Publications

glutathione-s-transferase activity and metabolism of glutathione conjugates by rhizosphere bacteria.	glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activity was determined in 36 species of rhizosphere bacteria with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb) and in 18 strains with the herbicide alachlor. highest levels of cdnb-gst activity (60 to 222 nmol (middot) h(sup-1) (middot) mg(sup-1)) were found in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella planticola, pseudomonas cepacia, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas putida, and xanthomonas campestris. there was very l ...	1995	16534956
piperacillin/tazobactam. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential.	combining tazobactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, with the ureidopenicillin, piperacillin, successfully restores the activity of piperacillin against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. tazobactam has inhibitory activity, and therefore protects piperacillin against richmond and sykes types ii, iii, iv and v beta-lactamases, staphylococcal penicillinase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. however, tazobactam has only species-specific activity against class i chromosomally-mediated enzymes. resi ...	1994	7514977
rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.	we carried out quantitative culturing of stools from 31 hospitalized alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and ascites, before treatment with 400 mg of norfloxacin per day, weekly for the first month, and then every 2 weeks thereafter for 15 to 229 days (median, 54 days). members of the family enterobacteriaceae virtually disappeared from the stools (< 10(2)/g), but treatment had little effect on enterococci. no selection of resistant organisms occurred in 15 patients, but the remaining 16 patients ...	1994	8192461
[analysis of cases with liver abscess following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (tae) for malignant hepatic tumors].	a total of 182 tae procedures were carried out in 98 patients with malignant hepatic tumors during the last five years. liver abscess following tae occurred in 3 cases (3.1%) and in 3 procedures (1.7%). all cases were discharged after successful percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage. one case had hepatocellular carcinoma. another case had undergone total gastrectomy and esophagojejunostomy with roux-y reconstruction for gastric leiomyosarcoma. the other had undergone right hemicolectomy and ...	1994	7944448
cloning and sequencing of the gene for the lactose carrier of citrobacter freundii.	the gene coding for the lactose carrier of citrobacter freundii was cloned into the plasmid pbr322. the gene was sequenced and the amino acid sequence was found to be 70% identical to the lactose carrier of e. coli. all of the charged residues in the membrane spanning region were conserved. the sugar specificity is somewhat different from that of e. coli. the c. freundii carrier has less activity for lactose and more activity for o-nitrophenyl-galactose (onpg) than the carrier of e. coli.	1994	7945341
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of fk037, a new parenteral cephalosporin.	in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of fk037, a new parenteral cephalosporin, were compared with those of cefpirome, ceftazidime and flomoxef. the advantages of in vitro activity of fk037 were as follows: (1) a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, (2) the most potent activity (mic90: 25 micrograms/ml) of the cephalosporins tested against highly methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (h-mrsa), (3) a strong activity against enterobacter spp. and citrobacter freundii resistant to t ...	1994	8205935
late infection of a bipolar prosthesis following endoscopy. a case report.		1994	8175823
comparison of the antibody responses to the 77 klebsiella capsular types in ankylosing spondylitis and various rheumatic diseases.	the production of antibodies to klebsiella capsular polysaccharides was measured in sera from either hla-b27-positive (hla-b27+) or hla-b27-negative (hla-b27-) patients with classical ankylosing spondylitis (n = 54). these sera were compared with sera from patients with various rheumatic diseases (n = 82) and hla-b27+ or hla-b27- healthy individuals (n = 85). all sera were analyzed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to each of the 77 klebsiella serotypes. the sera from hla ...	1994	7927763
novel carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction of penem antibiotic by class c beta-lactamases.		1994	7928684
characterization of the lactose transport system in citrobacter freundii.	the lactose transport system of citrobacter freundii was characterized. both the lactose transport system and beta-galactosidase were induced with either lactose or isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg), the latter being the better inducer. the km values for methyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (tmg) transport and lactose transport were 0.61 mm and 1.1 mm, respectively, and the vmax values were 53 nmol/min/mg cell protein and 12 nmol/min/mg cell protein, respectively. thus, tmg is a bette ...	1994	7951140
septic arthritis: a second decade of experience.	to review the diagnostic features, treatment and outcomes of all cases of septic arthritis presenting to a major australian rheumatology unit, between 1982 and 1991. these were compared with the previous decade's experience.	1994	7980216
biochemical identification of citrobacteria in the clinical laboratory.	we biochemically identified 235 citrobacter strains to the species level on the basis of the recently proposed taxonomic changes of brenner et al. (d. j. brenner, p. a. d. grimont, a. g. steigerwalt, g. r. fanning, e. ageron, and c. f. riddle, int. j. syst. bacteriol. 43:645-658, 1993). citrobacter isolates were initially identified as c. koseri or as members of the c. freundii complex or c. amalonaticus group on the basis of indole production, formation of h2s, malonate utilization, and acid pr ...	1994	7989531
identification of infant food as a vehicle in a nosocomial outbreak of citrobacter freundii: epidemiological subtyping by allozyme, whole-cell protein and antibiotic resistance.	a total of 38 citrobacter freundii strains was isolated from patients and their environment at a neonatal intensive care unit of a large hospital where colonization and clinical diseases due to the agent had been observed. epidemiological investigations were carried out by subtyping, for which a combination of allozyme, whole-cell protein and resistance pattern analysis was used. infant formula was identified as a vehicle of nosocomial spread. this shows that the role of foods in the transmissio ...	1994	8027004
o-acetylation affects the binding properties of the carboxyl groups on the vi bacterial polysaccharide.	the capsular polysaccharide of salmonella typhi and citrobacter freundii (vi) is a linear homopolymer of (1-->4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-galactopyranosyluronic acid partially o-acetylated at the c-3 position. the physico-chemical properties of the carboxyl groups of the vi polysaccharide, as a function of different degrees of o-acetylation, were studied by potentiometric titration, circular dichroism, and their reaction with the bulky nucleophile 2-nitro-phenylhydrazine (nph). potenti ...	1994	8061223
heterogeneity at the beta-lactamase structural gene ampc amongst citrobacter spp. assessed by polymerase chain reaction analysis: potential for typing at a molecular level.	considerable biochemical diversity and polynucleotide sequence variation have been reported amongst strains of citrobacter spp. however, sequence heterogeneity has not been investigated at gene loci of clinical relevance. in this study, sequence heterogeneity in the beta-lactamase structural gene, ampc, amongst 91 clinical isolates of citrobacter spp. that showed resistance to various third-generation cephalosporins was investigated. variation was examined by high-stringency polymerase chain rea ...	1994	8064842
a new class of proteins regulating gene expression in enterobacteria.	ymoa and hha are highly similar bacterial proteins downregulating gene expression in yersinia enterocolitica and escherichia coli, respectively. the phenotype of ymoa mutants evokes that of mutants affected in some histone-like proteins. this paper describes complementation of a ymoa mutation in y. enterocolitica by the hha gene from e. coli. we show that ymoa and hha are not only very similar proteins but that they are functionally interchangeable. genetic experiments indicate that hha can also ...	1994	8145648
cefquinome (hr 111v). in vitro evaluation of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin indicated for infections in animals.	cefquinome (formerly hr 111v), an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with cefepime, cefpirome, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime against 681 clinical cultures and a challenge set of bacteria with well-characterized resistance mechanisms. cefquinome minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic90) for the enterobacteriaceae ranged from < or = 0.12-2 micrograms/ml with the highest mic (4 micrograms/ml) obtained among citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, and providencia stuartii strains. a total ...	1994	7867299
cloning and analysis of translational control for genes encoding the cfr9i restriction-modification system.	the complete type-ii cfr9i restriction-modification (r-m) system of citrobacter freundii strain rfl9, recognizing the dna sequence cccggg, has been cloned and expressed, and functionally active enzymes have been produced in escherichia coli. both the methyltransferase (mtase; m.cfr9i) and restriction endonuclease (enase; r.cfr9i) were found to be encoded on a 2.3-kb cloned fragment in the same transcriptional orientation, but differing in translational phases. the last codon (underlined) (atga) ...	1994	8163180
characterization of the c-terminal domains of intimin-like proteins of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, and hafnia alvei.	surface proteins called intimins (int), which are homologous to the invasin protein (inv) of yersinia spp., play a role in inducing brush border damage, termed attachment and effacement, which follows infection by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii biotype 4280, and hafnia alvei. maltose-binding protein (mbp) fusions containing the c-terminal 280 amino acids of int-like proteins of strains of enteropathogenic e. coli, enterohemorrhagic e. coli, h. alvei ...	1994	8168946
plantar cellulitis.	an unusual case of acute cellulitis of the foot in a child is reported. the child failed to respond to standard treatment even after removal of an occult foreign body. wound cultures revealed klebsiella oxytoca and citrobacter freundii. this is the first documented report on klebsiella oxytoca in cellulitis. the cellulitis resolved after being treated with the appropriate antibiotics.	1994	7909945
truncated mutants of the colicin a lysis protein are acylated and processed when overproduced.	the lipid modification and processing of truncated mutants of the colicin a lysis protein were observed after overproduction by escherichia coli bacteria, but at a rate far slower than that of the wild-type. the unmodified precursor form of the mutants was stable over hour(s). the truncated mutants provoked lethality, but neither caused protein release nor quasi-lysis.	1994	8181720
[nationwide survey on susceptibilities of clinical isolates from urinary tract to antimicrobial agents in japan, 1991].	this study was conducted to investigate susceptibilities of urinary tract isolates to antimicrobial agents examined at 123 hospital laboratories in japan from september to december in 1991. in this study, identification and susceptibility testing were carried out at each laboratory. the susceptibility testing was performed according to the disk diffusion method recommended by national committee for clinical laboratory standards. mrsa showed high resistance rates to all agents tested except to mi ...	1994	8182896
[enterobacteria in mineral, spring and table water].	whereas coliform bacteria rank first, non-coliform enterobacteria can be isolated second in frequency from bottled mineral, spring and table waters in south bavaria. escherichia coli were found in 8, coliforms in 44 and non-coliform enterobacteria in 41 of 54 manufactories with hygienic problems. 11 different bacterial species were determined from coliforms with enterobacter cloacae occurring most numerous in 19, citrobacter freundii in 12 and enterobacter amnigenus in 7 manufactories. from non- ...	1994	7841680
[pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefozopran in the pediatric field].	cefozopran (czop, sce-2787), a newly developed parenteral cephem antibiotic, was administered to children with bacterial infections. we determined its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety in these patients. 1. antibacterial activity mics of cefmetazole, ceftazidime, cefuzonam, flomoxef and czop were determined against a total of 19 strains. for gram-positive cocci, mics of czop ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 microgram/ml against staphylococcus aureus (3 strains), from 0.05 to ...	1994	7853690
modes of inhibition of foodborne non-salmonella bacteria by selenite cystine selective broth.	various cell densities of six common foodborne non-salmonella bacteria were exposed to selenite cystine (sc) salmonella selective medium. the insensitivity of pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus vulgaris to sc was confirmed. selenite cystine selective medium was effective against the sensitive bacteria up to certain cell densities, beyond which the bacteria survived. as judged from the minimum cell number required for survival in sc, staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to sc, followed by ...	1994	8074974
[in vitro antibacterial activity of cefpirome: a new cephalosporin; results of a multicenter study].	the in vitro activity of cefpirome, a new injectable cephalosporin was studied against 1,082 clinical isolates in a multicentre study. minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using an agar dilution method. cefpirome was active against enterobacteriaceae. on naturally non-producing beta-lactamase species, cefpirome was active on most of the strains with mics < or = 0.5 mg/l, including strains producing an acquired penicillinase: e. coli 0.03-0.06, p. mirabilis 0.06-0.12, salmonella spp. ...	1994	7724247
formation of b-vitamins by bacteria during the soaking process of soybeans for tempe fermentation.	the formation of b-vitamins (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, thiamine, vitamin b6 and vitamin b12) during the soaking of soybeans by bacteria, isolated from tempe, was investigated. among the isolates examined no vitamin b6 producer was found. after inoculation of the soaking soybeans with citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas fluorescens and streptococcus spp. the concentrations of vitamin b12 increased significantly. for the first time it was found that soakings inoculated ...	1994	8060790
multiple antibiotic resistance in klebsiella spp. and other enterobacteriaceae isolated in singapore.	a common pattern of multiple antibiotic resistance has been noted in bacteria isolated from singaporean patients. the resistance pattern includes: ampicillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and other third generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. the bacterial species implicated are klebsiellas and other members of the enterobacteriaceae. preliminary laboratory investigation with a disk-diffusion augmentation test suggests the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactam ...	1994	7761885
workers' exposure to airborne bacteria and endotoxins at industrial wastewater treatment plants.	a study of sewage workers' exposure to airborne culturable bacteria and inhaled endotoxins was performed at nine waste-water treatment plants that treat mainly industrial effluents. airborne endotoxins were collected on glass fiber filters and analyzed using a chromogenic limulus assay. endotoxin concentrations measured in the immediate vicinity of the waste-water treatment process varied from 0.1 to 350 ng/m3. the eight-hour time weighted average concentrations of endotoxin to which workers wer ...	1994	7992797
transferable drug resistance (r-factor) among the enterobacteriaceae in urinary tract infections: a study at an urban hospital in bangladesh.	prevalence and patterns of drug resistance were studied among enterobacteriaceae, isolated from the cases of urinary tract infection (uti) attending at an outpatient department of an urban hospital in dhaka. out of 90 enterobacteriaceae isolated, 95.5% were resistant to the different antimicrobials tested. the most common resistance pattern observed was against ampicillin (a), trimethoprim (tm), sulphamethoxazole (s), tetracycline (t) and chloramphenicol (c) in all four genera of enterobacteriac ...	1994	8007056
vitamin b12 production by citrobacter freundii or klebsiella pneumoniae during tempeh fermentation and proof of enterotoxin absence by pcr.	the influence of some fermentation parameters on vitamin b12 formation by strains of citrobacter freundii and klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from indonesian tempeh samples during tempeh fermentation was investigated. a decrease in fermentation temperature from 32 to 24 degrees c led to a decrease in vitamin b12 formation. inoculation of soybeans with different numbers of cells of c. freundii at the beginning of solid-substrate fermentation showed that only the velocity of vitamin formation and n ...	1994	8017933
evaluation of the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (vidas) for the detection of salmonella in foods.	a salmonella assay using the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (vidas) was compared with a conventional cultural method (ccm) for the detection of salmonellas in 141 samples of artificially and naturally contaminated foods. there was an overall agreement of 92.9% between the methods. the productivity of the vidas salmonella assay (vsa) was not improved using an alternative enrichment protocol for the detection of salmonella in 12 raw meat samples. the sensitivity and specificity of the vsa was ...	1994	7765217
[a case of severe pneumonia in an elderly man, caused by citrobacter freundii suspected to have a low susceptibility to imipenem/cilastatin sodium].	an 80-year-old blind man with lepromatous leprosy suffered from right femoral neck and humeral neck fractures on july 9, 1993. because of fever (38.6 degrees c), difficult expectoration and diffuse bilateral perihilar infiltrates with consolidation in the left lower lung field on his chest radiograph, severe pneumonia was diagnosed. with intravenous hyperalimentation, imipenem/cilastatin (ipm/cs), ceftazidime, minocycline, gentamicin (gm), and human immunoglobulin were administrated. on july 29, ...	1994	7815761
evaluation of rapid one system for identification of 379 strains in the family enterobacteriaceae and oxidase-negative, gram-negative nonfermenters.	the ability of the rapid one system (innovative diagnostic systems, inc., norcross, ga.) to identify 364 strains in the family enterobacteriaceae and 15 oxidase-negative, gram-negative, nonfermentative rods was evaluated. kits were inoculated with no. 2 mcfarland standard suspensions, and reactions were interpreted after 4 h of incubation at 35 degrees c. overall, the method correctly identified (to the species level or to the genus level for salmonellas and non-shigella sonnei shigella species) ...	1994	8027345
comparison of the taxonomy, serology, drug resistance transfer, and virulence of citrobacter freundii strains from mammals and poikilothermic hosts.	in this study, the phenotypic, antigenic, and virulence characteristics of 32 citrobacter freundii strains of fish, human, and veterinary origin were comparatively analyzed. in addition, the spread of drug resistance factors by conjugation was investigated. regardless of the source of isolation, the strains exhibited variable reactions mainly for arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, and fermentation of sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin, and salicin. total fatty acid methyl ester analysis b ...	1994	8031079
comparative in-vitro activity of biapenem against enterobacteria with beta-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance.	the effects of enterobacterial beta-lactamases were studied for biapenem (l627), a new carbapenem. susceptibility tests were performed for isogenic mutant series of citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, morganella morganii, serratia marcescens and proteus vulgaris which varied only in chromosomal beta-lactamase expression. beta-lactamase-derepressed organisms in these series were as susceptible as beta-lactamase-inducible strains to biapenem; beta-lactamase-basal mutants were up to eight-f ...	1994	8040111
[development of a selective differential medium for the isolation of corynebacterium urealyticum (group d-2)].	we have developed a new selective culture medium for the isolation of c. urealyticum, with the aim of improving and making easier the isolation and identification of this microorganism.	1994	8049288
[antibacterial activity of aztreonam against clinical isolates].	to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a monobactam antibiotic, aztreonam (azt), mics of azt and other antibiotics against clinical isolates collected at 36 participating institutions after january 1992 were determined using the agar plate dilution method (size of inoculum, 10(6) cfu/ml) according to the japan society of chemotherapy standard. the antibiotics that were tested along with azt included piperacillin (pipc), cefoperazone (cpz), and amikacin (amk). azt was found to be more active a ...	1994	8051793
[clinical laboratory approach to evaluate administration dose of arbekacin. reevaluation of in vitro mic break points in the disk susceptibility test].	antimicrobial activities of arbekacin (abk) against various clinical isolates, 335 strains obtained in 1991, were determined and the reliability of the abk disk susceptibility test in estimating approximate values of mics was studied. in addition, clinical significance of two different systems for the interpretation of the disk tests was evaluated as to which system would be more useful for the evaluation of clinical efficacy of abk. the 4 category system used in japan, and the system proposed b ...	1994	7933533
[antibacterial activities of isepamicin against fresh clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli].	to investigate antibacterial activities of isepamicin (isp), mics of isp as well as other aminoglycosides (ags) were determined against many strains of gram-negative bacilli that were clinically isolated in 1993. 1. no isp-resistant strains were observed among isolates of escherichia coli, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp. or proteus mirabilis. 2. isp-resistant strains were observed among isolates of citrobacter freundii, serratia spp., proteus vulgaris, morganella morgani ...	1994	7933534
unique fimbriae-like structures encoded by sefd of the sef14 fimbrial gene cluster of salmonella enteritidis.	the sef14 gene cluster of salmonella enteritidis was recently shown to contain three genes, sefabc, encoding a unique fimbrin, and proteins homologous to fimbrial chaperones and outer membrane proteins (ushers), respectively. a fourth open reading frame, designated sefd, was found immediately downstream of sefabc and overlapping sefc. the translated protein sequence of sefd was unique, but the composition was similar to that of other bacterial fimbriae. sefd was produced in abundance by wild-typ ...	1994	7934897
intergeneric transfer and recombination of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) in enteric bacteria.	the gnd gene, encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.44), was sequenced in 87 strains of 15 species assigned to five nominal genera of the enterobacteriaceae, including 36 isolates of salmonella enterica and 32 strains of escherichia coli. in s. enterica, the effective (realized) rate of recombination of horizontally transferred gnd sequences is only moderately higher than the rates for other chromosomal housekeeping genes. in contrast, recombination at gnd has occurred with such hi ...	1994	7937867
nucleotide sequence of a plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase gene (blalat-1) found in klebsiella pneumoniae.	the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding a novel cephalosporinase (lat-1), carried by a non-self-transferable plasmid from klebsiella pneumoniae, has been determined. it was found that the sequence shares a high degree of homology with the citrobacter freundii os60 ampc structural gene.	1994	7811049
isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil.	three species of the family enterobacteriaceae that biochemically reduced hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (hmx) were isolated from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. two isolates, identified as morganella morganii and providencia rettgeri, completely transformed both rdx and the nitroso-rdx reduction intermediates. the third isolate, identified as citrobacter freundii, partially transformed rdx and generated high concentratio ...	1994	7811097
in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefpirome against ceftazidime-resistant isolates from two multicenter studies.	the in vitro activity of cefpirome against ceftazidime-resistant (mic > 16 mg/l) isolates from two multicenter studies was analyzed. the first investigation carried out in the usa, was an in vitro comparison of cefpirome and five third-generation cephalosporins in which more than 6,000 isolates were evaluated, including 97 enterobacteriaceae and 1,509 staphylococci resistant to ceftazidime. the second study was a multicenter international study (> 5,000 strains total) in which 160 ceftazidime-re ...	1994	7813503
in vitro activity of cefpirome against beta-lactamase-inducible and stably derepressed enterobacteriaceae.	most members of the enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa possess an inducible chromosomal class i beta-lactamase. bacterial strains which produce high levels of beta-lactamase constitutively can be isolated from infections; these derepressed mutants are responsible for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and ureidopenicillins. minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefpirome, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, and other beta-lactam antibiotics were determined for a series of mut ...	1994	7956454
evolution of beta-lactamase inhibitors.	beta-lactamases present the greatest single challenge to beta-lactam antibiotics, including piperacillin. beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to supposedly beta-lactamase stable agents such as second- and third-generation cephalosporins is now emerging and inhibitor combinations provide an alternative strategy to overcome this problem. the success of this strategy depends on 1) how efficiently the inhibitor inhibits important beta-lactamases, 2) on how much beta-lactamase the bacteria produce, 3) ...	1994	7962983
enzymically accelerated biomineralization of heavy metals: application to the removal of americium and plutonium from aqueous flows.	a biological process for the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous flows is described. metals are precipitated on the surface of immobilized cells of a citrobacter sp. as cell-bound metal phosphates. this uses phosphate liberated by the activity of a cell-bound phosphatase. some radionuclides (e.g. 241americium) form metal phosphates readily; efficient removal of 241am on a continuous basis is demonstrated. at low phosphatase activities, the efficiency of uranium removal correlates with enzym ...	1994	7917422
phosphatase-mediated heavy metal accumulation by a citrobacter sp. and related enterobacteria.	a citrobacter sp. was reported previously to accumulate heavy metals as cell-bound heavy metal phosphates. metal uptake is mediated by the activity of a periplasmic acid-type phosphatase that liberates inorganic phosphate to provide the precipitant ligand for heavy metals presented to the cells. amino acid sequencing of peptide fragments of the purified enzyme revealed significant homology to the phon product (acid phosphatase) of some other enterobacteria. these organisms, together with klebsie ...	1994	7926662
production of a plasmid mediated ampc-like beta-lactamase by a klebsiella pneumoniae septicaemia isolate.	a septicaemia klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from greece (ath1) was shown to be resistant to third generation cephalosporins, aztreonam and cefoxitin and this resistance was not decreased in the presence of clavulanic acid. the gene coding for the resistance phenotype, associated with a beta-lactamase showing cephalosporinase activity and a pi of 8.6, could be transferred into escherichia coli k-12 by conjugation and transformation. dna-hybridisation showed that this gene was located on two diffe ...	1994	7730237
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates at the american university medical center in lebanon.	in lebanon, knowledge of the prevailing pattern of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents has been limited, particularly because of 15 years of civil strife. thus, the current study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nonselected bacterial isolates recovered from recent clinical specimens, using the standardized disk agar diffusion technique. a total of 5216 isolates (1443 gram positive and 3773 gram negative) were examined. over 92% of staphylococcus au ...	1994	7874882
postantibiotic effect of meropenem on members of the family enterobacteriaceae determined by five methods.	the postantibiotic effect (pae) of meropenem was determined for 11 strains, both clinical isolates and reference strains of members of the family enterobacteriaceae. the study compares pae results obtained by five methods used to monitor bacterial regrowth, including viable counting, alone and in combination with impedance; bioluminescence, alone and in combination with impedance; and a morphological technique. after exposure of the test organisms to meropenem (0.1 x to 100 x mic) for 2 h, conce ...	1994	7872752
[clinical bacteriology and empiric therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the elderly at a national leprosarium].	hospital-acquired pneumonia is one of the most important fatal respiratory diseases in the elderly. prompt and precise empiric therapy is essential for recovery. fourteen isolates from twelve elderly lepromatous leprosy patients (9 men, 3 women, mean age of 75.8 years) with hospital-acquired pneumonia were studied. subsequently, empiric therapy with gentamicin and beta-lactams for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly was examined. fourteen types of bacteria isolated from expectorated sputum speci ...	1994	7799554
comparative in vitro activity of fk-037, a new cephalosporin antibiotic.	the in vitro activity of fk-037, a novel parenteral oxime-type cephalosporin, was compared with that of cefepime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, imipenem, and gentamicin against a total of 668 recent clinical isolates. minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by a standard agar dilution procedure, and all isolates were tested at two inocula (10(4) and 10(6) colony forming units). fk-037 inhibited 90% of isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella species, proteus mirabilis, p. vulgaris, morganell ...	1994	7867295
application of subtyping by combined allozyme, whole-cell protein and antibiotic resistance analysis in epidemiological investigations of food-borne infections.	allozyme pattern, whole-cell protein pattern and antibiotic resistance were used as markers for epidemiological subtyping (below the species level) of food-relevant bacteria. the results of this study confirm the applicability of these patterns as epidemiological markers also for this special purpose. electrotyping using also a reduced allozyme set seems to be the method with the highest discriminatory power of the three methods evaluated. several examples demonstrate that complex typing of bact ...	1994	7703019
update of lomefloxacin in vitro activity and spectrum. a multicenter trial testing contemporary pathogens following food and drug administration validation guidelines. lomefloxacin activity study group.	the united states food and drug administration recently recommended that the antimicrobial product package insert (ppi) subsection on microbiology be annually validated with regard to the compound's spectrum and potency. to address this request, a nine-laboratory trial was organized to test (two methods) lomefloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone, and nine comparison drugs against ppi-listed pathogens (1934 strains). a broad geographic sampling (nine medical centers) was achieved, and lomefloxacin wa ...	1994	7867311
[experimental and clinical studies of the effect of pectin on the causative agents of acute intestinal infections].	the effect of alimentary pectin obtained from different raw materials (apple, tomato, cotton-wool) on the causative agents of infectious diarrheal diseases, belonging to the genera shigella, salmonella, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and citrobacter, was studied under experimental conditions and in clinical observations. the study revealed that pectin, irrespective of raw material used for its production, produced an inhibiting effect on these microorganisms. this effect was most pronounced, ...	1994	7856335
genetics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.	bacteria have adapted to the introduction of aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and other oxyimino-beta-lactams by altering existing plasmid-mediated class a and class d beta-lactamases so as to expand their spectrum of activity. in the tem and shv families of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, relative activity toward oxyimino-substrates increases with the number of amino acid substitutions but at the price of lowered intrinsic efficiency, so that compensatory up-promoter events ar ...	1994	7821301
the antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime: comparative multinational hospital isolate surveys covering 15 years.	the "third-generation" cephalosporins (3gc) have emerged as one of the most significant therapeutic entities in the last 15 years. these 3gc compounds (using cefotaxime as a model) have generally maintained their potency and spectrum of activity against important pathogens. however, the continuing popularity of this class associated with local, regional, or national-level use or abuse has led to efficacy reduction against some organism populations associated with selection of class i cephalospor ...	1994	7843824
in vitro activity of cp-99,219, a novel 7-(3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl) naphthyridone antimicrobial.	the in vitro activity of cp-99,219 was compared with that of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against 814 clinical bacterial isolates using a microdilution method with brain-heart infusion broth. cp-99,219 was the most potent agent tested against methicillin-resistant, ciprofloxacin-susceptible staphylocci (minimum inhibitory concentration [mic]90 < or = 0.25 microgram/ml). cp-99,219 was 32-fold and fourfold more potent than ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin, respectively, against streptococcus pneum ...	1994	7851087
in vitro antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of sy5555, a new oral penem antibiotic.	the antibacterial activity of sy5555, a new oral penem antibiotic, was compared with those of cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram. sy5555 was more active than the comparison agents against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecalis, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, morganella morganii, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, clostridium spp., and bacteroides fragilis. against providencia spp., proteus spp., and haemophi ...	1994	7811005
gene sequence and biochemical characterization of fox-1 from klebsiella pneumoniae, a new ampc-type plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase with two molecular variants.	klebsiella pneumoniae ba32, a clinical isolate from buenos aires, argentina, was found to produce a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase (fox-1) which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. resistance could be transferred by conjugation or transformation into escherichia coli k-12 via a 48.5-kb plasmid (pglk1) that produced two fox-1 molecular variants with isoelectric points of 6.8 and 7.2 and apparent molecular sizes of 37 and 35 kda, respectively. the kinetic study r ...	1994	7811034
the structure of the citrobacter freundii o8a,8b o-specific polysaccharide containing d-xylofuranose.		1994	7528641
the structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of citrobacter o16 containing glycerol phosphate.	the o-specific polysaccharide, obtained by mild acid degradation of citrobacter o16 lipopolysaccharide, consists of d-glucose, d-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, glycerol and phosphate in the ratios 2:2:2:1:1. selective cleavage of the polysaccharide was carried out by smith degradation, n-deacetylation-deamination and dephosphorylation with 48% hydrofluoric acid, which was accompanied by unexpected splitting of one of the glycosidic linkages. the structures of the oligosaccharides th ...	1994	7508393
salmonella typhimurium enterotoxin epitopes shared among bacteria.	the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned salmonella enterotoxin gene (stn) was used to prepare anti-peptide antibodies. these antibodies were then employed to screen isolates of this enteric pathogen for the synthesis of protein enterotoxin (stn). cell lysates of all salmonella isolates tested displayed a prominent immunoblot band of approximately 29 kda, which was consistent with the size of the cloned stn gene product. among other gram-negative bacteria examined, isolates of klebsiella, e ...	1994	7517375
bifocal cervical spondylodiscitis due to citrobacter diversus.	spondylodiscitis due to citrobacter diversus is rare. an unusual case of bifocal cervical spondylodiscitis following transurethral prostatectomy is reported. c. diversus was detected by urinary cultures and locally by intervertebral disc puncture. satisfactory recovery occurred after treatment with imipenem and amikacin, and then imipenem alone. citrobacter infections are still rare in adults but are increasing in immunocompromised patients and sometimes occur in healthy subjects following surge ...	1994	7698842
inhibition of campylobacter jejuni colonization in chicks by defined competitive exclusion bacteria.	campylobacter enteritis in humans has been linked to consumption of chicken. reducing campylobacter jejuni colonization in chickens can potentially reduce campylobacter infections in humans. in this study, the reduction of c. jejuni colonization in chicks by oral administration of defined competitive exclusion (ce) cultures, 2.5% dietary carbohydrates, or ce cultures and carbohydrates was examined. prevention, elimination, or direct challenge of campylobacter infection was simulated by administe ...	1994	8017915
evaluation of direct disc diffusion susceptibility testing for bacteriuria using diluted urine against standard cds method.	consecutive urine specimens with > or = 10(9) organisms/l on microscopy were diluted 1:100 and direct disc diffusion susceptibility tests performed. subsequently, the standard calibrated dichotomous sensitivity (cds) test was performed on all isolates. urines with > 2 isolates or where growth was < 10(8) colony forming units (cfu)/l were excluded. only gram negative organisms were considered. 361 urines were evaluated, 324 with one and 37 with 2 isolates, comprising 255 escherichia coli, 49 kleb ...	1994	8090594
citrobacter pericarditis secondary to a subphrenic abscess.		1994	8075290
interaction of oxyimino beta-lactams with a class c beta-lactamase and a mutant with a spectrum extended to beta-lactams.	the class c beta-lactamase of citrobacter freundii gn346 is a typical cephalosporinase comprising 361 amino acids, and substitution of the glutamic acid at position 219 in the enzyme by lysine was previously shown to broaden its substrate spectrum to oxyimino beta-lactams (k. tsukamoto, r. ohno, and t. sawai, j. bacteriol. 172:4348-4351, 1990). to clarify this spectrum extension from the kinetic point of view, the interactions of cefuroxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam with the wild-type and muta ...	1994	8092840
citrobacter meningitis in adults.	citrobacter meningitis is an uncommon infection of neonates and young children. it is rarely seen in adults. we describe a 46-year-old man with a mixed bacterial meningitis caused by c. diversus and klebsiella oxytoca and a 64-year-old woman with c. freundii meningitis. review of the english-language literature revealed only 2 adult patients with c. diversus meningitis and another 2, with c. freundii meningitis. the ages of these 6 aforementioned patients ranged from 31 to 84 years. multiple fac ...	1994	8187383
cloning and sequence analysis of blabil-1, a plasmid-mediated class c beta-lactamase gene in escherichia coli bs.	the extended-spectrum, plasmid-borne beta-lactamase gene blabil-1, which was discovered in escherichia coli, has been cloned. unusually for a plasmid-borne beta-lactamase, blabil-1 encodes a novel class c enzyme and appears to have originated from the chromosomal ampc gene of citrobacter freundii.	1994	8067761
[coexisting respiratory tract infection and bacteremia or sepsis caused by the same bacterium].	we experienced 12 patients who were suffering from bacteremia or sepsis and pneumonia or lung abscess coincidently caused by the same bacterium, during the 8 years from 1985 to 1992 a hokusyo central hospital. all of them has some underlying diseases, and the average age was 73.6 years old. in ten out of 12 patients bacteremia or sepsis preceded the respiratory tract infection, and in 7 cases indwelling intravenous catheter was thought to be the port of entry of the bacteria. respiratory tract i ...	1994	8151148
binding of phenol and analogues to alanine complexes of tyrosine phenol-lyase from citrobacter freundii: implications for the mechanisms of alpha,beta-elimination and alanine racemization.	we have examined the interaction of citrobacter freundii tyrosine phenol-lyase with both l- and d-alanine. this enzyme catalyzes the racemization of alanine as a side reaction, in addition to the physiological beta-elimination of l-tyrosine to give phenol and ammonium pyruvate. the steady-state kinetic parameters for alanine racemization, kcat and km, for d-alanine are 0.008 s-1 and 32 mm, respectively, while those for l-alanine are 0.03 s-1 and 11 mm. incubation of tyrosine phenol-lyase with ei ...	1993	8218227
interspecific plasmid transfer and modification of heat-stable enterotoxin expression by klebsiella pneumoniae from infants with diarrhea.	we have previously described two heat-stable enterotoxins (st) produced by citrobacter freundii and by klebsiella pneumoniae. to see whether transfer of toxigenic ability may occur between different bacterial species, conjugal mating experiments were performed using strains isolated from children. donors and recipients were incubated together. st production by the recipients was tested by the suckling mouse assay, which is the standard biologic method for detecting st, and also by an elisa test. ...	1993	8433897
in vitro antibacterial activity of fk037, a novel parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	fk037 is a new parenteral cephalosporin, which offers some advantages over the commercially available parenteral cephalosporins. it demonstrated potent broad-spectrum activity against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and gram-negative bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa. against clinical isolates of aerobic gram-positive bacteria, fk037, like cefpirome, demonstrated more potent activity than ceftazidime, cefoperazone and ceftizoxime ...	1993	8436562
monoclonal antibodies that react with live listeria spp.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against listeria spp. that were reactive with live listeria spp. were developed. two of these mabs (55-8 and 55-37) were members of the immunoglobulin m class, and all other mabs were members of the immunoglobulin g class. mab 55-23 reacted with 148 of 157 strains tested. mab 34-51 reacted with serotype 1/2a, 1/2b, and 1/2c strains and exhibited a scattered reaction pattern with strains belonging to other serotypes. mab 55-44 reacted with all of the strains bel ...	1993	8368856
analysis of 7-substituted sialic acid in some enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides.	sialic acid-containing lipopolysaccharides (lps) were isolated from six bacterial strains of the family enterobacteriaceae. sialic acid was released from permethylated lps by methanolysis, and partially o-methylated n-acetyl-n-methyl-neuraminic acid methyl ester methyl glycosides were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry. it was proved that all lps contain n-acetylneuraminic acid (neuac). the occurrence of 7-substituted neuac in escherichia coli serotypes o ...	1993	8444811
characterization of the replicon from plasmid pac1 from acetobacter pasteurianus.	a panel of recombinant plasmids pack5 and pact7 was prepared by introducing kanamycin and tetracycline resistance into the partially split plasmid pac1 which contained replicon isolated from acetobacter pasteurianus. the replicon in plasmid pac1 is compatible with the cole1 replicon. compared to pbr322, the plasmid had more than 30 copies per chromosome in escherichia coli cells. plasmids were transformed into e. coli dh1, acetobacter pasteurianus 3614, acetobacter aceti 3620, shigella, citrobac ...	1993	8447828
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of fk-037, a parenteral cephalosporin.	the in vitro activity of fk-037, 5-amino-2-[[(6r, 7r)-7-[[(z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2- methoxyimino) acetyl] amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1- azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1h-pyrazoli um hydroxide, inner salt, sulfate (1:1), a new parenteral cephem, was compared with those of cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin. fk-037 inhibited methicillin-susceptible staphylocci at < or = 4 micrograms/ml. of 98 isolates of homogenous methicillin-resistant staphyloco ...	1993	8460925
detection of salmonella in animal protein by rappaport-vassiliadis broth using indirect impediometry.	indirect impedance methodology for the detection of salmonella was investigated using a rapid automated bacterial impedance technique (rabit) system. four commercially available rappaport-vassiliadis (rv) enrichment broths were evaluated for their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting salmonella using this technique. the rv from lab m and oxoid (new) gave the shortest detection times and showed good correlation between salmonella numbers and detection times. using lab m medium, the indirect i ...	1993	8466801
purification and characterization of three carboxylesterases from enterobacteriaceae.	the carboxylesterases from proteus vulgaris, salmonella enterica and citrobacter amalonaticus were purified 104-, 95- and 120-fold, respectively by chromatography. the enzymes had similar catalytic activities but differed considerably in their inactivation by heat, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and cd2+, zn2+, hg2+ and cu2+. quantitative neutralization of hydrolytic activity with specific immunoglobulins indicated that the three enzymes were antigenically distinct.	1993	8472928
sequences of wild-type and mutant ampd genes of citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae.	the ampd gene product regulates the expression of ampc beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria and is proposed to be involved in peptidoglycan metabolism. in this study, we sequenced the ampd wild type and three mutant genes of enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii. they exhibited a high degree of homology with the corresponding gene of escherichia coli except in the carboxy termini, where, in the wild-type genes of e. cloacae and c. freundii, four additional amino acids yielding the se ...	1993	8383940
ampg, a signal transducer in chromosomal beta-lactamase induction.	the chromosomal ampc beta-lactamase in citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae is inducible by beta-lactam antibiotics. when an inducible ampc gene is introduced on a plasmid into escherichia coli together with its transcriptional regulator ampr, the plasmid-borne beta-lactamase is still inducible. we have isolated mutants, containing alterations in a novel e. coli gene, ampg, in which a cloned c. freundii ampc gene is unable to respond to beta-lactam inducers. the ampg gene was cloned, se ...	1993	8231804
the activity of cefpirome and ten other antibacterial agents against 2858 clinical isolates collected from 20 centres.	two thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight aerobic clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas species, staphylococci, streptococci and haemophilus species were collected in 19 geographically separated centres in the uk and one in ireland. the identity of each isolate was confirmed at southmead hospital and the mic of cefpirome, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cephradine, amoxycillin, piperacillin, imipenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim was determined by an agar dilut ...	1993	8486569
attaching and effacing locus of a citrobacter freundii biotype that causes transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.	citrobacter freundii biotype 4280 produces attaching and effacing (ae) lesions in the large intestine of laboratory mice and is the causative agent of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. ae lesions are also produced by enteropathogenic escherichia coli in humans. southern analysis revealed that biotype 4280, but not 20 other strains of c. freundii, contained dna homologous to the eae (e. coli attaching and effacing) gene which is necessary for ae activity by enteropathogenic e. coli in vit ...	1993	8500884
immunological relatedness of the lamb proteins among members of enterobacteriaceae.	we have studied the immunological relatedness of lamb proteins from a wide range of enterobacterial species, using antibodies directed against denatured escherichia coli k12 and klebsiella pneumoniae lamb proteins (lambe.c. and lambk.p., respectively), and anti-peptide antibodies directed against 10 distinct loops of lamb from e. coli k12 predicted to protrude either side of the outer membrane. we have shown that a protein immunologically related to lambe.c. and lambk.p. was present in all membe ...	1993	8515243
specific detection of salmonella spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.	three sets of oligonucleotide primers were used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect salmonella species. phop primers specific to the phop/phoq loci of coliform pathogenic bacteria such as salmonella, shigella, escherichia coli, and citrobacter species served as presumptive indicators of enteric bacteria. in addition to the phop primers, the hin and the h-1i primers, which targeted a 236-bp region of hin/h2 and a 173-bp region of the h-1i flagellin gene, respectively, were used ...	1993	8517741
classification of citrobacteria by dna hybridization: designation of citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., citrobacter youngae sp. nov., citrobacter braakii sp. nov., citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed citrobacter genomospecies.	dna relatedness studies (hydroxyapatite method) were done on 112 strains of citrobacteria. by using the recommended definition of a genomospecies 11 genomospecies were identified in the genus citrobacter. these genomospecies were separable by their biochemical profiles. citrobacter koseri (citrobacter diversus) and citrobacter amalonaticus proved to be homogeneous species, as previously described. c. amalonaticus biogroup 1, as described by farmer et al. (j. clin. microbiol. 21:46-76, 1985), was ...	1993	8240948
structural characterization of gangliosides from resting and endotoxin-stimulated murine b lymphocytes.	b lymphocytes from cba/j mice were stimulated in splenocyte cultures for 72 h with various endotoxins. bisphosphoryl lipid a from escherichia coli had the highest stimulatory effect followed by lps of citrobacter freundii and salmonella minnesota as measured by [3h]thymidine uptake. gangliosides of stimulated b cells (metabolically labeled with d-[1-14c]galactose and d-[1-14c]glucosamine) and unlabeled gangliosides from resting b cells (prepared from spleens without stimulus) were analyzed by hi ...	1993	8251488
replicon typing characterization of plasmids encoding resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium isolated from human and animal sources in belgium.	escherichia coli and salmonella strains with plasmids conferring resistance to gentamicin and apramycin have been isolated with increasing frequency both from cattle and hospital patients in belgium. the apramycin-gentamicin resistance plasmids were characterized in recipient strains by their profiles and molecular weights using agarose gel electrophoresis, by their antimicrobial resistance patterns and by replicon typing using a series of dna probes specific for the genes controlling their syst ...	1993	8405151
in-vitro activities of cefepime against enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens, pseudomonas aeruginosa and other aerobic gram-negative bacilli.	infections caused by resistant bacterial pathogens such as citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens and pseudomonas aeruginosa have become an increasing problem with respect to therapy in large medical centres in korea. the mics of cefepime for aerobic gram-negative bacilli isolated during 1991, mostly from in-patients in a hospital in seoul, were determined by the agar dilution method and compared with those of several other antimicrobials. of the agents tested, cefepime ...	1993	8150765
in-vitro activity of cefepime and other antimicrobials: survey of european isolates.	cefepime, a new cephalosporin which has a broad-spectrum of activity was tested in vitro against 1961 gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates obtained from european hospitals. cefepime was highly active against gram-negative organisms, inhibiting over 94% of strains tested. the overall susceptibility rate for cefepime against all isolates was 81%. cefepime was more active than any of the third-generation cephalosporins tested against species capable of producing type i beta-lactamases, ...	1993	8150766
gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis: a twenty-one-year experience.	we reviewed our experience with gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis in neonates and infants from 1969 through 1989. ninety-eight patients were identified. their ages were from 1 day to 2 years with a median of 10 days. in 25 patients (26%), predisposing factors were identified, the most common of which were neural tube defects and urinary tract anomalies. the causative agents were escherichia coli (53%), klebsiella-enterobacter species (16%), citrobacter diversus (9%), salmonella species ...	1993	8419603
[nose and throat carriage in "food handlers"].	from december 1991 to february 1992, 450 personnel have been investigated for pathogen microorganisms in their nose and throat. the study was performed in the infectious diseases section of gülhane military medical academy. pathogen microorganisms have been isolated from 54 nose culture (12%) and 6 throat culture (1.33%). in one person pathogen microorganisms have been isolated from his nose and throat. the difference between the two groups (the nose and throat cultures) was significant at p = 0 ...	1993	8421445
lysine-mannitol-glycerol agar, a medium for the isolation of salmonella spp., including s. typhi and atypical strains.	an agar medium for the isolation of salmonella spp. is described. the medium, lysine-mannitol-glycerol agar, has features of both xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar and mannitol-lysine-crystal violet-brilliant green agar, but glycerol is added for the differentiation of salmonella and citrobacter spp. the medium facilitates the detection of strains having atypical fermentation patterns, such as the lactose- or sucrose-positive salmonellae. the medium also detects salmonella typhi after enrichment.	1993	8368847
multicenter comparison of in vitro activities of fk-037, cefepime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefuroxime.	in a multicenter study, the mics of fk-037 for 90% of the strains tested (mic90s) were < or = 1 microgram/ml for members of the family enterobacteriaceae other than citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., and serratia marcescens. activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa was variable, with a mic50 and a mic90 of 4 and 32 micrograms/ml, respectively. relative to cefepime, however, fk-037 was less active against ceftazidime-resistant isolates of enterobacter cloacae. the mic90 of fk-037 for methici ...	1993	8215286
the bacteriophage mu middle operon: essential and nonessential functions.	transcription during the bacteriophage mu lytic cycle occurs in three phases: early, middle, and late. previous dna sequence analysis of the middle operon revealed five potential open reading frames (orfs) with lengths of 39, 42, 72, 120, and 140 amino acids. the distal 140-amino-acid orf encodes c, the activator of late transcription. expression of the middle operon under the control of a t7 promoter and t7 rna polymerase resulted in production of two polypeptides of 15 (orf 120) and 16.5 kda ( ...	1993	8372443
comparative in vitro activity of biapenem, a new carbapenem antibiotic.	biapenem is a new carbapenem antibiotic with high stability to human renal dehydropeptidase i. its in vitro activity was compared with that of imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, piperacillin and gentamicin against a total of 650 recent clinical isolates. mics were determined by a standard agar dilution procedure and all isolates were tested at two inocula (10(4) and 10(6) cfu). biapenem inhibited 90% of isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgari ...	1993	8354306
infection and antibiotic therapy in 4000 burned patients treated in milan, italy, between 1976 and 1988.	the pathogenic flora, isolated from burn wounds of patients admitted to a burn care unit during the years between 1976 and 1988 were typed and the in vitro susceptibility to antibacterial agents was recorded. between 1976 and 1988 the general therapeutic approach was changed three times, in congruence with the prevalent nosocomial bacterial resistance. the most frequent isolates were: pseud. aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus spp., proteus mirabilis, escherichia coli, enterobacter c ...	1993	8357483