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molecular typing of a new foot-and-mouth disease virus in egypt. 200717513836
removal of foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity in salted natural casings by minor adaptation of standardized industrial procedures.intestines are used for the production of natural casings as edible sausage containers. derived from animals (pigs and sheep) experimentally infected with fmdv (initial dosage 10(7.3) pfu/ml, strain o(1kaufbeuren)), these natural casings were treated with sodium chloride or a phosphate salts/sodium chloride mixture and the residual fmdv titres measured. after storage at about 20 degrees c, no remaining infectivity was found after either treatment, whereas casings stored at 4 degrees c still cont ...200717196281
european pharmacopoeia foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle: between test variability and its consequences.in the event of a foot-and-mouth (fmd) outbreak in a densely populated livestock area within the european community, emergency vaccination will most likely be employed. the objective of the present study was to support the european fmd control policy by evaluating the between test variability of the european accepted method for assessing the potency, a major determinant in vaccine choice, of an fmd vaccine batch. the test system suffers from low in vivo repeatability and reproducibility (67.6 an ...200717227691
non-toxic pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a expressing the fmdv vp1 g-h loop for mucosal vaccination of swine against foot and mouth disease virus.synthetic peptides derived from the g-h loop of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein vp1 are relatively poor at recapitulating the native conformation present in the virus, and thus are often poor immunogens. we hypothesized that a candidate mucosal vaccine against fmdv could be developed using the non-toxic pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a (ntpe) to deliver the g-h loop in its native conformation. an added benefit of this approach is the potential for ntpe to serve as an effe ...200717276557
enhanced protective efficacy and reduced viral load of foot-and-mouth disease dna vaccine with co-stimulatory molecules as the molecular adjuvants.to improve efficacy of dna vaccination, various approaches have been developed, including the use of plasmid expressing co-stimulatory molecules as molecular adjuvants. in this study, we investigated whether co-inoculation of a construct expressing either 4-1bbl or ox40l as the molecular adjuvant with fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1, can increase immune responses and protective efficacies. compared to the group immunized with pcd-vp1 alone, the co-inoculation of either molecular adjuvant induced a hig ...200717540462
structure-function analysis of arg-gly-asp helix motifs in alpha v beta 6 integrin ligands.data relating to the structural basis of ligand recognition by integrins are limited. here we describe the physical requirements for high affinity binding of ligands to alpha v beta6. by combining a series of structural analyses with functional testing, we show that 20-mer peptide ligands, derived from high affinity ligands of alpha v beta6 (foot-and-mouth-disease virus, latency associated peptide), have a common structure comprising an arg-gly-asp motif at the tip of a hairpin turn followed imm ...200717244604
alpha interferon is a powerful adjuvant for a recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, and an effective stimulus of in vivo immune response.the adjuvant effect of porcine interferon-alpha (poifn-alpha) was examined in swine vaccinated with a recombinant fmd protein vaccine named igg-fmdv, which contains the swine igg single heavy chain constant region and an immunogenic peptide of serotype o fmdv. the poifn-alpha gene was cloned into pcdna3 vector and the recombinant plasmid was incorporated into cationic liposomes by a dehydration and rehydration procedure to use as an adjuvant, injected together with low-dose igg-fmdv. this proced ...200717555848
quantification of foot and mouth disease virus excretion and transmission within groups of lambs with and without vaccination.sheep are well known to be susceptible for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), but it is unknown whether the infection can spread and persist in a sheep population. we therefore quantified virus transmission by performing experiments with fmd virus strain o/net/2001 in groups of lambs. we used six groups of four lambs each, in which half of each group was inoculated and the other half was contact-exposed. to quantify the effectiveness of a single vaccination we also included six groups of four ...200717254674
immunization of dna vaccine encoding c3d-vp1 fusion enhanced protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus.because foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) remains a great problem to many livestock of agricultural importance, safe, effective vaccines are in great need. dna vaccine would be a promising candidate but the design remains to be optimized. vp1 gene of fmdv strain o/es/2001 was linked to three copies of either porcine or murine c3d or four copies of a 28-aa fragment of murine c3d containing the cr2 receptor binding domain (m28). the resultant plasmids encoding c3d/m28-vp1 fusion or only vp1 as c ...200717497212
structural analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease: a viable target for antiviral drugs?foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a major global agricultural problem that is difficult to control with existing vaccines. structural analyses of the viral 3c protease not only have provided fresh insights into the catalytic mechanism of an unusual class of chymotrypsin-like cysteine proteases, but also are generating valuable information to drive the quest for effective antiviral therapies.200717511659
[secreted expression of nonstructural protein gene 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sf9 cells and activity analysis].entire 3abc sequence of fmdv containing a 6 x his tag coding sequence at the n-terminal was obtained through pcr amplification using a pair of specific primers, subcloned into shuttle plasmid of pmelbac-b with a melittin secretion signal sequence and finally constructed recombinant plasmid of pmel-3abc. after co-transfected the recombinant plasmid and linearized bac-n-blue dna into sf9 insect cell under intermediary agent of the cellfectin, the result showed that we have already acquired recombi ...200717578009
sequential structures provide insights into the fidelity of rna replication.rna virus replication is an error-prone event caused by the low fidelity of viral rna-dependent rna polymerases. replication fidelity can be decreased further by the use of mutagenic ribonucleoside analogs to a point where viral genetic information can no longer be maintained. for foot-and-mouth disease virus, the antiviral analogs ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil have been shown to be mutagenic, contributing to virus extinction through lethal mutagenesis. here, we report the x-ray structure of four ...200717517631
identification of a major antibody binding epitope in the non-structural protein 3d of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and the development of a monoclonal antibody with diagnostic applications.detection of fmdv non-structural protein 3d antibodies has been used as a complementary method for sero-epidemiological studies as an indirect indicator of fmdv infection. in order to develop a sensitive celisa to detect fmdv antibodies, immune dominant epitopes in fmdv-3d protein were identified by peptide array analysis. monoclonal antibodies were then raised to a selected epitope and used in celisa. ninety two peptides corresponding to the complete amino acid sequence of fmdv-3d were synthesi ...200717320098
development and validation of a 3abc indirect elisa for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected from vaccinated animals.non-structural protein (nsp) 3abc antibody is considered to be the most reliable indicator of present or past infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vaccinated animals. an indirect elisa was established, using purified his-tagged 3abc fusion protein as antigen, for detection of the antibody response to fmdv nsp 3abc in different animal species. the method was validated by simultaneous detection of the early antibody responses to nsp and structural protein (sp) in fmdv asia 1 infec ...200717601688
thermostable variants are not generally represented in foot-and-mouth disease virus quasispecies.a severe limitation to fully realize the dramatic potential for adaptation of rna virus quasispecies may occur if mutations in vast regions of the sequence space of virus genomes lead to significant decreases in biological fitness. in this study the detection and selection by heat of thermostable variants from different foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) populations were attempted, in order to explore whether fmdv may generally accept a substantial increase in thermostability without compromisi ...200717325358
immunogenicity of plasmids encoding p12a and 3c of fmdv and swine il-18.in this paper, two recombinant plasmids (pvir-p12ail18-3c and pvir-p12a-3c) containing foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid polypeptide, 3c coding regions of o/ny00 and using/or not swine il18 as a genetic adjuvant were constructed, and evaluated for their ability to induce humoral and cellular responses in mice and swine. in addition, the ability to protect swine against homologous virus challenge was examined. mice and swine were given booster vaccination twice and once, respectively, an ...200717606304
a quantitative assessment of the risks from illegally imported meat contaminated with foot and mouth disease virus to great britain.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is considered by many as the most important animal disease in the world. fmd is highly contagious and outbreaks incur significant costs as affected countries are severely limited in their ability to trade. a number of trade commodities may be contaminated with fmd virus (fmdv) including animal products, for example, meat. as a member of the european union, great britain (gb) has put in place a number of regulations to prevent the importation of pathogens in imported ...200717362409
a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid proteins precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of porcine parvovirus: a trivalent vaccine candidate.pseudorabies (pr), foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and porcine parvovirus disease are three important infectious diseases in swine worldwide. the gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv) has been used as a live-viral vector to develop multivalent genetic engineering vaccine. in this study, a recombinant prv, which could co-express protein precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of ppv, was constructed using prv tk(-)/ge(-)/lacz(+) mutant as the vector. after homologous recombination and plaque purifi ...200717628752
molecular relationships between type asia 1 new strain from china and type o panasia strains of foot-and-mouth-disease virus.the complete genome of asia 1/hnk/cha/05 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was sequenced, which was isolated from chinese hongkong in 2005. it is 8187 nt long in size and contains 5'-utr, polyprotein region, and 3'-utr. polyprotein region can be divided into four parts of l, p1, p2 and p3. in this report, these six parts of the whole genome of the strain were compared with 12 reference strains using dnastar and simplot softwares. the comparison of p1 confirmed that asia 1/hnk/cha/05 ...200717380372
enhanced immunogenicity of modified hepatitis b virus core particle fused with multiepitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.hepatitis b virus core (hbc) particles, self-assemble into capsid particles and are extremely immunogenic, hold promise as an immune-enhancing vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. however, formation of virus-like particles (vlp) can be restricted by size and structure of heterlogous antigens. in the study, we investigated formation of vlp by modified hbc fused with specified foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) multiepitopes and evaluated their immune effects. firstly, three hbc display vec ...200717386022
antigen and vaccine banks: technical requirements and the role of the european antigen bank in emergency foot and mouth disease vaccination.antigen and vaccine banks are stocks of immunogenic materials ready to be formulated into vaccines (bulk antigens) or ready to use (vaccines) in case of need by one or more of the parties of the bank. these stocks were primarily developed by foot and mouth disease [fmd] free european countries to control unexpected severe fmd episodes after the cessation of routine vaccination in the 1990s. for various reasons, including the lack of suitable antigens or of discriminatory tests to be used followi ...200717633297
efficient multicistronic expression of a transgene in human embryonic stem cells.the applicability of human embryonic stem cells (hescs) will be greatly enhanced by techniques that permit efficient genetic modification with multiple transgenes. we report here on single-promoter-driven foot-and-mouth disease virus segment 2a-mediated multicistronic expression of a transgene in hescs. efficient multicistronic expression of the transgene was permitted by 2a-mediated separation with almost the same amounts of encoded proteins in hesc. in addition, the multicistronic protein expr ...200717395772
reporting of suspect cases of foot-and-mouth-disease during the 2001 epidemic in the uk, and the herd sensitivity and herd specificity of clinical diagnosis.we described the clinical diagnostic process utilized during the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth-disease in the united kingdom (uk), and considered it as a series of diagnostic tests. premises were classified according to these diagnostic-test results and actual disease status, determined by the reference test, which in this case was one or more internationally accepted laboratory tests. the herd-level sensitivity (hse) and herd-level specificity (hsp) of the clinical diagnostic process were cal ...200717081639
[construction of recombinant retroviral vector carrying porcine interferon-gamma and its expression in porcine kidney cells (pk-15)].porcine interferon-gamma (poifn-gamma) of chinese local brand, meishan porcine, was cloned and inserted into retroviral vector plxsn (neo r) . using lipofectamine, this recombinant plasmid was transfected into retroviral packing cell line, pa317 cells. these transfected cells were selected by dmem containing 400microg/ml g418 for one week. rna was extracted from the supernatant of these selected pa317 cells and the poifn-gamma gene could be amplified by rt-pcr. pocine kidney cells and pk-15 cell ...200717436641
immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine il-18 on foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in mice model.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and can cause a considerable socio-economic loss for affected countries. interleukin-18 (il-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays important role in both the development of a functional immune system as well as the response of the organism to infection. in the present study, bovine il-18 (boil-18), foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 and vp1/boil-18 fusion genes were cloned and expressed in pichia pastoris (p. pas ...200717084491
deterministic, compensatory mutational events in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus in response to the introduction of mutations found in viruses from persistent infections.the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (biological clone c-s8c1) in persistently infected cells led to the emergence of a variant (r100) that displayed increased virulence, reduced stability, and other modified phenotypic traits. some mutations fixed in the r100 genome involved a cluster of highly conserved residues around the capsid pores that participate in interactions with each other and/or between capsid protomers. we have investigated phenotypic and genotypic changes that occ ...200717151123
serological and mucosal immune responses after vaccination and infection with fmdv in pigs.the aim of this study was to determine a possible correlation between humoral immune responses shortly after vaccination and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and to study the serological and mucosal antibody responses after vaccination and infection. we used three groups of ten pigs, one non-vaccinated group, one group vaccinated with a single dose vaccine and one group vaccinated with a four-fold dose vaccine. at 7 days post vaccination, five pigs per group were ...200717157418
microarray-based molecular detection of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease viruses, using padlock probes.the world organization for animal health (office international des epizooties, oie) includes the diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), as "diseases notifiable to the oie". foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have severe economical as well as social effects and cannot be differentiated from the diseases caused by the other two viruses on the basis of clinical symptoms. efficient laboratory techniques ...200717451815
foot-and-mouth disease virus crosses the placenta and causes death in fetal lambs.eighteen pregnant sheep, six at 45 days gestation and twelve at 75 days gestation, were infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o ukg 34/2001. two sheep from each gestational group were killed at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). three sheep, pregnant for 75 days at infection, were killed at 17 and 18 dpi. real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and virus isolation (vi) were used to detect viral rna and infectious virus, respectively, in fetal tis ...200717459409
performance of a foot-and-mouth disease virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with amplification controls between three real-time instruments.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a member of the picornavirus family, possessing an 8-kb single-stranded rna genome of positive polarity. it is highly contagious among several livestock species and can lead to severe economic consequences, as evidenced by the uk outbreak in 2001. the usage of real-time polymerase chain reaction has facilitated rapid detection of fmdv. several real-time pcr instruments are available with various capabilities, such as portability and high sample volume a ...200717459827
enhanced antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus by a combination of type i and ii porcine interferons.previously, we showed that type i interferon (alpha/beta interferon [ifn-alpha/beta]) can inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication in cell culture, and swine inoculated with 10(9) pfu of human adenovirus type 5 expressing porcine ifn-alpha (ad5-pifn-alpha) were protected when challenged 1 day later. in this study, we found that type ii pifn (pifn-gamma) also has antiviral activity against fmdv in cell culture and that, in combination with pifn-alpha, it has a synergistic antiviral ...200717459931
production and characterization of two serotype independent monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus.two foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced from mice immunized with either fmdv serotype a, subunit (12s) or fmdv serotype o, whole virus (140s). both mabs (f1412sa and f21140so) recognized all seven serotypes of fmdv in a double antibody sandwich (das) elisa, suggesting that the binding epitopes of the two mabs are conserved between serotypes. these mabs are igg1 isotype and contain kappa light chains. in order to define the mab binding epitopes, the reac ...200717109972
inhibition of the secretory pathway by foot-and-mouth disease virus 2bc protein is reproduced by coexpression of 2b with 2c, and the site of inhibition is determined by the subcellular location of 2c.infection of cells with picornaviruses can lead to a block in protein secretion. for poliovirus this is achieved by the 3a protein, and the consequent reduction in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class i proteins may inhibit host immune responses in vivo. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), another picornavirus, can cause persistent infection of ruminants, suggesting it too may inhibit immune responses. endoplasmic reticulum (er) ...200717121791
a second rgd motif in the 1d capsid protein of a sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus field isolate is not essential for attachment to target cells.the amino acid sequence motif arg-gly-asp (rgd), located in the surface-exposed betag-betah loop of the 1d protein of different serotypes and subtypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), is highly conserved and participates in binding of fmdv to susceptible cells. previous sequence analyses of the 1d-encoding region of a fmdv serotype sat1 field isolate from namibia (nam/307/98) indicated the presence of a second rgd motif upstream of the conserved betag-betah loop rgd. the role of these rgd ...200717161881
structural and mutagenic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease reveals the role of the beta-ribbon in proteolysis.the 3c protease (3c(pro)) from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of a widespread and economically devastating disease of domestic livestock, is a potential target for antiviral drug design. we have determined the structure of a new crystal form of fmdv 3c(pro), a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease, which reveals features that are important for catalytic activity. in particular, we show that a surface loop which was disordered in previous structures adopts a beta-ribbon st ...200717065215
heterologous expression of fmdv immunodominant epitopes and hsp70 in p. pastoris and the subsequent immune response in mice.mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein70 (hsp70) is a major antigen with both chaperone and cytokine functions. it has been used as an adjuvant to induce or potentiate humoral and cellular immunity, both in the form of a mixture with peptide antigens, and as a fusion protein. we have evaluated the effects of hsp70 on foot and mouth virus (fmdv) subunit vaccines. fmdv vp1, and a synthetic multi-epitope fmdv (eg), and vp1-hsp70 and eg-hsp70 fusion proteins were all heterologously expressed ...200717548173
foot and mouth disease virus transmission among vaccinated pigs after exposure to virus shedding pigs.the aim of this study was to design a transmission experiment that enabled quantification of the effectiveness of vaccination against foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus in groups of pigs. previous experiments showed that intradermal injection of pigs with fmd virus 14 days after vaccination was not suitable to start an infection chain, as inoculated vaccinated pigs resisted challenge. therefore, we carried out two experiments in which we used direct contact to a non-vaccinated pig as route of in ...200717658199
porcine b-cell activating factor promotes anti-fmdv antibodies in vitro but not in vivo after dna vaccination of pigs.'b-cell activating factor belonging to the tnf family' (baff) represents a cytokine produced by antigen presenting cells promoting b-cell maturation, activation and immunoglobulin class switching. in the present study, we demonstrate expression of baff on cultured monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which is further enhanced by interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma treatment. from these cells, porcine baff was cloned and the recombinant protein was expressed in mammalian cells with and without a fl ...200717658618
combined dna vaccination against three animal viruses elicits decreased immunogenicity of a single plasmid in mice.in order to investigate whether combined dna vaccines are an ideal way to combine antigens in a single vaccine formulation, we immunized mice with three plasmids (pvsg, pvgd and pve2), respectively, encoding the antigen of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), pseudorabies virus (prv) and classic swine fever virus (csfv), either alone or in a combined vaccine regimen. we also investigated the immune responses induced by a series of mixtures in which three plasmids were mixed in pairs. then we fur ...200717420075
induction of immature dendritic cell apoptosis by foot and mouth disease virus is an integrin receptor mediated event before viral infection.foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been demonstrated to infect dendritic cells (dc) and reduced its ability to stimulate host immune responses. this study aimed to determine whether non-replicating fmdv could induce apoptosis of the host immune cells. in this study, we have demonstrated that bone morrow derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) were induced to undergo apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which was determined by the annexin-v staining, dna fragmentation, and tunel staining methods, a ...200717427949
ratiometric fluorescence-imaging assays of plant membrane traffic using polyproteins.fluorescent protein markers are widely used to report plant membrane traffic; however, effective protocols to quantify fluorescence or marker expression are lacking. here the 20 residue self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot and mouth disease virus was used to construct polyproteins that expressed a trafficked marker in fixed stoichiometry with a reference protein in a different cellular compartment. various pairs of compartments were simultaneously targeted. together with a bespoke image analysis t ...200617118121
[protective immune response of guinea pigs against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus by immunization with foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the fmdv structural protein vp1].the plant constitutive expression vector pbin438/vp1 for vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain o/ china/99 was constructed. mediated with agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 harboring pbin438/vp1, vp1 gene was transferred into cotyledons of tomato. after selected by kanamysin, sixty resistant lines were obtained. the integration and transcription of the vp1 gene in transformed plants was detected by pcr and rt-pcr. after being detected by sandwich-elisa assays, about 40% transformed plant ...200617172031
a serological survey for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus in indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana.a serological survey was conducted in apparently healthy, unvaccinated indigenous tswana goats and sheep in kasane, maun and shakawe districts in northwestern botswana in order to determine in these animals, the levels of exposure to the south african territories (sat) serotypes: sat 1, sat 2 and sat 3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a total of 250, 142 and 134 goat sera originating respectively from kasane, maun and shakawe districts were tested for fmdv antibodies against the three sat ...200616958266
[retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in west africa from 1970 to 2003].a retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven west african countries was conducted for the period 1970 to 2003. the study included three cattle-exporting sahel countries (burkina-faso, mali and niger) and four cattle-importing coastal countries (benin, côte d'lvoire, ghana and togo). foot and mouth disease has been enzootic in these countries since 1990/1991. four of the seven serotypes are regularly notified (o, a, sat 1 and sat 2). in the seven countries as a whole, 198 biological s ...200617361767
role of rna structure and rna binding activity of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protein in vpg uridylylation and virus replication.the uridylylation of the vpg peptide primer is the first stage in the replication of picornavirus rna. this process can be achieved in vitro using purified components, including 3b (vpg) with the rna dependent rna polymerase (3dpol), the precursor 3cd, and an rna template containing the cre/bus. we show that certain rna sequences within the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 5' untranslated region but outside of the cre/bus can enhance vpg uridylylation activity. furthermore, we have shown that ...200616973591
modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk.to estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to fmdv.200617144803
the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o from 1998 to 2004 in turkey.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes significant economic losses in turkish livestock. we have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1d sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein vp1, of turkish isolates of serotype a and o collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information.200617144917
study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus i. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vp1.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in taiwan. a panel (25) of mabs were found to react with vp1 of o/taiwan/97 (o/97) by elisa with various potencies. the biological identities of these vp1 reacting mabs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype o fmdvs, o/97 and o/taiwan/km1/99 (o/99), were further analyzed. elev ...200616953088
serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany.a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ...200617255452
molecular epidemiology of the foot-and-mouth disease virus outbreak in the united kingdom in 2001.the objective of this study was to quantify the extent to which the genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) arising over the course of infection of an individual animal becomes fixed, is transmitted to other animals, and thereby accumulates over the course of an outbreak. complete consensus sequences of 23 genomes (each of 8,200 nucleotides) of fmdv were recovered directly from epithelium tissue acquired from 21 farms infected over a nearly 7-month period during the 2001 fmdv ou ...200616971422
selection and characterization of rna aptamers to the rna-dependent rna polymerase from foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a highly contagious disease of agricultural livestock and is of enormous economic importance. replication of the rna genome of the virus, via negative strand intermediates, involves an rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol). rna aptamers specific to this enzyme have been selected and characterized. some of these molecules inhibit enzymatic activity in vitro, with ic50 values of <20 nm and ki values of 18-75 nm. two of these show similarity, both with each other ...200617018573
[effect of rgd-containing peptides on platelet aggregation].the influence of new synthetic peptides argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk (synthesized by the fermentative method) and vpnlrgdlqvla (a fragment of the foot-and-mouth virus's surface peptide) on the adp-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro was studied. all peptides were found to inhibit the human platelet aggregation, but the synthetic peptides (argds-nh2 and rgd-dfk) showed the most pronounced effect. significant decrease in the platelet aggregation was observed at their concentrations within 0.1-10 ...200616995437
enhanced immunogenicity to food-and-mouth disease virus in mice vaccination with alphaviral replicon-based dna vaccine expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1).recently, alphavirus replicon-based dna vaccines, also known as suicidal dna vaccines, have emerged as an important strategy to enhance the potency of dna vaccines. in this study, two different types of dna vaccines encoding the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were constructed and the immunogenicity were investigated and compared in mouse model. the first dna vaccine, pcdp1, is a conventional plasmid dna vaccine in which p1 was driven directly by a cytome ...200616991005
the 3' end of the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome establishes two distinct long-range rna-rna interactions with the 5' end region.the untranslated regions (utrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome contain multiple functional elements. in the 5' utr, the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element governs cap-independent translation initiation, whereas the s region is presumably involved in rna replication. the 3' utr, composed of two stem-loops and a poly(a) tract, is required for viral infectivity and stimulates ires activity. here, it was found that the 3' end established two distinct strand-specific, long ...200616963760
recombination patterns in aphthoviruses mirror those found in other picornaviruses.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is thought to evolve largely through genetic drift driven by the inherently error-prone nature of its rna polymerase. there is, however, increasing evidence that recombination is an important mechanism in the evolution of these and other related picornoviruses. here, we use an extensive set of recombination detection methods to identify 86 unique potential recombination events among 125 publicly available fmdv complete genome sequences. the large number of eve ...200616971423
specificity of the vp1 gh loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus for alphav integrins.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can use a number of integrins as receptors to initiate infection. attachment to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) tripeptide located on the gh loop of vp1. other residues of this loop are also conserved and may contribute to integrin binding. in this study we have used a 17-mer peptide, whose sequence corresponds to the gh loop of vp1 of type o fmdv, as a competitor of integrin-mediated virus binding and infect ...200616973584
comparison of different methods of routine typing of indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus. 200617177617
[vaccination... health by injection?]. 200617137226
geographical and age-stratified distributions of foot-and-mouth disease virus-seropositive and probang-positive cattle herds in the adamawa province of cameroon.six of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus occur in africa. this paper describes the results of a population-based cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of fmd and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the adamawa province of cameroon. antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes o, a and sat2 viruses had been circulating in the province. the estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle ...200616950886
rational dissection of binding surfaces for mimicking of discontinuous antigenic sites.peptide-based approaches to mimicking protein interactive regions have relied mainly on linear peptides; however, most binding sites are discontinuous and thus not easily reproducible by a linear sequence. any attempt to replicate those sites by chemical means must not only integrate all residues involved in the recognition but also provide structural organization to native-like levels. here we describe a surface mimic approach to the reconstruction of such complex molecular architectures, using ...200616931331
identification of novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific t-cell epitopes in c/c and d/d haplotype miniature swine.to identify foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific t-cell epitopes within the non-structural protein 3d in swine, pentadecapeptides were tested in proliferation and interferon-gamma elispot assays using lymphocytes from two strains of inbred miniature pigs (c/c and d/d haplotype) experimentally infected with fmdv. lymphocytes of c/c pigs recognized peptides from three different regions in 3d, d/d lymphocytes recognized peptides from two regions, one of them being adjacent to an epitope of ...200616934904
viral fitness can influence the repertoire of virus variants selected by antibodies.minority genomes in the mutant spectra of viral quasispecies may differ in relative fitness. here, we report experiments designed to evaluate the contribution of relative fitness to selection by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab). we have reconstructed a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) quasispecies, with two matched pairs of distinguishable mab-escape mutants as minority genomes of the mutant spectrum. each mutant of a pair differs from the other by 11-fold or 33-fold in relative fitne ...200616890952
dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease via electroporation: study of molecular approaches for enhancing vp1 antigenicity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) affects susceptible livestock animals and causes disastrous economic impact. immunization with plasmid expressing vp1 that contains the major antigenic epitope(s) of fmdv as cytoplasmic protein (cvp1) failed to elicit full protection against fmdv challenge.200616927362
development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2b peptide as antigen.forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp). six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2b peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. the performance of the new nsp peptide elisa was compared to that of 4 ...200617121081
efficacy of particle-based dna delivery for vaccination of sheep against fmdv.as an alternative strategy to classical inactivated viral vaccine against fmdv, naked dna vaccine is attractive because of safety, flexibility and low cost. however dna vaccination is usually poorly efficient in target species. indeed we found that naked dna plasmids encoding for p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins did not induce any detectable immunity against fmdv in sheep. interestingly, we demonstrate herein that formulations of dna on poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) or in lipofectin triggere ...200616949709
protection of balb/c mice against infection with fmdv by immunostimulation with cpg oligonucleotides.oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) containing unmethylated cpg motifs are potent stimulators of the innate immune system, and are capable of aborting several infections in a non-specific manner. we here report studies of the capacity of such odn to protect mice against infection with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). susceptibility of balb/c mice to infection with isolates from the different serotypes of fmdv was investigated, and, at the same time, the capacity of cpg odn to modulate the infection ...200616678920
microarray-based identification of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a bioinformatics quality assessment.the evolution of viral quasispecies can influence viral pathogenesis and the response to antiviral treatments. mutant clouds in infected organisms represent the first stage in the genetic and antigenic diversification of rna viruses, such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), an important animal pathogen. antigenic variants of fmdv have been classically diagnosed by immunological or rt-pcr-based methods. dna microarrays are becoming increasingly useful for the analysis of gene expression and s ...200616709242
an antiviral mechanism investigated with ribavirin as an rna virus mutagen for foot-and-mouth disease virus.to prove whether error catastrophe/lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of rp1 to rp5 were harvested. morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral rnas, proteins, and infectious particles in the bhk-21 cells infected using the supernatants of rp1 to rp5 and control were measured by microscope, real-time rt-pcr, western-blotting and plaque ...200616466632
high throughput sequencing and comparative genomics of foot-and-mouth disease virus.despite a basic understanding of many aspects of fmd biology, much information regarding fmdv virulence, host range, and virus transmission remains poorly understood. here we present how the use of high throughput sequencing for complete genome sequences of foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) led to a series of new insights into viral genome sequence conservation and variability, genetic diversity in nature and phylogenetic classification of isolates, including the first complete sequences of th ...200617058478
development of an inhibition elisa test for the detection of non-capsid polyprotein 3abc in viral suspensions destined for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.the use during the last decade of immuno-enzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to the non-capsid proteins (ncps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to assess viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination, supported the incorporation into the oie code of the 'free from fmdv with vaccination' category and opened the way to a 'vaccination to live' policy. eradication programmes in south america include systematic vaccination accompanied by large serosurveys through ncp antibody ...200617058500
dynamics of mutation and recombination in a replicating population of complementing, defective viral genomes.in a previous study, we documented that serial passage of a biological clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) at high multiplicity of infection (moi) in cell culture resulted in viral populations dominated by defective genomes that included internal in-frame deletions, affecting the l and capsid-coding regions, and were infectious by complementation. in the present study, analyses of the defective genomes present in individual viral plaques, and of consensus nucleotide sequences determined ...200616797586
detection of three porcine vesicular viruses using multiplex real-time primer-probe energy transfer.rapid identification of the etiologic agent in infected animals is important for the control of an outbreak of vesicular disease in livestock. we have in the present study developed a multiplex real-time reverse transcription-pcr, based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet), for simultaneous detection and differentiation of three office international des epizooties (oie) classified vesicular viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and swine vesicular disease, causi ...200616472874
differential distribution of non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bhk-21 cells.differences in the kinetics of expression and cell distribution among fmdv non-structural proteins (nsps) have been observed in bhk-21-infected cells. 3d(pol) was the first protein detected by immunofluorescence (1.5 h p.i.), showing a perinuclear distribution. at 2-2.5 h p.i., 2b, 2c, 3b and 3c were detected, mostly exhibiting a punctuated, scattered pattern, while 3a and 3d(pol) appeared concentrated at one side of the nucleus. this distribution was exhibited by all the nsps from 3 h p.i., bei ...200616624365
[construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus containing the polyproteins coding regions of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus by homologous recombination in escherichia coli].the gene coding for the polyprotein (pp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)was obtained by pcr from recombinant plasmid rpmd18-t/pp. the pcr product was digested with xba i and not i and inserted into the cloning site of the adenovirus shuttle vector padtrack-cmv, previously digested with the same enzymes. this recombinant shuttle plasmid was designated rpad-cmv/pp. the recombinant adenovirus vector rpad/pp was obtained by homologous recombination of plasmid rpad-cmv/pp and adenovirus skelet ...200616736581
development and comparison of genome detection assays for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease suspected clinical samples.detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from clinical specimens by conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus isolation in cell culture is often compromised owing to limited sensitivity and inactivation during transit, respectively. a rt-pcr (oligoprobing) elisa in both solid and aqueous phase hybridization formats targeting an across serotype conserved site at 3c-3d region was developed and its effectiveness was compared with that of the known targets at ...200616814877
eradication of fmd virus. 200616731710
integrin-alphavbeta6, a putative receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus, is constitutively expressed in ruminant airways.evolved functions of integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) include roles in epithelial cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions and in the binding and activation of latent tgf-beta(1). integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) is also exploited as a receptor by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and may play a significant role in its transmission and pathogenesis. the ovine beta(6) integrin subunit was cloned and sequenced (embl accession no. aj439062). screening of normal ovine tissues by rt-pcr and immunocytochemist ...200616517977
foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and rt-pcr detection methods.five european reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed rt-pcr tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of fmd or swine vesicular disease (svd). sixteen samples were derived from six fmd virus positive epithelia representing fo ...200616846700
application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle.there has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in europe, according to which, spread of the fmd virus (fmdv) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with fmdv following challenge exposure, it is necessary to eithe ...200616872727
comparisons of original laboratory results and retrospective analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr of virological samples collected from confirmed cases of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk in 2001.there were 2030 designated cases of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) during the course of the epidemic in the uk in 2001 (including four from northern ireland). samples from 1720 of the infected premises (ips) were received in the laboratory and examined for either the presence of fmd virus (virological samples from 1421 ips) or both fmd virus and antibody (virological and serological samples from 255 ips) or antibody alone (from 44 ips). the time taken to issue final diagnostic results ranged from ...200616980522
[the immune responses of the fusion protein consisted of two copies of t-cell and b-cell epitopes of food-and-mouth disease virus vp1 type o and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli].a nucleotides fragment 2020vp1 related to t-cell epitope (aa21-40) and b-cell epitope (aa141-160) of vp1 of food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)type o was synthesized, and the recombined expression vector r2020-ltb-2020-sti was correctly constructed, which was used to express the fusion protein consisted of two copies of aa21-40aa141-160 of fmdv vp1 and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli. the fusion protein with molecular weight of about 45kd was successfully expressed in e.coli bl21(de ...200616735235
multiplexed detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.liquid array technology was used to develop a multiplexed assay for the detection of antibodies to viral nonstructural proteins (nsps), raised in cattle in response to infection with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. two assays, one based on recombinant nsps and the other on synthetically produced peptides, were developed and compared side-by-side. serum samples from serial bleeds of cattle, each experimentally infected with one of the seven serotypes (c, a, o, asia, sat1, sat2, sat3) of fmd v ...200616878883
effects of picornavirus 3a proteins on protein transport and gbf1-dependent cop-i recruitment.the 3a protein of the coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), an enterovirus that belongs to the family of the picornaviruses, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport. recently, we elucidated the underlying mechanism by showing that cvb3 3a interferes with adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1)-dependent cop-i recruitment to membranes by binding and inhibiting the function of gbf1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is required for the activation of arf1 (e. wessels et al., dev. cell 11:191-201, 20 ...200617005635
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowlpox virus containing the capsid and 3c protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important pathogen with worldwide economic consequences. consequently, an important goal is the development of a vaccine that can provide rapid protection while overcoming the potential risk associated with the production of conventional inactivated vaccines. an important secondary feature of the vaccine would be the ability to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. a recombinant fowlpox virus (vutal3cp1) containing fmdv capsid polypeptide and 3c ...200616780963
dna immunization with 2c fmdv non-structural protein reveals the presence of an immunodominant cd8+, ctl epitope for balb/c mice.outbreaks of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) have devastating economic consequences in affected areas. the presence of multiple serotypes and virus variants makes vaccination complicated. a better understanding of protective immune mechanisms may help in development of novel vaccines with cross protective capacity. while much attention has been devoted to humoral responses to fmdv, less is known about the role of cell-mediated responses in protective immunity. predictions of potential ctl ep ...200616890298
[fusion expression of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus vp1 gene and hsp70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and m. tuberculosis hsp70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris expression system. the results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after balb/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the genes was cloned into the vector ppiczalpha-a by routine molecular technique. the plasmid fusion (ppiczalphaa-vp1-hsp70) was created that hsp70 located downstre ...200617037194
disease constraints for utilization of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) on game ranches in zambia.eco-tourism depending on wildlife is becoming increasingly profitable and landowners are beginning to favor game farming and ecotourism. in these areas, large-scale translocation of wildlife involves a diversity of species and large populations. the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is one of the major tourist attractions in zambia. it accounts for 8.7% and 12.4% of the total animal species hunted in the game management areas and the total hunting revenue earned in zambia, respectively. it is ec ...200616786973
strategies for controlling fmd. 200616565329
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: comparative diagnostic sensitivity of two independent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays.rapid and accurate diagnosis is central to the effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). it is now recognized that reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays can play an important role in the routine detection of fmd virus (fmdv) in clinical samples. the aim of this study was to compare the ability of 2 independent real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) assays targeting the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) and rna polymerase (3d) to detect fmdv in clinical samples. there was conc ...200616566264
on-farm eradication of foot-and-mouth disease as an alternative to mass culling.a control and eradication programme for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was initiated on a 1500-sow farm in asia as an alternative to mass culling. the programme was based on mass vaccination and exposure to fmd virus to ensure the development of effective immunity throughout the population. pigs are not long-term carriers of fmd virus and it should be eliminated by 21 days after infection. entry of breeding stock was temporarily halted and the sow herd was partially depopulated in order to create ...200616603550
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in hong kong during 2001-2002.most of the molecular epidemiological studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are based on comparison of vp1 gene sequence. in this report, the nucleotide sequences of the vp1 coding region of fmdv type o strains o/hkn/3/01, o/hkn/5/01, o/hkn/12/01, o/hkn/7/02 and o/hkn/10/02, isolated from the disease outbreak that occurred in hong kong special administrative region (hong kong sar) of china during 2001-2002, were determined and compared with the sequences of other fmdvs. the results reve ...200616604445
detection and serotype-specific differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus using a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay.a multiplex, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed that allowed simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus strains--new jersey (vsv-nj) and indiana 1, 2, and 3 (vsv-in1-3). this assay involves use of a set of vsv universal primers located in the l gene that amplify vsv-in1-3 and vsv-nj using probes that allow differentiation of the major serotypes indiana and new jersey. the assay was evaluated using reference v ...200616617693
sequence analysis of the non-structural 3a and 3c protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates from an endemic country.a total of 18 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 field isolates belonging to two different lineages (including the divergent group) as delineated earlier in vp1-based phylogeny were sequenced in the non-structural 3a and 3c protein-coding regions. the phylogenetic trees representing the regions coding for the non-structural proteins were very similar to that of the structural vp1 protein-coding region. phylogenetic comparison at 3c region revealed clustering of asia1 viruses with ...200616621341
utility of automated real-time rt-pcr for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. the feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) as a diagnostic tool for detection of fmdv in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with fmdv and from two in-contact cows held ...200616336929
eradication of fmd virus. 200616632535
microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of fmdv serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. we developed a microarray-based test that uses a fmd dna chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype- ...200616139533
secretory iga as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance.a serotype-specific elisa was developed to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific iga antibody in the saliva of cattle, and the method was evaluated for its feasibility in detecting serotype o fmdv carrier animals, particularly amongst vaccinated cattle that had subsequently become sub-clinically infected. for this purpose, saliva samples were collected from naïve cattle (n = 173), fmdv challenged cattle (n = 10), fmdv vaccinated cattle (n = 40) and fmdv vaccinated-and-challenged ca ...200616203061
simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3d, 3a and 3b by a multiplexed luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.for the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3a, 3b and 3d from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. we cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (nsps) as recombinant antigens. the purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-his monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted a ...200616260073
expression of tuberculosis antigen esat-6 in nicotiana tabacum using a potato virus x-based vector.a good candidate antigen to create a therapeutic vaccine against tb is the esat-6 protein. antigens produced in plants have already been successfully used as experimental vaccines, and small single-stranded rna plant viruses have emerged as promising tools to rapidly express large amounts of foreign proteins in susceptible host plants. here, we present the expression of esat-6 protein in nicotiana tabacum using a vector based on potato virus x (pvx). the complete esat-6 open reading frame is exp ...200616644283
exposure of mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) to foot and mouth disease virus.foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious acute viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species. during 2001, 33 serum samples were collected from mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) in the eastern steppe of mongolia. samples were tested for antibodies to seven subtypes of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv). antibodies were detected in 67% of the animals, and serologic results indicated exposure to fmdv-o. this virus was present in domestic animal populations in mongolia fr ...200616699158
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