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furious and paralytic rabies of canine origin: neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies.furious and paralytic rabies differ in clinical manifestations and survival periods. the authors studied magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and cytokine and virus distribution in rabies-infected dogs of both clinical types. mri examination of the brain and upper spinal cord was performed in two furious and two paralytic dogs during the early clinical stage. rabies viral nucleoprotein rna and 18 cytokine mrnas at 12 different brain regions were studied. rabies viral rna was examined in four furious ...200818444083
solution structure of the c-terminal nucleoprotein-rna binding domain of the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein.beyond common features in their genome organization and replication mechanisms, the evolutionary relationships among viruses of the rhabdoviridae family are difficult to decipher because of the great variability in the amino acid sequence of their proteins. the phosphoprotein (p) of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is an essential component of the rna transcription and replication machinery; in particular, it contains binding sites for the rna-dependent rna polymerase and for the nucleoprotein. ...200818657547
rabies.rabies remains an important public health problem in developing countries, and the indigenous threat of rabies continues in developed countries because of wildlife reservoirs. a diagnosis of rabies is often not considered by physicians until late in the clinical course or after death in north america and europe, even with typical clinical presentations. transmission of rabies virus has occurred in association with transplantation of tissues and also recently with organs. in 2004 a young patient ...200818657723
multiple cerebellar zones are involved in the control of individual muscles: a retrograde transneuronal tracing study with rabies virus in the rat.to identify cerebellar regions that are involved in the control of limb muscles, rabies virus was injected into the tibialis anterior (ta), the gastrocnemius (gc) or, for comparison, into the flexor digitorum (fd) muscles of the rat. progression of retrograde transneuronal infection at supraspinal levels was assessed after variable time spans and was divided into three groups. initially, infected neurons were observed in the reticular formation, lateral vestibular nucleus, red nucleus and motor ...200818662342
ppey motif within the rabies virus (rv) matrix protein is essential for efficient virion release and rv pathogenicity.late (l) domains containing the highly conserved sequence ppxy were first described for retroviruses, and later research confirmed their conservation and importance for efficient budding of several negative-stranded rna viruses. rabies virus (rv), a member of the rhabdoviridae family, contains the sequence ppey (amino acids 35 to 38) within the n terminus of the matrix (m) protein, but the functions of this potential l-domain in the viral life cycle, viral pathogenicity, and immunogenicity have ...200818667490
an immunogenicity, safety and post-marketing surveillance of a novel adsorbed human diploid cell rabies vaccine (rabivax) in indian subjects.in 1999, serum institute of india indigenously developed an adsorbed human diploid cell rabies vaccine (rabivax). during 2000-04, this new vaccine was subjected to a series of immunogenecity and safety studies. initially, an experimental batch of rabivax (adsorbed) was assessed on ten healthy adult volunteers and its response was comparable with that of merieux inactivated rabies vaccine (mirv, lyophilized) which was used as a control. subsequently, rabivax (adsorbed) was assessed on forty-five ...200818682695
[the influence of the fr-1 in heavy chain (vh) of antibodies on antibody secretion].the n-terminal segment (fr-1) of the heavy chain (vh) of antibodies may have a great impact on igg secretion in escherichia coli and other hosts. decrease in secretion may be caused by a single amino acid change in the framework region. to investigate the high antibody expression in mammalian cells, we designed the site-directed mutagenesis of the fr-i of the pcmv-rv/vh gene,which expressed the immunoglobulin heavy chain of human anti-rabies virus antibody. mutating glu (h6) to gln could improve ...200818683552
[sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of a rabies virus isolate from sika deer].one drv strain was isolated from sika deer brain and sequenced. nine overlapped gene fragments were amplified by rt-pcr through 3'-race and 5'-race method, and the complete drv genome sequence was assembled. the length of the complete genome is 11863bp. the drv genome organization was similar to other rabies viruses which were composed of five genes and the initiation sites and termination sites were highly conservative. there were mutated amino acids in important antigen sites of nucleoprotein ...200818683561
oral rabies vaccination of a northern ohio raccoon population: relevance of population density and prebait serology.ohio's oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was established to prevent the westward spread of the raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies virus (lyssavirus, rhabdoviridae) in ohio, usa. the program, which targets raccoons, distributes vaccine-bait units (vbu) at a target density of 75 units/km2. few studies have examined the relationship of vbu density and target population density to the prevalence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna). we conducted experimental vbu distributions in august 200 ...200818689640
experimental rabies virus infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).a captive colony of adult big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) was experimentally infected with a rabies virus (rabv) variant isolated from the salivary glands of a naturally infected big brown bat and passaged once through murine neuroblastoma cell culture. bats were divided into 11 groups, which were composed of one to three noninfected and one to three infected individuals each. twenty of 38 animals were infected intramuscularly into both left and right masseter muscles; they received a total of ...200818689646
emerging aspects of rabies infection: with a special emphasis on children.increased awareness of the long-neglected rabies virus could promote the highly effective methods of preventing human deaths. rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses have recently been appearing in unexpected places, sometimes with dire consequences. although rabies of canine origin remains 100% fatal in human beings, should the surprising recovery of a single unvaccinated child influence treatment now?200818448969
rabies virus in a dog imported to the uk from sri lanka. 200818453383
genetic characterisation of attenuated sad rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of wildlife.the elimination of rabies from the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in western europe has been achieved by the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of wildlife with a range of attenuated rabies virus strains. with the exception of the vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine (vrg), all strains were originally derived from a common ancestor; the street alabama dufferin (sad) field strain. however, after more than 30 years of orv it is still not possible to distinguish these vaccine strains and there is l ...200818485548
antigenic and genetic characterization of the first rabies virus isolated from the bat eumops perotis in brazil.although the main transmitters of rabies in brazil are dogs and vampire bats, the role of other species such as insectivorous and frugivorous bats deserves special attention, as the rabies virus has been isolated from 36 bat species. this study describes the first isolation of the rabies virus from the insectivorous bat eumops perotis. the infected animal was found in the city of ribeirão preto, são paulo. the virus was identified by immunofluorescence antibody test (fat) in central nervous syst ...200818488088
validation and standardization of virus neutralizing test using indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the quantification of antibodies to rabies virus.a virus neutralizing test using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique (vnt-iip) for rabies has been developed for the titration of dog and cat serum samples in japan. the vnt-iip has the advantage that results obtained can be viewed by the naked eye. the purpose of this study was to validate the vnt-iip and compare it with one of the international standard methods, the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favnt). the vnt-iip showed satisfactory repeatability, high analytical specific ...200818489544
detrimental contribution of the immuno-inhibitor b7-h1 to rabies virus encephalitis.rabies virus is the etiological agent of an acute encephalitis, which in absence of post exposure treatment is fatal in almost all cases. virus lethality rests on its ability to evade the immune response. in this study, we analyzed the role of the immuno-inhibitory molecule b7-h1 in this virus strategy. we showed that in the brain and spinal cord of mice, rabies virus infection resulted in significant up-regulation of b7-h1 expression, which is specifically expressed in infected neurons. correla ...200818490751
human rabies prevention--united states, 2008: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices.these recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) update the previous recommendations on human rabies prevention (cdc. human rabies prevention--united states, 1999: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. mmwr 1999;48 [no. rr-1]) and reflect the status of rabies and antirabies biologics in the united states. this statement 1) provides updated information on human and animal rabies epidemiology; 2) summarizes the evidence regarding the e ...200818496505
rabies in small animals.rabies in small animals has been dramatically reduced in the united states since the introduction of rabies vaccination of domestic animals in the 1940s. as a consequence, the number of human rabies cases has declined to only a couple per year. during the past several years, the dog rabies variant has almost disappeared completely. rabies in wildlife has skyrocketed, however. each wildlife species carries its own rabies variant(s). these wildlife epizootics present a constant public health threa ...200818501283
emerging viral encephalitides in dogs and cats.few viral pathogens resulting in encephalitis in dogs and cats have emerged over the past decade or so. all are the result of penetration through presumed species barriers and all are considered zoonoses or possible zoonotic pathogens. in all cases, encephalitis is a rare event that has low morbidity but high mortality. more viruses are likely to emerge as pathogenic in our domesticated carnivorous companions as our habitats continue to overlap with the shrinking wildlife habitats. hopefully, ho ...200818501284
characterization of human rabies virus vaccine strain in china.human rabies virus vaccine strain ctn181 from china was sequenced. the overall length of the genome was 11,923 nucleotides (nt), comprising a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1353 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 894 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, l) gene of 6387 nt, and a trailer region of 70 nt. the five monocistrons are separated by intergenic regions (igrs) of 2, 5, 5 and 24 nucleotides (nt), respe ...200818501987
rabies in estonia: situation before and after the first campaigns of oral vaccination of wildlife with sag2 vaccine bait.despite the extermination of stray animals and the compulsory vaccination of companion animals, rabies has been widely distributed over estonia for more than 30 years. the red fox and the raccoon dog are the rabies virus reservoirs. through a phare project, successive oral vaccination campaigns, using rabidog sag2 baits, were implemented in the autumn of 2005 in north estonia, and in the spring and autumn 2006 throughout the whole territory. after the autumn 2005 campaign, 73.5% of the raccoon d ...200818524435
complete genome sequence of a raccoon rabies virus isolate.the entire genome of a mid-atlantic raccoon strain rabies virus (rrv) isolated in canada was sequenced; this is the second north american wildlife rabies virus isolate to be fully characterized. the overall organization and length of the genome was similar to that of other lyssaviruses. the nucleotide sequence identity of the raccoon strain ranged between 32.7% and 85.0% when compared to other lyssaviruses, while the deduced amino acid sequence identity ranged between 22.9% and 94.2% with the nu ...200818554740
high-resolution neuroanatomical tract-tracing for the analysis of striatal microcircuits.although currently available retrograde tracers are useful tools for identifying striatal projection neurons, transported tracers often remained restricted within the neuronal somata and the thickest, main dendrites. indeed, thin dendrites located far away from the cell soma as well as post-synaptic elements such as dendritic spines cannot be labeled unless performing intracellular injections. in this regard, the subsequent use of anterograde tracers for the labeling of striatal afferents often ...200818561898
up-regulation of chemokine gene transcripts and t-cell infiltration into the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia are characteristics of experimental european bat lyssavirus type 2 infection of mice.european bat lyssaviruses (eblv) types 1 and 2 are closely related to classical rabies virus (rabv), and are capable of causing rabies in terrestrial mammals, including humans. the authors have investigated the murine host innate immune response in the brain, salivary gland, spinal cord, and blood, following peripheral inoculation with eblv-2. in the brain, increases in toll-like receptor-3 (tlr-3) transcript preceded overt disease, with a range of inflammatory gene transcripts increasing during ...200818569456
development of a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of rabies virus.diagnosis of rabies relies on the fluorescent antibody test (fat) from brain impression smears. the mouse brain inoculation test is used to confirm fat but requires weeks until the result is known. taqman real-time pcr has been described for rabies viral rna detection; however, this is burdened by primer and probe binding site mismatches. the purpose of this study was to develop a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay as an adjunct to fat, based on national data of 239 rabies nucleoprotein sequences fro ...200818572257
lyssaviruses: current trends.various technological developments have revitalized the approaches employed to study the disease of rabies. in particular, reverse genetics has facilitated the generation of novel viruses used to improve our understanding of the fundamental aspects of rabies virus (rabv) biology and pathogenicity and yielded novel constructs potentially useful as vaccines against rabies and other diseases. other techniques such as high throughput methods to examine the impact of rabies virus infection on host ce ...200818585530
effects of anesthesia and surgery on serologic responses to vaccination in kittens.to determine the effects of anesthesia and surgery on serologic responses to vaccination in kittens.200818593319
amino acid at position 95 of the matrix protein is a cytopathic determinant of rabies virus.the molecular mechanism involved in cytopathogenicity of rabies virus has not been fully elucidated yet. a fixed rabies virus nishigahara strain does not induce clear cytopathic effect (cpe) in mouse neuroblastoma (na) cells, whereas ni-ce strain, which was established after 100 passages of nishigahara strain in chicken embryo fibroblast cells, induces cpe that is characterized by rounding, shrinkage and detachment of the cells. in this study, to identify which viral gene is associated with the ...200818602710
optimal control of vaccine distribution in a rabies metapopulation model.we consider an sir metapopulation model for the spread of rabies in raccoons. this system of ordinary differential equations considers subpopulations connected by movement. vaccine for raccoons is distributed through food baits. we apply optimal control theory to find the best timing for distribution of vaccine in each of the linked subpopulations across the landscape. this strategy is chosen to limit the disease optimally by making the number of infections as small as possible while accounting ...200818613731
efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris).the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ...200818620017
inflammatory responses in the nervous system of mice infected with a street isolate of rabies virus.rabies virus causes severe encephalitis that is invariably fatal for the victim. however, the contribution of the virus and the host to damage of the cns is unclear. in order to investigate this we studied the neuropathology and cns gene expression patterns in a murine model of rabies using a 'street' isolate rv61. this virus was derived from a human case of disease. in this model, infection of the cns progresses rapidly following inoculation in the periphery, leading to extensive virus replicat ...200818634467
role of virus-induced neuropeptides in the brain in the pathogenesis of rabies.rabies virus (rabv) infection is characterized by the rapid neuronal spread of rabv into the cns before a protective immune response is raised. therefore, a typical feature of rabv infection is the paucity of inflammatory reactions in the brain. here we examined whether the induction of immunosuppressive neuropeptides, in particular cgrp, may contribute to the ability of rabv to evade immune responses. rabv infection of mice caused a strong induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in ...200818634468
pathogenic rabies virus alters host protein expression in the central nervous system: implications for neuronal dysfunction.proteomics technology was employed to profile host responses to rabies virus (rabv) infection in order to understand how rabv infection results in neuronal dysfunction. in mice infected with wild-type (wt) rabv, the expression of proteins involved in ion homeostasis was altered. h+ atpase and na+/k+ atpase were up-regulated while ca2+ atpase was downregulated, which resulted in reduction of intracellular na+ and ca2+ concentrations. furthermore, infection with wt rabv resulted in down-regulation ...200818634469
molecular epidemiology of lyssaviruses in eurasia.the lyssavirus genus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, consists of seven established related viruses (genotypes 1-7). rabies cases in eurasia are principally attributed to three of these genotypes, namely genotype 1 (rabv, classical rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2). in addition, four newly identified divergent lyssaviruses have been isolated from insectivorous bats. the molecular diversity of classical rabies viruses (genotype 1, rab ...200818634471
stray dogs in bangkok, thailand: rabies virus infection and rabies antibody prevalence.in thailand, the animal most reported rabid is the stray dog. dog bite related rabies cases in humans account for 70-95% of rabies related deaths. the reported incidence of dog bites is highest in the central part of the country, especially in bangkok. this epidemiological survey shows that at least five different canine rabies virus types are present in bangkok. rabies antigen and antibody prevalence in stray dogs in bangkok was also investigated. saliva and serum samples were taken from 3,314 ...200818634473
rabies control in mexico.rabies in dogs was unknown in the americas before the arrival of the spanish "conquistadores". until the mid-1980s rabies in animals and, in turn in humans, changed little from year to year, with the number of dog vaccinations reported annually rarely reaching one million. in mexico, the national rabies control programme using mass parenteral vaccination of dogs started in 1990 with about seven million dogs vaccinated the same year. the number of vaccinated dogs exceeded 10 and 15 million in 199 ...200818634477
epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe.rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ...200818634479
rabies in the mongolian steppes.historically, rabies in mongolia has been connected to the specific steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, known as the mongolian steppes. the main reservoirs of the rabies virus (rabv) are the wolf, red fox and corsac fox. fox rabies has been reported in mongolia since the early 1960s. eleven human rabies cases (0.4 per million inhabitants) were reported in mongolia from 1994-2004. wild animals predominated as a source of human infection: five people died following wolf bites, two were exposed to ...200818634480
finnish-russian programme for the control of rabies (2005-2010).the finnish-russian collaboration on rabies control began in 2000. this data summarizes the results of the scientific part of the programme, including rabies monitoring in russia and the molecular epidemiological studies with field viruses.200818634484
efficacy of a square presentation of v-rg vaccine baits in red fox, domestic dog and raccoon dog.oral vaccination programmes conducted in rabies infected countries from eastern europe and eurasia should not be restricted to foxes but should target other major rabies vectors such as dogs and raccoon dogs as well. the objective of this experimental trial was to assess the protection induced by the vaccine by challenging these different species, which had been previously vaccinated intramuscularly with the square v-rg baits (produced in the us). different parameters were evaluated such as attr ...200818634487
a random grid based molecular epidemiological study on eblv isolates from germany.germany has reported one of the highest levels of eblv cases in bats in europe. so far, all isolates originating from germany have been identified as eblv-1, using monoclonal antibodies, and a preliminary epidemiological study has indicated that there is a distinct geographical distribution of eblv-1 in germany. to further investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of eblv-1 variants in germany and their impact on molecular epidemiology, isolates were selected using a random grid sampling ...200818634492
epidemiology and pathogenicity of african bat lyssaviruses.lyssaviruses belonging to all four known african lyssavirus genotypes (gts) have been reported and isolated from southafrica over the past few decades. these are: (1) duvenhage virus (gt4), isolated again in 2006 from a human fatality; (2) mokola virus (gt3), isolated irregularly, mostly from cats; (3) lagos bat virus (gt2) continually isolated over the past four years from epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals and (4) rabies virus (gt1) - with two virus biotypes endemic ...200818634494
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2.experimental studies have been undertaken to assess the susceptibility of silver foxes to bat variants of rabies virus, namely european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs). both eblv-1 and eblv-2 have been isolated in european bats since 1954, in eptesicus serotinus and myotis species, respectively. since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased largely due to the improvement of the surveillance of bat rabies virus throughout europe. although over >800 eblvs cases have been reported in bats in euro ...200818634496
generalised cranial artery spasm in human rabies.in 2004, a teenager survived bat-associated rabies through the milwaukee protocol (mp). this survivor and another patient with dog-associated rabies were found to have developed deficiencies of tetrahydrobiopterin (bh4) and associated neurotransmitters. bh4 is also essential for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos), so rabies is predicted to cause constriction of cerebral arteries. we assume that rabies virus, which almost exclusively targets neurons, would disproportionately affect cerebral ov ...200818634498
human rabies therapy: lessons learned from experimental studies in mouse models.ketamine was one of the therapeutic agents used as a therapy for a human rabies survivor who did not receive rabies vaccine. ketamine therapy is re-examined here in infected mouse primary neuron cultures and in adult icr mice using the cvs strain with both intracerebral and peripheral routes of inoculation with ketamine vs. vehicle given intraperitoneally. no significant beneficial therapeutic effects of ketamine in the cultures or mouse model were observed. this team does not recommend further ...200818634499
one or three intradermal injections within one week for rabies pre-exposure immunization.pre-exposure rabies vaccination is recommended fortravellers to endemic countries and forselected populations in highly endemic regions. it consists of three injections administered over 3-4 weeks. travellers often ignore or do not have enough time to receive a complete course prior to departure or leave with only one or two injections. in this study, the secondary antibody response in volunteers who received one or three injections within one week is evaluated. results are compared to the recom ...200818634501
immune evasion, a critical strategy for rabies virus.it is intriguing to note that rabv progression is interrupted neither by destruction of the infected neuron nor by the immune response. thus, it is likely that rabv has developed a subversive strategy to avoid functional neuron impairment, which compromises the infectious cycle. rabies virus neuroinvasiveness results from two factors: not only does neurotropic rabies virus avoid inducing neuronal cell death, but also 'protective' t cells that migrate into the infected nervous system are killed b ...200818634503
bhk-21 cell culture rabies vaccine: immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for humans.veterinary rabies vaccines produced in bhk-21/c13 permanent cell cultures have been used for a long period of time and have been proven as efficacious and safe. a candidate vaccine for human use (yu bhk rabivak) was developed at the pasteur institute, novi sad, serbia on the basis of the fixed rabies virus strain "l. pasteur 2061/vero 15 pas" using bhk 21/c13 as a cell substrate for vaccine production. to test the vaccine immunogenicity, a clinical trial was conducted involving 164 subjects betw ...200818634504
factors influencing the antibody response to vaccination against rabies.preventive vaccination against rabies virus is a highly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals. for travel purposes, vaccination of domestic carnivores is obligatory. in addition, some countries require testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies. the minimal threshold level accepted by who/oie is 0.5 iu/ml. despite proper vaccination some animals do not reach the threshold. the objective of this study was to identify specific risk factors in dogs and cats for post-v ...200818634505
intake and stability of a rabies vaccine.the intake and stability of rabies vaccine baits were studied over a two week period under field conditions. high intake of vaccine baits was observed in the spring and autumn. in the spring, the intake of vaccine baits lasted almost two weeks while in the autumn vaccine baits were consumed over the first days following distribution. differences in bait stability were observed after exposure to ambient temperatures. baits were more stable in a forest environment than on the edge of a forest. def ...200818634507
immunogenicity of the era g 333 rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs.the immunogenic properties of era g 333 attenuated rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs by the oral route of administration were examined. this strain is a proposed candidate for oral rabies vaccine in russia. as was previously demonstrated, the advantage of this virus, provided by the us centers for disease control and prevention in the framework of the biotechnology engagement program, is apathogenicity for 3-week old and adult mice, as well as for other target and non-target species, ...200818634508
canine adenovirus based rabies vaccines.adenovirus based vectors are very attractive candidates for vaccination purposes as they induce in mammalian hosts potent humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses to antigens encoded by the inserted genes. we have generated e1-deleted and replication-competent recombinant canine type-2 adenoviruses expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the effectiveness of both vectors to express a native g protein has been characterized in vitro in permissive cell lines. we compared the humoral an ...200818634509
development of an edible rabies vaccine in maize using the vnukovo strain.the objective of this study was to obtain transgenic maize expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) of the vnukovo strain and to evaluate its immunogenicity in mice, by the oral route. the ubiquitin maize promoter fused to the whole coding region of the rabies virus g gene, and a constitutive promoter from cauliflowermosaic virus (camv)were used. maize embryogenic callus were transformed with the above construct by biolistics. regenerated maize plants were recovered and grown in a greenhouse ...200818634510
genetically engineered colorimetric single-chain antibody fusion protein for rapid diagnosis of rabies virus.the most widely used test for rabies diagnostics is the fluorescent antibody test, which is recommended by both the world health organization and the world organisation for animal health (oie). this test may be used directly on a smear, and can also be used to confirm the presence of rabies antigen in cell culture or in brain tissue for diagnosis. the colorimetric enzymes are usually coupled to an antibody by chemical means using cross-linking reagents. however, such non-specific procedures lead ...200818634511
use of rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of neuronal connections: implications for the understanding of rabies pathogenesis.in neurosciences, rabies virus (cvs strain) has become a very powerful tool for studying multisynaptic neuronal connections, due to its ability to function as a self-replicating marker and to propagate exclusively between connected neurons by transneuronal transfer, which is strictly time-dependent. in this laboratory, transneuronal tracing studies of rabies virus propagation in primates and rodent models during the asymptomatic period have provided valuable information on rabies pathogenesis. w ...200818634512
active monitoring of eblv infection in natural colonies of the mouse-eared bat (myotis myotis).bats are important reservoir hosts of rna viruses, including lyssaviruses, which can cross the species barrier to infect humans and other domestic and wild non-flying mammals. six of the seven lyssavirus genotypes described to date infect bats. in europe, two genotypes of lyssavirus, european bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2), circulate among several bat species and numerous bats are found infected every year. to provide epidemiologists and public health officials with data to eff ...200818634518
glycoprotein gene relocation in rabies virus.unlike vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus glycoprotein gene has not been successfully relocated closer to promoter-proximal regions by reverse genetics. here we describe an efficient system for the evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) rabies virus with the glycoprotein gene switched with the matrix protein gene, creating a reshuffled virus eragm (gene order n-p-g-m-l). with the aid of an autogene plasmid, the t7 rna polymerase containing a nuclear location signal from the sv40 large t antigen ...200817850911
a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in puerto rico.the mongoose is the principal reservoir for rabies on the island of puerto rico. this report describes a molecular epidemiological study of representative rabies viruses recovered from the island in 1997. two closely related but distinct variants circulating in regionally localised parts of the island were identified. the lack of a monophyletic relationship of these viruses suggests that two independent incursions of rabies onto the island have occurred. both of these puerto rican variants were ...200817869366
characterization of rabies virus isolated from canids and identification of the main wild canid host in northeastern brazil.the rabies cases in dogs and wild canids in northeastern brazil are a public and animal health problem. this paper describes the identities of the coding region of the n-gene of rabies virus (rabv) isolated in canids from northeastern brazil. the genetic tree generated using the sequence data described here divided the cluster brazilan canids into two subclusters (dog-related strains and wild canid-related strains) with identities greater than those already described. the two subclusters are sub ...200817889396
double-labeled rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus transport.here we describe a strategy to fluorescently label the envelope of rabies virus (rv), of the rhabdoviridae family, in order to track the transport of single enveloped viruses in living cells. red fluorescent proteins (tm-rfp) were engineered to comprise the n-terminal signal sequence and c-terminal transmembrane spanning and cytoplasmic domain sequences of the rv glycoprotein (g). two variants of tm-rfp were transported to and anchored in the cell surface membrane, independent of glycosylation. ...200817928343
structural aspects of rabies virus replication.rabies virus is a negative-strand rna virus. its rna genome is condensed by the viral nucleoprotein (n), and it is this n-rna complex that is the template for transcription and replication by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase complex. here we discuss structural and functional aspects of viral transcription and replication based on the atomic structure of a recombinant rabies virus n-rna complex. we situate available biochemical data on n-rna interactions with viral and cellular factors in t ...200817938861
structural abnormalities in neurons are sufficient to explain the clinical disease and fatal outcome of experimental rabies in yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice.under natural conditions and in some experimental models, rabies virus infection of the central nervous system causes relatively mild histopathological changes, without prominent evidence of neuronal death despite its lethality. in this study, the effects of rabies virus infection on the structure of neurons were investigated with experimentally infected transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) in neuronal subpopulations. six-week-old mice were inoculated in the hind-limb foot ...200817942540
use of a molecular epidemiological database to track human rabies case histories in south africa.the kwazulu natal and eastern cape provinces of south africa have experienced a serious dog rabies epidemic over the past three decades. towards a better understanding of this epidemic, we have previously analysed nucleotide sequences of 142 rabies virus specimens that were obtained from these regions during 2003-2004 and provided a molecular description of the geographical distribution of rabies viral variants in the affected provinces. here, as an extension, we studied five human cases that oc ...200817961278
inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the reproducibility of a new elisa to detect rabies antibodies in vaccinated domestic and wild carnivores.validation of new diagnostic assays requires the establishment of their performance characteristics such as diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, precision, repeatability, accuracy and reproducibility. these different stages of validation are described in the recent standard operating procedure for oie validation and certification of diagnostic assays. this report describes a reproducibility study of a new elisa to titrate rabies antibodies in vaccinated wild and domestic carnivores. the study ...200817981476
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolated from different sources during a bat-transmitted human outbreak occurring in augusto correa municipality, brazilian amazon.we genetically characterize rabies virus (rabv) strains isolated from human cases, domestic and wild animals during a human outbreak of bat-transmitted rabies in augusto correa municipality, pará state, brazilian amazon in 2005. partial nucleotide sequences of the n gene (491 bp) were obtained for all strains, and phylogenetic analysis grouped these into two major clades (pará and central-southeast) and identified them as bat-related viruses genotype i, desmodus rotundus antigenic variant 3 (agv ...200817996263
high crmp2 expression in peripheral t lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation.collapsin response mediator protein (crmp)-2 is involved in t-cell polarization and migration. to address the role of crmp2 in neuroinflammation, we analyzed its involvement in lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system in mouse infected with neurotropic and non-neurotropic virus strains (rabv, cdv). a sub-population of early-activated cd69+cd3+ t lymphocytes highly expressing crmp2 (crmp2hi) peaked in the blood, lymph nodes and brain of mice infected with neurotropic viruses, and corr ...200818006081
analytical approach for the extraction of recombinant membrane viral glycoprotein from stably transfected drosophila melanogaster cells.parameters for storage, lysis and concentration of drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2acrvgp) cells expressing the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) were studied with regard to rvgp quantification by elisa, for productivity evaluation and future purification. lysis buffers were formulated with tris, nacl, glycerol, edta, kcl, na(2)po(4), mgcl(2), pmsf and np-40 or chaps. s2acrvgp cells (10(7) cells at the exponential growth phase) were frozen at -20 degrees c as a dry pellet, susp ...200818064610
infection of monocytes or immature dendritic cells (dcs) with an attenuated rabies virus results in dc maturation and a strong activation of the nfkappab signaling pathway.to assess the potential role of dendritic cells (dcs) or monocytes in the development of a protective immune response, we infected human immature dcs or monocytes with a live rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain (spbngas-gas) and a pathogenic rv (dog4). both cell types were infected with spbngas-gas and dog4 and both rvs were similarly potent in inducing maturation of immature dcs or monocytes. however, in contrast to dog4, spbngas-gas induced very high levels of ifn-alpha1 mrna in monocytes and dcs ...200818082293
oral vaccination of dogs (canis familiaris) with baits containing the recombinant rabies-canine adenovirus type-2 vaccine confers long-lasting immunity against rabies.rabies is a reemerging and fatal infectious disease in asia mainly caused by exposure to rabid dogs. prevention of dog rabies would be the most effective way to stop rabies transmission to humans. however, vaccinating stray dogs in urban and rural areas using conventional vaccines is always difficult and is not cost-effective for use in most areas including china. further to previous studies from our laboratory, we developed a bait containing the recombinant rabies vaccine and performed a non-pa ...200818083277
brain nuclei controlling the spinal respiratory motoneurons in the newborn mouse.a retrograde and transneuronal infection with rabies virus was performed in mouse neonates to locate the central nervous structures involved in the motor command of the spinal respiratory motoneurons and to discriminate the location and hierarchical organization of the neurons in and between these infected central nervous structures.200818085259
the glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rabies virus affect pathogenicity by regulating viral replication and facilitating cell-to-cell spread.while the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rv) is known to play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of rabies, the function of the rv matrix protein (m) in rv pathogenicity is not completely clear. to further investigate the roles of these proteins in viral pathogenicity, we constructed chimeric recombinant viruses by exchanging the g and m genes of the attenuated sn strain with those of the highly pathogenic sb strain. infection of mice with these chimeric viruses revealed a significant inc ...200818094173
delivery and follow-up of a healthy newborn from a mother with clinical rabies. 200818162435
inferior rabies vaccine quality and low immunization coverage in dogs ( canis familiaris) in china.human rabies in china continues to increase exponentially, largely due to an inadequate veterinary infrastructure and poor vaccine coverage of naive dogs. we performed an epidemiological survey of rabies both in humans and animals, examined vaccine quality for animal use, evaluated the vaccination coverage in dogs, and checked the dog samples for the presence of rabies virus. the lack of surveillance in dog rabies, together with the low immunization coverage (up to 2.8% in rural areas) and the h ...200818177524
characterization of russian rabies virus vaccine strain rv-97.the rv-97 rabies virus vaccine strain is widely used in russia as a component of the live attenuated oral anti-rabies vaccine "sinrab". this vaccine has also been used in some other countries, such as kazakhstan, belarus, and ukraine. entire genome sequencing is an effective tool for studying the genetic properties of virus strains. in this study, a simple technique for obtaining the entire genome sequence of the rabies virus was used. the entire genome sequence and the deduced amino acid sequen ...200818187223
safety and immunogenicity of an ama-1 malaria vaccine in malian adults: results of a phase 1 randomized controlled trial.the objective was to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the ama-1-based blood-stage malaria vaccine fmp2.1/as02a in adults exposed to seasonal malaria.200818213374
intradermal dna vaccination in ear pinnae is an efficient route to protect cats against rabies virus.a dna vaccine against rabies (pgqh) was administrated to cats in order to examine different administration routes. four groups of three cats each were inoculated with pgqh as follows: group a, intramuscularly (im), 100 microg; group b, intranasally (in), 100 microg; group c, intradermally into ear pinnae (id-ep), 100 microg, and group d, im, 200 microl of phosphate buffer solution (pbs) alone (control group). blood was drawn on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180. groups a, b, and c received a ...200818215393
efficient retrograde neuronal transduction utilizing self-complementary aav1.adeno-associated virus (aav) is frequently used for gene transfer into the central nervous system (cns). similar to adenovirus and rabies virus, aav can be taken up by axons and retrogradely transported, resulting in neuronal gene expression distant from the injection site. we investigated the retrograde transport properties of self-complementary aav (scaav) serotypes 1-6 following peripheral injection. injection of scaav into either rat extensor carpi muscle or sciatic nerve resulted in detecta ...200818223548
a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and immunogenicity in dogs.several recombinant vaccines expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein have been developed, particularly for the oral vaccination of wildlife. while these vaccines induce protective immunity in some animal species such as foxes, they are less effective in others. pseudorabies virus (prv) has been licensed for use as a live vaccine in pigs and possesses an excellent safety and efficacy record. we have used it to construct a recombinant virus, rprv/egfp/rgp, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein ...200818262313
era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004.a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ...200818263823
origins of the rabies viruses associated with an outbreak in newfoundland during 2002-2003.after being free of rabies of terrestrial mammals since 1988, an outbreak of rabies occurred on the island of newfoundland in december 2002 and continued into the middle of 2003. twenty-one cases, all due to the arctic fox strain of rabies virus, were reported. to explore the immediate origins of this outbreak, viruses from the newfoundland epizootic were genetically compared to two other rabies viruses recovered in mid-2002 from cartwright, a mainland coastal community near the island. while al ...200818263824
expression of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in plants at high-levels and evaluation of immune responses in mice.transgenic plants have been employed successfully as a low-cost system for the production of therapeutically valuable proteins including antibodies, antigens and hormones. here, we report expression of a full-length nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus in transgenic tomato plants. the nucleoprotein was also transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana plants by agroinfiltration. in both cases, the nucleoprotein was expressed at high levels, 1-5% of total soluble protein in tomato and 45% in n. b ...200818270708
necdin plays a role in the serotonergic modulation of the mouse respiratory network: implication for prader-willi syndrome.prader-willi syndrome is a neurogenetic disease resulting from the absence of paternal expression of several imprinted genes, including necdin. prader-willi children and adults have severe breathing defects with irregular rhythm, frequent sleep apneas, and blunted respiratory regulations. for the first time, we show that prader-willi infants have sleep apneas already present at birth. in parallel, in wild-type and necdin-deficient mice, we studied the respiratory system with in vivo plethysmogra ...200818272695
human rabies--alberta, canada, 2007.on april 26, 2007, a patient from alberta, canada, died after 9 weeks in an intensive care unit (icu) from encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired bats. this report summarizes the clinical course of disease in that patient, who was treated using the milwaukee protocol, an experimental treatment protocol similar to one used for the rabies survivor described in 2005. this report also describes the subsequent epidemiologic investigations by three regional public ...200818305449
molecular characterization of the full-length genome of a rabies virus isolate from india.rabies is an important public health problem in south east asia, with cases in this part of the world contributing to about 70% of the global burden. a large number of rabies cases occur in india, however, there is no organized system of surveillance and hence there is a lack of reliable data. moreover, comprehensive molecular epidemiological studies have not been performed on indian virus isolates. in this study, we determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a primary ...200818363090
[rabies, a neglected threat].rabies is a viral infection causing about 55,000 deaths worldwide every year. however, the occurrence of rabies virus is neglected not only among people living in endemic areas, but especially among travellers. furthermore, many persons are not aware of the fact that rabies is almost always lethal. some of the indications for a prophylactic vaccination are travelling to rabies-endemic areas, contact with possibly contaminated tissues as well as working as a veterinarian. besides prophylactic vac ...200818368978
investigation of the role of healthy dogs as potential carriers of rabies virus.to investigate whether healthy animals are potential carriers of rabies virus in china, 153 domestic dogs were collected from a rabies enzootic area, anlong county in guizhou province, and monitored for 6 months. initially, findings of rabies virus antigen in the saliva of 15 dogs by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test suggested they might be carriers. these 15 dogs were kept under observation for 6 months. none of the dogs showed any clinical signs of rabies during the observation ...200818380590
generation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies to g5, a linear neutralization epitope on glycoprotein of rabies virus, by phage display technology.the aim of the present study was to discover distinct human mabs to rv with high neutralizing potency and a broad neutralization spectrum. a phage display technology was used to produce human scfv to g5, a conserved linear neutralization epitope on gp of rv. a phage display scfv library with 6 x 10(7) members was constructed and the phage-scfv with 'antigen-binding' activities were selected with synthetic peptide g5-24. the obtained scfv genes were cloned into pet22b(+)/bl21(de3) and from this w ...200818380806
[possible exposure to rabies in anamnesis: rabies advice in the netherlands].anamnestic incidences of four patients have highlighted the potential risk ofexposure to rabies. the first patient was a 30-year-old woman who rescued a bat from the mouth of her dog; it bit her on the right wrist. in the netherlands, bats may be infected with the lyssa virus. the preparedness and response unit (pru) of the centre for infectious disease control (cidc) advised human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) and a full vaccination programme. the second patient was a 37-year-old woman, who caug ...200818389875
rabies virus in raccoons, ohio, 2004.in 2004, the raccoon rabies virus variant emerged in ohio beyond an area where oral rabies vaccine had been distributed to prevent westward spread of this variant. our genetic investigation indicates that this outbreak may have begun several years before 2004 and may have originated within the vaccination zone.200818394286
protecting indian schoolchildren against rabies: pre-exposure vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) or purified verocell rabies vaccine (pvrv).although rabies can be effectively prevented by means of preexposure or post-exposure prophylaxis, in india, an estimated 17,000 to 20,000 human rabies deaths occur annually. tragically, 50% of these victims are children under the age of 15. in addition to immediate post-exposure prophylaxis measures, including active and passive immunization, pre-exposure vaccination using tissue culture vaccines is a safe and effective but highly underutilized method of preventing rabies in humans living or wo ...200818398307
an analysis of correspondence between unique rabies virus variants and divergent big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) mitochondrial dna lineages.the literature supports that unique rabies virus (rabv) variants are often compartmentalized in different species of bats. in colorado, two divergent mtdna lineages of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) co-occur. rabv associated with this species also segregates into two clades. we hypothesized that unique rabv variants might be associated with mtdna lineages of colorado big brown bats. dna was extracted from brain tissue of rabid big brown bats, the nd2 gene was amplified to determine mtdna line ...200818398562
antibody response to an anti-rabies vaccine in a dog population under field conditions in bolivia.rabies remains an important public health issue in bolivia, south america. public concern and fears are most focussed on dogs as the source of rabies. the objective of the present study was to assess immunity of an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine against canine rabies used for the official vaccination campaigns under field conditions in an endemic area of rabies in bolivia. a total of 236 vaccinated and 44 unvaccinated dogs in santa cruz de la sierra, selected using stratified random sa ...200818399941
species determination of brazilian mammals implicated in the epidemiology of rabies based on the control region of mitochondrial dna.identification of animals that are decomposing or have been run over or burnt and cannot be visually identified is a problem in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. many of these animals are wild and represent a valuable source of information for epidemiologic research as they may be carriers of an infectious agent. this article discusses the results obtained using a method for identifying mammals genetically by sequencing their mitochondrial dna control region. fourteen species ...200819287829
[survey on human rabies cases and its viral molecular biological features in baoshan city, yunnan province].to understand the epidemiological features of two rabies cases in baoshan city year 2006 and 2007 and to analyze its source of infection.200819173855
[viral surveillance on rabies in hunan province, in 2006].to understand the source and distribution of rabies virus (rv) in hunan province with viral surveillance in order to provide scientific measures for prevention and control on rabies.200819173884
[construction of helper plasmids used in reverse genetic system of a cell adapted rabies virus strain].to construct four helper plasmids which are necessary in reverse genetic system of a cell adapted rabies virus strain.200819105333
economic evaluation of an oral rabies vaccination program for control of a domestic dog-coyote rabies epizootic: 1995-2006.to conduct a benefit-cost analysis of the results of the domestic dog and coyote (ddc) oral rabies vaccine (orv) program in texas from 1995 through 2006 by use of fiscal records and relevant public health data.200819046031
enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, united states.to provide molecular and virologic evidence that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the united states and to identify putative relatives of dog-related rabies viruses (rvs) circulating in other carnivores, we studied rvs associated with recent and historic dog rabies enzootics worldwide. molecular, phylogenetic, and epizootiologic evidence shows that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the united states. nonetheless, our data suggest that independent rabies enzootics are now e ...200819046506
new rabies virus variant in mexican immigrant.a novel rabies virus was identified after death in a man who had immigrated from oaxaca, mexico, to california, usa. despite the patient's history of exposure to domestic and wild carnivores, molecular and phylogenetic characterizations suggested that the virus originated from insectivorous bats. enhanced surveillance is needed to elucidate likely reservoirs.200819046517
human rabies case with long incubation, australia. 200819046531
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