in faeces: a diagnostic accuracy study. | a novel portable platform for nucleic acid amplification enables rapid detection of diarrhoea causing toxigenic clostridium difficile directly from faeces, even in resource-limited settings. we evaluated the accuracy and precision of the new commercial molecular test system. | 2016 | 27988815 |
| probiotics and prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | the role of probiotics as adjunctive measures in the prevention of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been controversial. however, a growing body of evidence has suggested that they have a role in primary prevention of cdi. elements of this controversy are reviewed and the proposed mechanisms of action, the value and cost effectiveness of probiotics are addressed with a focus on three agents, saccharomyces boulardii, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and the combination of lactobacillus acidophi ... | 2016 | 27988389 |
| the microbiome: what will the future hold? | current research on the human microbiome has opened our eyes to the intimate relationship that we have with the bacteria that populate our gastrointestinal tract and its potential relationship to health and disease. to date, clinical research on the microbiome has identified intriguing associations between an altered microbiome and disease states, but proven therapeutic applications have been very limited. the ingestion of prebiotics, probiotics, and/or synbiotics is appealing to the general pub ... | 2016 | 27997976 |
| the emerging metabolic view of clostridium difficile pathogenesis. | it is widely accepted that clostridium difficile exploits dysbiosis and leverages inflammation to thrive in the gut environment, where it can asymptomatically colonize humans or cause a toxin-mediated disease ranging in severity from frequent watery diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis or toxic megacolon. here, we synthesize recent findings from the gut microbiota and enteric pathogenesis fields to inform the next steps toward a better understanding of c. difficile infection (cdi). in this revie ... | 2016 | 27997854 |
| fecal microbiota transplant in severe and severe-complicated clostridium difficile: a promising treatment approach. | severe and severe-complicated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. colectomy is standard of care; however, post-surgical mortality rates approach 50%. case reports suggest fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) is a promising treatment of severe and severe-complicated disease but there is a paucity of data. here, we present a single center experience with a novel sequential fmt protocol for patients refractory to maximal medical therapy. this approach ... | 2016 | 28001467 |
| traditional chinese medicine qpyf as preventive treatment for clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in a mouse model. | traditional chinese medicine qpyf has a good effect for treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea in clinical practice. the aim of this study is to test its efficacy to prevent clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) in a mouse model. c57bl/6 mice were infected with clostridium difficile vpi 10463 after exposure to antimicrobial mixture. qpyf was administered from 7 days prior to clostridium difficile infection to 20 days after infection, and its effect was compared with no treatment and ... | 2016 | 27999606 |
| detection, ribotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties of clostridium difficile strains isolated from the cases of diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is the most prevalent cause of antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea al-around the world. prevalence of virulent and resistant strains of clostridium difficile is increasing now a day. the present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence, ribotyping and antibiotic resistance pattern of c. difficile isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic pediatrics. | 2016 | 27999477 |
| complete microbiota engraftment is not essential for recovery from recurrent clostridium difficile infection following fecal microbiota transplantation. | bacterial communities from subjects treated for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) by fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), using either heterologous donor stool samples or autologous stool samples, were characterized by illumina next-generation sequencing. as previously reported, the success of heterologous fmt (90%) was superior to that of autologous fmt (43%) (p = 0.019), and post-fmt intestinal bacterial communities differed significantly between treatment arms (p < 0.001). s ... | 2016 | 27999162 |
| outcomes with fidaxomicin therapy in clostridium difficile infection. | fidaxomicin is a new antibiotic used to treat clostridium difficile infection (cdi). given limited clinical experience with fidaxomicin, we assessed outcomes in a diverse cohort of patients with cdi treated with fidaxomicin. | 2016 | 28009682 |
| [fecal microbiota transplantation: indications and perspectives]. | fecal transplantation demonstrated in a randomized trial its superiority compared to antibiotics in recurrent clostridium difficile (cd) infections. used in first-line treatment, it has reduced the mortality of patients suffering of cd infections caused by ribotype 027 and made it possible to cure patients with severe manifestations of cd infections caused by other ribotypes. the use of frozen microbiota, now validated, facilitates fecal microbiota transplantation. in addition, the frozen microb ... | 2016 | 28008840 |
| a review of dose-responses of probiotics in human studies. | the probiotic definition requires the administration of an 'adequate amount' in order to obtain a health benefit. what that amount should be is not indicated. here, an overview is given of studies that investigated the dose-response relation of probiotics in human interventions. studies were divided in; meta-analyses, meta-analyses on specific probiotic strains, and studies testing two or more doses of a probiotic (combination) in the same study. meta-analyses on the effect of probiotics on anti ... | 2016 | 28008787 |
| therapeutic interventions for gut dysbiosis and related disorders in the elderly: antibiotics, probiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation? | ageing and physiological functions of the human body are inversely proportional to each other. the gut microbiota and host immune system co-evolve from infants to the elderly. ageing is accompanied by a decline in gut microbial diversity, immunity and metabolism, which increases susceptibility to infections. any compositional change in the gut is directly linked to gastrointestinal disorders, obesity and metabolic diseases. increase in opportunistic pathogen invasion in the gut like clostridium ... | 2016 | 28008784 |
| response to comment on "a small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating clostridium difficile infection". | ebselen's antivirulence activity in clostridium difficile infection is likely due to multiple modes of action, but the contribution of each to its efficacy remains unclear. | 2016 | 28003551 |
| comment on "a small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating clostridium difficile infection". | new insights into the mechanism of action of ebselen, a small-molecule antivirulence agent that reduces disease pathology in a mouse model of clostridium difficile infection, suggest a different molecular target may be responsible for its efficacy. | 2016 | 28003550 |
| clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of clostridium difficile infections by pcr ribotype 017 and 018 strains. | the objective of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) caused by toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive (a-b+) pcr ribotype 017 (r017) and a+b+ ribotype 018 (r018) strains, prevalent in asian countries. from february 2010 through january 2013, all cdi patients in our hospital were enrolled; their medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and the isolates were characterized by toxigenic culture and pcr ribotyping. based on the ribotypes ... | 2016 | 28002482 |
| role of p38alpha/beta map kinase in cell susceptibility to clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and clostridium difficile toxin b. | lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii (tcsl), which is casually involved in the toxic shock syndrome and in gas gangrene, enters its target cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. inside the cell, tcsl mono-o-glucosylates and thereby inactivates rac/cdc42 and ras subtype gtpases, resulting in actin reorganization and an activation of p38 map kinase. while a role of p38 map kinase in tcsl-induced cell death is well established, data on a role of p38 map kinase in tcsl-induced actin reorganizati ... | 2016 | 28025502 |
| costs of clostridium difficile infection in pediatric operations: a propensity score-matching analysis. | the purpose of this analysis was to assess the burden of clostridium difficile infection in the hospitalized pediatric surgical population and to characterize its influence on the costs of care. | 2016 | 28024858 |
| clostridium difficile-associated clinical burden from lack of diagnostic testing in a chinese tertiary hospital. | despite clostridium difficile infection (cdi) being a common cause of diarrhoea in hospitals worldwide, diagnostic testing or management guidelines are not available in most hospitals in china. in this prospective two-year study, the incidence of cdi among 276 patients with watery diarrhoea was 23.1%. lack of diagnostic testing for cdi was associated with improper management in 26.4% of patients, risk of nosocomial transmission from lack of isolation precautions, and risk of community transmissi ... | 2016 | 28029470 |
| probiotics for trauma patients: should we be taking a precautionary approach? | the use of probiotics in the hospital setting is largely understudied and highly controversial. probiotics are living organisms that, when taken internally, can produce an immunomodulating effect and improve the gastrointestinal (gi) mucosal barrier. although used for centuries by healthy individuals for gi health, their use in the hospital setting is now gaining wide attention for the prevention of infectious complications such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile infections ... | 2016 | 28033143 |
| fatal community-acquired ribotype 002 clostridium difficile bacteremia. | extra-colonic infections, and especially bacteremia, are infrequent manifestations of clostridium difficile infection. c. difficile bacteremia is generally health-care associated and polymicrobial. we report the case of a patient on hunger strike that presented a c. difficile colitis and mono-microbial bacteremia on its admission to the hospital. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of stool and blood isolates indicated clonality. the strain was characterized as a ribotype 002, an e ... | 2016 | 28043925 |
| the potential impact of gut microbiota on your health:current status and future challenges. | our health and probably also our behaviors and mood depend not only on what we eat or what we do (lifestyle behaviors), but also on what we host. it is well established for decades that all vertebrates including humans are colonized by a wide array of bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites and viruses, and that, at steady state (homeostasis), this community of microbes establishes a friendly mutual relationship with the host. the term microbiota was originally meant to represent an ecological com ... | 2016 | 28042926 |
| fecal microbial transplant for the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. | the role of fecal microbial transplant (fmt) in the treatment of pediatric gastrointestinal disease has become increasingly popular among pediatric practitioners, patients, and parents. the success of fmt for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) has bolstered interest in its potential application to other disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). fmt has particular interest in pediatrics, given the concerns of patients and parents about rates of adver ... | 2016 | 28058011 |
| impact of targeted educational interventions on clostridium difficile infection treatment in critically ill adults. | background: clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a growing clinical and economic burden throughout the world. pharmacists often are members of the primary care team in the intensive care unit (icu) setting; however, the impact of pharmacists educating other health care providers on appropriateness of cdi treatment has not been previously examined. objective: this study was performed to determine the impact of structured educational interventions on cdi treatment on appropriateness of cdi tre ... | 2016 | 28057949 |
| community-onset clostridium difficile infection at a tertiary medical center in southern taiwan, 2007-2015. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is well-known as the major cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. community-onset cdi (co-cdi) is an emerging threat. however, clinical information of co-cdi in taiwan remains scarce. | 2016 | 28089100 |
| cefoperazone-treated mouse model of clinically-relevant clostridium difficile strain r20291. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. recurrence of a c. difficile infection (cdi) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. current animal models of cdi result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate t ... | 2016 | 28060346 |
| production, crystallization and structure determination of c. difficile ppep-1 via microseeding and zinc-sad. | new therapies are needed to treat clostridium difficile infections that are a major threat to human health. the c. difficile metalloprotease ppep-1 is a target for future development of inhibitors to decrease the virulence of the pathogen. to perform biophysical and structural characterization as well as inhibitor screening, large amounts of pure and active protein will be needed. we have developed a protocol for efficient production and purification of ppep-1 by the use of e. coli as the expres ... | 2016 | 28060332 |
| a quaternary ammonium disinfectant containing germinants reduces clostridium difficile spores on surfaces by inducing susceptibility to environmental stressors. | exposing clostridium difficile spores to germinants in a quaternary ammonium matrix was an effective method to reduce environmental contamination by sensitizing the spores, leaving them susceptible to ambient conditions and enhancing killing by acid, high-intensity visible light, and radiation. | 2016 | 28066792 |
| functional intestinal bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation by clostridium scindens associated with protection from clostridium difficile infection in a gnotobiotic mouse model. | bile acids, important mediators of lipid absorption, also act as hormone-like regulators and as antimicrobial molecules. in all these functions their potency is modulated by a variety of chemical modifications catalyzed by bacteria of the healthy gut microbiota, generating a complex variety of secondary bile acids. intestinal commensal organisms are well-adapted to normal concentrations of bile acids in the gut. in contrast, physiological concentrations of the various intestinal bile acid specie ... | 2016 | 28066726 |
| the power of poop: fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection. | the human gut is colonized with 200 to 1,000 bacterial species. administration of antibiotics reduces the diversity of the intestinal microbiota, reduces colonization resistance, and can lead to infection with clostridium difficile. these infections have become more prevalent and increasingly patients are experiencing multiple recurrences that are incurable with standard treatment. although fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been used for centuries in human and veterinary medicine, only ... | 2016 | 28066039 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation to fight clostridium difficile infections and other intestinal diseases. | we have analyzed fecal bacterial and viral communities of a patient with recurrent c. difficile infection (rcdi) who was cured by fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). the "zürich patient" experienced immediate cure and has remained free of symptoms for now over 5 y. donor-similar bacterial compositions after 4.5 y post-fmt demonstrated sustainable engraftment of donor microbiota predominated by bacteroidetes and firmicutes bacteria. appearance of beneficial species faecalibacterium prausnitzi ... | 2016 | 28090385 |
| pseudomembranous collagenous colitis: a case of not-so-microscopic colitis. | we present a 72-year-old male who developed progressive, watery diarrhea despite anti-motility agents. on colonoscopy, the mucosa was inflamed and covered with an exudate. stool studies for clostridium difficile and escherichia coli were negative. biopsies revealed pseudomembranous collagenous colitis, a rare form of microscopic colitis. his symptoms improved dramatically with budesonide therapy. | 2016 | 28119938 |