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[diagnostic significance of the complement fixation reaction in poliovirus infections]. 20103000630
adenovirus late protein synthesis is resistant to the inhibition of translation induced by poliovirus.inhibition of host protein synthesis after poliovirus infection has been suggested to be a consequence of the proteolytic degradation of a p220 polypeptide necessary to translate capped mrnas. however, the synthesis of several adenovirus late proteins on capped mrnas was resistant to poliovirus inhibition. thus, the hexon protein was still made 8 h after poliovirus superinfection. the synthesis of other adenovirus proteins such as the fiber was much more sensitive to poliovirus-induced inhibitio ...20103034890
[new guidelines for investigating and evaluating the virucidal activity of disinfectants].the diversity of viruses that cause human infectious diseases and problems in culturing some of them, such as hepatitis a, b, and c viruses and hiv, necessitate a search for test viruses that are closely resistant to disinfectants. the early methodical documents and the new one "guidelines for investigating and evaluating the virucidal activity of disinfectants" (my 3.5.2431-08) include poliovirus (vaccine strain) as one of the test viruses. adenovirus and thermoresistant parvovirus are addition ...201021344697
modification of rna polymerase iio subspecies after poliovirus infection.infection of hela cells with poliovirus results in a shutdown of host transcription. in an effort to understand the mechanism(s) that underlies this process, we analyzed the distribution of rna polymerase iio before and after viral infection. analysis of free and chromatin-bound enzyme indicated that there is a significant reduction in rna polymerase iio following infection. this observation, together with increasing evidence that transcription is catalyzed by rna polymerase iio, supports the hy ...20103029396
the p2 and p3 regions of the poliovirus genome are preferentially translated at alkaline ph in infected hela cells.hela cells infected with poliovirus exclusively synthesized proteins coded by the p2 and p3 regions of the viral genome when they were placed in an alkaline medium lacking sodium ions. the amount of viral protein synthesized was augmented by increasing the concentration of kcl. also in the presence of kcl, the cells continued synthesizing this altered pattern of proteins for longer times. this effect occurred in the presence of guanidine, it was reversible, and the normal pattern of poliovirus p ...20102832525
[status of enterovirus infection and molecular identification among healthy children at the areas bordering myanmar, in yunnan province, china.]objective: to explore the enterovirus infection status among healthy children under 15 years old in the border areas of yunnan province that connecting myanmar. methods: a total of 319 stool samples were collected from healthy children in the 10 entrance ports. enterovirus was isolated from these stool samples and then poliovirus and adenovirus were serotyped by neutralization test using specific anti-sera. all the non-polio enteroviruses (npevs) were identified by partial sequencing of vp1 gene ...201021215081
foot-and-mouth disease virus utilizes an autophagic pathway during viral replication.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus within the picornaviridae family. infection of cells with positive-strand rna viruses results in a rearrangement of intracellular membranes into viral replication complexes. the origin of these membranes remains unknown; however induction of the cellular process of autophagy is beneficial for the replication of poliovirus, suggesting that it might be advantageous for other picornaviruses. by using confocal microscop ...201021112602
phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase iii beta is a target of enviroxime-like compounds for antipoliovirus activity.enviroxime is an antienterovirus compound that targets viral protein 3a and/or 3ab and suppresses a step in enterovirus replication by unknown mechanism. to date, four antienterovirus compounds, i.e., gw5074, flt3 inhibitor ii, ttp-8307, and an-12-h5, are known to have similar mutations in the 3a protein-encoding region causing resistance to enviroxime (a g5318a [3a-ala70thr] mutation in poliovirus [pv]) and are considered enviroxime-like compounds. recently, antienterovirus activity of a phosph ...201021177810
simultaneous detection of enteroviruses from surface waters by real-time rt-pcr with universal primers.in order to realize simultaneous quantitative detection of various enteroviruses from water samples, a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) method was developed with universal primer pairs designed based on the highly conserved non-coding region sequences of genome targeting poliovirus, coxsackievirus and enterovirus 71. the recombinant plasmid was constructed as enterovirus dna standard by cloning poliovirus cdna into a pmd18-t vector. the real-time rt-pc ...201021179967
identification of endothelial cell junctional proteins and lymphocyte receptors involved in transendothelial migration of human effector memory cd4+ t cells.human effector memory (em) cd4(+) t cells can rapidly transmigrate across an endothelial cell (ec) monolayer in response either to chemokine or to tcr-activating signals displayed by human dermal microvascular ec under conditions of venular shear stress. we previously reported that the tcr-stimulated transendothelial migration (tem) depends on fractalkine (cx3cl1), pecam-1 (cd31), and icam-1 (cd54) expression by the ec, whereas chemokine-stimulated tem does not. in this study, we further analyze ...201021191062
natural type 3/type 2 intertypic vaccine-related poliovirus recombinants with the first crossover sites within the vp1 capsid coding region.ten uncommon natural type 3/type 2 intertypic poliovirus recombinants were isolated from stool specimens from nine acute flaccid paralysis case patients and one healthy vaccinee in china from 2001 to 2008.201021203565
structures of ev71 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with substrate and analogue provide a drug target against the hand-foot-and-mouth disease pandemic in china.enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), has caused more than 100 deaths among chinese children since march 2008. the ev71 genome encodes an rnadependent rna polymerase (rdrp), denoted 3d(pol), which is central for viral genome replication and is a key target for the discovery of specific antiviral therapeutics. here we report the crystal structures of ev71 rdrp (3d(pol)) and in complex with substrate guanosine-5'-triphosphate and analog 5- ...201021203964
[evaluation of the lifetime of nail markings during polio vaccinations in chad].sid (supplemental immunization days) is a special strategy intended to accelerate eradication of poliomyelitis in countries where it is still endemic (india, afghanistan, and pakistan in asia, and nigeria in africa). this strategy is also applied in nigeria's neighbours (cameroon, chad, niger and benin). since the poliomyelitis virus was imported from nigeria in 2001, chad has reported cases of poliomyelitis every year. after 30 sids in chad and the inaccurate or false attribution of side-effect ...201021118787
increased potency of an inactivated trivalent polio vaccine with oil-in-water emulsions.the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccines (ipv) will be required to achieve, world-wide eradication of polio. the current expense of ipv is however prohibitive for, some countries, and therefore efforts to decrease the costs of the vaccine are a high, priority. our results show that the addition of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants to an, inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine are dose-sparing and are capable of enhancing, neutralizing antibody titers in the rat potency model.201021134451
safety and immunogenicity of three different formulations of a liquid hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-haemophilus influenzae b conjugate-hepatitis b vaccine at 2, 4, 6 and 12-14 months of age.the current recommended infant vaccination schedules require many injections at multiple sites, which increase stress for infants and parents and may create challenges to vaccination compliance. therefore, combination vaccines, which reduce the number of injections at each medical visit, can be an essential method to improve compliance. the objective of this study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational, liquid, hexavalent, pediatric vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 12-14 months ...201021134456
financial barriers to the adoption of combination vaccines by pediatricians.to describe the prevalence of combination vaccine use and the associated financial barriers faced by pediatric practices, and to identify determinants of adoption of combination vaccines.201021135343
immunity status of adults and children against poliomyelitis virus type 1 strains chat and sabin (lsc-2ab) in germany.in october 2007, the working group cen/tc 216 of the european committee for standardisation suggested that the sabin oral poliovirus vaccine type 1 strain (lsc-2ab) presently used for virucidal tests should be replaced by another attenuated vaccine poliovirus type 1 strain, chat. both strains were historically used as oral vaccines, but the sabin type 1 strain was acknowledged to be more attenuated. in germany, vaccination against poliomyelitis was introduced in 1962 using the oral polio vaccine ...201021143885
type 1 wild poliovirus and putative enterovirus 109 in an outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in congo, october-november 2010.an outbreak of flaccid paralysis syndrome in adults is ongoing in congo. molecular analysis of faecal, throat and cerebrospinal samples identified wildtype 1 poliovirus and an additional enterovirus c strain related to enterovirus 109 as the cause. as of 22 november, the cumulative number of cases was 409, of which 169 (41.3%) were fatal. this is one of the largest wild type 1 poliovirus outbreaks ever described associated with an unusually high case fatality rate.201021144443
structural basis for active site closure by the poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase.positive-strand rna viruses include a large number of human and animal pathogens whose essential rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) share a structurally homologous core with an encircled active site. rdrps are targets for antiviral drug development, but these efforts are hindered by limited structural information about the rdrp catalytic cycle. to further our understanding of rdrp function, we assembled, purified, and then crystallized poliovirus elongation complexes after multiple rounds of ...201021148772
the threat of vaccine associated poliomyelitis in india: medicolegal issues involved.india is among the world's large reservoirs of wild poliovirus (wpv) with 559 confirmed cases of poliomyelitis (wild virus) being reported in 2008. the world health organization's program for the eradication of poliomyelitis in third world countries like india is associated with major ethical and medico-legal implications. two vaccines are available in india for poliomyelitis i.e. oral polio vaccine (opv) and inactivated polio vaccine (ipv), of which opv is used in the eradication campaign, the ...201021157179
global routine vaccination coverage, 2009.the widespread use of vaccines has greatly improved global public health, preventing millions of childhood hospitalizations and deaths each year. vaccination of children also is projected to avert adult deaths through the prevention of hepatitis b (hepb) virus--related chronic liver disease and liver cancer and human papilloma virus--related cervical cancer. when the world health organization (who) began the expanded programme on immunization in 1974, <5% of the world's children had been fully v ...201021030941
massively parallel sequencing for monitoring genetic consistency and quality control of live viral vaccines.intrinsic genetic instability of rna viruses may lead to the accumulation of revertants during manufacture of live viral vaccines, requiring rigorous quality control to ensure vaccine safety. each lot of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) is tested for neurovirulence in animals and also for the presence of neurovirulent revertants. mutant analysis by pcr and restriction enzyme cleavage (maprec) is used to measure the frequency of neurovirulent mutations at the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the vira ...201021041640
[genotype distribution of enterovirus group c in shandong province, china].human enterovirus c group (hev-c) includes 17 serotypes, which can not be serotype-identified by neutralization test using antiserum pool for npev. in order to elucidate the genotypes and molecular evolution of hev-c in shandong province, we selected the strains isolated from afp cases between 1994-2009 to perform reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) by the primers specific for entire vp1 coding gene of hev-c and sequencing. the phylogenetic tree was then constructed among t ...201021043135
the twenty-nine amino acid c-terminal cytoplasmic domain of poliovirus 3ab is critical for nucleic acid chaperone activity.poliovirus 3ab protein is the first picornavirus protein demonstrated to have nucleic acid chaperone activity. further characterization of 3ab demonstrates that the c-terminal 22 amino acids (3b region (also referred to as vpg), amino acid 88-109) of the protein is required for chaperone activity, as mutations in this region abrogate nucleic acid binding and chaperone function. protein 3b alone has no chaperone activity as determined by established assays that include the ability to stimulate nu ...201021045553
type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus from patients with acute flaccid paralysis in china: current immunization strategy effectively prevented its sustained transmission.in china, 5 patients with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) associated with type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) were identified by an afp surveillance system from 1996 through 2009. a maximum-likelihood tree shows that all 5 chinese vdpvs were independent. these 5 vdpvs were 100-216 d old according to the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site and 176-292 d old according to the number of substitutions per site. this result indicates limited virus replication since the administra ...201021050127
fidelity variants of rna dependent rna polymerases uncover an indirect, mutagenic activity of amiloride compounds.in a screen for rna mutagen resistance, we isolated a high fidelity rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) variant of coxsackie virus b3 (cvb3). curiously, this variant a372v is also resistant to amiloride. we hypothesize that amiloride has a previously undescribed mutagenic activity. indeed, amiloride compounds increase the mutation frequencies of cvb3 and poliovirus and high fidelity variants of both viruses are more resistant to this effect. we hypothesize that this mutagenic activity is mediate ...201021060812
tangential-flow ultrafiltration with integrated inhibition detection for recovery of surrogates and human pathogens from large-volume source water and finished drinking water.tangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery of escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, clostridium perfringens spores, bacteriophages ms2 and prd1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (sw) and drinking water (dw) samples. sw and dw collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.201021075885
characterization of the elongation complex of dengue virus rna polymerase: assembly, kinetics of nucleotide incorporation, and fidelity.dengue virus (denv) infects 50-100 million people worldwide per year, causing severe public health problems. denv rna-dependent rna polymerase, an attractive target for drug development, catalyzes de novo replication of the viral genome in three phases: initiation, transition, and elongation. the aim of this work was to characterize the mechanism of nucleotide addition catalyzed by the polymerase domain of denv serotype 2 during elongation using transient kinetic methods. we measured the kinetic ...201021078673
zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus rna polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture.increasing the intracellular zn(2+) concentration with zinc-ionophores like pyrithione (pt) can efficiently impair the replication of a variety of rna viruses, including poliovirus and influenza virus. for some viruses this effect has been attributed to interference with viral polyprotein processing. in this study we demonstrate that the combination of zn(2+) and pt at low concentrations (2 µm zn(2+) and 2 µm pt) inhibits the replication of sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) and equine arteritis virus ...201021079686
annual report of the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory, 2009.the australian national poliovirus reference laboratory (nprl) is accredited by the world health organization (who) for the testing of faecal specimens from acute flaccid paralysis (afp) cases and operates as a regional poliovirus reference laboratory for the western pacific region. the nprl, in collaboration with the australian paediatric surveillance unit, co-ordinates surveillance for cases of afp in children in australia, according to criteria recommended by the who. specimens are referred f ...201021090182
apropos 'monitoring of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies in são paulo state, brazil'. 201021093002
detection of enteroviruses from urban sewage in parma.the human enteroviruses (ev) are the most common and widespread human viruses in the world. they have bowel as their natural habitat and they can spread in the environment through the faecal excretion. in the continental climate regions these viruses may cause epidemic outbreaks in summer and fall, while in the tropical regions the ev infections present a high incidence during all year. the symptoms can be minor or subclinic, but they can be also associated to rare and serious diseases. the aim ...201020857852
polypyrimidine tract-binding protein stimulates the poliovirus ires by modulating eif4g binding.tethered hydroxyl-radical probing has been used to determine the orientation of binding of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) to the poliovirus type 1 (mahoney) (pv-1(m)) internal ribosome entry site/segment (ires)-the question of which rna-binding domain (rbd) binds to which sites on the ires. the results show that under conditions in which ptb strongly stimulates ires activity, a single ptb is binding to the ires, a finding which was confirmed by mass spectrometry of ptb/ires complexes ...201020859255
long-range interaction networks in the function and fidelity of poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.the fidelity of the poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase (3d(pol)) plays a direct role in the genomic evolution and pathogenesis of the virus. a single site mutation (gly64ser) that is remote from the catalytic center results in a higher fidelity polymerase. nmr studies with [methyl-(13)c]methionine-labeled protein were used to compare the solution structure and dynamics of wild-type and gly64ser 3d(pol). the chemical shifts for the met6 resonance were significantly different between wild-typ ...201020860410
coxsackievirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles and megaphagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells in vivo.autophagy can play an important part in protecting host cells during virus infection, and several viruses have developed strategies by which to evade or even exploit this homeostatic pathway. tissue culture studies have shown that poliovirus, an enterovirus, modulates autophagy. herein, we report on in vivo studies that evaluate the effects on autophagy of coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3). we show that in pancreatic acinar cells, cvb3 induces the formation of abundant small autophagy-like vesicles and p ...201020861268
removal of escherichia coli, enterococcus fecalis, coliphage ms2, poliovirus, and hepatitis a virus from oysters (crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clams (mercinaria mercinaria) by depuration.filter-feeding bivalve mollusks (shellfish) can bioaccumulate pathogenic microorganisms in up to 1000-fold higher levels than overlying waters, and therefore disease risks are associated with consuming raw or partially cooked shellfish. many of these shellfish-borne diseases are due to enteric bacteria and viruses associated with fecal contamination. to control shellfish-borne diseases, guidelines for shellfish harvest waters and shellfish meat have been devised, which include cleansing of conta ...201020864199
direct interaction between two viral proteins, the nonstructural protein 2c and the capsid protein vp3, is required for enterovirus morphogenesis.in spite of decades-long studies, the mechanism of morphogenesis of plus-stranded rna viruses belonging to the genus enterovirus of picornaviridae, including poliovirus (pv), is not understood. numerous attempts to identify an rna encapsidation signal have failed. genetic studies, however, have implicated a role of the non-structural protein 2c(atpase) in the formation of poliovirus particles. here we report a novel mechanism in which protein-protein interaction is sufficient to explain the spec ...201020865167
[standardization of a method for concentration and detection of enteric viruses from drinking water].enteric viruses have been implicated in acute diarrheal disease, food-borne disease, hepatitis a and meningitis outbreaks, in which water was the vehicle of transmission.201020890575
primary and booster vaccination in latin american children with a dtpw-hbv/hib combination: a randomized controlled trial.diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (dtpw)-based combination vaccines are an attractive option to rapidly achieve high coverage and protection against other important pathogens, such as hepatitis b virus (hbv) and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib). to ensure adequate antigen supply, glaxosmithkline biologicals has introduced a new dtpw antigen source and developed a new dtpw-hbv/hib combination vaccine containing a reduced amount of hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (prp). this study was un ...201020950456
antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the brazilian cerrado, using brazilian cachaça as extractor liquid.ethnopharmacological importance: many species of plants in the brazilian cerrado (savanna) are widely used in ethnomedicine. however, the safety and effectiveness of medicinal plants used in communities with little or no access to manufactured drugs should be evaluated.201020951786
innate host barriers to viral trafficking and population diversity: lessons learned from poliovirus.poliovirus is an error-prone enteric virus spread by the fecal-oral route and rarely invades the central nervous system (cns). however, in the rare instances when poliovirus invades the cns, the resulting damage to motor neurons is striking and often permanent. in the prevaccine era, it is likely that most individuals within an epidemic community were infected; however, only 0.5% of infected individuals developed paralytic poliomyelitis. paralytic poliomyelitis terrified the public and initiated ...201020951871
antipoliovirus activity and mechanism of action of 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile.our previous studies described the synthesis and the antiviral activity of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isothiazole derivatives that were found to be particularly effective against enteroviruses. compound 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile (is-2) exhibited an interesting anti-poliovirus activity with a high selectivity index. in the present study we investigated the mechanism of action of this compound. studies on the time of is-2 addition to poliovirus type 1 infected cells suggested that ...201020955736
poliovirus-mediated disruption of cytoplasmic processing bodies.metazoan cells form cytoplasmic mrna granules such as stress granules (sg) and processing bodies (p bodies) that are proposed to be sites of aggregated, translationally silenced mrnas and mrna degradation. poliovirus (pv) is a plus-strand rna virus containing a genome that is a functional mrna; thus, we investigated if pv antagonizes the processes that lead to formation of these structures. we have previously shown that pv infection inhibits the ability of cells to form stress granules by cleavi ...201020962086
synthesis of a 6-methyl-7-deaza analogue of adenosine that potently inhibits replication of polio and dengue viruses.bioisosteric deaza analogues of 6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine, a hydrophobic analogue of adenosine, were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. whereas the 1-deaza and 3-deaza analogues were essentially inactive in plaque assays of infectivity, a novel 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine analogue, structurally related to the natural product tubercidin, potently inhibited replication of poliovirus (pv) in hela cells (ic(50) = 11 nm) and dengue virus (denv) in vero cells (ic ...201020964406
necl-5/pvr enhances pdgf-induced attraction of growing microtubules to the plasma membrane of the leading edge of moving nih3t3 cells.microtubules (mts) search for and grow toward the leading edge of moving cells, followed by their stabilization at a specific structure at the rear site of the leading edge. this dynamic re-orientation of mts is critical to directional cell movement. we previously showed that necl-5/poliovirus receptor (pvr) interacts with platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) receptor and integrin α(v) β(3) at the leading edge of moving nih3t3 cells, resulting in an enhancement of their directional movement. we ...201020964795
hydrophobic polycationic coatings disinfect poliovirus and rotavirus solutions.coating surfaces with n-alkylated polyethylenimines (peis), namely branched n,n-hexyl,methyl-pei via covalent attachment to glass or linear n,n-dodecyl,methyl-pei by physical deposition ("painting") onto polyethylene, enables the resultant materials to quickly and efficiently disinfect aqueous solutions of (non-enveloped) poliovirus and rotavirus.201020967804
identification of tolerated insertion sites in poliovirus non-structural proteins.insertion of nucleotide sequences encoding "tags" that can be expressed in specific viral proteins during an infection is a useful strategy for purifying viral proteins and their functional complexes from infected cells and/or for visualizing the dynamics of their subcellular location over time. to identify regions in the poliovirus polyprotein that could potentially accommodate insertion of tags, transposon-mediated insertion mutagenesis was applied to the entire nonstructural protein-coding re ...201020971490
detection of poliovirus by icc/qpcr in concentrated water samples has greater sensitivity and is less costly using bgm cells in suspension as compared to monolayers.the integrated cell culture quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (icc/qrt-pcr) method is used in our lab to detect enteroviruses in environmental waters. typically we utilize monolayers of 3 cell lines; buffalo green monkey kidney (bgm), human colonic carcinoma (caco-2) and african rhesus monkey kidney (ma104) with the intent of providing one or more permissive hosts to a wide range of enteroviruses. in this study the bgm cell line was used to compare poliovirus infectivity in conventional mon ...201020974002
developments towards antiviral therapies against enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus that can cause acute flaccid paralysis and encephalitis, leading to cardiopulmonary failure and death. recurring outbreaks of ev71 have been reported in several countries. the current lack of approved anti-ev71 therapy has prompted intense research into antiviral development. several strategies--ranging from target-based chemical design to compound library screenings--have been employed, while others revisited compound ...201020974282
determination of antigenic properties of vaccine derived poliovirus strains.in this study, the immunity level of the southern greek population in the 1-10-year, 11-20-year, 21-30-year and 31-40-year age groups with regard to sabin vaccine strains and a collection of 11 recombinant and three non-recombinant poliovirus vaccine strains was determined. the results showed the lowest neutralization titre in the 21-30-year-age group against poliovirus type 3. moreover, the capsid coding region of opv (oral poliovirus vaccine) derivatives was sequenced in order to identify muta ...201020974307
from emergence to eradication: the epidemiology of poliomyelitis deconstructed.poliomyelitis has appeared in epidemic form, become endemic on a global scale, and been reduced to near-elimination, all within the span of documented medical history. epidemics of the disease appeared in the late 19th century in many european countries and north america, following which polio became a global disease with annual epidemics. during the period of its epidemicity, 1900-1950, the age distribution of poliomyelitis cases increased gradually. beginning in 1955, the creation of polioviru ...201020978089
immunogenicity of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.poliovirus types 1 and 3 co-circulate in poliomyelitis-endemic countries. we aimed to assess the immunogenicity of a novel bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv).201020980048
poliovirus rna is released from the capsid near a twofold symmetry axis.after recognizing and binding to its host cell, poliovirus (like other nonenveloped viruses) faces the challenge of translocating its genome across a cellular membrane and into the cytoplasm. to avoid entanglement with the capsid, the rna must exit via a single site on the virion surface. however, the mechanism by which a single site is selected (from among 60 equivalents) is unknown; and until now, even its location on the virion surface has been controversial. to help to elucidate the mechanis ...201020980499
synthetic poliovirus and other designer viruses: what have we learned from them?owing to known genome sequences, modern strategies of dna synthesis have made it possible to recreate in principle all known viruses independent of natural templates. we describe the first synthesis of a virus (poliovirus) in 2002 that was accomplished outside living cells.we comment on the reaction of laypeople and scientists to the work, which shaped the response to de novo syntheses of other viruses. we discuss those viruses that have been synthesized since 2002, among them viruses whose prec ...201021756105
mega-cloning and the advent of synthetic genomes.molecular biology owes its prominent role in the biological sciences to the tools of recombinant dna. while the foundations of recombinant dna were laid in the 1970s with the discovery of type ii restriction endonucleases,1,2 development of robust sequencing technology3 and pioneering work on gene synthesis,4,5 it was not until the turn of the new millennium before the first complete synthetic viral genomes saw the light of day including that of hepatitis c,6 poliovirus,7 and bacteriophage phix1 ...201021687527
rational use of stacking principles for signal enhancement in capillary electrophoretic separations of poliovirus samples.the use of an earlier developed capillary electrophoresis (ce) method, either to investigate poliovirus (pv) samples with a low viral-purity level or to study the less abundant sub-viral particles, revealed the necessity for an intra-column signal enhancement strategy. although intra-column signal enhancement is a very popular approach to assay small molecules, it is less straightforward for the analysis of biological macromolecules or particles. a reason could be that, for a proper signal enhan ...201021251787
pakistan's fight against poliomyelitis: introducing innovative strategies to address challenges and attain the goal of eradication.pakistan, with nigeria, india and afghanistan, is one of the four remaining polio endemic countries in the world. since the start of polio eradication initiative in 1994, the country has succeeded in reducing the number of polio cases from an estimated 20,000 annually to 89 in 2009. furthermore, persistent transmission is largely localized to three transmission zones in which ten of the fifteen highest risk areas are situated. insecurity, operational issues, governance lapses, low routineimmuniz ...201021495583
[viral contamination of polio vaccines in context of antivaccination mythology].analysis of publications about real and suggested contamination of polio vaccines produced in 1950s and 1960s with simian viruses--sv40 and siv--is performed. factual data are discussed and antivaccination fictions about calamitous consequences of really occurred contamination with sv40 and concocted contamination with siv are refuted.201021384596
outbreak of poliomyelitis in finland in 1984-85 - re-analysis of viral sequences using the current standard approach.in 1984, a wild type 3 poliovirus (pv3/fin84) spread all over finland causing nine cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and one case of aseptic meningitis. the outbreak was ended in 1985 with an intensive vaccination campaign. by limited sequence comparison with previously isolated pv3 strains, closest relatives of pv3/fin84 were found among strains circulating in the mediterranean region. now we wanted to reanalyse the relationships using approaches currently exploited in poliovirus surveillance. c ...201019883702
a novel interface consisting of homologous immunoglobulin superfamily members with multiple functions.immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) members account for a large proportion of cell adhesion molecules that perform important immunological functions, including recognizing a variety of counterpart molecules on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. the findings that cd155/poliovirus receptor (pvr) and cd112/nectin-2 are the ligands for cd226/platelet and t-cell activation antigen 1 (pta1)/dnax accessory molecular-1 (dnam-1), cd96/tactile and washington university cell adhesion molecule (wucam) ...201020081873
three-dimensional structure determination from a single view.the ability to determine the structure of matter in three dimensions has profoundly advanced our understanding of nature. traditionally, the most widely used schemes for three-dimensional (3d) structure determination of an object are implemented by acquiring multiple measurements over various sample orientations, as in the case of crystallography and tomography, or by scanning a series of thin sections through the sample, as in confocal microscopy. here we present a 3d imaging modality, termed a ...201020016484
a peptide based on the pore-forming domain of pro-apoptotic poliovirus 2b viroporin targets mitochondria.non-structural poliovirus 2b protein induces plasma membrane permeabilization and has been recently implicated in triggering apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. here we describe that the pore-forming p3 peptide, based on the 2b amphipathic domain, translocates through the plasma membrane of culture cells and targets mitochondria. cell permeabilization by p3 versions of different lengths, together with peptide uptake analyses supported an internalization mechanism dependent on p3 capacity to ...201019879236
[construction and identification of a vector inserted with complete genome of poliovirus strain sabin i].to develop a vector inserted with complete genome of poliovirus strain sabin i.201020848854
[review of the studies on primary immunodeficiency disorder and vaccine-derived poliovirus].on the last stage of global polio eradication initiative (gpei), a number of cases with primary immunodeficiency (pid) disorder were detected excreting the vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv). due to these cases can be prolonged or chronic excretion of the vdpv in the environment, all countries have to gradually focus on these cases and reconsidering the national strategies of polio vaccine in the post-eradication era themselves.201020726276
completion of national laboratory inventories for wild poliovirus containment: who region of the americas, march 2010. 201020726171
polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication era: who position paper--recommendations.this article presents the who recommendations on the use of polio vaccines excerpted from the recently published polio vaccines and polio immunization in the pre-eradication era: who position paper. this document replaces the who position paper entitled introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine into oral poliovirus vaccine-using countries published in the weekly epidemiological record in july 2003. footnotes to this paper provide a limited number of core references; their abstracts as well ...201020709003
synthesis of nucleotidylated poliovirus vpg proteins.phosphitylation of the side chain hydroxyl function of fmoc protected tyrosine with 5'-phosphoramidites of suitably protected cytidine, adenosine, and guanosine, followed by oxidation gave three novel nucleotidylated amino acid building blocks. after protective group manipulation, these building blocks were used in a solid phase peptide synthesis to afford the nucleotidylated poliovirus proteins vpgpc, vpgpa, and vpgpg.201020704445
completion of national laboratory inventories for wild poliovirus containment --- region of the americas, march 2010.in may 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission globally. by 2006, transmission of indigenous wpv was eliminated in all but four countries (afghanistan, india, nigeria, and pakistan). in may 1999, the world health assembly urged member states to begin the process leading to laboratory containment of wpv. containment of infectious and potentially infectious wpv materials after eradication is essential to minimize the risk for reintroducing wpv into ...201020703206
correlation between recombination junctions and rna secondary structure elements in poliovirus sabin strains.in order to test the hypothesis that rna structural elements promote the distribution of certain types of recombination junctions in each one of the 2c and 3d poliovirus genomic regions (sabin 3/sabin 2 or sabin 1 in 2c and sabin 2/sabin 1 or sabin 3 in 3d), we searched in 2c and 3d regions of reference sabin strains for high probability rna structural elements that could promote recombination. recombination junctions that were identified in clinical strains of this study, as well as in clinical ...201020640496
emergence and localized circulation of a vaccine-derived poliovirus in an isolated mountain community in guangxi, china.from march to may 2006, type 1 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv) was isolated from one case patient with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and six unimmunized healthy contacts in isolated mountain villages in guangxi, china. we conducted epidemiological investigations in the affected communities and nucleotide sequence analyses of the cvdpv isolates. the results of the investigations showed that the afp patient, an unimmunized 10-year-old boy, and five laboratory-confirmed contacts live ...201020631095
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication --- india, january 2009-october 2010.india is one of only four countries (including afghanistan, nigeria, and pakistan) where wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission has never been interrupted. historically, wpv transmission in india has centered largely in uttar pradesh and bihar, two states with low routine vaccination coverage, large migrant and remote populations, and lower relative vaccine effectiveness than other areas of the country. however, during a 9-month period from november 2009 to august 2010, no wpv type 1 (wpv1) cases we ...201021150866
outbreaks following wild poliovirus importations --- europe, africa, and asia, january 2009-september 2010.the global polio eradication initiative (gpei) began in 1988. by 2006, indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus (wpv) had been interrupted in all but four countries (afghanistan, india, nigeria, and pakistan). however, outbreaks following wpv importations into previously polio-free countries remain an ongoing risk until polio is eradicated. the gpei strategic plan for 2010-2012 set the following two goals for outbreak control: 1) end outbreaks occurring in 2009 by mid-2010 and 2) end outbreaks ...201021048560
poliovirus vaccine and vaccine-derived polioviruses. 201021047242
poliovirus vaccine and vaccine-derived polioviruses. 201021047241
antiviral effects of dehydroascorbic acid.in the present study, dehydroascorbic acid inhibited the multiplication of viruses of three different families: herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), influenza virus type a and poliovirus type 1. although dehydroascorbic acid showed some cytotoxicity at higher concentrations, the observed antiviral activity was not the secondary result of the cytotoxic effect of the reagent, as the inhibition of virus multiplication was observed at reagent concentrations significantly lower than those resulting i ...201022993629
mechanisms of genetic variation in polioviruses.polioviruses, as with all rna viruses, are in a constant process of evolution driven by different mechanisms. with multiple mechanisms for genetic variability, they are successful conformists, adapting to changes in their habitat. the evolution of polioviruses may occur with generation of point mutations followed by genetic drift and selection. the mutation rate of polioviruses based on several studies is approximately 3 × 10(-2) mutations/synonymous site/year in the gene encoding viral protein ...201020949639
[laboratory diagnosis of poliovirus]. 201020942094
reconstructing the past of poliovirus eradication efforts. 201020883962
identification of poliovirions and subviral particles by capillary electrophoresis.poliovirions, purified from infected cell extracts with anion-exchange chromatography, can be analyzed and identified by ce in untreated fused silica capillaries using uv detection. other subviral particles can be eluted as well from the same infected cell extract using a higher salt concentration buffer on the ion-exchange chromatography. virions can be identified because of their conversion into empty capsids upon heating at 56°c. as a result of heating, the viral genome is released from the c ...201022216446
calcium flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion contributes to poliovirus-induced apoptosis.we show that poliovirus (pv) infection induces an increase in cytosolic calcium (ca(2+)) concentration in neuroblastoma imr5 cells, at least partly through ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen via the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (ip(3)r) and ryanodine receptor (ryr) channels. this leads to ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria through the mitochondrial ca(2+) uniporter and the voltage-dependent anion channel (vdac). this increase in mitochondrial ca(2+) concentration in pv- ...201020861253
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - nigeria, january 2009-june 2010.nigeria has maintained a high incidence of wild poliovirus (wpv) cases attributed to persistently high proportions of under- and unimmunized children, and, for many years, the country has served as a reservoir for substantial international spread. in 2008, nigeria reported 798 polio cases, the highest number of any country in the world. this report provides an update on poliovirus epidemiology in nigeria during the past 18 months, january 2009-june 2010, and describes activities planned to inter ...201020613703
two decades of battle against polio: opening a window to examine public health in china.during a two-decade battle against polio, the chinese government has saved more than one million children from physical disability caused by wild poliovirus infection. today, the chinese government still faces an arduous task in (1) preventing the entry and transmission of wild poliovirus from surrounding polio-endemic countries, (2) finding and stopping the outbreak of polio caused by the recycling of vaccine-derived poliovirus, (3) reducing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) cas ...201020591714
[analysis on vaccine-derived poliovirus found from acute flaccid paralysis cases and effectiveness for emergency response in binzhou in 2007].to analyze vdpv found from acute flaccid paralysis cases and effectiveness for emergency response in binzhou, shandong in 2007.201020575262
[analysis on genetic characteristic of type i poliovirus in china in 2009].to study the molecular characteristics of type 1 poliovirus isolated from the acute flaccid paralysis (afp)surveillance system in china in 2009, to provide a scientific basis for maintaining polio-free status for china.201020575261
[evaluation of real time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of poliovirus].application of real time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chani reaction (rrt-pcr)to poliovirus identification in chinese poliomyelitis laboratory network and evaluation of the assay.201020575259
fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in oman.we conducted a clinical trial of fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine administered to infants in oman, in order to evaluate strategies for making the vaccine affordable for use in developing countries.201020573923
high level immunity against poliomyelitis in african and asian refugees in southern italy.the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of poliomyelitis immunization in refugees residing in the asylum seeker center in bari. the study was carried out during 2008 and involved 573 refugees. an antibody titer >or=1:8 was found in 99.6% for poliovirus 1, in 99.8% for poliovirus 2, and in 99.5% for poliovirus 3.201020536893
a case of paralytic poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus vaccine strains in hokkaido, japan. 201020495280
japanese bilateral cooperation for the promotion of poliomyelitis eradication in china.in order to support poliomyelitis eradication in china, japan launched project-type cooperation, the china polio control project, in shandong province in 1990. the outbreaks of poliomyelitis in shandong province were successfully controlled by the opv mass immunization campaigns began in 1991. subsequently, afp surveillance was established. the cooperation gradually expanded to include four neighboring provinces and subsequently five provinces in southern china. hospital-based active surveillanc ...201020483195
highly divergent neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three serotypes are recurrently detected in finnish sewage.in finland, surveillance of potential re-emergence of poliovirus transmission is mainly based on environmental surveillance, i.e. search for infectious poliovirus in sewage samples. since december 2008, 21 genetically highly divergent, neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (vdpv) have been isolated from sewage in tampere, finland. while the source of the vdpv is unknown, characteristics of the viruses resemble those of strains isolated from immunodeficient, persistently infected persons. no ...201020483108
progress towards interruption of wild poliovirus transmission worldwide, 2009. 201020480980
progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission - worldwide, 2009.in 1988, an estimated 350,000 cases of poliomyelitis were occurring annually worldwide. by 2005, because of global vaccination efforts, indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus (wpv) types 1 and 3 (wpv1 and wpv3) had been eliminated from all but four countries (afghanistan, india, nigeria, and pakistan). no cases of wpv type 2 have been reported since 1999. this report describes progress toward global wpv eradication during 2009 and updates previous reports. during 2009 a total of 1,606 cases ...201020467412
protection against poliomyelitis in europe.the reappearance of circulating wild poliovirus type 1 (wpv 1) in tajikistan is the first outbreak from imported wild poliovirus since the world health organization (who) european region was declared polio-free in 2002. the risk of poliomyelitis importation to the european union and european economic area countries has probably not increased, but the current outbreak is a reminder that high vaccination coverage, monitoring of protective immunity and maintaining surveillance are important to sust ...201020460087
[feasibility study of using sabin-ipv immunization in post-eradication era in china].based upon the world health organization (who)'s perspective, the post-eradication era is coming with a priority of global certifying the wild poliovirus eradication, by which then the oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine (opv) will be ceased and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) will be synchronized used, in particular the affordable sabin-ipv (sipv) is recommended to be used continuously in developing countries till the final eradication of poliomyelitis. however, no any sipv has succ ...201020450079
randomized controlled clinical trial of fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine administered intradermally by needle-free device in cuba.as part of an evaluation of strategies to make inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) affordable for developing countries, we conducted a clinical trial of fractional doses of ipv in cuba.201020350164
clinical assessment of self-reported acute flaccid paralysis in a population-based setting in guatemala.historically, poliovirus infection has been an important cause of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) worldwide; however, successful elimination of wild-type poliovirus in much of the world has highlighted the importance of other causes of afp. despite the evolving etiology, afp surveillance in most developing countries still focuses on poliovirus detection and fails to detect many afp cases, particularly among adults. we assessed 41 subjects self-reporting symptoms suggestive of afp during a populati ...201020348524
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - afghanistan and pakistan, 2009.afghanistan, pakistan, india, and nigeria are the four remaining countries where indigenous wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission has never been interrupted. this report updates previous reports and describes polio eradication activities in afghanistan and pakistan during january-december 2009 and proposed activities in 2010 to address challenges. during 2009, both countries continued to conduct coordinated supplemental immunization activities (sias) and used multiple strategies to reach previously ...201020224544
paralytic syndromes in children: epidemiology and relationship to vaccination.acute flaccid paralysis is a standard outcome for detection of poliomyelitis globally and an ongoing potential vaccine-associated adverse event concern for polio, influenza, and meningococcal vaccines. no systematic population-based data on the epidemiologic and clinical features of this condition, or its potential association with immunization, have been reported from the united states. the present retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralysis in the southern and northern california kai ...201020159431
post-polio syndrome: pathophysiological hypotheses, diagnosis criteria, drug therapy.post-polio syndrome (pps) refers to a clinical disorder affecting polio survivors with sequelae years after the initial polio attack. these patients report new musculoskeletal symptoms, loss of muscular strength or endurance. pps patients are tired, in pain and experience new and unusual muscular deficits, on healthy muscles as well as deficient muscles initially affected by the poliovirus. once a clinical diagnosis is established, the therapeutic options can be discussed. some pathophysiologica ...201020093102
making of viral replication organelles by remodeling interior membranes.positive-stranded rna (+rna) viruses exploit host cell machinery by subverting host proteins and membranes and altering cellular pathways during infection. to achieve robust replication, some +rna viruses, such as poliovirus (pv), build special intracellular compartments, called viral replication organelles. a recent work from the altan-bonnett laboratory [1] gave new insights into the formation of poliovirus replication organelles, which are unique subcellular structures containing many individ ...201021994625
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