Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| virus-infection or 5'ppp-rna activates antiviral signal through redistribution of ips-1 mediated by mfn1. | in virus-infected cells, rig-i-like receptor (rlr) recognizes cytoplasmic viral rna and triggers innate immune responses including production of type i and iii interferon (ifn) and the subsequent expression of ifn-inducible genes. interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (ips-1, also known as mavs, visa and cardif) is a downstream molecule of rlr and is expressed on the outer membrane of mitochondria. while it is known that the location of ips-1 is essential to its function, its underlying mechanis ... | 2010 | 20661427 |
| aedes aegypti saliva alters leukocyte recruitment and cytokine signaling by antigen-presenting cells during west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted during mosquito bloodfeeding. consequently, the first vertebrate cells to contact wnv are cells in the skin, followed by those in the draining lymph node. macrophages and dendritic cells are critical early responders in host defense against wnv infection, not just because of their role in orchestrating the immune response, but also because of their importance as sites of early peripheral viral replication. antigen-presenting cell (apc) signals have a profound ... | 2010 | 20661470 |
| hnrnp a1 interacts with the genomic and subgenomic rna promoters of sindbis virus and is required for the synthesis of g and sg rna. | sindbis virus (sv) is the prototype of alphaviruses which are a group of widely distributed human and animal pathogens. heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) a1 is an rna-binding protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. our recent studies found that hnrnp a1 relocates from nucleus to cytoplasm in sindbis virus (sv)-infected cells. hnrnp a1 binds to the 5' utr of sv rna and facilitates the viral rna replication and translation. | 2010 | 20663119 |
| membrane uncoating of intact enveloped viruses. | experiments in the 1960s showed that sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, fused its membrane with the host plasma membrane. after membrane fusion, the virus spontaneously "uncoated" with diffusion of the viral membrane proteins into the host plasma membrane and a merging of the host and viral membranes. this led to deposit of the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) and interior proteins in the cell cytoplasm. later work showed that the common procedure then used to grow sendai virus produced damaged, pleomo ... | 2010 | 20668081 |
| interplay of acute and persistent infections caused by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus encoding mutated capsid protein. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a significant human and animal pathogen. the highlight of veev replication in vitro, in cells of vertebrate origin, is the rapid development of cytopathic effect (cpe), which is strongly dependent upon the expression of viral capsid protein. besides being an integral part of virions, the latter protein is capable of (i) binding both the nuclear import and nuclear export receptors, (ii) accumulating in the nuclear pore complexes, (iii) inhibiting nuc ... | 2010 | 20668087 |
| trimethylguanosine capping selectively promotes expression of rev-dependent hiv-1 rnas. | 5'-mrna capping is an early modification that affects pre-mrna synthesis/splicing, rna cytoplasmic transport, and mrna translation and turnover. in eukaryotes, a 7-methylguanosine (m7g) cap is added to newly transcribed rna polymerase ii (rnap ii) transcripts. a subset of rnap ii-transcribed cellular rnas, including small nuclear rna (snrna), small nucleolar rna (snorna), and telomerase rna, is further hypermethylated at the exocyclic n2 of the guanosine to create a trimethylguanosine (tmg)-capp ... | 2010 | 20679221 |
| chikungunya virus nonstructural protein 2 inhibits type i/ii interferon-stimulated jak-stat signaling. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging human pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes. like that of other alphaviruses, chikv replication causes general host shutoff, leading to severe cytopathicity in mammalian cells, and inhibits the ability of infected cells to respond to interferon (ifn). recent research, however, suggests that alphaviruses may have additional mechanisms to circumvent the host's antiviral ifn response. here we show that chikv replication is resistant to inhibition by interferon ... | 2010 | 20686047 |
| alphavirus vectors for cancer therapy. | alphaviruses contain a single strand rna genome that can be easily modified to express heterologous genes at very high levels in a broad variety of cells, including tumor cells. alphavirus vectors can be used as viral particles containing a packaged vector rna, or directly as nucleic acids in the form of rna or dna. in the latter case alphavirus rna is cloned within a dna vector downstream of a eukaryotic promoter. expression mediated by these vectors is generally transient due to the induction ... | 2010 | 20692305 |
| analysis of the function of cytoplasmic fibers formed by the rubella virus nonstructural replicase proteins. | the p150 and p90 replicase proteins of rubella virus (rubv), a plus-strand rna togavirus, produce a unique cytoplasmic fiber network resembling microtubules. pharmacological and mutagenic approaches were used to determine if these fibers functioned in virus replication. the pharmacological approach revealed that microtubules were required for fiber formation, but neither was necessary for virus replication. through the mutagenic approach it was found that α-helices near both termini of p150 were ... | 2010 | 20696450 |
| structure of a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus assembly intermediate isolated from infected cells. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a prototypical enveloped ssrna virus of the family togaviridae. to better understand alphavirus assembly, we analyzed newly formed nucleocapsid particles (termed pre-viral nucleocapsids) isolated from infected cells. these particles were intermediates along the virus assembly pathway, and ultimately bind membrane-associated viral glycoproteins to bud as mature infectious virus. purified pre-viral nucleocapsids were spherical with a unimodal diameter ... | 2010 | 20701942 |
| characterization of essential domains and plasticity of the classical swine fever virus core protein. | pestiviruses are pathogens of cloven-hoofed animals, belonging to the flaviviridae. the pestiviral particle consists of a lipid membrane containing the three envelope glycoproteins erns, e1, and e2 and a nucleocapsid of unknown symmetry, which is composed of the core protein and the viral positive-sense rna genome. the positively charged pestiviral core protein consists of 86 to 89 amino acids. to analyze the organization of essential domains, n- and c-terminal truncations, as well as internal d ... | 2010 | 20702631 |
| vaccines delivered by integration-deficient lentiviral vectors targeting dendritic cells induces strong antigen-specific immunity. | we report a study of an integration-deficient lentiviral vector (idlv) enveloped with a sindbis virus glycoprotein mutant (svgmu) capable of selectively binding to dendritic cells (dcs) for its potential as a vaccine carrier. the in vitro assays showed that the d64v point mutation in the catalytic domain of hiv-1 integrase efficiently inhibited the integration of the transgene upon vector transduction, while the targeting specificity of the vector to preferentially transduce and mediate durable ... | 2010 | 20709004 |
| direct complement restriction of flavivirus infection requires glycan recognition by mannose-binding lectin. | an intact complement system is crucial for limiting west nile virus (wnv) dissemination. herein, we define how complement directly restricts flavivirus infection in an antibody-independent fashion. mannose-binding lectin (mbl) recognized n-linked glycans on the structural proteins of wnv and dengue virus (denv), resulting in neutralization through a c3- and c4-dependent mechanism that utilized both the canonical and bypass lectin activation pathways. for wnv, neutralization occurred with virus p ... | 2010 | 20709295 |
| sindbis virus usurps the cellular hur protein to stabilize its transcripts and promote productive infections in mammalian and mosquito cells. | how viral transcripts are protected from the cellular rna decay machinery and the importance of this protection for the virus are largely unknown. we demonstrate that sindbis virus, a prototypical single-stranded arthropod-borne alphavirus, uses u-rich 3' utr sequences in its rnas to recruit a known regulator of cellular mrna stability, the hur protein, during infections of both human and vector mosquito cells. hur binds viral rnas with high specificity and affinity. sindbis virus infection indu ... | 2010 | 20709296 |
| interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family. | the discovery and initial description of the interferon-lambda (ifn-lambda) family in early 2003 opened an exciting new chapter in the field of ifn research. there are 3 ifn-lambda genes that encode 3 distinct but highly related proteins denoted ifn-lambda1, -lambda2, and -lambda3. these proteins are also known as interleukin-29 (il-29), il-28a, and il-28b, respectively. collectively, these 3 cytokines comprise the type iii subset of ifns. they are distinct from both type i and type ii ifns for ... | 2010 | 20712453 |
| activities of ligatin and mct-1/denr in eukaryotic translation initiation and ribosomal recycling. | eukaryotic translation initiation begins with ribosomal recruitment of aminoacylated initiator trna (met-trna(met)(i)) by eukaryotic initiation factor eif2. in cooperation with eif3, eif1, and eif1a, met-trna(met)(i)/eif2/gtp binds to 40s subunits yielding 43s preinitiation complexes that attach to the 5'-terminal region of mrnas and then scan to the initiation codon to form 48s initiation complexes with established codon-anticodon base-pairing. stress-activated phosphorylation of eif2alpha redu ... | 2010 | 20713520 |
| synthesis, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity evaluation of schiff bases of some 2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3)h-ones. | a new series of 3-(benzylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones were prepared through schiff base formation of 3-amino-2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3)h-one with various substituted carbonyl compounds. their chemical structures were elucidated by spectral studies. cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were evaluated against herpes simplex virus-1 (kos), herpes simplex virus-2 (g), vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus-1 tk- kos acvr, para influenza-3 virus, reovirus-1, sind ... | 2010 | 20724039 |
| sindbis virus and cancer therapy. | 2010 | 20734925 | |
| cotton rats and house sparrows as hosts for north and south american strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; family togaviridae, genus alphavirus) is an arbovirus that causes severe disease in humans in north america and in equids throughout the americas. the enzootic transmission cycle of eeev in north america involves passerine birds and the ornithophilic mosquito vector, culiseta melanura, in freshwater swamp habitats. however, the ecology of eeev in south america is not well understood. culex (melanoconion) spp. mosquitoes are considered the principal vector ... | 2010 | 20735920 |
| advances in the field of lentivector-based transduction of t and b lymphocytes for gene therapy. | efficient gene transfer into quiescent t and b lymphocytes for gene therapy or immunotherapy purposes may allow the treatment of several genetic dysfunctions of the hematopoietic system, such as immunodeficiencies, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancers and acquired diseases. lentiviral vectors (lvs) can transduce many types of nonproliferating cells, with the exception of some particular quiescent cell types such as resting t and b cells. in t cells, completion of rever ... | 2010 | 20736930 |
| a determinant of sindbis virus neurovirulence enables efficient disruption of jak/stat signaling. | previous studies with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and sindbis virus (sinv) indicate that alphaviruses are capable of suppressing the cellular response to type i and type ii interferons (ifns) by disrupting jak/stat signaling; however, the relevance of this signaling inhibition toward pathogenesis has not been investigated. the relative abilities of neurovirulent and nonneurovirulent sinv strains to downregulate jak/stat signaling were compared to determine whether the ability to inhibit ... | 2010 | 20739538 |
| an rna pseudoknot is required for production of yellow fever virus subgenomic rna by the host nuclease xrn1. | cells and mice infected with arthropod-borne flaviviruses produce a small subgenomic rna that is colinear with the distal part of the viral 3'-untranslated region (utr). this small subgenomic flavivirus rna (sfrna) results from the incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the host 5'-3' exonuclease xrn1. production of the sfrna is important for the pathogenicity of the virus. this study not only presents a detailed description of the yellow fever virus (yfv) sfrna but, more importantly, des ... | 2010 | 20739539 |
| plk2 attachment to nsf induces homeostatic removal of glua2 during chronic overexcitation. | trafficking of ampa receptors (ampars) is important for many forms of synaptic plasticity. however, the link between activity and resulting synaptic alterations is not fully understood. we identified a direct interaction between n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (nsf), an atpase involved in membrane fusion events and stabilization of surface ampars, and polo-like kinase- 2 (plk2), an activity-inducible kinase that homeostatically decreases excitatory synapse number and strength. plk2 dis ... | 2010 | 20802490 |
| calciomics: prediction and analysis of ef-hand calcium binding proteins by protein engineering. | ca(2+) plays a pivotal role in the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotic and mammalian organisms. viruses also utilize the universal ca(2+) signal to create a specific cellular environment to achieve coexistence with the host, and to propagate. in this paper we first describe our development of a grafting approach to understand site-specific ca(2+) binding properties of ef-hand proteins with a helix-loop-helix ca(2+) binding motif, then summarize our prediction and identification of ef-hand ... | 2010 | 20802784 |
| a recombinant aedna containing the insect-specific toxin, bmk it1, displayed an increasing pathogenicity on aedes albopictus. | the aedes aegypti densovirus (aednv) has previously shown potential in mosquito control. to improve its efficacy as a biopesticide, the gene for an excitatory insect-specific toxin from buthus martensii karsch (bmk it1) was inserted into the aednv genome and cloned into puca plasmid. the coding sequence for green fluorescent protein was ligated to the c-terminus of the bmk it1 gene as a screening marker. recombinant and helper plasmids were cotransfected into c6/36 cells; wild-type viruses were ... | 2010 | 20810829 |
| noninvasive biophotonic imaging for studies of infectious disease. | according to world health organization estimates, infectious organisms are responsible for approximately one in four deaths worldwide. animal models play an essential role in the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents but large numbers of animals are required to obtain quantitative microbiological data by tissue sampling. biophotonic imaging (bpi) is a highly sensitive, nontoxic technique based on the detection of visible light, produced by luciferase-catalysed reactions (bioluminescence ... | 2010 | 20955395 |
| ceramide-rich platforms in transmembrane signaling. | recent evidence suggests that ceramide regulates stress signaling via reorganization of the plasma membrane. the focus of this review will be to discuss the mechanism by which acid sphingomyelinase (asmase)-generated ceramide initiates transmembrane signaling in the plasma membrane exoplasmic leaflet. in particular, we review the unique biophysical properties of ceramide that render it proficient in formation of signaling domains termed ceramide-rich platforms (crps), and the role of crps in the ... | 2010 | 20178791 |
| drosophila as a model for antiviral immunity. | the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster has been successfully used to study numerous biological processes including immune response. flies are naturally infected with more than twenty rna viruses making it a valid model organism to study host-pathogen interactions during viral infections. the drosophila antiviral immunity includes rna interference, activation of the jak/stat and other signaling cascades and other mechanisms such as autophagy and interactions with other microorganisms. here we revi ... | 2010 | 21541000 |
| reemergence of chikungunya virus in indian subcontinent. | chikungunya virus (chikv), a reemerging arboviral disease of public health concern is characterized by a triad of fever, rash and arthralgia. it was responsible for a number of epidemics in asia and africa. the severity of the current epidemic can be judged by the fact that an estimated 1.38 million people in india and one-third of the la reunion population (by april 2006) were affected by chikv. aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are the major mosquitoes transmitting chikv in asia. various neur ... | 2010 | 23637474 |
| rna replicons - a new approach for influenza virus immunoprophylaxis. | rna replicons are derived from either positive- or negative-strand rna viruses. they represent disabled virus vectors that are not only avirulent, but also unable to revert to virulence. due to autonomous rna replication, rna replicons are able to drive high level, cytosolic expression of recombinant antigens stimulating both the humoral and the cellular branch of the immune system. this review provides an update on the available literature covering influenza virus vaccines based on rna replicon ... | 2010 | 21994644 |
| herpesviruses and autophagy: catch me if you can! | autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway involving the digestion of intracellular components via the lysosomal pathway. the autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. it also acts as a cellular defense mechanism against microorganisms by contributing to b ... | 2010 | 21994613 |
| restriction of rift valley fever virus virulence in mosquito cells. | arboviruses are maintained in a natural cycle that requires blood-sucking arthropod and vertebrate hosts. arboviruses are believed to persistently infect their arthropod host without overt pathology and cause acute infection with viremia in their vertebrate host. we have focused on elucidating how a specific arbovirus, rift valley fever (rvf) virus, causes cytopathic effect in cells derived from vertebrates and non-cytopathic infection in cells derived from arthropods. we demonstrate that the ve ... | 2010 | 21994651 |
| extraribosomal functions associated with the c terminus of the 37/67 kda laminin receptor are required for maintaining cell viability. | the 37/67 kda laminin receptor (lamr) is a multifunctional protein, acting as an extracellular receptor, localizing to the nucleus, and playing roles in rrna processing and ribosome assembly. lamr is important for cell viability; however, it is unclear which of its functions are essential. we developed a silent mutant lamr construct, resistant to sirna, to rescue the phenotypic effects of knocking down endogenous lamr, which include inhibition of protein synthesis, cell cycle arrest, and apoptos ... | 2010 | 21243100 |
| antiviral properties of isg15. | the type i interferon system plays a critical role in limiting the spread of viral infection. viruses induce the production of interferon (ifn), which after binding to the ifn-a/ß receptor (ifnar), and triggering of the jak/stat signaling cascade, results in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs). these isgs function to inhibit viral replication and to regulate the host immune response. among these isgs, the ubiquitin-like molecule, isg15, is one of the most strongly induced protein ... | 2010 | 21994614 |
| insights into arbovirus evolution and adaptation from experimental studies. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in nature by cycling between vertebrate hosts and haematophagous invertebrate vectors. these viruses are responsible for causing a significant public health burden throughout the world, with over 100 species having the capacity to cause human disease. arbovirus outbreaks in previously naïve environments demonstrate the potential of these pathogens for expansion and emergence, possibly exacerbated more recently by changing climates. these recen ... | 2010 | 21994633 |
| infection, dissemination, and transmission of a west nile virus green fluorescent protein infectious clone by culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | we report the construction and comparative characterization of a full-length west nile virus (wnv) cdna infectious clone (ic) that contains a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expression cassette fused within the viral open reading frame. virus derived from wnv-gfp ic stably infected culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes at comparable rates to virus derived from the parental (non-gfp) ic. however, insertion of this gfp cassette resulted in a temporal delay in in vivo replication kinetics and s ... | 2010 | 19619041 |
| multiple functions of the 37/67-kd laminin receptor make it a suitable target for novel cancer gene therapy. | the 37/67-kd laminin receptor, lamr, is a multifunctional protein that associates with the 40s ribosomal subunit and also localizes to the cell membrane to interact with the extracellular matrix. lamr is overexpressed in many types of cancer, playing important roles in tumor-cell migration and invasion. here, we show that lamr is also vital for tumor-cell proliferation, survival, and protein translation. small-interfering rna (sirna)-mediated reduction in expression of lamr leads to g1 phase cel ... | 2010 | 19724263 |
| larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus. | a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ... | 2010 | 19725768 |
| encephalitic alphaviruses. | this review will cover zoonotic, encephalitic alphaviruses in the family togaviridae. encephalitic alphaviruses, i.e. western- (weev), eastern- (eeev), venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and, more rarely, ross river virus, chikungunya virus and highlands j virus (hjv), are neuroinvasive and may cause neurological symptoms ranging from mild (e.g., febrile illness) to severe (e.g., encephalitis) in humans and equines. among the naturally occurring alphaviruses, weev, eeev and veev have wi ... | 2010 | 19775836 |
| transgenesis and paratransgenesis to control insect-borne diseases: current status and future challenges. | insect-borne diseases cause significant human morbidity and mortality. current control and preventive methods against vector-borne diseases rely mainly on insecticides. the emergence of insecticide resistance in many disease vectors highlights the necessity to develop new strategies to control these insects. vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel strategies that aim at reducing insect vectorial capacity, or seek to eliminate transmission of pathogens such as plasmodium sp., trypanoso ... | 2010 | 19819346 |
| enhanced specific delivery and targeting of oncolytic sindbis viral vectors by modulating vascular leakiness in tumor. | genetic instability of cancer cells generates resistance after initial responses to chemotherapeutic agents. several oncolytic viruses have been designed to exploit specific signatures of cancer cells, such as important surface markers or pivotal signaling pathways for selective replication. it is less likely for cancer cells to develop resistance given that mutations in these cancer signatures would negatively impact tumor growth and survival. however, as oncolytic viral vectors are large parti ... | 2010 | 19798121 |
| a trans-complementing recombination trap demonstrates a low propensity of flaviviruses for intermolecular recombination. | intermolecular recombination between the genomes of closely related rna viruses can result in the emergence of novel strains with altered pathogenic potential and antigenicity. although recombination between flavivirus genomes has never been demonstrated experimentally, the potential risk of generating undesirable recombinants has nevertheless been a matter of concern and controversy with respect to the development of live flavivirus vaccines. as an experimental system for investigating the abil ... | 2010 | 19864381 |
| egg-independent vaccine strategies for highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza viruses. | the emergence of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus in hong kong in 1997 and the subsequent appearance of other h5n1 strains and their spread to several countries in southeast asia, africa, the middle east and europe has evoked fear of a global influenza pandemic. vaccines offer the best hope to combat the threat of an influenza pandemic. however, the global demand for a pandemic vaccine cannot be fulfilled by the current egg-based vaccine manufacturing strategies, thus creating a need to ... | 2010 | 19875936 |
| host and viral translational mechanisms during cricket paralysis virus infection. | the dicistrovirus is a positive-strand single-stranded rna virus that possesses two internal ribosome entry sites (ires) that direct translation of distinct open reading frames encoding the viral structural and nonstructural proteins. through an unusual mechanism, the intergenic region (igr) ires responsible for viral structural protein expression mimics a trna to directly recruit the ribosome and set the ribosome into translational elongation. in this study, we explored the mechanism of host tr ... | 2010 | 19889774 |
| skeletal muscle autophagy and apoptosis during aging: effects of calorie restriction and life-long exercise. | sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass and function, is a common feature of aging. oxidative damage and apoptosis are likely underlying factors. autophagy, a process for the degradation of cellular constituents, may be a mechanism to combat cell damage and death. we investigated the effect of age on autophagy and apoptosis in plantaris muscle of male fischer 344 rats that were either fed ad libitum, or mild, life-long calorie restricted (cr) alone or combined with life-long voluntary exercise. upstream ... | 2010 | 19903516 |
| viral mutagenesis as a means for generating novel proteins. | we demonstrate that a mutation-prone virus engineered to express a foreign gene is an expedient means for generating novel mutant nonviral proteins in mammalian cells. using vesicular stomatitis virus to express a gene coding for a fluorescent dsred protein, a number of green mutant variants including a new variant not previously described were rapidly isolated from infected cells, sequenced, and cloned. similar methods may be useful in the development of physiologically sensitive fluorescent re ... | 2010 | 19906913 |
| identification of gbf1 as a cellular factor required for hepatitis c virus rna replication. | in infected cells, hepatitis c virus (hcv) induces the formation of membrane alterations referred to as membranous webs, which are sites of rna replication. in addition, hcv rna replication also occurs in smaller membrane structures that are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. however, cellular mechanisms involved in the formation of hcv replication complexes remain largely unknown. here, we used brefeldin a (bfa) to investigate cellular mechanisms involved in hcv infection. bfa acts on c ... | 2010 | 19906930 |
| mhv68 complement regulatory protein facilitates mhv68 replication in primary macrophages in a complement independent manner. | murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv68) is genetically related to human epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and provides a tractable model to study gammaherpesvirus-host interactions in vivo and in vitro. the mhv68-encoded v-rca product inhibits murine complement activation and shares sequence homology with other virus and host regulators of complement activation. here we show that v-rca is required for efficient mhv68 replication in primary murine macrophages, but not in m ... | 2010 | 19910013 |
| acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine base moiety substituted in c-6 position. | two methods for preparation of 6-substituted derivatives of anti dna-viral agent 1-(s)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-azacytosine (hpmp-5-azac) were developed: (1) ammonia mediated ring-opening reaction of diisopropyl esters of hpmp-5-azac (4) to carbamoylguanidine derivatives followed by ring-closure reaction with orthoesters and (2) condensation reaction of 6-substituted 5-azacytosines with diisopropyl (1s)-[2-hydroxy-1-tosyloxymethyl)ethoxy]methylphosphonate (15). deprotection of di ... | 2010 | 19914075 |
| infection with strains of citrus tristeza virus does not exclude superinfection by other strains of the virus. | superinfection exclusion or homologous interference, a phenomenon in which a primary viral infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus, has been observed commonly for viruses in various systems, including viruses of bacteria, plants, and animals. with plant viruses, homologous interference initially was used as a test of virus relatedness to define whether two virus isolates were "strains" of the same virus or represented different viruses, and subsequently pu ... | 2010 | 19923189 |
| identification of western equine encephalitis virus structural proteins that confer protection after dna vaccination. | dna vaccines encoding different portions of the structural proteins of western equine encephalitis virus were tested for the efficacy of their protection in a 100% lethal mouse model of the virus. the 6k-e1 structural protein encoded by the dna vaccine conferred complete protection against challenge with the homologous strain and limited protection against challenge with a heterologous strain. | 2010 | 19923571 |
| autophagy evasion in herpesviral latency. | autophagy constitutes a major catabolic process for the quality control of internal proteins and organelles of eukaryotic cells, and is emerging as an essential part of the host antiviral defense. many studies have shed light on the importance of autophagy in homeostasis, but it is not well understood how viruses co-opt the cellular autophagic pathway to establish virulence in vivo. our recent study presents direct in vivo evidence for the key role of the anti-autophagic aspect of the virally en ... | 2010 | 19923915 |
| pro-inflammatory response resulting from sindbis virus infection of human macrophages: implications for the pathogenesis of viral arthritis. | several viruses cause acute and chronic joint inflammation in humans, and among them, the alphaviruses are of special interest due to the increasing number of outbreaks in which they are the etiological factor. sindbis virus (sinv), a member of the alphavirus genus, is the most widely distributed of all known arboviruses. although sinv causes arthritis in humans, the molecular and cellular factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease are almost completely unknown. despite the cruc ... | 2010 | 19950249 |
| coronavirus nucleocapsid protein facilitates template switching and is required for efficient transcription. | purified nucleocapsid protein (n protein) from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) enhanced hammerhead ribozyme self-cleavage and favored nucleic acid annealing, properties that define rna chaperones, as previously reported. several tgev n-protein deletion mutants were expressed in escherichia coli and purified, and their rna binding ability and rna chaperone activity were evaluated. the smallest n-protein domain analyzed with rna chaperone activity, facilitating dna and rna annealing, co ... | 2010 | 19955314 |
| evaluation of species distribution model algorithms for fine-scale container-breeding mosquito risk prediction. | the present work evaluates the use of species distribution model (sdm) algorithms to classify high densities of small container-breeding aedes mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) on a fine scale in the bermuda islands. weekly ovitrap data collected by the department of health, bermuda for the years 2006 and 2007 were used for the models. the models evaluated included the algorithms bioclim, domain, garp (genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction), logistic regression and maxent (maximum entropy). mo ... | 2010 | 21198711 |
| depletion of beclin-1 due to proteolytic cleavage by caspases in the alzheimer's disease brain. | the beclin-1 protein is essential for the initiation of autophagy, and recent studies suggest this function may be compromised in alzheimer's disease (ad). in addition, in vitro studies have supported a loss of function of beclin-1 due to proteolytic modification by caspases. in the present study, we examined whether caspase-cleavage of beclin-1 occurs in the ad brain by designing a site-directed caspase-cleavage antibody based upon a known cleavage site within the protein at position d149. we c ... | 2010 | 21081164 |
| no signaling and s-nitrosylation regulate pten inhibition in neurodegeneration. | the phosphatase pten governs the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k)/akt signaling pathway which is arguably the most important pro-survival pathway in neurons. recently, pten has also been implicated in multiple important cns functions such as neuronal differentiation, plasticity, injury and drug addiction. it has been reported that loss of pten protein, accompanied by akt activation, occurs under excitotoxic conditions (stroke) as well as in alzheimer's (ad) brains. however the molecular signals ... | 2010 | 21067594 |
| virus-based technologies for investigating function and pathology of the nervous system. | 2010 | 20126637 | |
| factors supporting intrathecal humoral responses following viral encephalomyelitis. | central nervous system (cns) infections and autoimmune inflammatory disorders are often associated with retention of antibody-secreting cells (asc). although beneficial or detrimental contributions of asc to cns diseases remain to be defined, virus-specific asc are crucial in controlling persistent cns infection following coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. this report characterizes expression kinetics of factors associated with asc homing, differentiation, and survival in the spinal cord, th ... | 2010 | 21191015 |
| novel viral vector systems for gene therapy. | 2010 | 21994667 | |
| viralorfeome: an integrated database to generate a versatile collection of viral orfs. | large collections of protein-encoding open reading frames (orfs) established in a versatile recombination-based cloning system have been instrumental to study protein functions in high-throughput assays. such 'orfeome' resources have been developed for several organisms but in virology, plasmid collections covering a significant fraction of the virosphere are still needed. in this perspective, we present viralorfeome 1.0 (http://www.viralorfeome.com), an open-access database and management syste ... | 2009 | 20007148 |
| culturing thick brain slices: an interstitial 3d microperfusion system for enhanced viability. | brain slice preparations are well-established models for a wide spectrum of in vitro investigations in the neuroscience discipline. however, these investigations are limited to acute preparations or thin organotypic culture preparations due to the lack of a successful method that allows culturing of thick organotypic brain slices. thick brain slice cultures suffer necrosis due to ischemia deep in the tissue resulting from a destroyed circulatory system and subsequent diffusion-limited supply of ... | 2009 | 19443039 |
| hepatitis c virus blocks interferon effector function by inducing protein kinase r phosphorylation. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a single-stranded rna virus encoding a single polyprotein whose translation is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires). hcv infection strongly induces antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (isg) expression in the liver, yet it persists, suggesting that hcv can block isg effector function. we now show that hcv infection triggers phosphorylation and activation of the rna-dependent protein kinase pkr, which inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif2 al ... | 2009 | 20006840 |
| rack1 is involved in beta-amyloid impairment of muscarinic regulation of gabaergic transmission. | rack1 (receptor for activated c-kinase 1), an anchoring protein that shuttles activated pkc to cellular membranes, plays an important role in pkc-mediated signal transduction pathways. a significant loss of rack1 has been found in the brain of aging animals and alzheimer's disease (ad) patients, which implicates the potential involvement of rack1 in altered pkc activation associated with dementia. our previous studies have demonstrated that gabaergic inhibition in prefrontal cortex, which is imp ... | 2009 | 19954860 |
| experimental passage of st. louis encephalitis virus in vivo in mosquitoes and chickens reveals evolutionarily significant virus characteristics. | st. louis encephalitis virus (slev; flaviviridae, flavivirus) was the major cause of epidemic flaviviral encephalitis in the u.s. prior to the introduction of west nile virus (wnv) in 1999. however, outbreaks of slev have been significantly more limited then wnv in terms of levels of activity and geographic dispersal. one possible explanation for these variable levels of activity is that differences in the potential for each virus to adapt to its host cycle exist. the need for arboviruses to rep ... | 2009 | 19924238 |
| therapeutic vaccines against human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. | cervical cancer and its precursor intra-epithelial lesions are linked to infection by a subset of so-called "highrisk" human papillomavirus types, which are estimated to infect nearly four hundred million women worldwide. two prophylactic vaccines have been commercialized recently targeting hpv16 and 18, the most prevalent viral types found in cervical cancer, which operate through induction of capsid-specific neutralizing antibodies. however, in patients with persistent infection these vaccines ... | 2009 | 19915722 |
| hiv-1 gag-specific immunity induced by a lentivector-based vaccine directed to dendritic cells. | lentivectors (lvs) have attracted considerable interest for their potential as a vaccine delivery vehicle. in this study, we evaluate in mice a dendritic cell (dc)-directed lv system encoding the gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (lv-gag) as a potential vaccine for inducing an anti-hiv immune response. the dc-directed specificity is achieved through pseudotyping the vector with an engineered sindbis virus glycoprotein capable of selectively binding to the dc-sign protein. a singl ... | 2009 | 19918062 |
| disrupted glutamate transporter expression in the spinal cord with acute flaccid paralysis caused by west nile virus infection. | neuroinvasive west nile virus (wnv) infections may cause acute flaccid paralysis (afp); in fatal cases, anterior horn cell loss is presumed to be caused by direct viral infection. in related animal models, however, glutamate excitotoxicity mediates bystander injury of uninfected anterior horn cells, suggesting additional pathogenic mechanisms. we examined expression of the principal excitatory amino acid transporter (eaat) of astrocytes (i.e. eaat-2 in humans, glutamate transporter 1 in hamsters ... | 2009 | 19918118 |
| transgenic expression of glud1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) in neurons: in vivo model of enhanced glutamate release, altered synaptic plasticity, and selective neuronal vulnerability. | the effects of lifelong, moderate excess release of glutamate (glu) in the cns have not been previously characterized. we created a transgenic (tg) mouse model of lifelong excess synaptic glu release in the cns by introducing the gene for glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (glud1) under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. glud1 is, potentially, an important enzyme in the pathway of glu synthesis in nerve terminals. increased levels of glud protein and activity in cns neurons of hemizygou ... | 2009 | 19890003 |
| beclin 1 gene transfer activates autophagy and ameliorates the neurodegenerative pathology in alpha-synuclein models of parkinson's and lewy body diseases. | accumulation of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is a hallmark of parkinson's disease (pd) and lewy body disease (lbd), a heterogeneous group of disorders with dementia and parkinsonism, where alzheimer's disease and pd interact. accumulation of alpha-syn in these patients might be associated with alterations in the autophagy pathway. therefore, we postulate that delivery of beclin 1, a regulator of the autophagy pathway, might constitute a strategy toward developing a therapy fo ... | 2009 | 19864570 |
| effect of xiap overexpression on sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis in recombinant chinese hamster ovary cells producing erythropoietin. | previously, overexpression of x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xiap), which is known to inhibit activities of caspase-3, -7, and -9 in cho-k1 cells offered protection against sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. in this study, the potential role of xiap overexpression in recombinant cho (rcho) cells treated with sodium butyrate (nabu), which can increase the specific productivity, was investigated by establishing erythropoietin (epo)-producing rcho cells with regulated xiap overexpression (epo-off-x ... | 2009 | 19799944 |
| autophagy in immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis: a model system to dissect immunological roles of autophagy. | the recognition of autophagy as an immune mechanism has been affirmed in recent years. one of the model systems that has helped in the development of our current understanding of how autophagy and more traditional immunity systems cooperate in defense against intracellular pathogens is macrophage infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis. m. tuberculosis is a highly significant human pathogen that latently infects billions of people and causes active disease in millions of patients worldwide. th ... | 2009 | 19802565 |
| autophagy in mammalian antiviral immunity. | autophagy plays diverse roles in cellular adaptation to stress and promotes vital housekeeping functions by recycling unused or damaged organelles and proteins. as an innate immune defense pathway, autophagy also protects against infection with diverse pathogens, including viruses. autophagy combats infections with both rna and dna viruses, and may function by degrading viral components, by promoting the survival of virally infected cells, and/or by activating innate and adaptive immunity. virus ... | 2009 | 19802570 |
| heparan sulfate proteoglycans are required for cellular binding of the hepatitis e virus orf2 capsid protein and for viral infection. | the hepatitis e virus (hev), a nonenveloped rna virus, is the causative agent of hepatitis e. the mode by which hev attaches to and enters into target cells for productive infection remains unidentified. open reading frame 2 (orf2) of hev encodes its major capsid protein, porf2, which is likely to have the determinants for virus attachment and entry. using an approximately 56-kda recombinant porf2 that can self-assemble as virus-like particles, we demonstrated that cell surface heparan sulfate p ... | 2009 | 19812150 |
| viral bcl-2-mediated evasion of autophagy aids chronic infection of gammaherpesvirus 68. | gamma-herpesviruses (gammahvs) have developed an interaction with their hosts wherein they establish a life-long persistent infection and are associated with the onset of various malignancies. one critical virulence factor involved in the persistency of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) is the viral homolog of the bcl-2 protein (vbcl-2), which has been implicated to counteract both host apoptotic responses and autophagy pathway. however, the relative significance of the two activities of v ... | 2009 | 19816569 |
| oncolytic virotherapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma using replication-competent viruses. | oncolytic virotherapy utilizes viruses that can selectively destroy cancer cells without harming normal tissues. clinical trials of oncolytic viruses show that most oncolytic agents are well tolerated and safe. the virotherapeutic agents currently in use have limited potency when administered alone; however, combination therapy using virotherapeutic agents and conventional anticancer agents, such as chemotherapeutics, radiation, and gene therapy, exhibits encouraging levels of efficacy. advances ... | 2009 | 19833547 |
| induction of membrane ceramides: a novel strategy to interfere with t lymphocyte cytoskeletal reorganisation in viral immunosuppression. | silencing of t cell activation and function is a highly efficient strategy of immunosuppression induced by pathogens. by promoting formation of membrane microdomains essential for clustering of receptors and signalling platforms in the plasma membrane, ceramides accumulating as a result of membrane sphingomyelin breakdown are not only essential for assembly of signalling complexes and pathogen entry, but also act as signalling modulators, e. g. by regulating relay of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kina ... | 2009 | 19834551 |
| rift valley fever vaccines. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv), which belongs to the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae, is a negative-stranded rna virus carrying a tripartite rna genome. rvfv is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in africa and the arabian peninsula. human patients develop an acute febrile illness, followed by a fatal hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or ocular diseases, whereas ruminants experience abortions during outbreak. effective vaccination of both humans a ... | 2009 | 19837291 |
| vaccines for venezuelan equine encephalitis. | arboviruses are capable of causing encephalitis in animals and human population when transmitted by the vector or potentially via infectious aerosol. recent re-emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) in south america emphasizes the importance of this pathogen to public health and veterinary medicine. despite its importance no antivirals or vaccines against veev are currently available in the usa. here we review some of the older and newer approaches aimed at generating a safe an ... | 2009 | 19837294 |
| matrix protein 2 of influenza a virus blocks autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. | influenza a virus is an important human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality every year and threatening the human population with epidemics and pandemics. therefore, it is important to understand the biology of this virus to develop strategies to control its pathogenicity. here, we demonstrate that influenza a virus inhibits macroautophagy, a cellular process known to be manipulated by diverse pathogens. influenza a virus infection causes accumulation of autophagosomes by blockin ... | 2009 | 19837376 |
| betulin-derived compounds as inhibitors of alphavirus replication. | this paper describes inhibition of semliki forest virus (sfv) replication by synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring triterpenoid betulin (1). chemical modifications were made to oh groups at c-3 and c-28 and to the c-20-c-29 double bond. a set of heterocyclic betulin derivatives was also assayed. a free or acetylated oh group at c-3 was identified as an important structural contributor for anti-sfv activity, 3,28-di-o-acetylbetulin (4) being the most potent derivative (ic50 value 9.1 micro ... | 2009 | 19839605 |
| pathogenesis of aerosolized eastern equine encephalitis virus infection in guinea pigs. | mice and guinea pigs were experimentally exposed to aerosols containing regionally-distinct strains (nj1959 or argm) of eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) at two exclusive particle size distributions. mice were more susceptible to either strain of aerosolized eeev than were guinea pigs; however, clinical signs indicating encephalitis were more readily observed in the guinea pigs. lower lethality was observed in both species when eeev was presented at the larger aerosol distribution (> 6 mu ... | 2009 | 19852817 |
| characterization of untranslated regions of the salmonid alphavirus 3 (sav3) genome and construction of a sav3 based replicon. | salmonid alphavirus (sav) causes disease in farmed salmonid fish and is divided into different genetic subtypes (sav1-6). here we report the cloning and characterization of the 5'- and 3'- untranslated regions (utr) of a sav3 isolated from atlantic salmon in norway. the sequences of the utrs are very similar to those of sav1 and sav2, but single nucleotide polymorphisms are present, also in the 3' - conserved sequence element (3'-cse). prediction of the rna secondary structure suggested putative ... | 2009 | 19860871 |
| glycoprotein-dependent acidification of vesicular stomatitis virus enhances release of matrix protein. | to study vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) entry and uncoating, we generated a recombinant vsv encoding a matrix (m) protein containing a c-terminal tetracysteine lumio tag (rvsv-ml) that could be fluorescently labeled using biarsenical compounds. quantitative confocal microscopy showed that there is a transient loss of fluorescence at early times after the initiation of endocytosis of rvsv-ml-green (rvsv-mlg) virions, which did not occur when cells were treated with bafilomycin a1. the reduction ... | 2009 | 19776119 |
| cis-acting rna elements in human and animal plus-strand rna viruses. | the rna genomes of plus-strand rna viruses have the ability to form secondary and higher-order structures that contribute to their stability and to their participation in inter- and intramolecular interactions. those structures that are functionally important are called cis-acting rna elements because their functions cannot be complemented in trans. they can be involved not only in rna/rna interactions but also in binding of viral and cellular proteins during the complex processes of translation ... | 2009 | 19781674 |
| gene gun administration of therapeutic hpv dna vaccination restores the efficacy of prolonged defrosted viral based vaccine. | freshly defrosted vaccines generate promising antitumor immunity by raising both robust cd8 and cd4 responses with a tc1/th1-dominant cytokine profile. however, prolonged (overnight) defrosted sindbis virus-e7/hsp70 priming and vaccinia-e7/hsp70 booster in mouse model only elicited 20% long-term tumor-free survival in comparison with the fresh vaccines. the present study is to search the possible cause of its potency loss, and to evaluate the ability of pcdna-e7/hsp70 dna vaccination via gene gu ... | 2009 | 19781679 |
| characteristics of alpha/beta interferon induction after infection of murine fibroblasts with wild-type and mutant alphaviruses. | we examined the characteristics of interferon alpha/beta (ifn-alpha/beta) induction after alphavirus or control sendai virus (sev) infection of murine fibroblasts (mefs). as expected, sev infection of wild-type (wt) mefs resulted in strong dimerization of irf3 and the production of high levels of ifn-alpha/beta. in contrast, infection of mefs with multiple alphaviruses failed to elicit detectable ifn-alpha/beta. in more detailed studies, sindbis virus (sinv) infection caused dimerization and nuc ... | 2009 | 19782381 |
| novel vaccines to human rabies. | rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in southeast asia and africa. safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. however, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times fo ... | 2009 | 19787033 |
| targeted transduction via cd4 by a lentiviral vector uses a clathrin-mediated entry pathway. | we recently developed a novel targeting sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vector, 2.2zz, which acquires specific transduction capacity by antibody conjugation and binding with specific antigens on the surface of targeted cells. here we characterize the virological properties of this vector by examining its targeting to cd4 antigen. our results show that entry is dependent on cd4 cell surface density and occurs via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. these findings provide insigh ... | 2009 | 19793825 |
| heavily isotype-dependent protective activities of human antibodies against vaccinia virus extracellular virion antigen b5. | antibodies against the extracellular virion (ev or eev) form of vaccinia virus are an important component of protective immunity in animal models and likely contribute to the protection of immunized humans against poxviruses. using fully human monoclonal antibodies (mabs), we now have shown that the protective attributes of the human anti-b5 antibody response to the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus) are heavily dependent on effector functions. by switching fc domains of a single mab, we have def ... | 2009 | 19793826 |
| exclusion of west nile virus superinfection through rna replication. | superinfection exclusion is the ability of an established viral infection to interfere with a second viral infection. using west nile virus (wnv) as a model, we show that replicating replicons in bhk-21 cells suppress subsequent wnv infection. the wnv replicon also suppresses superinfections of other flaviviruses but not nonflaviviruses. mode-of-action analysis indicates that the exclusion of wnv superinfection occurs at the step of rna synthesis. the continuous culturing of wnv in the replicon- ... | 2009 | 19726510 |
| a novel function of heparan sulfate in the regulation of cell-cell fusion. | despite the important contribution of cell-cell fusion in the development and physiology of eukaryotes, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate this process. our study shows that glycosaminoglycans and more specifically heparan sulfate (hs) expressed on the cell surface and extracellular matrix may act as negative regulator of cell-cell fusion. using herpes simplex virus type-1 as a tool to enhance cell-cell fusion, we demonstrate that the absence of hs expression on the cell surface ... | 2009 | 19726670 |
| replication cycle of chikungunya: a re-emerging arbovirus. | arboviruses (or arthropod-borne viruses), represent a threat for the new century. the 2005-2006 year unprecedented epidemics of chikungunya virus (chikv) in the french reunion island in the indian ocean, followed by several outbreaks in other parts of the world such as india, have attracted the attention of clinicians, scientists, and state authorities about the risks linked to this re-emerging mosquito-borne virus. chikv, which belongs to the alphaviruses genus, was not previously regarded as a ... | 2009 | 19732931 |
| complement modulates pathogenesis and antibody-dependent neutralization of west nile virus infection through a c5-independent mechanism. | although the interactions of complement and viruses have been widely studied, the function of c5 and the membrane attack complex in the context of viral infection or antibody-mediated neutralization remains controversial. using c5-depleted or -deficient human or mouse sera, we show that c5 does not contribute to the antibody-dependent or -independent neutralization of west nile virus (wnv) in cell culture. consistent with this, c5 neither contributed to protection against wnv pathogenesis nor au ... | 2009 | 19744691 |
| homing endonucleases catalyze double-stranded dna breaks and somatic transgene excision in aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti is a major vector of arthropod-borne viruses such as yellow fever virus and dengue viruses. efforts to discern the function of genes involved in important behaviours, such as vector competence and host seeking through reverse genetics, would greatly benefit from the ability to generate targeted gene disruptions. homing endonucleases are selfish elements which catalyze double-stranded dna (dsdna) breaks in a sequence-specific manner. in this report we demonstrate that the homing end ... | 2009 | 19754740 |
| recombinant sindbis virus vectors designed to express protective antigen of bacillus anthracis protect animals from anthrax and display synergy with ciprofloxacin. | recombinant sindbis viruses were engineered to express alternative forms of the protective antigen (pa) of bacillus anthracis. the recombinant viruses induced pa-specific immunoglobulin g and neutralizing antibodies in swiss webster mice. vaccination with the recombinant viruses induced immunity that offered some protection from a lethal ames strain spore challenge and synergized the protective effects of ciprofloxacin. | 2009 | 19759250 |
| a novel system for the launch of alphavirus rna synthesis reveals a role for the imd pathway in arthropod antiviral response. | alphaviruses are rna viruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors, primarily mosquitoes. how arthropods counteract alphaviruses or viruses per se is not very well understood. drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system for studying innate immunity against bacterial and fungal infections. in this study we report the use of a novel system to analyze replication of sindbis virus (type species of the alphavirus genus) rna following expression of a sindbis virus replicon r ... | 2009 | 19763182 |
| [using real-time pcr to evaluate the effect of viral inactivation by methylene blue with visible light]. | to investigate the feasibility of using real-time pcr to evaluate the effectiveness of sindbis virus inactivation by methylene blue with visible light. sindbis virus was treated by methylene blue with different intensity of visible light and the transcribed cdna was quantified by real-time pcr. residual infectivity of treated virus was tested by cell infection method as parallel control at the same time. the residual infectivity of virus decreased from 6.50 lgtcid50/ml to under the limit of dete ... | 2009 | 19769162 |
| amelioration of alphavirus-induced arthritis and myositis in a mouse model by treatment with bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic proteins. | alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus, sindbis virus, o'nyong-nyong virus, mayaro virus, and ross river virus (rrv), are commonly associated with arthralgias and overt arthritides worldwide. understanding the processes by which arthritogenic viruses cause disease is a prerequisite in the quest for better treatments. in this regard, we have recently established that monocyte/macrophages are mediators of alphavirus-induced arthritis in mice. we hypothesized that chemokines associated with monocyt ... | 2009 | 19644852 |
| type i interferon receptor-independent and -dependent host transcriptional responses to mouse hepatitis coronavirus infection in vivo. | the role of type i ifns in protecting against coronavirus (cov) infections is not fully understood. while covs are poor inducers of type i ifns in tissue culture, several studies have demonstrated the importance of the type i ifn response in controlling mhv infection in animals. the protective effectors against mhv infection are, however, still unknown. | 2009 | 19650917 |