Publications

mucosal adjuvant properties of the shigella invasin complex.	the shigella invasin complex (invaplex) is an effective mucosal vaccine capable of protecting against shigella challenge in animal models. the major antigenic constituents of invaplex are the ipa proteins and lipopolysaccharide. the cell-binding capacity of the ipa proteins prompted the investigation into the adjuvanticity of invaplex. using ovalbumin (ova) as a model antigen, intranasal immunization with ova combined with invaplex was found to enhance anti-ova serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and i ...	2006	16622224
a recurring outbreak of shigella sonnei among traditionally observant jewish children in new york city: the risks of daycare and household transmission.	dispersed community outbreaks of shigella sonnei have occurred cyclically among traditionally observant jews in the united states. in february 2000, we investigated a s. sonnei outbreak in one jewish community in new york city. to determine risk factors for introduction of infection into households, we conducted a cohort study of households to compare risk factors for illness among primary subjects within households and age-matched well siblings. isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electr ...	2006	16623986
newly identified bacteriophages carrying the stx2g shiga toxin gene isolated from escherichia coli strains in polluted waters.	shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages are the main vehicle involved in horizontal transmission of stx1 and stx2 genes, which has led to the current spread of stx genes among a high number of escherichia coli serotypes and other enterobacteria. several stx gene variants have been described, although some of the variants have never been isolated from inducible bacteriophages. in this study, two stx2g-carrying bacteriophages induced from two different e. coli o2:h25 strains isolated from different ...	2006	16630267
[the development of irritable bowel syndrome after shigella infection: 3 year follow-up study].	bacterial gastroenteritis seems to be a risk factor of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). the incidence of post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) was reported to be in the range of 7-31%, but few studies have reported long term follow-up results. so, we investigated the clinical course and prognosis of pi-ibs three years after shigella infection.	2006	16632982
[application of pulse field gel electrophoresis in molecular typing method on dealing with the outbreak of intestinal pathogen].	to explore and establish fast and sensitive typing diagnostic methods on intestinal pathogen.	2006	16640911
fast, easy and efficient: site-specific insertion of transgenes into enterobacterial chromosomes using tn7 without need for selection of the insertion event.	inserting transgenes into bacterial chromosomes is generally quite involved, requiring a selection for cells carrying the insertion, usually for drug-resistance, or multiple cumbersome manipulations, or both. several approaches use phage lambda red recombination, which allows for the possibility of mutagenesis of the transgene during a pcr step.	2006	16646962
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among gastroenteritis-causing pathogens recovered in europe and latin america and salmonella isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in north america and latin america: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (2003).	gastroenteritis-causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. complicating the clinical diarrhoea syndrome is the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among the responsible bacterial pathogens. the reported increases in fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella, shigella and campylobacter have been extremely worrisome considering the primary role of ciprofloxacin as a treatment. in this study, 1479 bacterial isolates from gastroenteritis infections were col ...	2006	16647842
synthesis of hexa- to tridecasaccharides related to shigella dysenteriae type 1 for incorporation in experimental vaccines.	hexa- to tridecasaccharides corresponding to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of the gram-negative bacterium shigella dysenteriae type 1 were synthesized in solution phase. the syntheses utilized tetra-, octa-, and dodecasaccharide intermediates that represent one to three contiguous tetrasaccharide repeating units of the o-sp [synlett2003, 743]. these compounds were glycosylated with mono-, di-, and trisaccharide trichloroacetamidates, which were synthesized in this study. the excellent ste ...	2006	16650395
future directions for research on enterotoxigenic escherichia coli vaccines for developing countries.		2006	16671213
direct visualization of red fluorescent lipoproteins indicates conservation of the membrane sorting rules in the family enterobacteriaceae.	chimeras created by fusing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (rfp) to a bacterial lipoprotein signal peptide (liporfps) were visualized in the cell envelope by epifluorescence microscopy. plasmolysis of the bacteria separated the inner and outer membranes, allowing the specific subcellular localization of liporfps to be determined in situ. when equipped with the canonical inner membrane lipoprotein retention signal cdsr, liporfp was located in the inner membrane in escherichia coli, whereas ...	2006	16672606
future needs and directions for shigella vaccines.		2006	16673461
xylose utilization and short-chain fatty acid production by selected components of the intestinal microflora of a rodent pollinator (aethomys namaquensis).	namaqua rock mice (aethomys namaquensis) consume nectar xylose when visiting protea flowers. whole-animal metabolism studies suggest that the gastrointestinal microflora plays an important role in xylose metabolism in a. namaquensis. we collected caecal contents under anaerobic conditions, cultured caecal microflora both aerobically and anaerobically, and assessed caecal microbial xylose utilization using a (14)c-xylose incubation assay. all four mice sampled hosted culturable caecal micro-organ ...	2006	16676189
[purification and properties of citrobacter freundii phytase].	phytase (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase, ec 3.1.3.26) catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate). phytases are of great commercial importance due to their usage as supplement of food and animal feed, which can cater to nutrition demands and alleviate environmental problems, has been approved by many countries. although acid phytases have been extensively studied, information regarding the phytases from citrobacter is limited. in t ...	2006	16579482
rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination.	rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ...	2006	16585287
rifaximin, a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic, prevents shigellosis after experimental challenge.	this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the nonabsorbed oral antibiotic rifaximin to prevent shigellosis in volunteers challenged with shigella flexneri.	2006	16586388
carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases.	adhesion of pathogenic organisms to host tissues is the prerequisite for the initiation of the majority of infectious diseases. in many systems, it is mediated by lectins present on the surface of the infectious organism that bind to complementary carbohydrates on the surface of the host tissues. lectin-deficient mutants often lack the ability to initiate infection. the bacterial lectins are typically in the form of elongated submicroscopic multi-subunit protein appendages, known as fimbriae (or ...	2006	16564136
the effects of alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on the association of caco-2 cells by enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri.	two milk components, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) and glycomacropeptide (gmp) may inhibit intestinal infection/intoxification. (3)[h] thymidine-labeled enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), salmonella typhimurium (atcc 6994) or shigella flexneri (atcc 9199) were introduced to caco-2 cultures and their association with caco-2 cells was assessed. undigested, pepsin-digested and pepsin- and pancreatin-digested alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide inhibited association. thus, milk supplemente ...	2006	16684117
the emerging strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in bangladesh are clonal.	a total of 113 strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research during the period 1999-2004 were studied. serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. more than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistan ...	2006	16684401
incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (us military and similar populations): a systematic review.	to determine regional estimates of pathogen-specific prevalence and incidence, as well as, describe morbidity associated with diarrhea among deployed us military and similar populations, a systematic review was conducted for publications between january 1990 to june 2005. point estimates and confidence intervals of pathogen prevalence and travelers' diarrhea incidence were combined in a random effects model and assessed for heterogeneity. in total, 262 studies were identified for potential inclu ...	2006	16687698
[antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile and ribotyping in cuban shigella sonnei strains].		2006	16688295
sex and virulence in escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective.	pathogenic escherichia coli cause over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year, whereas non-pathogenic e. coli constitute part of the normal intestinal flora of healthy mammals and birds. the evolutionary pathways underlying this dichotomy in bacterial lifestyle were investigated by multilocus sequence typing of a global collection of isolates. specific pathogen types [enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, enteropathogenic e. coli, enteroinvasive e. coli, k1 and shigella] have arise ...	2006	16689791
anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies in acute appendicitis detected by elisa.	in acute appendicitis the bowel transmissibility of the intestinal flora increases in relation to inflammation and edema formation. we can therefore observe an immunologic response in patients, which is detectable using different bacteria isolated from the normal intestinal flora. our aim was to measure this immunologic reaction and to detect the relationship between this response and histologic types of acute appendicitis. sera from 47 cases, comprising 38 patients suffering from appendicitis a ...	2006	16689825
epidemiology and genetic characterization of shigella flexneri strains isolated from three paediatric populations in egypt (2000-2004).	ninety-seven isolates of shigella flexneri from children seeking medical care from three sites in egypt were characterized. overall, 46.4% of children (median age 17 months) were febrile or reported blood in their stools, 25.8% were dehydrated and 16.5% were admitted to hospital. serotypes 2a (37.1%), 1b (18.6%), 1c (17.5%), and 6 (15.5%) comprised over 88.7% of the total isolates. we observed marked resistance to ampicillin (87.6%), tetracycline (84.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.9%) ...	2006	16690004
antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens.	to develop in vitro assays for comparing the antagonistic properties and anti-oxidative activity of probiotic lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains against various entero- and urinary pathogens.	2006	16696680
[aeromonas associated with an acute diarrhea outbreak in são bento do una, pernambuco].	an acute diarrhea outbreak, with 2170 cases, was described during january to july, 2004, in são bento do una, pernambuco. 582 stools were examined and an enteric pathogen was recovered in 25% (145 patients). aeromonas species were the most frequent (114-19.5%) and the main isolates were aeromonas caviae (57-9.8%), aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (23-3.9%), aeromonas veronii biovar veronii (15-2.6%) and other species (19-3.2%). the other isolated enteropathogens were vibrio cholerae o1-ogawa toxi ...	2006	16699653
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (mimosaceae).	ethyl acetate (ea) extract of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (cg) was analysed phytochemically and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhi, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus feacalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	2006	20162076
evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of different parts of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit) as used locally.	we investigated the potency of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit), against pathogens, in the different forms in which this fruit plant is used locally (juice of the fruit, burnt rind of the fruit commonly known as "epa-ijebu" in the yoruba dialect) and the oil obtained from steam distillation of the fruit. the antimicrobial activity of "epa-ijebu" in different solvents was also compared. the solvents include palm-wine (a local alcoholic drink tapped from palm trees), seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholi ...	2006	20162090
antimicrobial resistence of shigella species isolated during 2004 and 2005 from selected sites in zimbabwe.	to determine the predominant serotype and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of shigella isolates during 2004 and 2005 in zimbabwe.	2006	20353132
production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for escherichia coli o157:h7.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for escherichia coli o157:h7, one of the major causes of haemorrhagic colitis in humans, were produced by immunising balb/c mice with the strain e. coli o157:h7. these monoclonal antibodies do not cross-react with other bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, e. coli o14, e. coli jm109, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, s. panama, s. saintpaul, s. derby, s. muenchen, s. bredeney, s. hadar, yersinia enterocolitica, proteus vulgaris, shi ...	2006	20429059
antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida).	mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ...	2006	19127719
rapid allelic exchange in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and other e. coli using lambda red recombination.	this unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. the phage lambda red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper-recombinogenic state where electroporated pcr-generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. the technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in-frame deletion of the target gene. single gen ...	2006	18770591
application of a multiplex pcr for the simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella and shigella in raw and ready-to-eat meat products.	escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella and shigella might contaminate similar types of meat products and cause deadly diseases in humans. traditional microbiological analyses to detect these pathogens are labor-intensive and time-consuming. the objective of this study was to apply a multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of the pathogenic bacteria in certain raw and ready-to-eat meat matrices. the tested samples had aerobic plate counts ranging from non-detectable, in chicken nuggets and salami, ...	2005	22064243
comparison of conventional culture methods and fta filtration-nested pcr for the detection of shigella boydii and shigella sonnei on tomato surfaces.	detection of shigella boydii ui02 and shigella sonnei ui05 artificially inoculated onto tomatoes was evaluated using enrichment protocols of the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (bam) and the american public health association's compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food (cmmef), enrichment in enterobacteriaceae enrichment (ee) broth supplemented with 1.0 microg/ml novobiocin and incubated at 42 degrees c, and fta filtration-nested pcr. ...	2005	21132967
prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from spices in argentina.	spices can present high microbial counts and clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, salmonella and shigella, among others have been isolated from spices. c. perfringens is an important pathogen agent causing, among other diseases, enteritis in humans caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) which causes human food poisoning and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. the aims of the present work were (i) to establish the hygienic sanitary quality of some spices in san luis, argentina; (ii) to de ...	2005	16701595
[modulation of molecular signaling mechanisms in excitable cells by toxins and bacterial substances].	the mechanisms of bacterial substances (protein a, peptidoglican staphylococcus aureus), bacterium toxins (st. aureus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, shigella dysenteriae, clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, vibrio choleral), transfer factor of immune reactivity to staphylococcus aureus upon the key link (acetylcholine-, atp-, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-, ryanodin-sensitive receptors, g-proteins, ca2+, k(+)-transporting systems, second messengers) in the chain of signal conduction of excit ...	2005	16566125
prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal.	the study was conducted to determine the prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal. stool samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of b.p. koirala institute of health sciences, nepal, during august 2000-july 2004, were cultured for shigella species and were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. of 53 shigella species isolated, shigella dysenteriae type 1 was the most predominant isolate (73.7%), followed by s. flexneri (23%) and s ...	2005	16599104
the action of photosensitizers and serum in a bactericidal process. ii. the effects of dyes: hypericin, eosin y and saphranine o.	the aim of the present work was to recognize the reasons for differences in the photodynamic action of dyes against various bacterial strains. it is expected that a better understanding of this problem may help in design of new photosensitizers. the sensitivity of 6 various bacterial strains to the photodynamic action of 5 photosensitizers was determined. the hydrophobicity of cell surface and susceptibility of bacteria to the natural defense mechanism of human serum, were estimated. the differe ...	2005	16599305
antimicrobial activity of 1,2-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]- 1,2-ethanediols, 1,4-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]- 1,2,3,4-butanetetraols and their feiii, cuii, and agi complexes.	1,2-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl/no2)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols (l1-l4), 1,4-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols (l5-l7) and their complexes with fecl3, cucl2, and agno3 were synthesized; antibacterial activity of the compounds was determined toward staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis, and antifungal activity against candida albicans. the a ...	2005	16681141
antimicrobial activity of znii, cdii, and hgii complexes of 1,2-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols and 1,4-bis-[2-(5-r)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols.	1,2-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl/no2)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2-ethanediols (l1-l4), 1,4-bis-[2-(5-h/me/cl)-1h-benzimidazolyl]-1,2,3,4-butanetetraols (l5-l7) and their complexes with zncl2, cdcl2 and hgcl2 were synthesized and antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested toward staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and antifungal activity against candida albicans. hgii complexes have ...	2005	16681142
[primarily study on a multiplex pcr-based system for the rapid detection of salmonella spp., shigella spp. and escherichia coli o157:h7].	to establish a multiplex pcr-based system for the simultaneous detection of salmonella spp., shigella spp. and escherichia coli 0157:h7 in 12 hours.	2005	16535845
sepsis caused by food-borne infection with escherichia coli.	we report a case of sepsis caused by escherichia coli (e. coli) of serotype o-143. a 78-year-old man developed symptoms of gastroenteritis after ingesting raw meat on noodles. he rapidly developed respiratory failure. blood culture grew e. coli. the sepsis seemed to have directly spread from a food-borne infection. the development of primary sepsis after ingesting e. coli is very rare. we suspect that bacterial translocation played a major role. serotype o-143 is recognized in enteroinvasive e. ...	2005	16415557
preparation, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase from shigella flexneri 2a.	diadenosine tetraphosphate (ap4a) hydrolase (ec 3.6.1.41) hydrolyzes ap4a symmetrically in prokaryotes. it plays a potential role in organisms by regulating the concentration of ap4a in vivo. to date, no three-dimensional structures of proteins with significant sequence homology to this protein have been determined. the 31.3 kda ap4a hydrolase from shigella flexneri 2a has been cloned, expressed and purified using an escherichia coli expression system. crystals of ap4a hydrolase have been obtain ...	2005	16511239
direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of vibrio cholerae o1.	an immunofluorescence assay for direct detection of v. cholerae o1 was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae o1. production of omps varied with growth media used; maximum production was found in tryptic soy broth. the detection system was specific because no cross-reactivity was observed with other bacteria including v. cholerae o139, e. coli, s. dysenteriae and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi. the technique was able ...	2005	16475506
anti-bacterial alkaloids of saracococca saligna.	the crude ethanolic extract of saracococca saligna was found to be cytotoxic and antibacterial but produced no platelet aggregation induced by adp. antibacterial activity of two known alkaloid, pachyaximine-a and saracodine was determined. pachyaximine-a possessed significant antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium pyrogenes. saracodme showed moderate activity against staphylococcus pyrogenes, escherichia coli, staph ...	2005	16431389
erythromycin synergism with essential and trace elements.	in order to establish the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various macrolide antibiotics, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of erythromycin metal complexes have been studied and compared with the parent drug. metal complexes of erythromycin with magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium have been investigated for their antibacterial activity and compared with erythromycin by observing th ...	2005	16431396
detection and identification of intestinal pathogenic bacteria by hybridization to oligonucleotide microarrays.	to detect the common intestinal pathogenic bacteria quickly and accurately.	2005	16437687
cephalosporin resistant shigella flexneri from a clinical isolate--a rare finding.	shigellosis is an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. antibiotic treatment of dysentery aimed at resolving diarrhea or reducing its duration, and to prevent transmission to other close contacts. isolates with resistance to first line drugs have been reported throughout world, third generation cephalosporins and quinolones are mainstay of treatment. shigella flexneri resistant to third generation cephalosporins in a clinical isolate is a rare finding, and this has ...	2005	16438280
aerobic heterotrophic bacterial diversity in sediments of rajakkamangalam estuary, south west coast of india.	the abundance of aerobic heterotrophic bacterial population in the sediment sample of six experimental stations (s1 to s6) at rajakkamangalam estuary was studied for a period of one year from march, 1998 to february, 1999. the important bacterial genera encountered were pseudomonas, bacillus, vibrio, escherichia, micrococcus, enterobacter, salmonella, aeromonas, shigella, klebsiella, proteus, alkaligenes, staphylococcus, citrobacter and flavobacterium. the bacterial population based on numerical ...	2005	16459565
immunoproteomics of membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	to screen the immunogenic membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	2005	16425402
[the colicynogenic activity and anthibiotic sensitivity of collected and newly isolated strains of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei].	among the collection strains of s. flexneri 10.5; 5.5; 2.6; 2.6 and 7.9% of strains were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, ceftryaxon, cefasoline, chloramphenycol, respectively. the maximum number of r-determinants of one strain was 4. the strains resistant to cefalosporynes were not revealed; among newly isolated strains of this agent, these strains resistant to ampicilline, tetracycline and chloramphenycol made 20%. among the collection and newly isolated strains of s. flexneri, isolated ...	2005	16396114
shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced diarrhea in rats.	with the aim of setting up an animal model of shigella dysenteriae-induced diarrhea, wistar rats received per os increasing densities of s. dysenteriae type 1 (sd1). inoculum of 12 x 10(8) sd1 provoked dysenteric diarrhea within 24 h. feces of healthy rats were molded, brown to black and rough. rats developing diarrhea presented blood at the anal orifice; stools were soft or liquid containing mucus, or molded, smooth and mucus-coated. at times, stools appeared longer, dark and shiny due to the p ...	2005	16377862
antibiotic principles from a streptomyces species and their sub-acute toxicity studies on hepatic, renal and haemopoietic system of rats.	two promising antibiotics, jf-a and jf-b were isolated from the chloroform extract of a banglaeshi streptomyces strain. the mean zones of inhibition produced by the chloroform extract (400 microg/disc), jf-a (200 microg/disc) and jf-b (200 microg/disc) against 19 pathogenic bacteria were found to be 9-50, 12-38 and 10-41 mm while those produced by a standard antibiotic, kanamycin were 11-40 mm at 30 microg/disc. mics of jf-a and jf-b were determined to be 64 microg/ml against bacillus subtilis a ...	2005	16380336
new vaccines against enteric bacteria for children in less developed countries.	diarrheal diseases represent a major threat to infant survival in less developed countries. a real opportunity now exists to help alleviate this problem through the development of safe and effective multicomponent whole-bacterial cell vaccine(s) against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and shigella, two important pathogens for which no licensed vaccine exists. what is preventing realization of this achievement is a lack of focus on the unique needs of children in less developed countries, along ...	2005	16372876
the utility of lactoferrin in differentiating parasitic from bacterial infections.	lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein found in the 2ry granules of pmn. in order to determine the usefulness of such marker for neutrophilic activity in differentiating cases suffering from amoebic and bacillary dysentery, schistosoma and bacterial uti infections, we examined stool and urine specimens using anti-lactoferrin antibodies (lactoferrin latex agglutination test: lfla), compared with different standard gold techniques. our results demonstrated that cases with either shigllosis or ...	2005	16363291
re-emergence of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae with added resistance to ciprofloxacin in north india & their plasmid profiles.	multi drug resistant shigellae pose a major threat in control of shigellosis with. shigella dysenteriae being the most prevalent species at our centre before 1994. a gradual decrease in s. dysenteriae occurred over the years with a corresponding increase in s. flexneri which became the predominant serotype. from may to november 2003, an increase in number of patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of dysentery was noted in comparison to previous years, with a corresponding increase in the isol ...	2005	16394329
detection and isolation method for bacterial lysozyme inhibitors by use of lysozyme affinity chromatography.		2005	16366278
a ph dependent mechanism for inactivation of gram-negative bacteria by hen egg white and lambda lysozymes under high pressure.		2005	16366309
[symptoms of food-borne diseases and gastroenteritis in kyushu, japan].	in this study we analyzed the symptoms of gastroenteritis or food-borne disease caused by the 10 most prevalent pathogens: norovirus, salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), shigella sonnei/flexneri (shigella), staphylococcus aureus, and emetic-type bacillus cereus. the symptoms diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and headache, and the incubation period in 646 cases i ...	2005	16366357
evolution of foodborne pathogens via temperate bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer.	temperate bacteriophages have always been central to the evolution of bacteria, although their importance has been consistently underestimated compared to transformation and conjugation. in the last 20 years, as more gene and genome sequences have become available and researchers have more accurately determined bacteriophage populations in the environment, we are gaining a clearer picture of their role in the past and potential role in the future. the transductive and lysogenic capacities of thi ...	2005	16366852
[alibi verification and the pcr method to estimate the source of epidemic for a few notified cases of s. sonnei].	a few culture-confirmed cases of s. sonnei have been notified from korean hospitals. the source of epidemic can't be firmly determined in such cases because of the rarity of this illness in the local communities and the timing of the outbreaks. the objective of this study is to estimate the source of epidemic by investigating the patients' lifestyles.	2005	16358827
carriage by the housefly (musca domestica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospital and other urban environments in misurata, libya.	using standard microbiological procedures, bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans were isolated from 150 houseflies collected in the libyan city of misurata (50 flies each from the central hospital, streets and abattoir). salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica and edwardsiella tarda were isolated from flies collected on the streets and in the abattoir but not from those collected in the hospital. shigella sonnei was detected in just one fly, which was collected in the abattoir. of ...	2005	16297293
comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of s. dysenteriae subgroup.	genomic compositions of representatives of thirteen s. dysenteriae serotypes were investigated by performing comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) with microarray containing the whole genomic orfs (open reading frames, orfs) of e. coli k12 strain mg1655 and specific orfs of s. dysenteriae a1 strain sd51197. the cgh results indicated the genomes of the serotypes contain 2654 conserved orfs originating from e. coli. however, 219 intrinsic genes of e. coli including those prophage genes, molecula ...	2005	16248434
molecular markers for detection of pathogenic escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups o 138 and o 139.	escherichia coli strains belonging to o-serogroup 138 and 139 are important as disease agents in pigs causing post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease. several types of shiga toxin-producing o 138 and o 139 strains were isolated from diarrheic humans and from cattle and food of bovine origin. serotyping is the current method for detection of o 138 and o 139 strains but its applicability can be limited due to the presence of capsules and capsular-like bacterial surface antigens and in the case of ...	2005	16280204
immunoproteomics of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	shigella flexneri 2a is an important pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in humans. in order to investigate any potential vaccine candidate proteins present in outer membrane proteins (omps) and extracellular proteins of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we use the proteome mapping and database analyzing techniques. a subproteome map and database of omps were established first. one hundred and nine of the total 126 marked spots were cut out and processed to maldi-tof-ms and pmf. eighty-seven spots were ide ...	2005	16281178
late detection of a shigellosis outbreak in a school in madrid.	even though shigellosis in spain is rare, an indigenous outbreak is occasionally detected. we describe an outbreak in a school in madrid caused by person-to-person transmission of shigella sonnei. after the detection of shigella sonnei in a stool sample from a 3 year old girl, an investigation at her school was initiated. questionnaires were distributed to the parents of 520 pupils attending the school. a case was defined as a school case if it was the first case in a child's household, and as a ...	2005	16282643
estimating the burden of shigellosis in thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study.	to estimate incidence of shigellosis in the kaengkhoi district, saraburi province, thailand.	2005	16283050
identification of core and variable components of the salmonella enterica subspecies i genome by microarray.	we have performed microarray hybridization studies on 40 clinical isolates from 12 common serovars within salmonella enterica subspecies i to identify the conserved chromosomal gene pool. we were able to separate the core invariant portion of the genome by a novel mathematical approach using a decision tree based on genes ranked by increasing variance. all genes within the core component were confirmed using available sequence and microarray information for s. enterica subspecies i strains. the ...	2005	16299280
community-based safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility study of the shigella sonnei wrss1 vaccine in israeli volunteers.	we describe the first community-based evaluation of shigella sonnei strain wrss1, a live, oral candidate vaccine attenuated by a 212-bp deletion in the virg (or icsa) plasmid virulence gene. three single-dose regimens of wrss1 (5 x 10(3) cfu, 2 x 10(4) cfu, and 4 x 10(5) cfu) were tested with cohorts of 15 adult volunteers. the vaccine was generally well tolerated at the 10(3)- and 10(4)-cfu doses. there were no fevers and there was one report of moderate diarrhea in 30 vaccinees; five additiona ...	2005	16299296
shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide induce human microvascular endothelial cells to release chemokines and factors that stimulate platelet function.	shiga toxins (stxs) produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are the most common cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). it is well established that vascular endothelial cells, mainly those located in the renal microvasculature, are targets for stxs. the aim of the present research was to evaluate whether e. coli-derived shiga toxin 2 (stx2) incubated with human microvascular endothelial cells (hmec-1) induces release of chemokines and other factors that m ...	2005	16299328
flashlights on bacterial virulence proteins.		2005	16299473
secretion of type iii effectors into host cells in real time.	type iii secretion (t3s) systems are key features of many gram-negative bacteria that translocate t3s effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells. there, t3s effectors exert many effects, such as cellular invasion or modulation of host immune responses. studying spatiotemporal orchestrated secretion of various effectors has been difficult without disrupting their functions. here we developed a new approach using shigella flexneri t3s as a model to investigate bacterial translocation of indi ...	2005	16299482
ready-to-eat shrimp as an international vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.	the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foods of animal origin is a potential health threat because resistance can be transferred among bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens may not respond to antibiotic treatments. thirteen brands of ready-to-eat shrimp representing four countries of origin were obtained from local grocery stores. total heterotrophic plate counts were determined, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated. total heterotrophic colony counts ranged from 3.3 ...	2005	16300079
pneumonia complicating shigella sonnei dysentery in an hiv-infected adult male.	an hiv-1-infected adult presented with a short history of dyspnoea, productive cough and myalgia with fever. shortly after presentation, he developed the abrupt onset of high-volume watery diarrhoea: stool culture grew shigella sonnei. at the same time, he became hypoxaemic, and thoracic imaging showed bilateral lower lobe consolidation/collapse. culture of sputum and blood was negative. the patient recovered with fluid resuscitation and ciprofloxacin monotherapy. this is the first reported case ...	2005	16303074
purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of cutc, a novel copper homeostasis protein from shigella flexneri.	cutc is a novel copper homeostasis protein containing 248 amino acids. here we report the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of cutc from shigella flexneri 2a. purification of cutc and its selenomethionine (semet) derivate were done using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. the purified proteins were crystallized using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. the diffraction ...	2005	16305556
analysis of the mechanisms of resistance to several antimicrobial agents in shigella spp. causing travellers' diarrhoea.	eighty isolates of shigella spp. (37 shigella flexneri and 43 shigella sonnei) from patients with travellers' diarrhoea were studied. susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin (65%), tetracycline (78%) and trimethoprim (75%), and particularly among the s. flexneri isolates. dihydrofolate reductase 1 genes (dfra1) were prevalent among the trimethoprim-resistant isolates, while oxa genes predominated among the ampicillin-resistant isolates. chloramphenicol r ...	2005	16307563
[significance of determination of shigella antibiotic resistance in bacteriological diagnosis of dysentery].	the results of the shigella antibiotic susceptibility assay within 1995-2002 are presented. 1472 cultures from 1158 patients with intestinal infections and bacteria carriers were isolated. the isolates were tested for their susceptibility to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, ampicillin and ofloxacin. it was shown that s. flexneri and s. sonnei were resistant to tetracycline. the s. flexneri isolates were highly resistant to chloramphenicol (73.3 to 96.0%) while resistance to ...	2005	16308937
etiology of childhood diarrhea in zliten, libya.	to determine the etiological agents of diarrhea in children from a small semi-urban city in libya and the association of age, gender, seasonal variation, breast-feeding, source of water for drinking, or antibiotic use with the isolation of enteropathogens and whether such agents are community or hospital acquired.	2005	16311662
fur regulates acid resistance in shigella flexneri via ryhb and ydep.	shigella flexneri requires iron for survival, and the genes for iron uptake and homeostasis are regulated by the fur protein. microarrays were used to identify genes regulated by fur and to study the physiological effects of iron availability in s. flexneri. these assays showed that the expression of genes involved in iron acquisition and acid response was induced by low-iron availability and by inactivation of fur. a fur null mutant was acid sensitive in media at ph 2.5, and acid sensitivity wa ...	2005	16313621
[changing patterns of communicable diseases in korea].	before twentieth centuries and during early twentieth centuries, communicable diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in korea. but reliable data are not available. after 1975, the overall morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, rapidly declined. recently many new pathogenic microbes were recognized: l. monocytogenes, hantaan virus, y. pseudotuberculosis, p. multocida, l. pneumophilia, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), g. seoi, h. capsulatum, c. burnetii, v. choler ...	2005	16315747
[epidemiologic investigation on sporadic occurrence of shigellosis in a subcounty of cheongwon county in chungbuk province in 2003].	this study was undertaken to investigate the source of infection and mode of transmission of shigellosis, which occurred sporadically among residents and students in a subcounty of cheongwon county, chungbuk province, korea, from june 4 to july 3 2003.	2005	16315756
[epidemiologic investigation on an outbreak of shigellosis in seongju-gun, korea, 2003].	an outbreak of shigellosis occurred among students and staff of s primary and middle school, seongju-gun, in 2003. this investigation was carried out to institute an effective counterplan, and study the infection source and transmission of the shigellosis.	2005	16315757
detection of cryptosporidium in immunosuppressed patients.	cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhoeal disease in children and immunosuppressed persons. it is an opportunistic pathogen. a study was done to determine the frequency of cryptosporidium in immunosuppressed persons.	2005	16320794
use of ramification amplification assay for detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and other e. coli shiga toxin-producing strains.	escherichia coli o157:h7 and other shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) strains are important human pathogens that are mainly transmitted through the food chain. these pathogens have a low infectious dose and may cause life-threatening illnesses. however, detection of this microorganism in contaminated food or a patient's stool specimens presents a diagnostic challenge because of the low copy number in the sample. often, a more sensitive nucleic acid amplification method, such as pcr, is require ...	2005	16333102
in-vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes of the antibiotic drug cephalothin (keflin).	keflin (kefl) interacts with co(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii) and zn(ii) metal ions leading to complexes of the type m(kefl)2cl2 and m(kefl)cl2, which have been characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. magnetic moment, ir, electronic spectral and elemental analyses data suggest that keflin behaves tridentately forming octahedral or trigonal bipyramidal complexes with the metal ions mentioned above. the new compounds have been screened in-vitro for antibacterial and cytotoxic activity ag ...	2005	16335054
[construction and characterization of a live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain, sf301 delta virg and dsba33g].	construction and characterization of a live attenuated shigella flexneria 2a sf301 vaccine strain to prevent the endemic of shigellosis. using chinese majority epidemic shigella flexneri 2a serotype sf301 as the target, p delta virg, a deletion derivation of the virg gene in the sacb suicide vector pcvd442 and pdsba33g, an mutant of a disulfide bond catalyst dsba, replaced its 33 amiano acid cystine by glycerin in pcvd442, were used to generate a attenuated mutant strain sf301: delta virg: dsba3 ...	2005	16342769
quinine sulfate inhibits invasion of salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri: a preliminary study.	the incidence of typhoid fever and shigellosis parallels that of malaria, so many individuals who are on antimalarial drugs can be found in areas where these diseases are widespread. we investigated the effect of quinine sulfate on the growth and invasion of salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri m90t to determine whether people on antimalarials can have secondary gain from some protection against typhoid fever and shigellosis.	2005	16343387
risk factors for mortality due to shigellosis: a case-control study among severely-malnourished children in bangladesh.	to determine the risk factors for death of severely-malnourished bangladeshi children with shigellosis, a case-control study was conducted at the clinical research and service centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research in dhaka, bangladesh. one hundred severely-malnourished children (weight-for-age <60% of median of the national center for health statistics), with a positive stool culture for shigella dysenteriae type 1 or s. flexneri, who died during hospitalization, were comp ...	2005	16262023
the mreb and min cytoskeletal-like systems play independent roles in prokaryotic polar differentiation.	establishment of an axis of cell polarity and differentiation of the cell poles are fundamental aspects of cellular development in many organisms. we compared the effects of two bacterial cytoskeletal-like systems, the mreb and mincde systems, on these processes in escherichia coli. we report that the min proteins are capable of establishing an axis of oscillation that is the initial step in establishment of polarity in spherical cells, in a process that is independent of the mreb cytoskeleton. ...	2005	16262780
construction of prophylactic human papillomavirus type 16 l1 capsid protein vaccine delivered by live attenuated shigella flexneri strain sh42.	to express human papillomavirus (hpv) l1 capsid protein in the recombinant strain of shigella and study the potential of a live attenuated shigella-based hpv prophylactic vaccine in preventing hpv infection, the icsa/virg fragment of shigella-based prokaryotic expression plasmid phs3199 was constructed. hpv type 16 l1 (hpv16l1) gene was inserted into plasmid phs3199 to form the phs3199-hpv16l1 construct, and phs3199-hpv16l1 was electroporated into a live attenuated shigella strain sh42. western ...	2005	16270153
shigella flexneri perinephric abscess and bacteremia.		2005	16270768
peptidoglycan degradation by specialized lytic transglycosylases associated with type iii and type iv secretion systems.	specialized lytic transglycosylases are muramidases capable of locally degrading the peptidoglycan meshwork of gram-negative bacteria. specialized lytic transglycosylase genes are present in clusters encoding diverse macromolecular transport systems. this paper reports the analysis of selected members of the specialized lytic transglycosylase family from type iii and type iv secretion systems. these proteins were analysed in vivo by assaying their ability to complement the dna transfer defect of ...	2005	16272370
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial action of tea: the commonest beverage of asia.	the methanolic extract of leaves of camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze was screened for antimicrobial property against 111 bacteria comprising 2 genera of gram positive and 7 genera of gram negative bacteria. most of these strains were inhibited by the compound at 10-50 microg/ml level and few strains were sensitive even at lower concentrations (5 microg/ml). the bacteria could be arranged in the decreasing order of sensitivity towards the compound in the following manner: staphylococcus aureus, vi ...	2005	16272702
preparation of monoclonal antibody and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for escherichia coli o157 in foods.	to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mab) and antisera specific for escherichia coli (e. coli) o157, and to develop a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect e. coli o157 in foods.	2005	16274107
species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. isolated between 2001 and 2004 from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in kolkata (calcutta), india.	the incidence, phenotypic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of 193 shigella strains isolated from 2489 hospitalized children with acute diarrhoea were studied during january 2001 to august 2004. s. flexneri (60%) was the most prevalent serogroup, followed by s. sonnei (23.8%), s. dysenteriae (9.8%) and s. boydii (5.7%). since 2002, s. flexneri 2a was the most dominant serotype. almost all s. flexneri strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, na ...	2005	16274506
genome dynamics and diversity of shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery.	the shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. the genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling evidence indicates that shigella, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of e.coli and form a single pathovar. nevertheless, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 causes deadly epidemics but shigella boydii is restricted to the indian subcontinent, while shigella flexneri and shigel ...	2005	16275786
the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in north jakarta, indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance.	in preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of north jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area.	2005	16242013
functional effects of japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) and its components.	the functional effects of japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) have been studied. soy sauce promotes digestion, because the consumption of a cup of clear soup containing soy sauce enhances gastric juice secretion in humans. soy sauce possesses antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, shigella flexneri, vibrio cholera, salmonella enteritidis, nonpathogenic escherichia coli and pathogenic e. coli o157:h7. soy sauce also contains an antihypertensive component. an ...	2005	16243270
helical packing of needles from functionally altered shigella type iii secretion systems.	gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with eukaryotic host cells using type iii secretion systems (ttsss or secretons), which comprise cytoplasmic, transmembrane and extracellular domains. the extracellular domain is a hollow needle-like structure protruding 60 nm beyond the bacterial surface. the ttss is activated to transfer bacterial proteins directly into a host cell only upon physical contact with the target cell. we showed previously that the monomer of the shigella flexneri needle, mxi ...	2005	16243352
the needle component of the type iii secreton of shigella regulates the activity of the secretion apparatus.	gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with eukaryotic host cells by using type iii secretion systems (ttsss or secretons). ttsss serve to transfer bacterial proteins into host cells. two translocators, ipab and ipac, are first inserted with the aid of ipad by shigella into the host cell membrane. then at least two supplementary effectors of cell invasion, ipaa and ipgd, are transferred into the host cytoplasm. how ttsss are induced to secrete is unknown, but their activation appears to requir ...	2005	16227202
the epidemiology of travel-associated shigellosis--regional risks, seasonality and serogroups.	to give a detailed risk estimate of contracting travel-associated shigellosis in various regions of the world.	2005	16230220