Publications

foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with decreased sensitivity to ribavirin: implications for error catastrophe.	the nucleoside analogue ribavirin (r) is mutagenic for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). passage of fmdv in the presence of increasing concentrations of r resulted in the selection of fmdv with the amino acid substitution m296i in the viral polymerase (3d). measurements of progeny production and viral fitness with chimeric viruses in the presence and absence of r documented that the 3d substitution m296i conferred on fmdv a selective replicative advantage in the presence of r but not in the a ...	2007	17151116
deterministic, compensatory mutational events in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus in response to the introduction of mutations found in viruses from persistent infections.	the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (biological clone c-s8c1) in persistently infected cells led to the emergence of a variant (r100) that displayed increased virulence, reduced stability, and other modified phenotypic traits. some mutations fixed in the r100 genome involved a cluster of highly conserved residues around the capsid pores that participate in interactions with each other and/or between capsid protomers. we have investigated phenotypic and genotypic changes that occ ...	2007	17151123
serological and mucosal immune responses after vaccination and infection with fmdv in pigs.	the aim of this study was to determine a possible correlation between humoral immune responses shortly after vaccination and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and to study the serological and mucosal antibody responses after vaccination and infection. we used three groups of ten pigs, one non-vaccinated group, one group vaccinated with a single dose vaccine and one group vaccinated with a four-fold dose vaccine. at 7 days post vaccination, five pigs per group were ...	2007	17157418
a second rgd motif in the 1d capsid protein of a sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus field isolate is not essential for attachment to target cells.	the amino acid sequence motif arg-gly-asp (rgd), located in the surface-exposed betag-betah loop of the 1d protein of different serotypes and subtypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), is highly conserved and participates in binding of fmdv to susceptible cells. previous sequence analyses of the 1d-encoding region of a fmdv serotype sat1 field isolate from namibia (nam/307/98) indicated the presence of a second rgd motif upstream of the conserved betag-betah loop rgd. the role of these rgd ...	2007	17161881
induction of immature dendritic cell apoptosis by foot and mouth disease virus is an integrin receptor mediated event before viral infection.	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been demonstrated to infect dendritic cells (dc) and reduced its ability to stimulate host immune responses. this study aimed to determine whether non-replicating fmdv could induce apoptosis of the host immune cells. in this study, we have demonstrated that bone morrow derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) were induced to undergo apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which was determined by the annexin-v staining, dna fragmentation, and tunel staining methods, a ...	2007	17427949
pocket factors are unlikely to play a major role in the life cycle of human rhinovirus.	human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14) is a member of the rhinovirus genus, which belongs to the picornavirus family, which includes clinically and economically important members, such as poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and endomyocarditis virus. capsid stability plays an important role in the viral infection process, in that it needs to be stable enough to move from cell to cell and yet be able to release its genetic material upon the appropriate environmental cues from the host cell. it has bee ...	2007	17428846
molecular basis for a lack of correlation between viral fitness and cell killing capacity.	the relationship between parasite fitness and virulence has been the object of experimental and theoretical studies often with conflicting conclusions. here, we provide direct experimental evidence that viral fitness and virulence, both measured in the same biological environment provided by host cells in culture, can be two unrelated traits. a biological clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus acquired high fitness and virulence (cell killing capacity) upon large population passages in cell cultu ...	2007	17432933
[construction of recombinant retroviral vector carrying porcine interferon-gamma and its expression in porcine kidney cells (pk-15)].	porcine interferon-gamma (poifn-gamma) of chinese local brand, meishan porcine, was cloned and inserted into retroviral vector plxsn (neo r) . using lipofectamine, this recombinant plasmid was transfected into retroviral packing cell line, pa317 cells. these transfected cells were selected by dmem containing 400microg/ml g418 for one week. rna was extracted from the supernatant of these selected pa317 cells and the poifn-gamma gene could be amplified by rt-pcr. pocine kidney cells and pk-15 cell ...	2007	17436641
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection induces proteolytic cleavage of ptb, eif3a,b, and pabp rna-binding proteins.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection induces major changes in the host cell including the shutoff of cellular protein synthesis. here, protein extracts from fmdv-infected cells have been used to monitor changes in the profile of rna-binding factors interacting with regulatory regions of the viral rna. relevant differences have been detected in the pattern of interaction with proteins prepared from either infected or uninfected cells with rna probes encompassing the internal ribosome ent ...	2007	17445855
immune responses of pigs to commercialized emulsion fmd vaccines and live virus challenge.	the immune response to structural and non-structural proteins (nsps) was studied on sequential serum samples in swine from o/taiwan/97 fmdv challenge studies, outbreaks and after vaccination. the results showed that pigs vaccinated with a commercial vaccine prior to or after infection maintained high neutralizing antibody titers with gradual decline from peak titers over the duration of this study. however, neutralizing antibody titers in non-vaccinated pigs only reached moderate levels 2-4 week ...	2007	17445957
characterization of a cyanobacterial rnase p ribozyme recognition motif in the ires of foot-and-mouth disease virus reveals a unique structural element.	translation initiation driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements is dependent on the structural organization of the ires region. picornavirus ires are organized in structural domains, in which the terminal stem-loops participate in functional rna-protein interactions. however, the mechanistic role performed by the central domain during internal initiation has not been elucidated yet. here we show that the foot-and-mouth-disease virus ires contains a structural motif that serves in v ...	2007	17449727
microarray-based molecular detection of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease viruses, using padlock probes.	the world organization for animal health (office international des epizooties, oie) includes the diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), as "diseases notifiable to the oie". foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have severe economical as well as social effects and cannot be differentiated from the diseases caused by the other two viruses on the basis of clinical symptoms. efficient laboratory techniques ...	2007	17451815
foot-and-mouth disease virus crosses the placenta and causes death in fetal lambs.	eighteen pregnant sheep, six at 45 days gestation and twelve at 75 days gestation, were infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o ukg 34/2001. two sheep from each gestational group were killed at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). three sheep, pregnant for 75 days at infection, were killed at 17 and 18 dpi. real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and virus isolation (vi) were used to detect viral rna and infectious virus, respectively, in fetal tis ...	2007	17459409
performance of a foot-and-mouth disease virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with amplification controls between three real-time instruments.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a member of the picornavirus family, possessing an 8-kb single-stranded rna genome of positive polarity. it is highly contagious among several livestock species and can lead to severe economic consequences, as evidenced by the uk outbreak in 2001. the usage of real-time polymerase chain reaction has facilitated rapid detection of fmdv. several real-time pcr instruments are available with various capabilities, such as portability and high sample volume a ...	2007	17459827
enhanced antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus by a combination of type i and ii porcine interferons.	previously, we showed that type i interferon (alpha/beta interferon [ifn-alpha/beta]) can inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication in cell culture, and swine inoculated with 10(9) pfu of human adenovirus type 5 expressing porcine ifn-alpha (ad5-pifn-alpha) were protected when challenged 1 day later. in this study, we found that type ii pifn (pifn-gamma) also has antiviral activity against fmdv in cell culture and that, in combination with pifn-alpha, it has a synergistic antiviral ...	2007	17459931
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus types a and o isolated in argentina during the 2000-2002 epizootic.	during 2000-2002 a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epizootic affected argentina and spread across the country resulting in more than 2500 outbreaks. in order to study the evolution of the fmd viruses (fmdv) and help with disease control measures, a genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis was performed of 43 field isolates representative of the epizootic. the nucleotide sequence of the vp1-coding region was determined for the viruses and used in this study. two serotype a lineages, a/arg/ ...	2007	17475419
insights into rna virus mutant spectrum and lethal mutagenesis events: replicative interference and complementation by multiple point mutants.	rna virus behavior can be influenced by interactions among viral genomes and their expression products within the mutant spectra of replicating viral quasispecies. here, we report the extent of interference of specific capsid and polymerase mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) on replication of wild-type (wt) rna. the capsid and polymerase mutants chosen for this analysis had been characterized biochemically and structurally. upon co-electroporation of bhk-21 cells with wt rna and a te ...	2007	17481660
evaluation of laboratory tests for sat serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus with specimens collected from convalescent cattle in zimbabwe.	during a field study in zimbabwe, clinical specimens were collected from 403 cattle in six herds, in which the history of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccination and infection appeared to be known with some certainty. five herds had reported outbreaks of disease one to five months previously but clinical fmd had not been observed in the sixth herd. a trivalent vaccine (south african territories [sat] types 1, 2 and 3) had been used in some of the herds at various times either before and/or afte ...	2007	17496271
immunization of dna vaccine encoding c3d-vp1 fusion enhanced protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	because foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) remains a great problem to many livestock of agricultural importance, safe, effective vaccines are in great need. dna vaccine would be a promising candidate but the design remains to be optimized. vp1 gene of fmdv strain o/es/2001 was linked to three copies of either porcine or murine c3d or four copies of a 28-aa fragment of murine c3d containing the cr2 receptor binding domain (m28). the resultant plasmids encoding c3d/m28-vp1 fusion or only vp1 as c ...	2007	17497212
chimeric tymovirus-like particles displaying foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein epitopes and its use for detection of fmdv-nsp antibodies.	expression of physalis mottle tymovirus (phmv) coat protein (cp) in escherichia coli (e. coli) was earlier shown to self-assemble into empty capsids that are nearly identical to the capsids formed in vivo. aminoacid substitutions were made at the n-terminus of wild-type phmv cp with single or tandem repeats of infection related b-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural proteins (nsps) 3b1, 3b2, 3ab, 3d and 3abd of lengths 48, 66, 49, 51 and 55, respectively to produce ...	2007	17499404
improvement of a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by supplement of quil a.	in model animal experiment a, icr mice were immunized with ovalbumin (ova) adjuvanted with quil a or mineral oil or their combination (quil a+oil). in model animal experiment b, icr mice were immunized with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens or with a commercially available oil adjuvanted foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine (type o) alone or mixed with quil a. after that, serum samples were collected to analyze specific igg and igg subclasses igg1, igg2a, igg2b, and igg3. in experimen ...	2007	17509735
structural analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease: a viable target for antiviral drugs?	foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a major global agricultural problem that is difficult to control with existing vaccines. structural analyses of the viral 3c protease not only have provided fresh insights into the catalytic mechanism of an unusual class of chymotrypsin-like cysteine proteases, but also are generating valuable information to drive the quest for effective antiviral therapies.	2007	17511659
molecular typing of a new foot-and-mouth disease virus in egypt.		2007	17513836
sequential structures provide insights into the fidelity of rna replication.	rna virus replication is an error-prone event caused by the low fidelity of viral rna-dependent rna polymerases. replication fidelity can be decreased further by the use of mutagenic ribonucleoside analogs to a point where viral genetic information can no longer be maintained. for foot-and-mouth disease virus, the antiviral analogs ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil have been shown to be mutagenic, contributing to virus extinction through lethal mutagenesis. here, we report the x-ray structure of four ...	2007	17517631
guinea pig-adapted foot-and-mouth disease virus with altered receptor recognition can productively infect a natural host.	we report that adaptation to infect the guinea pig did not modify the capacity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to kill suckling mice and to cause an acute and transmissible disease in the pig, an important natural host for this pathogen. adaptive amino acid replacements (i(248)-->t in 2c, q(44)-->r in 3a, and l(147)-->p in vp1), selected upon serial passages of a type c fmdv isolated from swine (biological clone c-s8c1) in the guinea pig, were maintained after virus multiplication in swin ...	2007	17522230
identification of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific t-cell epitope with immunodominant characteristics in cattle with mhc serotype a31.	to identify foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific t-cell epitopes within the entire polyprotein sequence of the virus, 442 overlapping pentadecapeptides were tested in proliferation assays using lymphocytes from cattle experimentally infected with fmdv. four months post-infection cells from all investigated animals (n = 4) responded by proliferation and interferon-gamma production to a peptide located on the structural protein 1d (vp1), amino acid residues 66-80. major histocompatibility ...	2007	17540158
enhanced protective efficacy and reduced viral load of foot-and-mouth disease dna vaccine with co-stimulatory molecules as the molecular adjuvants.	to improve efficacy of dna vaccination, various approaches have been developed, including the use of plasmid expressing co-stimulatory molecules as molecular adjuvants. in this study, we investigated whether co-inoculation of a construct expressing either 4-1bbl or ox40l as the molecular adjuvant with fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1, can increase immune responses and protective efficacies. compared to the group immunized with pcd-vp1 alone, the co-inoculation of either molecular adjuvant induced a hig ...	2007	17540462
heterologous expression of fmdv immunodominant epitopes and hsp70 in p. pastoris and the subsequent immune response in mice.	mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein70 (hsp70) is a major antigen with both chaperone and cytokine functions. it has been used as an adjuvant to induce or potentiate humoral and cellular immunity, both in the form of a mixture with peptide antigens, and as a fusion protein. we have evaluated the effects of hsp70 on foot and mouth virus (fmdv) subunit vaccines. fmdv vp1, and a synthetic multi-epitope fmdv (eg), and vp1-hsp70 and eg-hsp70 fusion proteins were all heterologously expressed ...	2007	17548173
alpha interferon is a powerful adjuvant for a recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, and an effective stimulus of in vivo immune response.	the adjuvant effect of porcine interferon-alpha (poifn-alpha) was examined in swine vaccinated with a recombinant fmd protein vaccine named igg-fmdv, which contains the swine igg single heavy chain constant region and an immunogenic peptide of serotype o fmdv. the poifn-alpha gene was cloned into pcdna3 vector and the recombinant plasmid was incorporated into cationic liposomes by a dehydration and rehydration procedure to use as an adjuvant, injected together with low-dose igg-fmdv. this proced ...	2007	17555848
comparisons of the complete genomes of two chinese isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease type asia 1 virus.	china reported the first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype asia 1 in chinese hong kong in march, 2005. subsequently, this type of the virus was reported from mainland of china in april 2005. up to september of 2006, it was detected in more than 15 areas of china. in this paper, the complete genomes of two chinese isolates, asia 1/hnk/cha/05 and asia 1/js/cha/05, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were sequenced and compared with some chinese sequences and reference sequences ...	2007	17557134
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication using strand-specific quantitative rt-pcr.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a positive-sense, single stranded rna virus and its replication involves the synthesis of a negative strand intermediate. in the present study, a strand-specific quantitative rt-pcr assay was developed for analysis of fmdv replication. strand-specific detection of viral positive and negative strand rna was achieved using a high reverse transcription (rt) temperature (62 degrees c) and a tagged rt primer. in both the positive and negative strand assays, the ...	2007	17561277
the early protective thymus-independent antibody response to foot-and-mouth disease virus is mediated by splenic cd9+ b lymphocytes.	infection of mice with cytopathic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces a rapid and specific thymus-independent (ti) neutralizing antibody response that promptly clears the virus. herein, it is shown that fmdv-infected dendritic cells (dcs) directly stimulate splenic innate-like cd9(+) b lymphocytes to rapidly (3 days) produce neutralizing anti-fmdv immunoglobulin m antibodies without t-lymphocyte collaboration. in contrast, neither follicular (cd9(-)) b lymphocytes from the spleen nor b l ...	2007	17567692
[secreted expression of nonstructural protein gene 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sf9 cells and activity analysis].	entire 3abc sequence of fmdv containing a 6 x his tag coding sequence at the n-terminal was obtained through pcr amplification using a pair of specific primers, subcloned into shuttle plasmid of pmelbac-b with a melittin secretion signal sequence and finally constructed recombinant plasmid of pmel-3abc. after co-transfected the recombinant plasmid and linearized bac-n-blue dna into sf9 insect cell under intermediary agent of the cellfectin, the result showed that we have already acquired recombi ...	2007	17578009
thermal inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk using high-temperature, short-time pasteurization.	previous studies of laboratory simulation of high temperature, short time pasteurization (htst) to eliminate foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in milk have shown that the virus is not completely inactivated at the legal pasteurization minimum (71.7 degrees c/15 s) but is inactivated in a flow apparatus at 148 degrees c with holding times of 2 to 3 s. it was the intent of this study to determine whether htst pasteurization conducted in a continuous-flow pasteurizer that simulates commercial ope ...	2007	17582103
differential factor requirement to assemble translation initiation complexes at the alternative start codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna contains two in-frame aug codons separated by 84 nt that direct translation initiation of the viral polyprotein. the mechanism of initiation at the ires-proximal aug codon (aug1) has been previously analyzed, whereas no data on factor requirements for aug2 have been reported. here, using the method of 48s translation initiation complex reconstitution, we show that eif1 is indispensable in forming the 48s initiation complex at aug2. in contrast, it redu ...	2007	17592045
development and validation of a 3abc indirect elisa for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected from vaccinated animals.	non-structural protein (nsp) 3abc antibody is considered to be the most reliable indicator of present or past infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vaccinated animals. an indirect elisa was established, using purified his-tagged 3abc fusion protein as antigen, for detection of the antibody response to fmdv nsp 3abc in different animal species. the method was validated by simultaneous detection of the early antibody responses to nsp and structural protein (sp) in fmdv asia 1 infec ...	2007	17601688
bacterial magnetic particles (bmps)-pei as a novel and efficient non-viral gene delivery system.	non-viral methods of gene delivery, especially using polyethylenimine (pei), have been widely used in gene therapy or dna vaccination. however, the pei system has its own drawbacks, which limits its applications.	2007	17605136
immunogenicity of plasmids encoding p12a and 3c of fmdv and swine il-18.	in this paper, two recombinant plasmids (pvir-p12ail18-3c and pvir-p12a-3c) containing foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid polypeptide, 3c coding regions of o/ny00 and using/or not swine il18 as a genetic adjuvant were constructed, and evaluated for their ability to induce humoral and cellular responses in mice and swine. in addition, the ability to protect swine against homologous virus challenge was examined. mice and swine were given booster vaccination twice and once, respectively, an ...	2007	17606304
complete nucleotide sequence of a chinese serotype asia1 vaccine strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the full-length nucleotide sequence of the chinese vaccine strain asia1/ynbs/58 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was determined. the results showed that the complete genome of ynbs/58 is 8,164 nucleotides (nt) in length including a 1,061-nt 5' untranslated region (utr), a 6,990-nt open reading frame (orf), and a 113-nt 3' utr. genome sequences of asia1/ynbs/58 and other known fmdv strains were compared. the homology analysis indicated that non-structural proteins are more conserved than st ...	2007	17619135
a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid proteins precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of porcine parvovirus: a trivalent vaccine candidate.	pseudorabies (pr), foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and porcine parvovirus disease are three important infectious diseases in swine worldwide. the gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv) has been used as a live-viral vector to develop multivalent genetic engineering vaccine. in this study, a recombinant prv, which could co-express protein precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of ppv, was constructed using prv tk(-)/ge(-)/lacz(+) mutant as the vector. after homologous recombination and plaque purifi ...	2007	17628752
buffalo (bubalus bubalis) interleukin-12: analysis of expression profiles and functional cross-reactivity with bovine system.	interleukin-12, a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine, from water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) was analyzed for its for its tissue specific expression and functionality. concanavalin a stimulated splenocytes displayed an up-regulation of the il-12 p40 subunit 8-24h post-stimulation, whereas the p35 subunit did not show any quantitative variation at different time intervals. basal level expressions of both the subunits were observed by rt-pcr in spleen. in addition p40 transcripts could be det ...	2006	16112195
genomic and antigenic characterization of viruses from the 1993 italian foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.	the origin and evolution of the type o foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) that caused the outbreak occurrence in italy in 1993, the first episode of the disease in the eu after adoption of a non-vaccination policy in 1991, have been studied by the analysis of sequences encoding three main antigenic sites on the viral capsid proteins. the phylogenetic tree derived from sequences spanning the carboxyterminal end of vp1 showed that these italian viruses were grouped in the me-sa topotype, closel ...	2006	16096711
expressions of bovine ifn-gamma and foot-and-mouth disease vp1 antigen in p. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to fmd antigens.	as a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. ifn-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine ifn-gamma (rboifn-gamma) on a recombinant fmdv vaccine, boifn-gamma, fmdv vp1 and boifn-gamma/vp fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (p. pastoris) respectively, ...	2006	16135391
enhancing immune responses against a plasmid dna vaccine encoding a fmdv empty capsid from serotype o.	various parameters have been examined for the improvement of immune responses induced by immunisation with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine (pcdna 3.1/p1-2a3c3d, p1) in swine. our findings show that increasing the amount of p1 dna plasmids and pgmcsf adjuvant plasmids induces stronger fmdv specific and neutralising antibody responses, as well as promoting cytokines il-8 and ifngamma secretion, in immunised pigs via multiple inoculation sites.	2006	16154238
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in southern africa.	in areas where foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in wildlife hosts, such as the kruger national park (knp) in south africa, control measures are in place that ensure that potentially infected antelope and buffalo do not come into close contact with domestic animals. in south africa several sat-1 outbreaks occurred nearly simultaneously in cattle and impala between 1971-1981. phylogenetic analysis based on partial 1d gene nucleotide sequencing indicated that several of these outbreaks were ...	2006	16155727
analysis of the immune response to fmdv structural and non-structural proteins in cattle in argentina by the combined use of liquid phase and 3abc-elisa tests.	the successful sanitary campaign implemented to control the 2000-2002 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina was greatly assisted by the combination of an elisa test (3abc-elisa) that detects antibodies directed against fmdv viral non-structural proteins (nsps) and a liquid phase blocking competitive elisa (lpelisa) for the detection of antibodies against the viral structural proteins (sps). the combined use of these two assays in large-scale analysis of field samples allo ...	2006	16171905
secretory iga as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance.	a serotype-specific elisa was developed to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific iga antibody in the saliva of cattle, and the method was evaluated for its feasibility in detecting serotype o fmdv carrier animals, particularly amongst vaccinated cattle that had subsequently become sub-clinically infected. for this purpose, saliva samples were collected from naïve cattle (n = 173), fmdv challenged cattle (n = 10), fmdv vaccinated cattle (n = 40) and fmdv vaccinated-and-challenged ca ...	2006	16203061
microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of fmdv serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. we developed a microarray-based test that uses a fmd dna chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype- ...	2006	16139533
extract from agaricus blazei murill can enhance immune responses elicited by dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.	the fungus agaricus blazei murill (abm) is particularly rich in polysaccharides, which have shown particularly strong results in treating and preventing cancers. the goal of this study was to investigate whether co-administration of the abm extract with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine could increase the immune responses. compared with the control mice, which received fmdv dna vaccine alone, significant increase in not only the fmdv-specific antibody response but also t cell proli ...	2006	16213597
interferon-gamma production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated fmdv.	studies were performed to determine whether a rapid method to detect cell mediated immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) could be used either as a diagnostic test or provide a correlate of protection in animals post-vaccination. using protocols based on the bovigam assay for tuberculosis, whole blood samples from fmdv vaccinated or control animals, before and after challenge infection, were stimulated overnight with inactivated fmdv antigen. the quantity of interferon gamma (if ...	2006	16242818
simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3d, 3a and 3b by a multiplexed luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.	for the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3a, 3b and 3d from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. we cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (nsps) as recombinant antigens. the purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-his monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted a ...	2006	16260073
comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs.	this study compares the immune responses and protection induced by intra-typic heterologous vaccination with that induced by homologous vaccination against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protection against challenge with fmdv o taiwan were examined in a non-vaccinated group, a group vaccinated with o taiwan fmd vaccine and a group vaccinated with o manisa fmd vaccine. five pigs from each group were challenged with fmdv type o ta ...	2006	16289709
high expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein vp1 in tobacco chloroplasts.	a tobacco chloroplast expression vector, ptrvp1, containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene and the selective marker aada gene, was constructed and transferred to tobacco by biolistic method. three resistant lines were obtained through spectinomycin selection, and each transgenic line was subjected to a second round of spectinomycin selection. pcr and pcr southern blot analysis revealed that the vp1 gene had integrated into the chloroplast genome. western blot and quantification ...	2006	16320056
a novel genetic lineage differentiating rt-pcr as a useful tool in molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in india.	comparison of nucleotide sequences at the vp1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia1 viruses from india has revealed two genetic lineages with emergence of a genetically divergent group in recent years. in this study a simple, fast, relatively costeffective multi-primer rt-pcr assay to differentiate genetic lineages of type asia1 viruses was developed. efforts were made in the design of novel lineage-specific primers and in optimization of the multi-primer assay protocol in conju ...	2006	16329004
utility of automated real-time rt-pcr for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. the feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) as a diagnostic tool for detection of fmdv in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with fmdv and from two in-contact cows held ...	2006	16336929
a modified tmv-based vector facilitates the expression of longer foreign epitopes in tobacco.	based upon a mutant isolated from tobacco infected with a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), a new tmv-based vector was developed in which four to six c-terminal amino acid residues were deleted from the viral coat protein (cp) subunit. the new vector was quite similar to the original tmv-based vector, which all expressed a well characterized epitope peptide f11 (p(142)-a(152)) of vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o in tobacco, in the infectivity, yield of the virus part ...	2006	16337317
picornaviruses and cell death.	members of the picornavirus family, including poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, are widespread pathogens of humans and domestic animals. recent global developments in the resurgence of poliovirus infection and in the control of foot-and-mouth disease infection highlight the problems caused by the ability of picornaviruses to alter the apoptotic machinery of host cells and establish persistent infections. despite the medical, economic and social impact of this family of viruses, little ...	2006	16337385
[protective immune response of guinea pigs against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus by immunization with foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the fmdv structural protein vp1].	the plant constitutive expression vector pbin438/vp1 for vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain o/ china/99 was constructed. mediated with agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 harboring pbin438/vp1, vp1 gene was transferred into cotyledons of tomato. after selected by kanamysin, sixty resistant lines were obtained. the integration and transcription of the vp1 gene in transformed plants was detected by pcr and rt-pcr. after being detected by sandwich-elisa assays, about 40% transformed plant ...	2006	17172031
comparison of different methods of routine typing of indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus.		2006	17177617
[vaccination... health by injection?].		2006	17137226
modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk.	to estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to fmdv.	2006	17144803
the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o from 1998 to 2004 in turkey.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes significant economic losses in turkish livestock. we have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1d sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein vp1, of turkish isolates of serotype a and o collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information.	2006	17144917
ratiometric fluorescence-imaging assays of plant membrane traffic using polyproteins.	fluorescent protein markers are widely used to report plant membrane traffic; however, effective protocols to quantify fluorescence or marker expression are lacking. here the 20 residue self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot and mouth disease virus was used to construct polyproteins that expressed a trafficked marker in fixed stoichiometry with a reference protein in a different cellular compartment. various pairs of compartments were simultaneously targeted. together with a bespoke image analysis t ...	2006	17118121
development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2b peptide as antigen.	forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp). six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2b peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. the performance of the new nsp peptide elisa was compared to that of 4 ...	2006	17121081
high throughput sequencing and comparative genomics of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	despite a basic understanding of many aspects of fmd biology, much information regarding fmdv virulence, host range, and virus transmission remains poorly understood. here we present how the use of high throughput sequencing for complete genome sequences of foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) led to a series of new insights into viral genome sequence conservation and variability, genetic diversity in nature and phylogenetic classification of isolates, including the first complete sequences of th ...	2006	17058478
development of an inhibition elisa test for the detection of non-capsid polyprotein 3abc in viral suspensions destined for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	the use during the last decade of immuno-enzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to the non-capsid proteins (ncps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to assess viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination, supported the incorporation into the oie code of the 'free from fmdv with vaccination' category and opened the way to a 'vaccination to live' policy. eradication programmes in south america include systematic vaccination accompanied by large serosurveys through ncp antibody ...	2006	17058500
[fusion expression of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus vp1 gene and hsp70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].	vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and m. tuberculosis hsp70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris expression system. the results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after balb/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the genes was cloned into the vector ppiczalpha-a by routine molecular technique. the plasmid fusion (ppiczalphaa-vp1-hsp70) was created that hsp70 located downstre ...	2006	17037194
effect of emergency fmd vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle.	previous work, in sheep vaccinated with emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, indicated the benefit of increasing the antigen payload in inhibiting local virus replication and consequently persistence following an indirect aerosol challenge with a virus homologous to the vaccine strain. the work presented here investigates this possibility further using cattle and a more severe semi-heterologous direct contact challenge. the quantitative dynamics of virus replication and excretion in b ...	2006	16488060
comparisons of original laboratory results and retrospective analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr of virological samples collected from confirmed cases of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk in 2001.	there were 2030 designated cases of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) during the course of the epidemic in the uk in 2001 (including four from northern ireland). samples from 1720 of the infected premises (ips) were received in the laboratory and examined for either the presence of fmd virus (virological samples from 1421 ips) or both fmd virus and antibody (virological and serological samples from 255 ips) or antibody alone (from 44 ips). the time taken to issue final diagnostic results ranged from ...	2006	16980522
enhanced immunogenicity to food-and-mouth disease virus in mice vaccination with alphaviral replicon-based dna vaccine expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1).	recently, alphavirus replicon-based dna vaccines, also known as suicidal dna vaccines, have emerged as an important strategy to enhance the potency of dna vaccines. in this study, two different types of dna vaccines encoding the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were constructed and the immunogenicity were investigated and compared in mouse model. the first dna vaccine, pcdp1, is a conventional plasmid dna vaccine in which p1 was driven directly by a cytome ...	2006	16991005
[effect of rgd-containing peptides on platelet aggregation].	the influence of new synthetic peptides argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk (synthesized by the fermentative method) and vpnlrgdlqvla (a fragment of the foot-and-mouth virus's surface peptide) on the adp-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro was studied. all peptides were found to inhibit the human platelet aggregation, but the synthetic peptides (argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk) showed the most pronounced effect. significant decrease in the platelet aggregation was observed at their concentrations within 0.1-10 ...	2006	16995437
effects of picornavirus 3a proteins on protein transport and gbf1-dependent cop-i recruitment.	the 3a protein of the coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), an enterovirus that belongs to the family of the picornaviruses, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport. recently, we elucidated the underlying mechanism by showing that cvb3 3a interferes with adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1)-dependent cop-i recruitment to membranes by binding and inhibiting the function of gbf1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is required for the activation of arf1 (e. wessels et al., dev. cell 11:191-201, 20 ...	2006	17005635
selection and characterization of rna aptamers to the rna-dependent rna polymerase from foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a highly contagious disease of agricultural livestock and is of enormous economic importance. replication of the rna genome of the virus, via negative strand intermediates, involves an rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol). rna aptamers specific to this enzyme have been selected and characterized. some of these molecules inhibit enzymatic activity in vitro, with ic50 values of <20 nm and ki values of 18-75 nm. two of these show similarity, both with each other ...	2006	17018573
dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease via electroporation: study of molecular approaches for enhancing vp1 antigenicity.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) affects susceptible livestock animals and causes disastrous economic impact. immunization with plasmid expressing vp1 that contains the major antigenic epitope(s) of fmdv as cytoplasmic protein (cvp1) failed to elicit full protection against fmdv challenge.	2006	16927362
rational dissection of binding surfaces for mimicking of discontinuous antigenic sites.	peptide-based approaches to mimicking protein interactive regions have relied mainly on linear peptides; however, most binding sites are discontinuous and thus not easily reproducible by a linear sequence. any attempt to replicate those sites by chemical means must not only integrate all residues involved in the recognition but also provide structural organization to native-like levels. here we describe a surface mimic approach to the reconstruction of such complex molecular architectures, using ...	2006	16931331
identification of novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific t-cell epitopes in c/c and d/d haplotype miniature swine.	to identify foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific t-cell epitopes within the non-structural protein 3d in swine, pentadecapeptides were tested in proliferation and interferon-gamma elispot assays using lymphocytes from two strains of inbred miniature pigs (c/c and d/d haplotype) experimentally infected with fmdv. lymphocytes of c/c pigs recognized peptides from three different regions in 3d, d/d lymphocytes recognized peptides from two regions, one of them being adjacent to an epitope of ...	2006	16934904
efficacy of particle-based dna delivery for vaccination of sheep against fmdv.	as an alternative strategy to classical inactivated viral vaccine against fmdv, naked dna vaccine is attractive because of safety, flexibility and low cost. however dna vaccination is usually poorly efficient in target species. indeed we found that naked dna plasmids encoding for p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins did not induce any detectable immunity against fmdv in sheep. interestingly, we demonstrate herein that formulations of dna on poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) or in lipofectin triggere ...	2006	16949709
geographical and age-stratified distributions of foot-and-mouth disease virus-seropositive and probang-positive cattle herds in the adamawa province of cameroon.	six of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus occur in africa. this paper describes the results of a population-based cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of fmd and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the adamawa province of cameroon. antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes o, a and sat2 viruses had been circulating in the province. the estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle ...	2006	16950886
study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus i. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vp1.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in taiwan. a panel (25) of mabs were found to react with vp1 of o/taiwan/97 (o/97) by elisa with various potencies. the biological identities of these vp1 reacting mabs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype o fmdvs, o/97 and o/taiwan/km1/99 (o/99), were further analyzed. elev ...	2006	16953088
a serological survey for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus in indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana.	a serological survey was conducted in apparently healthy, unvaccinated indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana in order to determine in these animals, the levels of exposure to the south african territories (sat) serotypes: sat 1, sat 2 and sat 3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a total of 250, 142 and 134 goat sera originating respectively from kasane, maun and shakawe districts were tested for fmdv antibodies against the three sat ...	2006	16958266
the 3' end of the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome establishes two distinct long-range rna-rna interactions with the 5' end region.	the untranslated regions (utrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome contain multiple functional elements. in the 5' utr, the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element governs cap-independent translation initiation, whereas the s region is presumably involved in rna replication. the 3' utr, composed of two stem-loops and a poly(a) tract, is required for viral infectivity and stimulates ires activity. here, it was found that the 3' end established two distinct strand-specific, long ...	2006	16963760
molecular epidemiology of the foot-and-mouth disease virus outbreak in the united kingdom in 2001.	the objective of this study was to quantify the extent to which the genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) arising over the course of infection of an individual animal becomes fixed, is transmitted to other animals, and thereby accumulates over the course of an outbreak. complete consensus sequences of 23 genomes (each of 8,200 nucleotides) of fmdv were recovered directly from epithelium tissue acquired from 21 farms infected over a nearly 7-month period during the 2001 fmdv ou ...	2006	16971422
recombination patterns in aphthoviruses mirror those found in other picornaviruses.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is thought to evolve largely through genetic drift driven by the inherently error-prone nature of its rna polymerase. there is, however, increasing evidence that recombination is an important mechanism in the evolution of these and other related picornoviruses. here, we use an extensive set of recombination detection methods to identify 86 unique potential recombination events among 125 publicly available fmdv complete genome sequences. the large number of eve ...	2006	16971423
specificity of the vp1 gh loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus for alphav integrins.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can use a number of integrins as receptors to initiate infection. attachment to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) tripeptide located on the gh loop of vp1. other residues of this loop are also conserved and may contribute to integrin binding. in this study we have used a 17-mer peptide, whose sequence corresponds to the gh loop of vp1 of type o fmdv, as a competitor of integrin-mediated virus binding and infect ...	2006	16973584
role of rna structure and rna binding activity of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protein in vpg uridylylation and virus replication.	the uridylylation of the vpg peptide primer is the first stage in the replication of picornavirus rna. this process can be achieved in vitro using purified components, including 3b (vpg) with the rna dependent rna polymerase (3dpol), the precursor 3cd, and an rna template containing the cre/bus. we show that certain rna sequences within the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 5' untranslated region but outside of the cre/bus can enhance vpg uridylylation activity. furthermore, we have shown that ...	2006	16973591
expression of tuberculosis antigen esat-6 in nicotiana tabacum using a potato virus x-based vector.	a good candidate antigen to create a therapeutic vaccine against tb is the esat-6 protein. antigens produced in plants have already been successfully used as experimental vaccines, and small single-stranded rna plant viruses have emerged as promising tools to rapidly express large amounts of foreign proteins in susceptible host plants. here, we present the expression of esat-6 protein in nicotiana tabacum using a vector based on potato virus x (pvx). the complete esat-6 open reading frame is exp ...	2006	16644283
protection of balb/c mice against infection with fmdv by immunostimulation with cpg oligonucleotides.	oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) containing unmethylated cpg motifs are potent stimulators of the innate immune system, and are capable of aborting several infections in a non-specific manner. we here report studies of the capacity of such odn to protect mice against infection with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). susceptibility of balb/c mice to infection with isolates from the different serotypes of fmdv was investigated, and, at the same time, the capacity of cpg odn to modulate the infection ...	2006	16678920
exposure of mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) to foot and mouth disease virus.	foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious acute viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species. during 2001, 33 serum samples were collected from mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) in the eastern steppe of mongolia. samples were tested for antibodies to seven subtypes of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv). antibodies were detected in 67% of the animals, and serologic results indicated exposure to fmdv-o. this virus was present in domestic animal populations in mongolia fr ...	2006	16699158
microarray-based identification of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a bioinformatics quality assessment.	the evolution of viral quasispecies can influence viral pathogenesis and the response to antiviral treatments. mutant clouds in infected organisms represent the first stage in the genetic and antigenic diversification of rna viruses, such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), an important animal pathogen. antigenic variants of fmdv have been classically diagnosed by immunological or rt-pcr-based methods. dna microarrays are becoming increasingly useful for the analysis of gene expression and s ...	2006	16709242
improving baculovirus transduction of mammalian cells by surface display of a rgd-motif.	an rgd-containing peptide, comprising 23 amino acids from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein was engineered into the envelope of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus surface (acnpv) using two different display strategies. the rgd-motif is a well-described tripeptide, that by binding to cell surface integrins facilitates virus entry into cells. this epitope was displayed, either by directly modifying the native major envelope protein gp64 of acnpv, or by incorporatin ...	2006	16716431
eradication of fmd virus.		2006	16731710
[the immune responses of the fusion protein consisted of two copies of t-cell and b-cell epitopes of food-and-mouth disease virus vp1 type o and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli].	a nucleotides fragment 2020vp1 related to t-cell epitope (aa21-40) and b-cell epitope (aa141-160) of vp1 of food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)type o was synthesized, and the recombined expression vector r2020-ltb-2020-sti was correctly constructed, which was used to express the fusion protein consisted of two copies of aa21-40aa141-160 of fmdv vp1 and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli. the fusion protein with molecular weight of about 45kd was successfully expressed in e.coli bl21(de ...	2006	16735235
[construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus containing the polyproteins coding regions of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus by homologous recombination in escherichia coli].	the gene coding for the polyprotein (pp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)was obtained by pcr from recombinant plasmid rpmd18-t/pp. the pcr product was digested with xba i and not i and inserted into the cloning site of the adenovirus shuttle vector padtrack-cmv, previously digested with the same enzymes. this recombinant shuttle plasmid was designated rpad-cmv/pp. the recombinant adenovirus vector rpad/pp was obtained by homologous recombination of plasmid rpad-cmv/pp and adenovirus skelet ...	2006	16736581
comparative evaluation of six elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	to validate the use of serology in substantiating freedom from infection after foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have been controlled by measures that include vaccination, 3551 sera were tested with six assays that detect antibodies to the non-structural proteins of fmd virus. the sera came from naïve, vaccinated, infected and vaccinated-and-infected animals; two-thirds from cattle, the remainder from sheep and pigs. the assays were covariant for sensitivity, but not necessarily for specifi ...	2006	16753241
[construction of recombinant yellow fever virus 17d containing 2a fragment as a vaccine vector].	the yellow fever (yf) vaccine, an attenuated yellow fever 17d (yf-17d) live vaccine, is one of the most effective and safest vaccines in the world and is regarded as one of the best candidates for viral expression vector. we here first reported in china the construction and characterization of the recombinant expression vector of yellow fever 17d which contained the proteinase 2a fragment of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). three cdna fragments representing the full-length yf-17d genome, nam ...	2006	16755933
quantification of within- and between-pen transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.	quantified transmission parameters of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are needed for epidemic models used for control and surveillance. in this study, we quantified the within- and between-pen transmission of fmdv in groups of pigs by estimating the daily transmission rate beta, i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by one infectious pig during one day, using an sir (susceptible-infectious-removed) model. within-pen transmission was studied in four groups of ten pigs in which 5 infe ...	2006	16777036
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowlpox virus containing the capsid and 3c protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important pathogen with worldwide economic consequences. consequently, an important goal is the development of a vaccine that can provide rapid protection while overcoming the potential risk associated with the production of conventional inactivated vaccines. an important secondary feature of the vaccine would be the ability to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. a recombinant fowlpox virus (vutal3cp1) containing fmdv capsid polypeptide and 3c ...	2006	16780963
interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus with dendritic cells.	despite several decades of investigation, the manner in which foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) interacts with the innate and adaptive immune compartments is not completely understood. the importance of elucidating this relationship is emphasized by the inability of current fmdv vaccines to provide long-term protection and the recent outbreaks of fmdv in formerly disease-free countries. dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have evolved to monitor the environment ...	2006	16781155
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by foot-and-mouth disease virus requires immune complexes.	natural ifn-producing cells (nipc), also called plasmacytoid dendritic cells, represent an essential component of the innate immune defense against infection. despite this, not much is known about the pathways involved in their activation by non-enveloped viruses. the present study demonstrates that the non-enveloped foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) cannot stimulate ifn-alpha responses in nipc, unless complexed with fmdv-specific immunoglobulins. stimulation of nipc with such immune complexes ...	2006	16783856
disease constraints for utilization of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) on game ranches in zambia.	eco-tourism depending on wildlife is becoming increasingly profitable and landowners are beginning to favor game farming and ecotourism. in these areas, large-scale translocation of wildlife involves a diversity of species and large populations. the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is one of the major tourist attractions in zambia. it accounts for 8.7% and 12.4% of the total animal species hunted in the game management areas and the total hunting revenue earned in zambia, respectively. it is ec ...	2006	16786973