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prevalence of blood-borne viruses among intravenous drug users and alcoholics in hiroshima, japan.we investigated the prevalence of human immunodeficiency viruses-1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), human t-lymphotropic virus type i and ii, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis d virus among intravenous drug users (ivdu) in hiroshima, japan, where little is known about their present levels. from june to december 1993, serum samples were collected from 47 ivdu and 98 alcoholics in hiroshima, japan, and examined for markers of virus infection. the prevalence of antibody to hcv ...19958845404
hiv-1 gp41 selectively inhibits spontaneous cell proliferation of human cell lines and mitogen- and recall antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmembrane glycoprotein 41 (gp41) contains an immunosuppressive domain (env amino acids 583-599). previous studies by us and others using recombinant soluble gp41 (rsgp41; amino acids 539-684) and immunosuppressive peptide (1sp; a gp41 peptide, amino acids 583-599) have shown that hiv-1 gp41 by the immunosuppressive domain could bind to several proteins on human t, b and monocyte cell lines, and also to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...19958847089
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen testing to detect hiv infection in female sex workers in singapore.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is characterised by seroconversion after a ¿window¿ period of 2 to 3 months. after this period antibodies are usually detectable by screening tests (enzyme immunoassay or particle agglutination) confirmed by western blot analysis. we studied 1000 newly enrolled female sex workers who had not been previously tested for hiv to assess the usefulness of hiv antigen testing to improve the efficacy of hiv infection detection. blood was taken at enrollment f ...19958849183
retrovirus and filovirus "immunosuppressive motif" and the evolution of virus pathogenicity in hiv-1, hiv-2, and ebola viruses.the "immunosuppressive motif" was found to be present in the glycoproteins of retroviruses and filoviruses. this sequence is also conserved in the pathogenic lentiviruses, hiv-1 and siv, and is absent from hiv-2 gp41 and from an apathogenic simian retrovirus. the present analysis deals with the possible involvement of the "immunosuppresessive motif" in the pathogenicity of retroviruses and filoviruses, and the reasons for the conservation of this motif. the ancestral gene from which the "immunos ...19958828145
t-helper reactivity to simian immunodeficiency virus gag synthetic peptides in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infected individuals.west african populations are infected with divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2), some of which are closely related to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and it has been postulated that the hiv2 epidemic might have arisen by cross-species spread of siv into the human population in west africa. to gain some insight into the possible basis for cross protection between these two closely related viruses, the t-helper responses to 15 synthetic peptides from siv gag syntheti ...19958830117
sc-52151, a novel inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease.sc-52151 is a potent, selective, tight-binding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitor containing the novel (r)-(hydroxyethyl) urea isostere. the mean 50% effective concentration for lymphotropic, monocytotropic strains and field isolates of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus is 26 ng/ml (43 nm). the combination of sc-52151 and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors synergistically inhibited hiv-1 replication without additive toxicity. an extended pos ...19958619573
potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-y1 n,n-dialkylcarbamate derivatives.4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl n,n-dialkylcarbamate (tda) derivatives were found to be highly potent and specific inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a variety of cell cultures. the most potent congener of tda derivatives, rd4-2024, inhibited hiv-1 replication by 50% at concentrations of 12.5 and 4.8 nm in mt-4 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. these concentrations were more than 2,000- and 30,000-fold lower than its 50 ...19958619592
production of a highly cytopathic hiv-1 isolate from a human mucosal epithelial cell line cultured on microcarrier beads in serum-free medium.the human colonic epithelial cell line ht-29 can be productively infected with various hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates that are highly cytopathic for t lymphocytes. in each case, a chronically infected ht-29 cell line can be established, and progeny viruses retain their original properties including high cytopathogenicity for t cells. inasmuch as aids vaccines should include viral isolates capable of infecting mucosal epithelial cells, it may be useful to produce these isolates in such cells at a large ...19957535637
thymic immunopathology and progression of sivsm infection in cynomolgus monkeys.thymuses from 22 cynomolgus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) developed characteristic cortical and medullary changes including formation of b-cell follicles (8/21) and accumulation of virus immune complexes. advanced thymic histopathology was correlated with more pronounced immunodeficiency. sivsm provirus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in most (16/18) thymuses and spliced viral env mrna in 3 (3/7) thymuses with advanced histopathologic changes indicat ...19957536107
michellamine b, a novel plant alkaloid, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing by at least two distinct mechanisms.studies of the mechanism of action of michellamine b, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) alkaloid from the tropical plant ancistrocladus korupensis, have revealed that the compound acts at two distinct stages of the hiv life cycle. the compound had no direct effect on hiv virions and did not block the initial binding of hiv to target cells. postinfection time course studies revealed that the agent partially inhibited hiv-induced cell killing and syncytium formation when added up to ...19957537029
neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gp120.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were obtained by immunizing mice with synthetic peptides corresponding to the third variable (v3) or the third conserved (c3) domain of the external envelope protein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2rod). one mab, designated b2c, which was raised against v3 peptide nki26, bound to the surface of hiv-2-infected cells but not to their uninfected counterparts. b2c was capable of neutralizing cell-free and cell-associated virus infection in an isolate ...19957538171
the differential processing of homodimers of reverse transcriptases from human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 is a consequence of the distinct specificities of the viral proteases.active, recombinant p68 reverse transcriptase (rt) from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), with an nh2-terminal extension containing a hexahistidine sequence was isolated from extracts of escherichia coli by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. treatment of the purified p68/p68 homodimer of hiv-2 rt with recombinant hiv-2 protease generates stable, active heterodimer (p68/p58) that is resistant to further hydrolysis. analysis of this p68/p58 hiv-2 rt heterodimer revealed that whi ...19957539431
natural protection against hiv-1 infection provided by hiv-2.significant differences have been observed in the rates of transmission and disease development in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. because many hiv-2-infected people remain asymptomatic for prolonged periods, the hypothesis that hiv-2 might protect against subsequent infection by hiv-1 was considered. during a 9-year period in dakar, senegal, the seroincidence of both hiv types was measured in a cohort of commercial sex workers. despite a higher incidence of other sexually tran ...19957539936
intercellular adhesion molecule 3, a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 co-receptor on lymphoid and monocytoid cells.the cd4 molecule serves as the principal cell surface receptor common to both the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv). since binding to cd4 is not sufficient to permit virus entry, hiv 'co-receptors' have been implicated in mediating the fusion of viral and cellular membranes necessary for completing the entry process. in order to identify candidate co-receptor molecules, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against adhesion molecules was tested for the a ...19957540195
protection of a t-cell line from human immunodeficiency virus replication by the stable expression of a short antisense rna sequence carried by a shuttle rna molecule.adenovirus va1 gene is efficiently transcribed by rna polymerase iii and gives rise to a small highly ordered rna. to inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), a chimeric va1 rna molecule was designed that contained a short antisense rna sequence complementary to a conserved region of the hiv-1 rev encoding mrna (28 nucleotides). this sequence, which was inserted into a projecting loop of the va1 rna central domain, was mainly single stranded and available for binding with its c ...19957541291
simultaneous mutations at tyr-181 and tyr-188 in hiv-1 reverse transcriptase prevents inhibition of rna-dependent dna polymerase activity by the bisheteroarylpiperazine (bhap) u-90152s.the replacement of either tyr-181 or tyr-188 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) by the corresponding hiv-2 rt amino acids ile-181 or leu-188 is known to result in active mutant enzymes (y181i; y188l) with virtual loss of sensitivity towards three structural classes of nonnucleoside rt inhibitors; l-697,661, nevirapine, and tibo r82913. the bisheteroarylpiperazine (bhap) u-90152s, a highly specific inhibitor (ic50, 0.29 +/- 0.01 microm) of hiv-1 rt, inhibite ...19957544302
localization of human immunodeficiency virus rev in transfected and virus-infected cells.the rev gene product of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is obligatory for viral replication. rev interacts specifically with a structured rna sequence within the viral genome termed the rev response element (rre). although the importance of rev for the expression of viral proteins is well documented, its functional mechanism remains unresolved. previous studies identified rev in the absence of rre to be a nuclear protein localized primarily within the nucleoli. to extend our understanding of ...19957546906
nucleotide sequence of the hiv-2 eho genome, a divergent hiv-2 isolate.the hiv-2 eho isolate from cote d'ivoire has been characterized as a highly cytopathic hiv-2 strain, which can be differentiated from other isolates by the smaller size of its external envelope glycoprotein. the entire nucleotide sequence (10,352 bp) of the hiv-2 eho genome is filed in the embl/genbank data libraries under accession no. u27200. despite its high degree of variability, the genetic organization of hiv-2 eho was found to be similar to other hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus ...19957546916
nanoparticles as adjuvants for vaccines.pmma nanoparticle adjuvants can be manufactured in a physicochemically reproducible manner. their particle size can be controlled within narrow limits. immunogens may be either incorporated or adsorbed to these nanoparticles. pmma nanoparticles induced significantly higher and more prolonged antibody responses against a variety of immunogens, including influenza virions and subunit vaccines, bsa, and hiv-1 and hiv-2 split vaccines. in addition, a protective immune response against challenge with ...19957551231
the epidemic of hiv/aids in abidjan, côte d'ivoire: a review of data collected by projet retro-ci from 1987 to 1993.we present a review of epidemiologic data collected by projet retro-ci between 1987 and 1993 on trends in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections and on cases of aids in abidjan, côte d'ivoire. overall rates of hiv infection in pregnant women had already reached 10% in 1987, and have increased only modestly since then. in contrast, in 1992-1993, rates in men with sexually transmitted diseases and in female commercial sex workers reached 27 and 86%, respectively. the incr ...19957552498
analysis of cross reactivity of retrovirus proteases using a vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase-based expression system.we have used the vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase-based expression system for studies on the activity of proteases from various retroviruses on homologous and heterologous gag polyproteins in eukaryotic cells. proteases from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2, equine infectious anaemia virus, human t cell leukaemia virus type 1 and human spumavirus were produced and were shown to cleave their cognate gag substrates produced in trans. analysis of cross reactivity revealed that lenti ...19957561754
high prevalence of hepatitis b, c, and e markers in young sexually active adults from the central african republic.the central african republic is located in tropical africa, where both the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) are highly endemic. the exact prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) markers in this country is unknown. the aim of the study was to determine, according to hiv and hbv serostatus, the prevalence of these markers in young sexually active adults in the central african republic. one hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients attendin ...19957561802
quantitative structural activity relationship study of bis-tetraazacyclic compounds. a novel series of hiv-1 and hiv-2 inhibitors.this work describes a study of quantitative structural activity relationships (qsar) of bis-tetraazamacrocyclic compounds. these compounds represent a novel class of very potent and selective anti-hiv inhibitors, with a new mode of action. the qsar study correlates structural features of the compounds with anti-hiv activity, resulting in a model which has a high predictive capacity (predictive r2 = 0.79). this predictive model will be of major importance for the design of new anti-hiv inhibitors ...19957562918
infection with hepatitis viruses (b and c) and human retroviruses (htlv-1 and hiv) in saudi children receiving cycled cancer chemotherapy.serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1), and human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) were studied in 53 saudi children (31 males, 22 females; 1-12 years of age) receiving cycled cancer chemotherapy and in 168 healthy saudi children taken as control. exposure to hbv in the patients was similar to that in the control (6 per cent hbsag in patients v. 7 per cent in the control; 19 per cent exposure rate in pati ...19957563271
the pett series, a new class of potent nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.to identify the minimal structural elements necessary for biological activity, the rigid tricyclic nucleus of the known human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor tetrahydroimidazobenzodiazepinthione was subjected to systematic bond disconnection to obtain simpler structures. a rational selection and testing of modeled analogs containing these potential pharmacophoric moieties led to the discovery of a new series of nonnucleoside inhibitors of rt. the lead c ...19957574525
intrapatient variability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope v3 loop.studies of hiv-2 infection have shown lower rates of sexual and perinatal transmission and a prolonged incubation period to aids as compared to hiv-1. to evaluate the role of genetic variation in hiv pathogenesis, we studied intrapatient variability in the v3 loop of the hiv-2 envelope gene over time in five seropositive individuals. proviral sequences derived from uncultured pbmc dna (n = 102) demonstrated an average sequence heterogeneity within a sample of 1.4% (0-4.1%). this was significantl ...19957576918
resistance of hiv type 1 to proteinase inhibitor ro 31-8959.during replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), proteolytic cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor proteins into different functional protein subunits is catalyzed by the viral proteinase, and this enzyme is the target of the antiviral proteinase inhibitor, ro 31-8959. we investigated in vitro which hiv mutants with reduced sensitivity to ro 31-8959 emerged during proteinase inhibition treatment; from three different hiv-1 strains, comparable progeny virus resistant to proteina ...19957576926
hiv-specific cytotoxic t-cells in hiv-exposed but uninfected gambian women.a crucial requirement in the rational design of a prophylactic vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is to establish whether or not protective immunity can occur following natural infection. the immune response to hiv infection is characterized by very vigorous hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activity. we have identified four hiv-1 and hiv-2 cross-reactive peptide epitopes, presented to ctl from hiv-infected gambians by hla-b35 (the most common gambian class i hla mole ...19957584954
hiv-1 recombinant poxvirus vaccine induces cross-protection against hiv-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.rhesus macaques were immunized with attenuated vaccinia or canarypox human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) recombinants and boosted with hiv-1 protein subunits formulated in alum. following challenge with hiv-2sbl6669, three out of eight immunized macaques resisted infection for six months and another exhibited significantly delayed infection, whereas all three naive controls became infected. immunizations elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses; however, no clear correlates of ...19957585061
long-term protection against siv-induced disease in macaques vaccinated with a live attenuated hiv-2 vaccine.the aim of this study was to test the ability of a live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vaccine to protect cynomolgus monkeys against superinfection with a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm). this report is an update on our previously reported observation period of nine months. the new data here show that three of four monkeys vaccinated with live hiv-2 were protected against immunosuppression and siv-induced disease during more than five years of follow-up. ...19957585217
sporadic als/mnd: a global neurodegeneration with retroviral involvement?sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be an aetiologically heterogenous disease. we confirmed elevated circulating igg immune complexes, and altered igg seroreactivities against human retroviral antigens (hiv-2 and htlv immunoblots) in overlapping subgroups of patients. together with preliminary findings of a positive polymerase chain reactivity for human t-lymphotropic virus (htlv.tax/rex) in blood leukocytes of 5 out of 14 sals patients, we interpret this as evidence for a retroviral invo ...19957595609
hiv-1, hiv-2, htlv-i/ii and treponema pallidum infections: incidence, prevalence, and hiv-2-associated mortality in an occupational cohort in guinea-bissau.the prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1, hiv-2), human t-lymphotropic virus types i and ii (htlv-i/ii), and syphilitic infections and the association between these infections were determined in a cohort of police officers in guinea-bissau. between january 1990 and december 1992, 1,384 subjects (1,241 men and 143 women) were included in the study; and of the first 879 tested, 561 were tested at least for a second time. the overall seroprevalence of hiv-1 ...19957600111
a newly developed immunofluorescence assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2.immunofluorescence assays (ifa) that simultaneously distinguish between antibodies against closely related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) infections have not been readily available. serum specimens from 95 hiv-1-infected, 26 hiv-2-infected and 3 hiv-1/hiv-2 dually infected individuals and 106 seronegative blood donors were evaluated for the ability to serologically discriminate hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections by means of ifa employing three types of cells whose morphol ...19957601900
polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. 1. polymerized anionic surfactants.a series of polyanionic compounds was synthesized and evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. several compounds, i.e., 2p, 3p, 8p, 13p, 14p, 15p, 17p, 18p, and 19p, proved active against hiv-1 within the concentration range of 0.1-3 micrograms/ml while not being toxic to the host cells (cem, mt-4) at concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml or higher. as a rule, these polyanionic compounds proved also active, albeit at ...19957608908
the peri-kappa b site mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer activation in monocytes but not in t cells.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), like hiv-1, causes aids and is associated with aids cases primarily in west africa. hiv-1 and hiv-2 display significant differences in nucleic acid sequence and in the natural history of clinical disease. consistent with these differences, we have previously demonstrated that the enhancer/promoter region of hiv-2 functions quite differently from that of hiv-1. whereas activation of the hiv-1 enhancer following t-cell stimulation is mediated largely th ...19957609053
identification and mapping of inhibitory sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vif gene.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) regulates the expression of its genes temporally at the mrna processing step. a subset of the mrna species which encode the structural and some accessory genes contains inhibitory sequences (ins or crs elements) which prevent nuclear export of the rna or its utilization in the cytoplasm. such inhibition is overridden by the interaction of a viral protein, rev, with its rna target sequence, rre. the vif gene product, which is essential for virus replication in v ...19957609089
comparative analysis of the x-ray structures of hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases in complex with cgp 53820, a novel pseudosymmetric inhibitor.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). two subtypes of the virus, hiv-1 and hiv-2, have been characterized. the protease enzymes from these two subtypes, which are aspartic acid proteases and have been found to be essential for maturation of the infectious particle, share about 50% sequence identity. differences in substrate and inhibitor binding between these enzymes have been previously reported.19957613867
role of the conserved dipeptide gly75 and cys76 on hiv-1 vpr function.vpr is one of the accessory proteins encoded by the hiv-1 genome. several interesting features associated with vpr include incorporation into virus particles, ability to oligomerize, localization in the nucleus, and positive effect on virus production and replication. in order to understand the structure-function relationship of vpr, we have analyzed the role of the gly75 and cys76 (gc) residues which are highly conserved in hiv-1 vpr and in vpr and vpx of hiv-2/siv. we have generated several su ...19957618286
mutational analysis of the conserved cysteine residues in the simian immunodeficiency virus matrix protein.the matrix protein (ma) of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv) is encoded by the amino-terminal region of the gag precursor and has been suggested to be involved in different processes during the early and late stages of the virus life cycle. the ma protein of siv contains three cysteine residues at positions 57, 83, and 87, which are also highly conserved among hiv-2 isolates. in order to study the functional significance of these residues in virus morphogenesis, a series of ...19957618287
update: hiv-2 infection among blood and plasma donors--united states, june 1992-june 1995.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) both cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). following the licensure of combination hiv-1/hiv-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (eia), the food and drug administration (fda) recommended that beginning in june 1992 all donated whole blood, blood components, and source plasma be screened for antibody to hiv-2 because not all persons infected with hiv-2 can be detected by hiv-1 testing (1,2). this report describes the first two c ...19957630339
neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a external envelope glycoprotein (gp110) of sivmac251.three monoclonal antibodies (m318t, m56s and m815) against an external envelope glycoprotein (gp110) of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) mac251 were obtained by immunizing balb/c mice with recombinant gp110 (rgp110). all three monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of cells infected with sivmac251 but not with that of uninfected counterparts. the binding activity of these monoclonal antibodies against native gp110 was confirmed by means of western blotting. one of them, m318t neutrali ...19957632464
unusual single-stranded polyribonucleotides as potent anti-hiv agents.polyribonucleotides (ptmg and pmti) containing 1-methyl-6-thioguanosine or 1-methyl-6-thioinosine, respectively, as the sole nucleoside component are shown to be potent inhibitors of various strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in a number of human lymphocyte and macrophage cell lines in tissue culture as well as in fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. pmti and pmtg exhibit potencies in the range of 10(-7)-10(-8) m in these systems. the polynucleotides are active against virus strains ...19957650678
differentiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infections with hiv-2-cross-reacting antibody from mixed infections with hiv-1 and hiv-2 by serological absorption test.the interpretation of dual seroreactivity with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in blood samples is a serious problem facing aids researchers worldwide. some samples of sera from hiv-1-infected patients showed a serological cross-reaction with hiv-2, causing confusion regarding the serodiagnosis. therefore, we tried to differentiate these serum samples from those containing real mixed infections with both types of virus. sera from patients with hiv-1 infections with hiv-2 cr ...19957665636
an infectious chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) expressing the hiv-1 principal neutralizing determinant.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain mn (hiv-1mn) principal neutralizing determinant (pnd, v3 loop) was introduced into infectious molecular clones hiv-2kr and simian immunodeficiency virus mm239 (sivmm239) by hybridization pcr, replacing the corresponding hiv-2 or siv envelope cysteine loops with the hiv-1 coding sequence. the hiv-2 chimera (hiv-2kr-mnv3) was found to be capable of infecting a number of t-cell lymphoblastic cell lines as well as primary peripheral blood mononuclear ce ...19957666543
update: hiv-2 infection among blood and plasma donors--united states, june 1992-june 1995.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) both cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). following the licensure of combination hiv-1/hiv-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (eia), the food and drug administration (fda) recommended that beginning in june 1992 all donated whole blood, blood components, and source plasma be screened for antibody to hiv-2 because not all persons infected with hiv-2 can be detected by hiv-1 testing. this report describes the first two cases o ...199511361466
virus reaches u.s.the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) announced that hiv-2 infection, previously isolated to western africa, has been found in the u.s. of the 62 people diagnosed with hiv-2 in the u.s., more than two-thirds are native africans. those born in the u.s. reported traveling to or having a sex partner from africa. since 1992, hiv-2 has been detected in blood and plasma donations twice.199511362808
laboratory tests for human immunodeficiency viruses.two types of human immunodeficiency viruses are known. both type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) can lead to aids. this article describes laboratory tests that are used for diagnosis of hiv infection and for monitoring disease progression or the effects of therapy. these tests are based on detection of host antibodies, viral antigens, viral nucleotide sequences, or cultivation of the virus in vitro. the principles underlying test methods for differentiation between hiv-1 and hiv-2 are described.199510155721
hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among u.s. peace corps volunteers returning from west africa.background: the risk of acquiring hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among expatriates in, and travelers to, west africa is not known. the objective of the study was to examine the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) infections among peace corps volunteers in west africa. methods: a cross-sectional serosurvey was carried out in 18 west african countries. subjects were 2491 returning peace corps volunteers. the main outcome measure was seropositivity for hiv-1 and hiv ...19959815380
aids breakthrough in 1995.during 1995, there were a few provocative findings about the way hiv reproduces and survives. in january, two groups reported that hiv reproduces and is cleared from the body at higher rates than previously suspected. the immune system is able to keep pace with the virus through the first years of the infection but is finally overpowered. this leads to questions about why the immune system seems to be unable to permanently control the virus, and some light was shed on this issue in june with ...199512291701
prior hiv-2 infection reduces chance of acquiring hiv-1. senegal.dr. phyllis kanki, a scientist at the harvard school of public health, states that her 9-year study of prostitutes in senegal showed that those women who were infected with hiv-2, a weaker strain of hiv, were approximately 70% less likely to acquire hiv-1. hiv-2 can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), but it is much less virulent and much less aggressive. persons who are infected with hiv-2 may take 25 years to develop aids, while those with hiv-1 die from the disease in half that ...199512346426
"killer t-cells" give gambian sex-workers the cutting-edge on hiv.the results of a gambian study may explain how 30 women out of 424 prostitutes in nairobi, kenya, remain uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) after 5-6 years of prostitution, in spite of a prevalence rate of 90% in city sex workers. the gambian study also found a group of uninfected sex workers who had been repeatedly exposed to the virus; researchers believe killer t-cells are responsible. sarah rowland-jones of the institute of molecular medicine at the university of oxford, at ...199512288603
"immune" nairobi women also have "killer" t-cells.further evidence that so-called "killer t-cells" could be the key to an hiv-vaccine has come from "immune" sex-workers in nairobi, kenya. earlier this year, british researcher sarah rowland-jones discovered a group of sex-workers in gambia, west africa, who seemed to be immune to hiv-infection. study of six of the women's blood revealed that five had the t-cells, which seek out and destroy infected cells. t-cells are produced as part of the immune-system's response to infection. a second group o ...199512289854
no direct relationship between hiv1/2 infection and hhv-6 antibody response in a large-scale european and african trial.tropism of both human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) for cd4+ lymphocytes, and several studies on hiv enhancer transactivation by hhv-6 have suggested that hhv-6 could be implicated as a cofactor in the progression of hiv infection to aids.199515566794
aids in the gambia.of concern in the gambia is a recent trend toward infection with the more aggressive, deadly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in 1990, hiv-2 infections among commercial sex workers outnumbered hiv-1 by a ratio of nine to one. according to the most recent data, however, hiv-1 was present in 42% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients; 60% of aids cases were attributable to hiv-2 and 4% involved infection with both hiv-1 and hiv-2. about 2.2% of gambia's 1 million resi ...199412288999
update -- aids treatment and epidemiology.this update on aids treatment and epidemiology reviews the status of zidovudine (azt) treatment effectiveness, tuberculosis and hiv, vaccine development, vertical hiv transmission, and sexually transmitted diseases (std) and hiv transmission. the european multicenter concorde trial of azt involving 1749 people followed over a three-year period found no difference in time progression of aids or survival in the azt-treated versus placebo group. on tuberculosis (tb), hiv-induced immunosuppression ...199412287809
comparative analysis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate western blot patterns.a comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate western blot patterns of ghanaian sera collected between 1989 and 1990 was made. antibodies to group specific antigen (gag) gene products were most frequently detected both hiv-1 and hiv-2 indeterminate sera. hiv-2 gag gene product p26 was shown to be a non-specific indicator of infection. antibody to gp120, and envelope gene product of hiv-1 never occurred in indeterminate sera whereas antibodies to all the envelope gene products of hiv-2 were detec ...19947841107
sexually transmitted diseases in ibadan in the 1990's: hiv infection--an additional dimension.five hundred and fifty-one patients attending the special treatment clinic (stc) of the university college hospital, ibadan, between january 1989 and july 1990 were investigated for the common sexually transmitted diseases to determine the current relative prevalence rates of these infections. the patients were also investigated for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. of the 551 patients, 384 (69.9%) were diagnosed as having sexually transmitted diseases. the most frequent stds were go ...19947653404
igg2 associated hypergammaglobulinaemia in some nigerians with hiv infection.concentrations of immunoglobulins (iga, igg and igm) were measured in nigerians with (hiv) infection. considerable elevations up to two-fold the reference values were observed for igg and igm in the patient group as a whole but elevations in iga concentration were least marked albeit significantly different from the healthy subjects. elevation of a particular isotype was not always concomitant with elevation of the other major classes in the same patient. overall, these elevations were observed ...19947653407
isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in côte d'ivoire: virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other hiv type 2 and sivsm/mac strains.to search for the presence of siv in sooty mangabeys and other monkey species in côte d'ivoire, west africa, and to compare viral isolates with hiv-2 strains from the same region.19947848684
oligosaccharide profiles of hiv-2 external envelope glycoprotein: dependence on host cells and virus isolates.the glycosylation pattern of the external envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was studied in dependence on host cells and virus isolates. strains hiv-2alt, hiv-2rod and hiv-2d194, differing in their biological properties and in the amino acid sequences of their env genes, were propagated in molt4, hut78 and u937 cells, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the presence of [6-3h]glucosamine. radiolabelled viral glycoproteins were isola ...19947827409
enhanced diagnostic efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction by co-amplification of multiple regions of hiv-1 and hiv-2.a method for co-amplification of multiple viral sequences of hiv-1 and hiv-2 by polymerase chain reaction was designed. the technique resulted in the specific detection of each type of virus and allowed the amplification of as few as two copies of target dna. the amplification of multiple regions of the viral genome offers the advantage of detecting multiple target sequences, which may be essential for some viruses, such as hiv, that exhibit a high degree of variability in their gene sequences. ...19947829590
stable biological and antigenic characteristics of hiv-2sbl6669 in nonpathogenic infection of macaques.the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the biological and antigenic properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 change over time in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) experimentally infected with hiv-2sbl6669. sequential virus isolates and serum samples were obtained during a 2-year period and studied in autologous neutralization assays. all six macaques studied seroconverted shortly after infection and remained healthy during the observation period. virus could be i ...19947909969
risk factors for repeatedly reactive hiv-1 eia and indeterminate western blots. a population-based case-control study.causes of indeterminate results of western blot testing (iwb) for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 include seroconversion, hiv-2 cross-reactivity, and autoimmune disease, but most iwb results remain unexplained. this case-control study assessed risk factors for iwb results, including early hiv infection, other retroviral infection, autoantibodies, and other medical conditions.19947910452
highly potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by the bicyclam derivative jm3100.bicyclams, in which the cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) moieties are tethered via an aliphatic bridge (i.e., propylene, as in jm2763) are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) (e. de clercq, n. yamamoto, r. pauwels, m. baba, d. schols, h. nakashima, j. balzarini, z. debyser, b. a. murrer, d. schwartz, d. thornton, g. bridger, s. fricker, g. henson, m. abrams, and d. picker, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 89:5286-5290, 1992). we h ...19947913308
reduced rate of disease development after hiv-2 infection as compared to hiv-1.human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) is a close relative of the prototype acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) virus, hiv-1. hiv-2 is biologically similar to hiv-1, but information is lacking concerning clinical outcomes of hiv-2-infected individuals. from 1985 to 1993, a prospective clinical study was conducted in women with hiv-2 and hiv-1 infection to determine and compare rates of disease development. hiv-1-infected women had a 67% probability of aids-free survival 5 years after ...19947915856
early detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. a comparative study with the results of second-generation immunoassays and western blot.the aim of the study was to examine the sensitivity and the specificity of a hiv-1/hiv-2 third-generation enzyme immunoassay, the abbott recombinant hiv-1/hiv-2 third-generation enzyme immunoassay, which is reported to detect simultaneously igg and igm. sensitivity was evaluated with sera from seropositive subjects and a series of samples from eight hiv-1 seroconverting subjects. results were compared with western blot, second-generation immunoassays (including vidas hiv-1 + 2) and an hiv-1 anti ...19947856933
the molecular epidemiology of hiv in asia.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was introduced readily into asia and has quickly spread between asian states through both parenteral and sexual modes of transmission. only 1 year after thailand's epidemic wave among intravenous drug users (idus) in 1988, the virus spread to the adjacent myanmar and malaysia, and another year later idus were infected in parts of india and china bordering myanmar. several methods can be used to quantify the genetic diversity, divergence, or variation within ...19947857556
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in cornea donors.routine screening of cornea donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been established and has reduced the risk of hiv-1 transmission to a minimum. screening for hiv-2 is less common. we evaluated 100 cornea donors for hiv-2 and 166 cornea donors for hiv-1 according to our routine screening procedure. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with high sensitivity were used to detect antibodies in donor blood. hiv-2 seroconversion was not found in any of the 100 cases tested, ...19947864930
immunization with virion-derived glycoprotein 130 from hiv-2 or siv protects macaques against challenge virus grown in human or simian cells or prepared ex vivo.we have compared in the macaque model the efficacy of the virion-derived glycoprotein of hiv-2ben (hiv-2 gp130) with that of sivmac251/32h (siv gp130). the latter vaccination trial was in part combined with vaccinia virus (vv) priming. both antigen preparations induced a strong humoral, but a weak cellular, immune response. the first challenge was performed with autologous virus grown on a human t cell line. more than 50% of the monkeys immunized with hiv-2 gp130 (five of nine) and 63% of the mo ...19947865316
comparative functional analysis of the various lentivirus long terminal repeats in human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and feline renal cell line (crfk cells).basal promoter activities of various lentiviral long terminal repeats (ltrs) in a human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and a feline renal cell line (crfk cells) were examined by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay using the ltr-cat reporter plasmids. in sw480 cells, the basal promoter activities induced by ltrs of visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) were moderate, and those induced by ltrs of human immunodefi ...19947865591
hiv antibodies among intravenous drug users in bahrain.a 12-month study was conducted to identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections among intravenous drug users (idu) attending drug rehabilitation clinic of the psychiatric hospital, manama, bahrain. patients provided demographic and behavioural information based on a questionnaire. two hundred and forty male idus participated in the study on voluntary basis. the seroprevalence of hiv was 21.1 per cent. the presence of hiv antibody was associated with educational status, ...19947868834
prevalence of hiv infection and high-risk characteristics among leprosy patients of south india; a case-control study.with the observation of the occurrence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among leprosy patients in our pilot study carried out in tamil nadu, south india, a case-control study was planned to explore whether hiv infection is a risk factor for leprosy and to understand the characteristics of hiv infection and high-risk behaviors among leprosy patients. we screened 556 patients and 1004 nonleprosy controls (matching 502 cases for age, sex and area of residence) for hiv-1 and hiv-2 ...19947868949
early helper t-cell dysfunction in simian immunodeficiency virus but not in human immunodeficiency virus type-2-infected macaques.both naive and vaccinated macaques acquired a virus-specific proliferative helper t-cell reactivity in response to infection with the nonpathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). in contrast, macaques infected with the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus of the macaque strain (sivmac) did not develop a helper t-cell response. furthermore, a vaccine-induced preexisting t-cell reactivity was abrogated after sivmac infection in vaccine failures. these differences may reflect the ...19947869358
[problems in the diagnosis of aids].diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection depends mainly on the detection of hiv-specific antibodies in the serum. if a seropositive patient has symptoms and signs of aids indicator diseases he (or she) will be diagnosed as having aids. if a patient is seronegative to hiv, some other diseases should be evaluated to explain the symptom related to the immunodeficiency. however, diagnosis of aids may be possible when a patient has aids indicator diseases and decreased cd4 positive c ...19947869588
cardiac morbidity in the human immunodeficiency virus infection.to evaluate the cardiac involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.19947873220
potent and specific inhibition of hiv envelope-mediated cell fusion and virus binding by g quartet-forming oligonucleotide (isis 5320).we have previously reported identification of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ttggggtt (isis 5320) as a potent inhibitor of hiv infection in vitro. the oligonucleotide forms a parallel-stranded, tetrameric guanosine quartet (g-quartet) structure that specifically binds to the hiv envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and inhibits both cell-to-cell and virus-to-cell infection at submicromolar concentrations. in the current study we demonstrate that the tetramer inhibits the infection of laboratory-der ...19947888204
characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoproteins.twelve murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (isolate rod) envelope glycoproteins have been generated and characterized. nine mabs were specific to the external gp125 and three reacted with the transmembrane gp36. a large majority of mabs displayed a significant affinity for the native gp140 precursor and were shown to bind to viral antigens on the surface of fixed hiv-2-infected cells. in western blot analysis, the 12 mabs showed varying profiles of cross-re ...19947888225
human immunodeficiency virus vpx is required for the early phase of replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.functional importance of vpx protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 was evaluated in various types of cells. in 8 lymphocytic or monocytic cell lines tested, vpx mutant virus grew as well as wild-type virus. only in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, severely retarded growth of mutant virus was observed. no replication of vpx-minus virus was detected in primary macrophage cells. a highly sensitive single-round replication assay system was used to determine the defective ...19947898386
[lesions of the spinal cord in hiv infection].neurological lesions are frequent complications of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections. organs involved include the brain, peripheral nerves and muscles. since the widespread use of immunodepressive agents, spinal cord complications have also appeared although poorly documented in the literature. we observed six cases of spinal cord involvement which help indicate the modalities of practical management. in the first case, a 45-year old hiv1 + male presented dysesthesia evolving progres ...19947899290
serum antibodies from ms patients do not recognize htlv-i, hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv.a retroviral aetiology has been proposed for multiple sclerosis (ms). although there is as yet no definitive evidence of viral involvement, there have been preliminary reports of antiretroviral antibody detection in sera from ms patients. such sera have, for example, been found to react with htlv-i. we here describe investigations involving various immunological techniques which attempt to confirm the virus-specific nature of these antibodies against a range of human and macaque retroviruses. se ...19947917220
a seroepidemiological study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in northeast zaire.to evaluate the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in an endemic african area, we have studied 134 patients from northeast zaire. sera were tested for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies to asses cross-reactivity or a possible double infection. sixty five (48.5%) serum samples were reactive for hiv-1 and six (4.5%) for hiv-2 using specific western blots. the enzyme immunoassays used to detect hiv-2 showed cross-reactivity with hiv-1 in 17 samples (16.5%). tests based upon synthet ...19947927812
crystal structure at 1.9-a resolution of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) ii protease complexed with l-735,524, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the hiv proteases.l-735,524 is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease currently in a phase ii clinical trial. we report here the three-dimensional structure of l-735,524 complexed to hiv-2 protease at 1.9-a resolution, as well as the structure of the native hiv-2 protease at 2.5-a resolution. the structure of hiv-2 protease is found to be essentially identical to that of hiv-1 protease. in the crystal lattice of the hiv-2 protease complexed with l-735,524, the inhib ...19947929352
wild-type and mutant hiv-1 and hiv-2 tat proteins expressed in escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione s-transferase.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 encode related transcriptional activators known as tat-1 and tat-2, respectively, that are required for efficient viral replication. the tat proteins have been studied extensively, and it appears that their mechanism of action is unique to the primate immunodeficiency viruses or a few distantly related lentiviruses. here we describe a collection of 24 wild-type and mutant tat-1 and tat-2 proteins that are expressed in escherichia coli as fusi ...19947932078
design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of cosalane, a novel anti-hiv agent which inhibits multiple features of virus reproduction.cosalane (3), a novel anti-hiv agent having a disalicylmethane unit linked to c-3 of cholestane by a three-carbon linker, was synthesized from commercially available starting materials by a convergent route. cosalane proved to be a potent inhibitor of hiv with a broad range of activity against a variety of laboratory, drug-resistant, and clinical hiv-1 isolates, hiv-2, and rauscher murine leukemia virus. the cytotoxicity of cosalane is relatively low as reflected by an in vitro therapeutic index ...19947932526
genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology.the virulence properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are known to vary significantly and to range from relative attenuation in certain individuals to high-level pathogenicity in others. these differences in clinical manifestations may, at least in part, be determined by genetic differences among infecting virus strains. evaluation of the full spectrum of hiv-2 genetic diversity is thus a necessary first step towards understanding its molecular epidemiology, natural history of ...19947933127
characterization of the minimal dna-binding domain of the hiv integrase protein.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase (in) protein mediates an essential step in the retroviral lifecycle, the integration of viral dna into human dna. a dna-binding domain of hiv in has previously been identified in the c-terminal part of the protein. we tested truncated proteins of the c-terminal region of hiv-1 in for dna binding activity in two different assays: uv-crosslinking and southwestern blot analysis. we found that a polypeptide fragment of 50 amino acids (in220-270) is su ...19947937137
peptides corresponding to a predictive alpha-helical domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 are potent inhibitors of virus infection.to define the role of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope proteins in virus infection, a series of peptides were synthesized based on various regions of the hiv-1 transmembrane protein gp41. one of these peptides, dp-178, corresponding to a region predictive of alpha-helical secondary structure (residues 643-678 of the hiv-1lai isolate), has been identified as a potent antiviral agent. this peptide consistently blocked 100% of virus-mediated cell-cell fusion at < 5 ng/ml (ic ...19947937889
an aids-like condition induced in baboons by hiv-2.six baboons (papio cynocephalus) were intravenously inoculated with the human immunodeficiency virus-type 2 (hiv-2) strain hiv-2uc2. all seroconverted within 6 weeks after inoculation; five animals became persistently infected. four developed lymphadenopathy, and three of the animals had cd4+ t cell loss within 18 to 24 months after inoculation. one of these baboons, showing severe clinical symptoms, showed at necropsy widespread dissemination of virus with follicular depletion in the lymph node ...19947939718
low prevalence of human t lymphotropic virus type i in !kung san in bushmanland, namibia.antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and human t lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i) have been identified in various population groups living in southern and central africa. sera from 291 !kung bushmen in bushmanland, namibia were examined for the presence of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 and to htlv-i. initial screening for hiv-1/2 by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) revealed evidence of past exposure in four individuals. however, no hiv-1/2 infection could be conf ...19947943573
comparison of plasma cytokine levels in african patients with hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection.to determine plasma cytokine levels [tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1 beta and il-6] in african patients infected with hiv-2 relative to values in hiv-1-infected patients, and their relation to immunologic and clinical status.19947946096
prevalence of hiv-1 infection in rural, semi-urban and urban villages in southwest tanzania: estimates from a blood-donor study.to measure the prevalence of hiv-1 infection in different subgroups of blood donors and to identify groups at high risk of acquiring hiv-1.19947946108
hairy leucoplakia and hiv-2--a case report and review of the literature.type 2 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-2), originally confined to west africa, has lately appeared with increasing frequency in europe. oral lesions affect a large proportion of patients with aids. hairy leucoplakia (hl), a clinical expression of epstein-barr virus (ebv), is a lesion of the oral mucosa (usually the lateral margin of the tongue) that is observed in patients who are immunocompromised due to hiv or, more rarely, due to immunosuppressive medication or other causes. we review the d ...19947955479
effect of methodology on detection of hiv-1/hiv-2 dual infections in côte d'ivoire.dual seroreactivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 is common in côte d'ivoire. to assess whether dual infection is the reason for dual seroreactivity, different methods for detection of hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses were compared. pcr on primary uncultured lymphocytes of 56 dually seropositive samples revealed the presence of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 proviral dna in 23 (41%) cases. in 7 other dual seropositive persons, pcr was carried out on the primary lymphocytes as well as on l ...19947962257
localization of viral protein x in simian immunodeficiency virus macaque strain and analysis of its packaging requirements.simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) encode the accessory viral protein x (vpx) known to be incorporated into virions in amounts comparable to those of the gag proteins. the localization of vpx within sivmac-infected hut-78 cells and sivmac virions was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. vpx appeared to be associated with extracellular virions as well as budding viral particles at the surface of infected cells. immunolabelling of purified viral co ...19947964605
efficacy of inactivated whole hiv-2 vaccines with various adjuvants in cynomolgus monkeys.twenty-one cynomolgus monkeys were immunized with whole inactivated hiv-2 preparations administered with various adjuvants (incomplete freund's adjuvant, alum, ribi, mdp, or iscoms) and challenged with 10 or 100 mid50 of a homologous monkey-cell grown, cell-free hiv-2. seven animals were completely protected against infection, three showed reduced virus replication. the vaccines elicited neutralizing and adcc antibodies; the titers did not correlate with protection. immunization with a whole ina ...19947966239
exon2 of hiv-2 tat contributes to transactivation of the hiv-2 ltr by increasing binding affinity to hiv-2 tar rna.human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) express related tat proteins that are encoded in two exons. tat proteins bind directly to the tar rna element contained in the 5' ends of viral transcripts and thereby stimulate transcription through an as yet unidentified mechanism. we have investigated the functional significance of exon2 of the hiv-2 tat protein by examining properties of proteins consisting of exon1 alone or exon1 + 2. in transactivation assays in vivo, exon2 modes ...19947971271
the association between lack of male circumcision and risk for hiv infection: a review of the epidemiological data.whether male circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection remains controversial.19947974070
detection of human immunodeficiency virus antibody among homosexual men from bombay.in india, heterosexual transmission of hiv-infection is considered to be the major mode of transmission. however, no report is available on transmission of hiv-infection among homosexually active men. the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infections among homosexual men from bombay is discussed.19947974077
mapping of functional domains for hiv-2 gag assembly into virus-like particles.the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag precursor protein, pr41, self assembles as virus-like particles (vlp) when the gag gene is expressed in insect cells. to map the functional domains for hiv-2 gag vlp formation, a series of deletion mutants was constructed by removing sequentially the c-terminal region of hiv-2 gag precursor protein and expressing the truncated gag genes in sf9 insect cells by means of recombinant baculoviruses. we found that deletion of up to 143 amino acids at the c-t ...19947975251
potency and selectivity of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus protease by a small nonpeptide cyclic urea, dmp 323.dmp 323 is a potent inhibitor of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), with antiviral activity against both hiv type 1 and hiv type 2. this compound is representative of a class of small, novel, nonpeptide cyclic urea inhibitors of hiv protease that were designed on the basis of three-dimensional structural information and three-dimensional database searching. we report here studies of the kinetics of dmp 323 inhibition of the cleavage of peptide and hiv-1 gag polyprotein substrate ...19947979296
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