Publications

effect of oral nutrient limitation of gnotobiotic rats on acidogenic properties of dental plaque formed by oral streptococci.	the acid production rate of dental plaque, formed by different streptococci in gnotobiotic rats fed a high sucrose diet or starved for seven or eight days, was determined in vitro. starvation had no appreciable effect on acid production. this supports the idea that the small ph-lowering ability of plaque of caries-free or stomach tube-fed people in whom exposure of the teeth to fermentable carbohydrate is relatively low or negligible results from a change in the bacterial population rather than ...	1985	3858302
serum antibody responses to indigenous oral mucosal antigens and selected laboratory-maintained bacteria in recurrent aphthous ulceration.	sera from subjects with recurrent aphthous ulceration (rau) and control subjects were tested for relative levels of igm, igg, and iga antibodies against eight selected laboratory-maintained bacteria, including streptococcus sanguis which has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of rau. there were no differences in relative serum antibody levels for any isotype against any bacteria between control and rau groups. rau subjects with active lesions were then paired with control subjects, and each ...	1985	3859820
the association between dietary sucrose consumption and microbial population shifts at six oral sites in man.	sucrose-related microbial population shifts were evaluated at 6 oral sites in 22 volunteers, who consumed high-sucrose diets for 21 days followed by low-sucrose diets for 21 days. culturing was performed at 0, 12, 21, 33 and 42 days of the 6-week experiment. over 50,000 microbial isolates were characterized and analysed. analysis of initial cultures showed the following site-specific microbial characteristics of the 6 sites evaluated: (1) molar fissures harboured higher levels of neisseria speci ...	1985	3861144
the surface free energy of oral streptococci after being coated with saliva and its relation to adhesion in the mouth.	contact angle measurements on layers of bacteria were used to determine the bacterial surface free energy (gamma b) of a variety of oral streptococcal strains, both without and after being coated with human whole saliva. at least four isolates of each species, either freshly isolated or laboratory strains, were used. the species streptococcus mutans, s. sanguis, and s. salivarius were homogeneous, having high surface free energies, and were not affected by saliva treatment (gamma b = 106 +/- 12 ...	1985	3861650
[antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide on streptococcus sanguis as the root canal medicament].		1985	3862203
fatal septic shock after fine needle aspiration of a pancreatic pseudocyst.	fatal septic shock due to streptococcus sanguis developed eight days after fine needle aspiration (fna) of a pancreatic pseudocyst. the pseudocyst was adherent to the transverse colon (as is often the case with pseudocysts), and contamination of cyst fluid with colonic bacteria most likely initiated the infection. the patient had not received prophylactic antibiotics, even though the needle had been observed to pass through the bowel at the time of the cat-scan-guided aspiration. although the li ...	1985	3863438
bacteriological studies on endodontic paper points.	four brands of endodontic paper points were subjected to tests for sterility, antibacterial activity, and suitability as vehicles for bacteriological sampling procedures. no brand showed growth in the sterility assay. one brand showed weak but reproducible antibacterial activity. recovery of viable bacteria after absorption into the points varied and appeared to depend both on the brand of point and on the bacterial strain used. one brand appeared ineffectual for clinical bacteriological samplin ...	1985	3863450
effect of saliva substitutes upon binding of selected oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite.		1985	3865705
anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of sorbitol in streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus mitior.	sorbitol-fermenting strains of streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus mitior were grown both anaerobically and in the presence of oxygen in a sorbitol-containing complex medium. washed-cell suspensions were incubated with an excess of sorbitol, and the production of lactate, formate, ethanol, and acetate was analyzed. moreover, we determined the lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate formate-lyase activities in cell-free extracts of anaerobically grown cells. the anaerobically grown cells produced ...	1985	3867686
fluoride uptake and fluoride resistance in oral streptococci.	fluoride uptake was examined in the highly f-sensitive streptococcus salivarius strain 25975, the f-resistant mutant flr103, and the relatively insensitive s. sanguis h7pr3. f was taken up by all strains from media at neutral ph, containing 1 or 10 micrograms f/ml (0.053-0.526 mmol/l), and uptake was directly proportional to the delta ph that was maintained by the cells. the final intracellular concentrations of f in the f-resistant strains were higher than those in the f-sensitive strain. simil ...	1985	3867687
the relationships between streptococcal species and periodontopathic bacteria in human dental plaque.	the existence of antagonistic and commensal relationships between microorganisms was investigated. the predominant cultivable flora in 172 plaque samples from active and non-active sites in 32 human subjects with destructive periodontitis was determined. the presence of putative periodontopathic organisms (bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides intermedius, bacteroides forsythus, wolinella recta, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and eikenella corrodens) in a site was correlated with the absenc ...	1985	3868968
bacterial profiles of subgingival plaques in periodontitis.	in this report over 400 subgingival plaque samples taken from over 110 patients were examined microscopically and culturally for 30 bacterial parameters. the patients could be placed into six disease categories based upon clinical criteria. the bacterial profile of each clinical category was generally distinctive of that category. periodontal patients who had been successfully treated and maintained had plaques that were populated by significantly higher proportions of streptococcus sanguis, act ...	1985	3869648
in vitro adherence of streptococcus sanguis atcc 10556 to various dental cements.		1985	3880003
streptococcus-escherichia coli shuttle vector psa3 and its use in the cloning of streptococcal genes.	a shuttle vector that can replicate in both streptococcus spp. and escherichia coli has been constructed by joining the e. coli plasmid pacyc184 (chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance) to the streptococcal plasmid pgb305 (erythromycin resistance). the resulting chimeric plasmid is designated psa3 (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline resistance) and has seven unique restriction sites: ecori, ecorv, bamhi, sali, xbai, nrui, and sphi. molecular cloning into the ecori or ecorv site ...	1985	3883896
coaggregation of oral bacteroides species with other bacteria: central role in coaggregation bridges and competitions.	seventy-three freshly isolated oral strains representing 10 bacteroides spp. were tested for their ability to coaggregate with other oral gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. none coaggregated with any of the gram-negative strains tested, which included capnocytophaga gingivalis, c. ochracea, c. sputigena, and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. strains of bacteroides buccae, b. melaninogenicus, b. oralis, and b. gingivalis failed to coaggregate with any of the gram-positive strains teste ...	1985	3888842
chemical properties and immunobiological activities of streptococcal lipoteichoic acids.	lipoteichoic acids (ltas) were chromatographically purified from crude phenol-water extract of whole cells of some streptococcal species, which included streptococcus pyogenes sv, streptococcus mutans 6715, and streptococcus sanguis atcc 10556. among these, special attention was paid to s. pyogenes lta for analyses of chemical composition and biological activities. all lta preparations contained equimolar amounts of glycerol and phosphorus. chemical analyses showed that s. pyogenes lta contained ...	1985	3892980
immunoelectrophoretic study of cell surface antigens from different streptococcus mutans serotypes and streptococcus sanguis.	antigens prepared from culture supernatants or whole cells of several cariogenic strains were examined by immunoelectrophoresis for their crossed antigenicity, with reference to streptococcus mutans omz175, serotype f. crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed a crossreactivity between soluble extracellular and wall associated antigens of six strains of streptococcus mutans and one strain of streptococcus sanguis. protease destroyed the immunoreactivity of crossreactive antigens. one of them was sh ...	1985	3894343
antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria.		1985	3895353
recovery of blood-borne bacteria from human urine.	recovery from the urine of organisms causing bacteraemia may depend on the bacterial species involved. the survival of the more common species of bacteria which cause bacteraemia was examined in human urine, serum and normal saline. all species survived well or grew in serum. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus sanguis and group a streptococci were killed in all urine samples. the number of colony-forming units of staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, sta ...	1985	3897387
bacteriology in juvenile periodontitis. a review.		1985	3898064
expression in escherichia coli of streptococcal plasmid-determined erythromycin resistance directed by the cat gene promoter of pacyc 184.	the streptococcal erythromycin resistance (emr) plasmid psm7 (6.4 kb) and the e. coli vector pacyc184 (4.0 kb) were fused at their single ecori sites to form the bifunctional chimeric plasmid psm7184 (10.4 kb) in which the emr determinant was placed under control of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) promoter of pacyc184. in the sense orientation (orientation i) of psm7, the cat promoter directed expression of emr in the e. coli host strains 294 and db11 more efficiently than did the i ...	1985	3900334
characterization of protein and mannan polysaccharide antigens of yeasts, moulds, and actinomycetes.	antigens in coccidioidin were compared with purified subfractions via tandem immunoelectrophoresis (iep) and by a combination of advancing line and crossed iep. rocket iep was suitable for titrating the reactions and showing the relationship between column fractions. these techniques required multicomponent antisera produced by hyperimmunization over many months and by the use of known standard migration pairs. the iep variations were used to chart the development of antisera against coccidioidi ...	1985	3916766
lactate dehydrogenase from streptococcus mutans: purification, characterization, and crossed antigenicity with lactate dehydrogenases from lactobacillus casei, actinomyces viscosus, and streptococcus sanguis.	a cytoplasmic fructose-1,6-diphosphate-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (ldh; ec 1.1.1.27) from streptococcus mutans omz175 was purified to homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. the purification consisted of ammonium sulfate precipitation of the cytoplasmic fraction, deae-sephacel and blue-sepharose cl.6b chromatography, and sephacryl s200 gel permeation. the catalytic activity of the purified enzyme required the presence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate with a broad opt ...	1985	3917978
transformation and fusion of streptococcus faecalis protoplasts.	nonconjugative plasmids were transferred by protoplast fusion among streptococcus faecalis strains and from streptococcus sanguis to s. faecalis. s. faecalis protoplasts were also transformed with several different plasmids, including the tn917 delivery vehicle ptv1. transformation was reproducible, but low in frequency (10(-6) transformants per viable protoplast). a new shuttle vector (pam610), able to replicate in escherichia coli and s. faecalis, was constructed and transformed into s. faecal ...	1985	3920209
leukocyte migration inhibition in recurrent aphthous ulceration.	leukocyte inhibitory factor (lif) production in response to streptococcal antigens and oral mucosa was examined as a possible pathogenic mechanism in recurrent aphthous ulceration (rau). mononuclear cells from rau patients and controls were stimulated with antigens prepared from two species of streptococci and from oral mucosa. candida albicans and foreskin were tested as control antigens. there were some statistically significant differences in leukocyte migration inhibition between patients an ...	1985	3920363
in-vitro inhibition of mycobacteria by viridans streptococci.	eleven strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis and 13 other species of mycobacteria were examined for susceptibility to 26 strains of viridans streptococci. susceptibility was detected by the simultaneous antagonism technique, but not by tests of deferred antagonism. it is concluded that in-vitro inhibition of mycobacterial growth by actively growing streptococci is due to a peroxide-mediated antagonism which is too variable to be of value for identification. however, a standard bactericidal test ...	1985	3920400
bactericidal activity of human lysozyme, muramidase-inactive lysozyme, and cationic polypeptides against streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus faecalis: inhibition by chitin oligosaccharides.	the basis of the bactericidal activity of human lysozyme against streptococcus sanguis was studied. experiments were designed to evaluate the role of lysozyme muramidase activity in its bactericidal potency. inactivation of the muramidase activity of lysozyme was achieved by reduction of essential disulfides with dithiothreitol (dtt) or by incubation with the chitin oligosaccharides chitotriose and chitobiose. muramidase-inactive lysozyme, prepared by reduction with dtt, was equal in bactericida ...	1985	3922894
characterization and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from lactobacillus casei.	four small cryptic plasmids were isolated from lactobacillus casei strains, and restriction endonuclease maps of these plasmids were constructed. three of the small plasmids (plz18c, plz19e, and plz19f1; 6.4, 4.9, and 4.8 kilobase pairs, respectively) were cloned into escherichia coli k-12 by using pbr322, pacyc184, and puc8 as vectors. two of the plasmids, plz18c and plz19e, were also cloned into streptococcus sanguis by using pva1 as the vector. hybridization by using nick-translated cloned 32 ...	1985	3923929
comparison of single doses of amoxicillin or of amoxicillin-gentamicin for the prevention of endocarditis caused by streptococcus faecalis and by viridans streptococci.	recent recommendations for the prophylaxis of endocarditis in humans have advocated single doses or short courses of antibiotic combinations (beta-lactam plus aminoglycoside) for susceptible patients in whom enterococcal bacteremia might develop or for patients at especially high risk of developing endocarditis (e.g., patients with prosthetic cardiac valves). we tested the prophylactic efficacy (in rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations) of single doses of amoxicillin plus gentamicin agai ...	1985	3925031
antistreptococcal activity of sch 34343, a new penem antibiotic.	the in-vitro activity of sch 34343 was compared with that of penicillin and cefotaxime against clinical isolates of streptococci. sch 34343 was highly active against streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci, streptococci of groups a, b, c and g, and str. bovis. ninety per cent of these strains were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.25, less than or equal to 0.12 and less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l of sch 34343, penicillin and cefotaxime respectively. activity of sch 34343 against str. ...	1985	3928578
lymphocyte function in recurrent aphthous ulceration.	lymphocyte blast transformation responses to mitogens and to streptococcal, adenovirus type 1, and oral mucosal antigens were studied in 32 patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration (rau) and matched control subjects. rau patients showed significantly depressed (p less than 0.05) responses to mitogens in comparison with matched controls, but there was no significant difference between patients and controls in response to any of the antigens tested. these results indicate that neither cell-medi ...	1985	3930669
genetic transformation in streptococcus sanguis. identification, surface spreading and competence of invasive strains of streptococcus sanguis lancefield groups h and w and other invasive viridans streptococci.	of 46 viridans streptococci isolated from cases of probably true bacteremia, 26 strains or 56% could be grouped serologically in the lancefield system. eight strains (17%) were identified as serogroup h (characteristic of streptococcus sanguis), ten strains (22%) as serogroup w (a new group antigen found in s. sanguis) and eight strains (17%) as serogroup k (related to s. mitis (mitior)). the high number of serogroupable viridans streptococci was specially due to the introduction of serogroup w ...	1985	3931412
chemical and immunological characterization of a novel amphipathic antigen from biotype b streptococcus sanguis.	a new type of amphipathic antigen was extracted from whole cells of streptococcus sanguis atcc 10557 (biotype b, serotype ii) by the phenol/water method. the extract was treated with nuclease p1, and was applied to a column of sepharose 6b. each fraction was checked by passive haemagglutination (pha) and immunodiffusion tests against anti-10557 serum which was obtained by immunizing rabbits with whole cells of strain atcc 10557. strong pha activity was demonstrated in the first hexose-containing ...	1985	3932593
n-methyl transferase of streptomyces erythraeus that confers resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b antibiotics: amino acid sequence and its homology to cognate r-factor enzymes from pathogenic bacilli and cocci.	the nucleotide sequence of a structural gene erme for ribosomal rna (rrna) n6-amino adenine n-methyl transferase (nmt) of streptomyces erythraeus, cloned by thompson et al. [gene 20 (1982) 51-62], has been determined. the nmt amino acid (aa) sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence contains extensive homology to aa sequences of cognate nmts specified by: (1) plasmid pe194 from staphylococcus aureus, 30% g + c, ermc; (2) plasmid pam77 from streptococcus sanguis, 43% g + c; as well as to (3) ...	1985	3934045
surface properties of streptococcus sanguis fw213 mutants nonadherent to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite.	seventeen mutants of streptococcus sanguis fw213 nonadherent to saliva-coated spheroidal hydroxyapatite were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrosoguanidine, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, or 2-aminopurine. enrichment for nonadherent mutants was accomplished by successive adsorptions of the adherent strains to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. after enrichment, variant colonial morphology on tryptic agar was used as a screening technique for selection of nonadherent mutants, w ...	1985	2857684
antibodies that bind to fimbriae block adhesion of streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite.	antibodies raised against a fimbriated, adhesive strain of streptococcus sanguis (fw213) were found to block the adhesion of this organism to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. antibodies were made specific for adhesion antigens by adsorption with isogenic, nonadhesive mutants (for rabbit polyclonal adsorbed antibody) or selection based on nonreactivity with two nonadhesive mutants (for monoclonal antibody). rabbit antibody raised against isogenic, nonfimbriated nonadhesive mutants served as a contro ...	1985	2860066
genetic transformation in streptococcus sanguis.		1985	2864407
reduction of acidurance of streptococcal growth and glycolysis by fluoride and gramicidin.	the acidurance of glycolysis by intact cells of streptococcus mutans gs-5, streptococcus salivarius atcc 25925, and streptococcus sanguis nctc 10904 was found to be highly dependent on membrane functions affected by gramicidin, which increases the proton permeability of cell membranes. plots of % glucose utilized during two hours against suspension ph values for cells suspended in 100 mm phosphate buffer plus 1 mm mgcl2 plus 13.9 mm glucose indicated, for 50% glucose utilization, ph values of 5. ...	1985	2579114
the effects of basic and acidic synthetic polypeptides on the adherence of the oral bacteria, streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis, to hydroxyapatite.	two basic and two acidic synthetic polypeptides that bind strongly to hydroxyapatite at neutral ph were tested to determine their influence on adsorption of two streptococcus mutans and two streptococcus sanguis strains to hydroxyapatite. the adsorption of the strains was significantly enhanced or reduced by the basic and acidic agents, respectively. study of acidic polypeptides provided evidence of competition between the polypeptides and the bacterial cells for hydroxyapatite adsorption sites.	1985	2581534
trypsin-susceptible cell surface characteristics of streptococcus sanguis.	the adherence of streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite was markedly reduced by treatment of the cells with trypsin. in scatchard plots of adherence data, protease-treated s. sanguis did not exhibit the characteristic positive slopes, suggesting that trypsin prevented cooperative interactions between the cells and artificial pellicle. trypsin also reduced the tendency of s. sanguis to bind to hexadecane and to octyl-sepharose. when sodium dodecyl sulfate was used to elute s. sang ...	1985	3006899
a conjugative transposon (tn919) in streptococcus sanguis.	streptococcus sanguis fc1, originally isolated from dental plaque, was found to be naturally resistant to tetracycline. although no plasmid dna could be detected, tetracycline resistance was transferable in filter matings to streptococcus faecalis fa2-2. again, no plasmid dna was detectable in transconjugants, and the latter could donate tetracycline resistance to s. faecalis, s. sanguis, and streptococcus lactis. the tetracycline resistance element was able to transpose to several sites on the ...	1985	2981772
contribution of stereochemical interactions in the adhesion of streptococcus sanguis c5 to experimental pellicles.	parameters for the adsorption of streptococcus sanguis c5 to experimental salivary pellicles were determined to assess the relative contributions of stereochemical and less specific hydrophobic-electrostatic interactions in this process. s. sanguis c5 cells possess hydrophobic surfaces and also an adhesin which exhibits stereochemical binding to sialic acid-containing salivary receptors. the adsorption of s. sanguis c5 to untreated pellicles was significantly better described by a two-site adsor ...	1985	2982936
nucleotide sequence of erma, a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b determinant in staphylococcus aureus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of erma, the prototype macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance gene from staphylococcus aureus, has been determined. the sequence predicts a 243-amino-acid protein that is homologous to those specified by ermc, ermam, and ermd, resistance determinants from staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus sanguis, and bacillus licheniformis, respectively. the erma transcript, identified by northern analysis and s1 mapping, contains a 5' leader sequence of 211 bases w ...	1985	2985541
molecular cloning of a pip501 derivative yields a model replicon for the study of streptococcal conjugation.	we have previously constructed a derivative of the broad host range streptococcal plasmid pip501, a conjugative plasmid designated pva797, that confers chloramphenicol resistance and contains a unique ecori site in a non-essential region of the plasmid molecule. pva797 (30.7 kb) when cloned in toto as an ecori fragment into the positive selection vector pop203(a2+) gave a recombinant, pva904 (37.7 kb), which was able to replicate in escherichia coli and in streptococcal species. it can be phenot ...	1985	2985739
streptococcus faecalis sex pheromone (cam373) also produced by staphylococcus aureus and identification of a conjugative transposon (tn918).	streptococcus faecalis rc73 was found to harbor a conjugative plasmid (pam373) which confers a mating response to a sex pheromone (cam373) excreted by plasmid-free members of the same species. the pheromone was also detected in culture filtrates of all of 23 staphylococcus aureus strains but in only 2 of 22 coagulase negative staphylococcus strains. streptococcus sanguis challis and g9b also produced the activity, but 10 other streptococcus sanguis strains did not. the activity was also produced ...	1985	2987186
streptococcus faecalis r plasmid pjh1 contains a pam alpha 1 delta 1-like replicon.	streptococcus faecalis r plasmid pjh1 did not transform competent strains of streptococcus sanguis. a hybrid plasmid, pdl310, consisting of virtually all of the s. faecalis hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid pjh2 and a segment of pjh1 dna that included the tetracycline resistance determinant, yielded tetracycline-resistant transformants at a frequency of less than 10(-8) transformants per cfu, when it was added to a competent culture of s. sanguis wicky. four of the transformants contained a 4.7-kilo ...	1985	2997123
complete nucleotide sequence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b-resistance transposon tn917 in streptococcus faecalis.	streptococcus faecalis transposon tn917 was cloned in escherichia coli on plasmid vector pbr325. the erythromycin resistance determinant of tn917 was not expressed in the e. coli background. the nucleotide sequence of tn917 was determined and found to be 5,257 base pairs in length. six open reading frames (orfs) were identified and designated 1 through 6 (5' to 3'); all were on the same dna strand. a region exhibiting strong homology with known promoters was identified upstream from orf1. orfs 1 ...	1985	2997130
environmental regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by streptococcus sanguis nctc 7865 grown in a chemostat.	carbohydrate metabolism by the oral bacterium streptococcus sanguis nctc 7865 was studied using cells grown in a chemostat at ph 7.0 under glucose or amino acid limitation (glucose excess) over a range of growth rates (d = 0.05 h-1-0.4 h-1). a mixed pattern of fermentation products was always produced although higher concentrations of lactate were formed under amino acid limitation. analysis of culture filtrates showed that arginine was depleted from the medium under all conditions of growth; a ...	1985	2999295
salivary-iga antibody to glucosyltransferase of oral microbial origin in children.	salivary iga levels were measured in whole saliva of 143 children, 2-48 months of age. the median salivary iga concentration of children less than 12 months old was 30 micrograms/ml. a significant increase in salivary iga concentration occurred in children 12 to 17 months old. more than 50 per cent of the population, 36 months of age and older, had streptococcus mutans (88 per cent biotype i) recoverable from their teeth. salivary iga antibody levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbe ...	1985	2933016
interaction of deoxyhalosucrose derivatives with dextransucrase.	members of a series of deoxyhalosucrose analogs substituted at one, two, or three primary carbon atoms with bromine or chlorine were prepared. dextransucrase isolated from streptococcus sanguis was separately treated with 6-bromo-6-deoxysucrose, 6,6'-dibromo-6,6'-dideoxysucrose, 6,1',6'-tribromotrideoxysucrose, and 6,6'-dichlorodideoxysucrose, in order to determine if they were inactivators. variation in time of exposure, and in the concentration of the sucrose analogs, did not yield significant ...	1985	2934130
purification, and comparison, of two forms of dextransucrase from streptococcus sanguis.	a procedure has been developed whereby native and proteolyzed forms of dextransucrase have been purified; it involves gel filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography in the presence of 0.10% sodium dodecyl sulfate. this procedure is highly reproducible, and permits approximately 30% recovery of high purity (94% homogeneous) enzyme as an inactive, sds complex that can be reactivated by the addition of triton x-100. the purified enzymes have been compared with regard to amino acid compositions, ...	1985	2934131
ion extrusion systems in bacteria.		1985	2418727
competence-specific autolysis in streptococcus sanguis.	streptococcus sanguis strain wicky activated to competence for genetic transformation is known to undergo a rapid decrease in optical density upon transfer to an alkaline buffer containing reducing agents. we studied the mechanism of this autolysis-like process and made the following observations. the process was specific because preincubation of the competence inducing factor with a specific inactivating protein prevented both cellular lysis and acquisition of competence for genetic transformat ...	1985	2410542
the phylogenetic position of streptococcus and enterococcus.	streptococcus pyogenes, s. equinus, s. bovis, s. salivarius, s. sanguis, s. mutans, s. rattus, s. cricetus, s. lactis, s. raffinolactis and enterococcus faecalis have been characterized by oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16s ribosomal rna. all the organisms form a loose but coherent group that is phylogenetically equivalent to those of lactobacilli, bacilli, the brochothrix and listeria group, and related taxa that constitute one of several sublines within the 'clostridium' branch of gram-p ...	1985	2410543
plasmid transformation of streptococcus lactis protoplasts: optimization and use in molecular cloning.	the parameters affecting polyethylene glycol-induced plasmid transformation of streptococcus lactis lm0230 protoplasts were examined to increase the transformation frequency. in contrast to spreading protoplasts over the surface of an agar medium, their incorporation into soft agar overlays enhanced regeneration of protoplasts and eliminated variability in transformation frequencies. polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 3,350 at a final concentration of 22.5% yielded optimal transforma ...	1984	6091544
molecular cloning of the lactose-metabolizing genes from streptococcus lactis.	restriction endonucleases and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to analyze plasmid plm2001, which is required for lactose metabolism by streptococcus lactis lm0232. the enzymes xhoi, ssti, bamhi, and kpni each cleaved the plasmid into two fragments, whereas ecori and bglii cleaved the plasmid into seven and five fragments, respectively. sizing of fragments and multiple digestions allowed construction of a composite restriction map. the kpni fragments of plm2001 were cloned into the kpni clea ...	1984	6091547
immunogold electron microscopy of surface antigens of oral bacteria.	colloidal gold particles 3-6 nm in diameter were prepared and stabilized with the igg fraction of polyspecific rabbit antisera produced against four different oral bacteria. the immunogold markers were used in homologous reactions to label the bacteria in a preembedding procedure for electron microscopy. an indirect immunofluorescence procedure was concurrently used to optimize the labelling conditions before observation with the electron microscope. the immunogold markers labelled fibrillar str ...	1984	6093974
characterization and expression of a cloned tetracycline resistance determinant from the chromosome of streptococcus mutans.	a chromosomal tetracycline resistance (tcr) determinant previously cloned from streptococcus mutans into streptococcus sanguis (tobian and macrina, j. bacteriol. 152:215-222, 1982) was characterized by using restriction endonuclease mapping, deletion analysis, and southern blot hybridization. deletion analysis allowed localization of the tcr determinant to a 2.8-kilobase region of the originally cloned 10.4-kilobase sequence. this cloned determinant hybridized to a representative of the tetm cla ...	1984	6094475
return of streptococcus faecalis dna cloned in escherichia coli to its original host via transformation of streptococcus sanguis followed by conjugative mobilization.	cloning vectors were introduced into streptococcus faecalis by conjugation. a conjugative plasmid (pva797) and cloning vector pva838 recombined in streptococcus sanguis at homologous sequences, forming a cointegrate. the pva797::pva838 cointegrate transferred to s. faecalis by conjugation. recombination between homologous sequences resolved the cointegrate in the s. faecalis transconjugants, and pva797 and pva838 segregated because of incompatibility. s. faecalis strains that received pva838 by ...	1984	6094500
evidence that glucose and sucrose uptake in oral streptococcal bacteria involves independent phosphotransferase and proton-motive force-mediated mechanisms.	sugar transport and glycolysis in streptococcus sanguis nctc 7865, streptococcus mitis atcc 903, streptococcus salivarius nctc 8606 and several strains of streptococcus mutans were investigated by following the rate of acid production by washed bacteria at a constant ph of 7.0. the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system (pts) was inhibited by low concentrations of chlorhexidine. when this pts-inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine was added to cells washed and re-suspended in kcl, gluc ...	1984	6097204
the function and distribution of different fimbriae on strains of actinomyces viscosus and actinomyces naeslundii.	actinomyces viscosus and actinomyces naeslundii differ in their abilities to colonize tooth and epithelial surfaces. these differences appear to be associated with the distribution of different fimbriae on the two species and with the distinct adherence-related functions of these structures.	1984	6142065
genetic transformation in streptococcus sanguis. simultaneous variation of surface-spreading, competence, hemagglutination and polar fimbriation in selected strains.	strains of streptococcus sanguis expressing spreading zones around the colonies and competence in genetic transformation, were subcultivated in the laboratory, and in three strains a variation to non-spreading colony morphology on human blood agar plates was observed. these variants were isolated and compared with the original strains by genetic transformation, hemagglutination and electron microscopy. in genetic transformation with streptomycin resistance as genetic marker, the non-spreading va ...	1984	6152366
role of granulocytes in the induction of an experimental endocarditis with a dextran-producing streptococcus sanguis and its dextran-negative mutant.	the role of granulocytes in the induction of endocarditis with a dextran-producing streptococcus sanguis and a dextran-negative mutant of this strain was studied. the number of colony-forming units of streptococcus sanguis needed to colonize the vegetations in 50% of the rabbits (id50) was significantly lower for the parent strain than for the dextran-negative mutant. however, in granulocytopenic rabbits the id50s of both strains did not differ measurably. dextran-negative streptococci were more ...	1984	6201185
non-protein-bound iron within bacterial cells and the action of bleomycin.	damage to dna by bleomycin in vitro is entirely dependent on the presence of an iron salt and molecular oxygen. this same reaction has been used to measure non-protein-bound iron in different bacterial species. although several of the species examined were insensitive to the toxic effects of bleomycin, they all contained a concentration of non-protein-bound iron which should have been sufficient to allow iron-dependent damage to dna. other factors such as permeability or inactivation of the drug ...	1984	6206867
inhibition of the synthesis and secretion of extracellular glucosyl- and fructosyltransferase in streptococcus sanguis by sodium ions.	the influence of na+ and k+ on the synthesis and secretion of extracellular glucosyltransferase (gtf; ec 2.4.1.5) and fructosyltransferase (ftf; ec 2.4.1.10) by streptococcus sanguis nctc 7865 and streptococcus sanguis challis nctc 7868 has been determined. no ftf and little or no mutansucrase (gtf-i) activities were detectable during growth on glucose or sucrose unless the na+/k+ ratio of the cultures was kept low. increasing k+ concentrations stimulated the production of ftf and dextransucrase ...	1984	6231355
the origin and composition of multiple forms of dextransucrase from streptococcus sanguis.	multiple forms of purified dextransucrase have been observed in the presence of low detergent concentrations ( luzio , g.a., grahame , d. a. and mayer, r.m. (1982) arch. biochem. biophys. 216, 751-757). we now show these forms to arise partly as a result of proteolysis, and partly due to incomplete dissociation of the enzyme. upon 25 degrees c incubation of the crude enzyme, several new bands appeared with little or no change in total activity. the electrophoretic pattern of aged, crude enzyme w ...	1984	6231957
exogenous thymidine and reversal of the inhibitory effect of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim on streptococci.	the practice of using sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (sxt) for the selective isolation of streptococcus pyogenes and as a taxonomic character in the presumptive identification of streptococci was applied to 17 strains of different groups of streptococci to determine their characteristic behaviour in the presence of exogenous thymidine. streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae and group d enterococci utilized thymidine, the first two species obtaining a maximum reversal of the inhibitory e ...	1984	6238821
adherence of streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite: evidence for two binding sites.	the characteristics of bacterial adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite were examined for a salivary aggregating strain of streptococcus sanguis, strain 12, and for its nonaggregating variant, strain 12na. both strains were found to adhere in similar numbers to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite that had been preincubated at 4 degrees c overnight. preincubation of saliva-coated hydroxyapatite overnight at 37 degrees c reduced subsequent adherence of s. sanguis 12 by approximately 10%, whereas adher ...	1984	6319287
physical and genetic analyses of streptococcal plasmid pam beta 1 and cloning of its replication region.	plasmid pam beta 1, originally isolated from streptococcus faecalis ds5, mediates resistance to the mls (macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b alpha) group of antibiotics. a restriction endonuclease map of the 26.5-kilobase (kb) pam beta 1 molecule was constructed by using the enzymes avai, hpaii, ecori, pvuii, kpn1, bsteii, hpai, hhai, and hindiii. a comparison of this map to those of four independently isolated deletion derivatives of pam beta 1 located the mls resistance determinant wit ...	1984	6319361
microbial pathogenicity in oral soft tissue diseases.	recent work implicating microbial factors in the pathogenesis of several oral soft tissue diseases is discussed. these conditions include recurrent aphthous ulceration, oral cancer, sjogren's syndrome, and the oral lesions of aids (the acquired immune deficiency syndrome). this paper reviews some recent work on these topics, with emphasis on investigations in our laboratory.	1984	6321576
optimization of an hydroxyapatite adhesion assay for streptococcus sanguis.	previous studies have compared the adhesion of [3h]thymidine-labeled streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sha) and buffer-coated hydroxyapatite (ha) beads. although the hypotonic buffer used in these assays was adjusted to simulate saliva, it does not necessarily provide the optimal parameters for the quantitative estimate of adhesion under in vitro conditions. optimization is necessary to provide the maximum sensitivity of the assay for detecting the effects of various salivas ...	1984	6325348
[effect of solid substrates of microbial colony development].	bacteria have been found to grow differently at contact sites to both organic and anorganic solids as on pure agar media. of 16 ad hoc selected bacterial strains, the following species (arranged in decreasing order) responded with stronger colony formation: bacillus subtilis, b. cereus, streptococcus sanguis, s. saprophyticus, s. faecalis, escherichia coli, micrococcus flavus, actinomyces viscosus, veillonella sp., enterobacter liquefaciens, yersinia enterocolitica. lactobacillus casei behaved n ...	1984	6326398
adherence of oral streptococci: evidence for nonspecific adsorption to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite surfaces.	it is proposed that binding of oral streptococci to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite (sha) surfaces is a multifactorial process involving both specific and nonspecific receptors. in this context, specific binding is described as a high-affinity, saturable interaction between the cell and binding surface. conversely, nonspecific binding is considered to be a nonsaturable, generalized, low-affinity reaction. experimental differentiation of specific binding from nonspecific binding was achieved with a ...	1984	6327530
adherence of oral bacteria to chemically modified hydroxyapatite.		1984	6317176
peptide utilization by oral streptococci.	streptococcus mitis atcc 903 and streptococcus sanguis 804 could utilize large peptides present in proteose peptone as their sole source of nitrogen but grew poorly in amino acid medium. by contrast, streptococcus mutans bht and s. mutans ib grew in amino acid medium but could not utilize large peptides. streptococcus sp. strain bravato had requirements for both peptides and amino acids. peptide size did not seem important for the utilization of peptides by s. mitis except that dipeptides were n ...	1984	6363292
effect of saliva on coaggregation of oral actinomyces and streptococcus species.	human oral actinomyces and streptococci that exhibit specific coaggregation patterns when the cells are suspended in buffer were tested for their ability to coaggregate in saliva. of 53 paired combinations of actinomyces (actinomyces viscosus, a. naeslundii, or actinomyces sp. wva 963) and streptococci (streptococcus sanguis or s. morbillorum) that exhibited coaggregation in buffer, all but 4 pairs also coaggregated when suspended in saliva. twenty-four pairs exhibited lactose-inhibited coaggreg ...	1984	6370861
detection of streptococcal mutants presumed to be defective in sugar catabolism.	the tetrazolium method for detection of bacterial mutants defective in sugar catabolism was modified for use with streptococci. the critical factors were (i) the concentration of tetrazolium, which must be titrated to determine the optimum concentration for each species or even strain, and (ii) anaerobic incubation of tetrazolium-containing agar plates. when used with standard mutagenesis protocols, this method yielded lactose-negative mutants of nine streptococcal strains representing six speci ...	1984	6378096
group a streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide inhibits phagocytic activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.	injection of sterile aqueous preparations of the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide of group a streptococci (pg-aps) produces chronic inflammation in several animal models. chronic bacterial infection may be involved in some aspects of the pathogenesis of inflammation associated with the accumulation of pg-aps. accordingly, the effect of pg-aps on human neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [pmn]) bactericidal activity was studied with the supposition that this interaction may contribute to the infl ...	1984	6378796
clinical, microbiological and immunological features associated with the treatment of active periodontosis lesions.	clinical, microbiological and immunological factors were examined using data from a subject with periodontosis. the subject was monitored at bimonthly intervals for 26 months at 6 sites per tooth for redness, plaque, suppuration, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and attachment level. using attachment level measurements and the tolerance method of analysis, sites with active disease and control (inactive) sites of equal pocket depth were selected. subgingival plaque samples were taken from thes ...	1984	6386896
the gene for type a streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) is located in bacteriophage t12.	the infection of streptococcus pyogenes t25(3) with the temperate bacteriophage t12 results in the conversion of the nontoxigenic strain to type a streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) production. although previous research has established that integration of the bacteriophage genome into the host chromosome is not essential for exotoxin production, the location of the gene on the bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome had not been determined. in the present investigation, recombinant dna t ...	1984	6389348
ability of various oral bacteria to bind human plasma fibronectin.	the present study describes the ability of various oral bacteria to bind human plasma fibronectin (pfn). avid binding of 125i-pfn was found for streptococcus mutans (serotypes a to h), streptococcus sanguis, group a streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus, while other gram-positive bacterial species tested demonstrated only weak or negligible pfn binding ability. two gram-negative bacterial species, bacteroides gingivalis and escherichia coli, did not significantly bind pfn. 125i-pfn bi ...	1984	6390098
antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcal strains associated with infective endocarditis.	seventy-six strains of various species of streptococci isolated from patients with infective endocarditis were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antibiotics by an agar dilution method. the antibiotics tested were: benzyl-penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, erythromycin, rifampicin, pristinamycin, gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin, amikacin, dibekacin and streptomycin. excluding enterococci, 91% of strains were sensitive to benzylpenicillin. resistance to benzylpenicillin was onl ...	1984	6394332
variable nature of the bacterial cell surface.		1984	6399205
lactose transport in streptococcus mutans: isolation and characterization of factor iiilac, a specific protein component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system.	the transport of lactose in streptococcus mutans is mediated via an inducible phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system. this system requires for catalytic activity a membrane fraction (enzyme ii), two general proteins called enzyme i and hpr, and a soluble specific protein termed factor iiilac. this protein factor was purified from s. mutans atcc 27352 by chromatographies on deae-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, ultrogel aca 34, and phosphocellulose. the purified protein migrated as a si ...	1984	6480107
cell surface proteins of oral streptococci.	whole cells of representative strains of oral streptococci (streptococcus sanguis, s. mitis, and s. salivarius) were radiolabeled by the lactoperoxidase method of radioiodination. the labeled polypeptides obtained by extraction of whole cells with boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. of the total radioactivity, ca. 70% was released by treating whole cells with trypsin, suggesting that the labeling was confined to proteins located ...	1984	6480109
a possible mechanism for the cellular coaggregation between actinomyces viscosus atcc 19246 and streptococcus sanguis atcc 10557.	the cells of actinomyces viscosus atcc 19246 (av19246) and streptococcus sanguis atcc 10557 (ss10557) coaggregated immediately after mixing in 40 mm-tris/hcl buffer. optimal conditions were ph 7.5 in the presence of ca2+ at 0.1 mm or higher. na2 edta and its analogues, na2mgedta and na2mnedta at 7.5 mm inhibited the coaggregation. trypsin and heat treatment impaired the reactive site on av19246 cells, but not on ss10557 cells. the coaggregates, once formed, dissociated gradually during extended ...	1984	6481336
spinal epidural abscess: an unusual complication of bacterial endocarditis.	we are reporting a case of epidural abscess complicating bacterial endocarditis. to the best of our knowledge, this association has not been reported before. streptococcus sanguis was isolated from the blood. a full recovery followed surgery and antibiotic therapy. the relevant characteristics of both diseases are reviewed. no explanation for this rare association is available as yet.	1984	6490169
longitudinal investigation of bacteriology of human fissure decay: epidemiological studies in molars shortly after eruption.	in the present investigation, the proportions of streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli, streptococcus sanguis, veillonellae, and an unidentified actinomyces-like organism in dental plaque on occlusal fissures of first mandibular molars were monitored at 6-month intervals over a 3-year period in 368 children who were initially in grades 1 or 2. teeth destined to become decayed exhibited a significant increase in the proportions of s. mutans from 6 to 24 months before the diagnosis of dental decay. l ...	1984	6500709
genetic exchange between oral streptococci during mixed growth.	to determine whether oral streptococci might exchange genetic information in the oral cavity, paired transformable strains of streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus milleri were growth together. chromosomal and plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance markers could be readily transferred from s. mutans gs-5 to s. milleri nctc 10707 or s. sanguis challis during mixed growth. however, no exchange from the latter two organisms to strain gs-5 could be detected under these condition ...	1984	6512502
viridans streptococci in infective endocarditis: species distribution and susceptibility to antibiotics.	a method for the speciation of viridans streptococci (non-groupable) is described. the major identification criteria are based on the reactions to a series of biochemical tests, including acid production in lactose, inulin, raffinose, mannitol and sorbitol, hydrolysis of arginine, esculin and na hippurate, and production of polysaccharides in 5% sucrose media. a total of 450 strains was isolated from blood cultures, 183 of which were from confirmed cases of subacute endocarditis. the latter were ...	1984	6519085
[hydrolysis of streptococcal polysaccharides by micromycete dextranases].	the effect of dextranase enzyme preparations obtained from penicillium piscarium bim g-102, penicillium funiculosum, aspergillus insuetus g-116 and aspergillus ustus on polysaccharides synthesized by cariesogenic streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus mitis was being studied. according to the data obtained dextranases from p. piscarium, p. funiculosum and asp. ustus can be considered as a promising anticarious agent.	1984	6540443
competent antigen-binding fragments (fab) from secretory immunoglobulin a using streptococcus sanguis immunoglobulin a protease.		1984	6423284
inhibition of neisseria gonorrhoeae growth due to hydrogen peroxide production by urogenital streptococci.	seven streptococci isolated from the normal urogenital flora were selected for the production of an inhibitory activity toward neisseria gonorrhoeae on solid medium. this activity was abolished when catalase was added to the medium in the case of streptococcus mitis isolates 22, 25, 74 and streptococcus sanguis ii isolate 70 suggesting the involvement of hydrogen peroxide. the inhibitory activities produced by the other isolates (streptococcus faecalis) were trypsin sensitive (isolates 12 and 14 ...	1984	6427555
carbohydrate composition of dental plaque from primates with irradiation caries.	carbohydrate analyses were performed on dental plaque collected from the teeth of irradiated monkeys, non-irradiated monkeys and a group of streptococcus mutans free animals, all of which were fed the same standard cariogenic diet. glucose was the predominant sugar constituent in plaque and was detected in highest concentration in the irradiated animals. small amounts of pentoses and other hexoses were also present. plaque from irradiated animals contained, by comparison with the other groups, h ...	1984	6429296
transformation of streptococcus sanguis challis with streptococcus lactis plasmid dna.	streptococcus lactis plasmid dna, which is required for the fermentation of lactose (plasmid plm2001), and a potential streptococcal cloning vector plasmid (pdb101) which confers resistance to erythromycin were evaluated by transformation into streptococcus sanguis challis. plasmid plm2001 transformed lactose-negative (lac-) mutants of s. sanguis with high efficiency and was capable of conferring lactose-metabolizing ability to a mutant deficient in enzyme iilac, factor iiilac, and phospho-beta- ...	1984	6435522
identification of streptococci in a medical laboratory.	a total of 965 cultures of streptococci received at a reference unit for identification were examined with api-20 strep kits and also by established methods. the api method, although it needed to be supplemented with additional tests, largely overcame the difficulty that pyogenic streptococci are usually identified by their serological reactions and that biochemical tests are used for the identification of the other streptococci. representatives of at least 24 established or possible species wer ...	1984	6436221
[conjugational plasmid transfer from a, b and h streptococci to n streptococci].	plasmid-mediated resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol was successfully transferred from group a, b and h streptococci to group n streptococci by a process akin to conjugation. the results showed that plasmids from streptococcal groups other than n were able to replicate in lactic streptococci as well. the transfer experiments were carried out by using a membrane filter mating technique. four of the five plasmids used (psm15346, psm10419, pip501, and pel1) were transferred at frequencie ...	1984	6441362
inhibition of bacterial growth by tetracycline-impregnated enamel and dentin.	tetracyclines can react with enamel and dentin to form relatively insoluble fluorescent compounds. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible antimicrobial effect of these reaction products on various microorganisms associated with human dental plaque and periodontal disease. slabs of native dentin and enamel as well as demineralized dentin were immersed in aqueous solutions of tetracycline hcl, oxytetracycline hcl and doxycycline hcl for periods of 1 h or 24 h. unimpregnated enamel ...	1984	6441999
neuraminidase activity: a biochemical marker to distinguish streptococcus mitis from streptococcus sanguis.	selected reference and freshly isolated strains of streptococcus mitis (mitior) and streptococcus sanguis were assayed for cell-associated neuraminidase activity by their ability to hydrolyze [3h-] sialyllactitol. a cell-associated neuraminidase was detected with s. mitis and s. sanguis serotype ii (reclassified as s. mitis) but not with s. sanguis serotypes i and iii. neuraminidase activity of s. mitis correlated with this organism's inability to hydrolyze arginine, aesculin, and few, if any, s ...	1984	6582090
a conceptual model for the co-existence of streptococcus spp. and actinomyces spp. in dental plaque.	one of the most important questions in ecology is how to explain the co-existence of the variety of physiologically related organisms in the same habitat. a model is presented for the co-existence of streptococcus species and actinomyces species in dental plaque. the hypothesis is that these organisms co-exist because they simultaneously utilize several carbon and energy substrates. the hypothesis follows from the observation that the growth yield of oral streptococci and actinomyces in saliva i ...	1984	6583241